我倒是正好有以前的,可你给的分也太少了吧,那可是2000字,能高点分吗
商科论文写作通常可以遵循以下步骤:
1、定义主题
撰写商科论文的第一步是定义主题。了解论文的主要目的是什么(教育、宣传、推广)以及针对谁。这一步至关重要,因为它为整篇论文奠定了基础。
2、创建大纲
大纲在撰写商科论文时至关重要。要想论文讲得通,唯一的途径就是整合逻辑。首先创建一个简单的草图,描述论文整体的框架,包括各个部分应该写什么内容。这会防止同学在实际写作时偏离要点。
3、广泛研究
这是撰写论文时收集所有必要信息的部分。遵循之前创建的大纲,以避免浪费时间。充分利用所有可用的资源,例如:书籍、网络、采访等,只收集相关和必要的信息即可。这部分将构成论文的主体,所以同学需要获得充分的信息。
4、撰写初稿
有了详细的大纲和相关的材料支撑,这一步应该很容易。初稿很少是完美的,但通常需要耗费大量时间。有几个最重要的部分需要同学留意:
5、校对修改
千万不要直接提交初稿,因为很有可能里面全是错误。同学要消除所有的语法和结构错误。尽可能地浓缩观点,并通过修改论点来突出要点。
Discuss its causes and solutions(不少于2000字) china business ethics : The
The characteristics of the world top 500 enterprises and its enlightenment to Chinese enterprisesA, the definition of us-funded enterprises in the worldWorld us-funded enterprises that adopt diversified business, implement the strategy of globalization, assets, strong, has a large and strong, the core competitiveness of enterprises has significant influence on the development of world economy and stability of the world's leading multinational companies.Second, the world a us-funded enterprise features1) ability to innovateEverything in the world has a production, development and decline of life cycle.Enterprise as economic actors also undergoes a start-up period, rising period, height, decay time and ruin the life course.Enterprise is the key of the length of the life cycle after a start-up period, how to accelerate the rise period, prolong their heyday, the arrival of the postponed its decline period.Product life cycle relative to the enterprise life cycle is short, the enterprise must develop more innovative products of market value, one or several products meet after rising and heyday, when its not yet enter the decline phase, the other one or several products have reached the peak.So interlocking, bobo is connected, the enterprise will be endless.In 2004, in "fortune" the world "of the" top 500 enterprises in the 21st, annual revenues of $80.501 billion of Siemens to reveal a "longevity" enterprise: the secret of technology innovation.After more than a century and a half of the long journey, Siemens technology innovation constantly, constantly develop innovative products, always all is given priority to with invention of technology innovation in the work first, attaches great importance to scientific research and development work, and constantly put scientific research achievements into realistic productivity as soon as possible.Can say, Siemens is the birth and development of enterprises in technological innovation.Technology innovation has become a strong core of the enterprise values, become thick accumulation of enterprise culture, is the source of continuously improve enterprise core competitiveness.2) the implementation of the strategy of differentiationDifferentiation strategy is the product or service provided by enterprises implement differentiation, to establish enterprise something unique in the industry, is to build enterprise core competitive ability.The implementation of differentiation strategy to make the enterprise the management in the industry competition superior and obtain higher returns.Positioning differentiation is to provide customers with unique product and industry competition is very different and super service, by customer requirement and enterprise competence of matching to determine the positioning of the enterprise, as the essence of the differentiation strategy.Porsche as Germany's small and medium-sized automobile company, in a wide variety of automotive industry, only choose sports as main products, with high and new technology to create excellent performance and is famous for its excellent quality, framed with a "technology" to harness the wisdom, roam the motorists customers.Thus formed the unique product positioning, unique customer orientation, unique price positioning, as well as to meet the needs of customers and constant innovation of technology, unique in the world of its own, as the world's largest special automobile manufacturing company, Germany's famous sports car production enterprises, become the model of implementing differentiation strategy.3) the brand advantageThe world famous brand, refers to the world market with outstanding performance, get customer recognition and favor, have a huge effect, with a strong competitive advantage of product brand, trademark and trade name.As the world famous brand, must have the following characteristics: first, has the high international reputation.Second, has the very high international reputation.Third, has great economic value.Fourth, have a high degree of international market share and market globalization.Fifth, brand culture and product has a high degree of international integration.In an increasingly turbulent and changeable market economy, brand has become a winning customer loyalty and enterprise for long-term survival and growth of the key.In 2004, in "fortune" the world ranked 70th in the "top 500" enterprises, the annual business income is 48.318 billion dollars in unilever as the world's top consumer goods manufacturers, in the process of its development, has been successful for more than international brand acquisition operation, and good at would buy local brands promoted to international brand, to become the world's most important soap, LengDongPin, ice cream and tea maker.4) corporate cultureThe connotation of enterprise culture is the core of the enterprise concept, management philosophy, management mode, system of choose and employ persons, all of a code of conduct.One of the most important is the enterprise's core values.It is the enterprise constantly in the process of growth is the result of accumulation and precipitation, induction and abstraction is a key success factor for the company, is engaged in which industry characteristics and the change of external environment and the result of self-criticism, process).Enterprises under the guidance of core values, formed a high-quality, high level and high unity team of professional staff and professional managers.Them in the work atmosphere of mutual appreciation and recognition, technology, innovation, value innovation, create brand, to create excellent benefits, joint efforts for the common value goal, make the enterprise with a strong cohesion and competitiveness, ultimately win the competition, for enterprise survival and development for long.Nokia's success lies in it to find its own core values, and stick to their own core values in the operation, to form the nokia distinctive management thought and business philosophy, to crystallize its corporate culture.5) the core competitivenessEnterprise core competitive ability is the enterprise in the long time development, formed in the process of implication in the essence of enterprise, enterprise unique for enterprise to bring the value of sex, support enterprises in the past, present and future competitive advantage, and internal competition environment for a long time in the enterprise can obtain the active ability of competition.The core of the market competition in the talent, the enterprise should place in the fierce market competition, we must establish a high-quality talent team.Although the core competition ability does not exist and the individual, but the formation of core competence in the final analysis is the knowledge, skills, learning and accumulation.The talent is the carrier of the intellectual resources, therefore, enterprise core competence to a high degree of dependence to talents.In 2004, in "fortune" the world ranked 327th in the "top 500" enterprises, the annual revenue of $15.878 billion in l 'oreal can emerge from Paris many cosmetic industry, out of the France international, successfully sell himself to the world, let l 'oreal name around the world, it has to do with l 'oreal unique "way" of choose and employ persons is a direct relationship.L 'oreal unique talent view of "integrating poet and peasants", attracting talent "global online business strategy competition" approach, attaches great importance to the talent of innovation of science and technology, enable the image spokesperson of interpretations of the concept of fashion products, are based on the concept of "talent is the knowledge capital carrier"Third, China's top 500 with the world top 500With the rapid development of China's economy, Chinese companies are at an unprecedented rate the sprint world 500 strong reclined at the table.In the recently released by the fortune magazine ranked in the top 500 global latest annual, with 500 of the 18 Chinese companies.Sinopec and petrochina at sprint speed kill into the top 50, ranked 31st and 46th respectively.Ranking 46th national grid line upgrade last year, this year ranked 40th.However, compared to the list of top 500 China and the world top 500, schoolwork and the gap still exists obviously jiaotong university.The comparison of the gap on both the pure digital, also include some other deeper gap.待续~~~~
而从目前开设商务英语的一些学校的课程设置情况来看,可以分为两个专业方向的课程有,一是以商务基础为背景的英语读、写、译、视、听、说教程,如:国际金融英语、国际商法英语、商务英语研究,国际贸易英语阅读、外贸英语信函、商务英语翻...
噢 还有就是 目前我在学的ABC天芐欧美外教口语的老师要我明白 就是想将英语学好是轻松的;必然要有一个适宜的学习空间与闇练口语对象,老师水平是关键 纯正欧美口音(非东南亚)很重要,不间断逐日练习口语 1 on 1家教式教学才能有更.好.的学习成效~课程结束后同样要重复复习课堂录音档,把所学知识融会贯通。如果真的无口语交谈的人的情况 那么就到可可或BBC取得课余学习材料阅读,多问多听不知不觉的口语就培养起来,学习成效是必定突飞猛进的。我记得以前上口译课的时候说到了翻译中会出现的问题,譬如是音译,意译还是组合在一起音译当然是比较简单的,意译的话就要考虑到语境的变化,双方文化的差异以及习惯的影响商务英语通常比较正式,那么从单个的词到整句话的组合都有很多讲究了,譬如英文都是you咯,但翻译过来肯定是您或者贵公司,这是文字。其次是态度,整段文字都是有态度的,大多的应该是温和中有坚定,略有agreesive,特别是谈判时候的语境更为复杂。第三呢还有文化背景造成的差异,这就是翻译中都会碰到的问题了这个题目吧可以较泛的谈,那么每一点呢就都不用太深入,只要结构清楚可能好写一点。或者抓住其中一个点发散开,个人prefer这一种,找资料的时候比较有针对性。你跟导师商量一下吧
我倒是正好有以前的,可你给的分也太少了吧,那可是2000字,能高点分吗
1、论文格式的论文题目:(下附署名)要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。 2、论文格式的目录 目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录) 3、论文格式的内容提要: 是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。 4、论文格式的关键词或主题词 关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作计算机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。 主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题分析,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。(参见《汉语主题词表》和《世界汉语主题词表》)。 5、论文格式的论文正文: (1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。 〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容: a.提出问题-论点; b.分析问题-论据和论证; c.解决问题-论证方法与步骤; d.结论。希望对你有用
我给你 留邮箱 已经下载好了
内容要求毕业论文一般应包括以下九个主要组成部分(注意此次序即为装订次序): 1.封面 采用全校统一制作格式,填写的内容为:论文题目(包括英文和中文题目)、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、毕业论文完成日期。 2. 英文摘要 英文摘要应是毕业论文的中心内容,应具有独立性和自含性,即读者不需要阅读全文,就能获得必要的毕业论文信息。摘要内容涉及本项科研工作的目的和意义、研究方法、研究成果、结论。要注意突出毕业论文中具有创造性的成果和具有新见解的部分。 3. 中文摘要 中文摘要应与英文摘要相对应。 4.目录 目录作为毕业论文的提纲,是其各组成部分的小标题,应简明扼要。 5. 毕业论文正文 毕业论文正文是主体,一般由引言开始,以结论结束。毕业论文的内容可因研究课题的性质不同而变化,一般可包括文献综述,理论框架、研究方法、数据分析和讨论,以及本研究方法与已有研究方法的比较等。毕业论文正文应不少于6000英文词。 6.参考文献 参考文献是撰写毕业论文时引用的有关图书资料。应按作者姓氏的首字母顺序排列,英文文献在前,中文文献在后。 7.附录 研究中使用的问卷、重要的测试结果、图表、程序等可列在附录中。 8.致谢 对给予各类资助、指导和协助完成研究工作以及提供各种条件的单位和个人表示感谢。致谢应实事求是,切忌滥用浮夸庸俗之词。 9. 任务书 10. 开题报告 11.综合评定意见表
帮你找了一篇,3800字,已发送到你QQ邮箱,自己看看随便补个几百字就够了。。。谁答案比我的好你把分给谁吧。。
Derivatives, as financial instruments, have gained an increasingly important role to the financial status of big companies around the globe. Their importance can be primarily illustrated by the huge development of the derivatives exchange markets in the most developed countries, with banks usually being at the centre of trading of these powerful financial tools. The very essence of their importance lies to the fact that companies can use them to reduce uncertainty or risk that stems from entrepreneurial activities. Financial managers use derivatives to understand the risks that their firms are exposed to daily and thus are able to pursue higher returns, given the fact that higher returns impose higher risks. The management of high risks enables companies to reduce the danger of financial losses and in the same time achieve higher returns. The extended use of derivatives can also attribute further benefits to the financial position of firms by improving several other corporate actions like cheaper borrowing, tax planning and ensuring safer loan payback. However, derivatives’ trading has been a cause for huge corporate losses for many companies, the financial management of which ignored the high risks involved in the use of those financial instruments. This essay will attempt to examine the ways in which companies can use derivatives to modify their financial position.A derivative (or derivative security) can be defined as a tradable asset whose intrinsic value depends on or derives from the value of an underlying asset (like shares or bonds), a commodity (like oil or gold) or an abstract measure (like interest rates or indexes). This dependency of the derivatives’ value is the reason why they are also called contingent claims. This last definition of derivatives describes accurately their nature of being an exercisable right or obligation rather than a tradable good. This right or obligation is the exact legal contract that acquires value like a real asset, and therefore can be traded. People have implemented derivatives, as legal contracts, since ancient times, although their systematic use and trading began in the late nineteenth century. However, the past thirty years witnessed a massive growth in the volume of derivatives’ trading. Nowadays, derivative markets account for a significant amount of the world financial exchange system, and their types and use keeps developing and adapting to the different financial needs of the various industries. Common types of derivatives are options, futures, forwards, forward rate agreements and swaps, while other less common types are caps, floors, exotic options, Over-The Counter (OTCs) and exchange-traded derivatives. A brief description of the most common derivatives is given below.An option is a contractual agreement that the gives the right and not the obligation in one party to buy or sell an underlying commodity or asset at a given price anytime during a pre-specified period of time. At the end of the pre-specified period this right can be exercised or not, according to the option’s holder needs, thus the name of the derivative. If an option gives the buyer the right to purchase an asset (a number of shares for example) at a given price during a time period, this option is called call option. By the end of the period the right expires and after that date the option loses its value. On the contrary, if a similar contract gives the buyer the right to sell an asset (at an agreed price and up to a given date), it is then called put option. Call and Put options enable their holders to make profits, reducing the uncertainty of the future value of the underlying asset because they can be tradable at any time before the expiry date. If the underlying asset is a share index like FTSE 100, S&P 500 etc. then the purchased right is called index option.Futures are also contractual agreements between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specific time and a pre-specified price. However, a future represents an obligation, not a right, to proceed in the specific transaction, thus neither of the two parties can back away once the agreement is made (or the future is purchased). Thus a holder of a future buys the obligation of the other party and not the right, as in options. However, futures are tradable derivatives and are exchanged in a regulated market, like options. This characteristic allows their holders to change their position, according to the change of the underlying asset value through time before the date of the contracted transaction. However, they are very standardised and so they might not be very attractive to companies with specific financial needs. A future having as underlying asset the short-term interest rate of a currency deposit in a foreign bank is called interest rate future.On the other hand, forwards are similar agreements to futures in the sense that they both represent obligation of the contracted parts to proceed to a transaction of an agreed price at a specified date. However, forwards are not standardised contracts that can be traded in exchanges, but are tailored-to-need agreements for the specific clients and are usually available over-the-counter (for instance between a bank and the purchaser). Foreign exchange is the one of the most important underlying assets that forwards are used for, providing special trading markets for currencies. Fluctuating interest rates of different currencies create uncertainty for the future repayment of loans obtained with flexible rates. For this reason, forward rate agreements (FRAs) can be made between banks and companies, which assure that they will receive a premium from the banks if the floating rates associated with the re-payment of their loans exceeds a pre-specified amount. FRAs are also tradable, and usually are contracted for short time periods, varying from 3, 6 or 12 months.The exact way in which loans are re-paid as related to floating interest rates created the need for swaps. Swaps are private contracts between companies to exchange interest payment obligations to banks. Under a swap arrangement, companies might be able to mutually devise loan repayments that are cheaper for both parts. Swaps, unlike FRAs, are commonly negotiated for longer periods and can be contracted and traded in similar ways to options.From the above description of the most common derivatives, it is clear that companies have a powerful toolbox of financial instruments that can be implemented to improve their financial position. The most predominant objective of their use is the mitigation of uncertainty, with regards to future values of assets or commodities. This practice is known as hedging of risk. Hedging can be done with options. If for example a pharmaceutical company announces that in 6 months they might have a cure for cancer, the share price will go sky-high, however the financial managers might be concerned of a failure to meet this announcement. They can protect the financial position of the company by buying put options that can be exercised in case the company fails to discover the cure for cancer (and so its share will bottom down).Such options that are issued by the company itself are called warrants. Hedging with options or warrants can be used against numerous potential declines in the share price or the whole market. Thus hedging helps to protect companies against financial instability. Options can also be used in incentive payment schemes from companies to employees, who can be offered call options that can be exercised in the future when the corporate share will be higher. This offer provides a motivation to workers to push the share up by improving their working performance. Thus companies achieve with this indirect payment method increased productivity gains.Another potential beneficial use of options is tax planning. Big multinational corporations can make use the of differences in tax legislation in the different countries they operate, and manage to reduce the whole payable tax or their cost of capital by trading options in different jurisdictions. Tax practitioners can design option trading in such ways that they achieve tax deductions without significant changes in the financial position of the corporation. Hedging can also take place with futures on underlying commodities. Many major producers are uncertain of the future price of commodities essential to their business and so they use futures to ensure their production costs against price rises. Thus, they are willing to pay a premium that will ensure them against price volatilities. Under the same rationale, large investors that hold big and diversified portfolios, which are sensitive to the overall movements of share indexes, might want to hedge with share index futures. In that way they can reduce their losses if the indexes plunge.All derivatives that are contingent to interest rate payments can also be used to hedge risks that occur from floating rates. FRAs are specifically useful in this case since they assure their holders against interest rate falls. Slightly alternative interest rate hedging techniques are used in Caps and Floors. These hedging techniques are particularly useful to firms that need to eliminate or reduce their exposure to interest rate short-term fluctuations and thus they are willing to pay a risk premium.Risks that are associated with exchange rate volatility can also be hedged by using derivatives. Intra country economic transactions are priced according to the relative exchange rates of the currencies involved. For instance, an exported commodity that is priced one British pound in the UK does not have a steady value in Euros throughout time. This means that the same transaction can have different value, according to the level of the currency exchange rate. Multinational corporations and firms that are directly implicated to foreign trade (imports/exports) are exceptionally sensitive to volatile exchange rates and thus they are looking to employ derivatives that can help reduce this uncertainty. Futures can be used to ensure a currency transaction in the future, regardless of the exchange rate in that future time. Or when firms require greater flexibility they can use currency forwards that are not as standardised as futures and can also be individually tailored. Alternatively, firms can use currency options that not only allow them to hedge foreign exchange risk but also to make additional profits if the exchange rate is favourable. In conclusion, derivative securities have increased the capability of financial managers to improve the financial position of their firms and mitigate uncertainty regarding the future of the business and the financial markets. The importance of derivatives can nowadays be observed by the exploding evolution of derivative exchange markets in developed economies all over the world. Derivatives, that represent a contractual agreement towards either the right or the obligation of the contractors to proceed to a pre-specified transaction in the future, can take different forms and variations, according to the specific needs of the business. However, their most common function is to reduce the risk involved in future economic transactions, so that firms or institutions can be more secured against economic uncertainty that has noticeably has imposed immense costs on entrepreneurial activities in the past. This altering of the risk profile of corporate activity, also known as hedging, can sometimes also contribute to the simultaneous achievement of great profits, allocating even more importance to derivative instruments. Furthermore, derivatives can prove beneficial to companies when used in incentive payment schemes, tax planning or loan repayments. Following the increasing use of derivative instruments the last thirty years, it is certain that their corporate use will be even more augmented through the design and implementation of new types.ReferencesArnold, G. (2005), Handbook of corporate finance, Financial Times Prentice HallEales, B., A., (1995), Financial Risk Management, McGraw Hill: MaidenheadHull, J., C., (2000), Options futures and other derivatives, (5th edit.), Prentice Hall InternationalTaylor, F., (2000), Mastering derivatives markets, (2nd edit.), Financial Times Prentice HallWinston, D., (1995), Financial Derivatives, Chapman and Hall: London发不下了,邮箱上传中。。。
这个好办,我弄过类似的。帮你
浅谈商务英语翻译中的几点问题 [论文关键词〕商务英语国际贫易翻译 [论文摘要」商务英语翻译与普通英语的翻译差别甚大,不论是在专业词汇还是译法方面都需要特别的注意。而随着我国全球化的加深,商务英语翻译也显得越来越重要。此文,笔者从几个方面总结了商务英语翻译的重点和难点。 随着我国经济金融以及全球化的进一步发展,越来越多也越频繁的各种国际贸易在被展开;除此之外,与海外市场其他形式的接触也是与日俱增,例如:中外商务会谈、招商引资、跨国并购、国际性招投标等;英语作为一种国际性的语言,在这些事务中都是离不开的。现如今的中国也早已意识到了这一点,于是掀起了一浪又一浪的英语学习狂潮。说明国家和社会对英语教育的重视进一步加深。但上面所提到的方方面面都属于英语学习中一个更加细分的部分—商务英语。虽然商务英语现如今也算是一个热点词,很多办学机构都有开设商务英语类似课程,但社会对商务英语的重视度仍较低,还是远远不够的。专业的商务英语人才少之又少,系统的商务英语专业课程也是很缺乏。另外,商务英语的翻译也和普通英语大不相同。很多人认为,只要有一本商务英语词典,即使普通英语专业的毕业生也可做商务英语翻译,而且,这正是现在正在发生的事实情况,很多商务英语翻译者都不是专业学习商务英语的,因为早前还没有这个专业。其实这种观点是相当错误的。对商务英语的翻译,无论在词汇上还是译法上都是要专门研究学习的。以下笔者总结了其中的几点。 一、缩略词的翻译 在国际化的商务英语环境中,很多报刊文章、新闻报道或者研究著作等,对一些特定或是常用的英文词普遍采用缩略形式。这些词通常包括机构名称、国际组织名称、国际上普遍认可的商业惯例、普遍使用的投资形式、经常发生的商业行为等等。这便更加大了商务英语翻译的难度。因为缩略词可以用许多不同形式展开,而这些缩略词往往在全文中又占了很重要的地位,所以一旦发生错译,便会影响整篇文章的理解。下面举几个例子: IMF = International Monetary Fund国际货币基金组织 WTO = World Trade Organization世界贸易组织 EU=European Union欧盟 NAFTA=North American Free Trade Agreement 北美自由贸易协定 EFTA二Emvpean Free Trade Association 欧洲自由贸易联盟 FDI二Foreign Direct Investment外国直接投资 L/C = letter of credit信用证 B/L=bill of lading提单 以上举的这些例子只是冰山一角,在真正的国际环境中,缩略词的使用频率很高,数量也很多。并且来自国际商务的各个环节。我们可以发现,有些非常常用的,比如WTO,还可以说耳熟能详,人人知道;但另外一些,就不是单纯学习英语的人所能了解的了,这就需要专业的商务英语的培训和长期大量的接触并识记,才能在以后的工作中发挥作用。 二、合同用语的翻译 另外一个备受大家关注的便是合同的翻译了。合同是交易双方执行责任义务并享有权利的最终法律依据,是有法律效力的。不论哪个交易中,都难免出现冲突和摩擦,是否能够在最短的时间、用最少的人力财力、最有效地被解决,全看合同的订立了。所以,在合同中,一个词一个字都要求做到最严谨最合理。因此,对合同翻译的要求也远远高过于普通文件。而在合同的翻译中,有些特定的用词和方法,也是需要系统地学习和长期经验的积累的。 1.用here, there, where和after, by, in, of, on, to, un-der, upon, with等词结合使用,可以更简洁准确地表达合同中的一些意思: This contract shall come into force from the date of execu- tion hereof by the buyer and the builder. 本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。 The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products where-to this trade name is more appropriate are made in China. 下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品,其品牌以此为合适。 2. abide by和comply with表达不同的遵守: Both parties shall abide by the contractual stipulation. 双方都应遵守合同规定。 All of the activities of both parties shall comply with thecontractual stipulation. 双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。 可见,当句子的主语为“人”时,使用abide by,句子主语“非人”时,使用comply with o 3. Change A to B和change A into B Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to Au-gust and change US dollar into RMB. 双方都同意将交货期改为8月并将美元折合成人民币。 可见前者是“改为”而后者翻译成“折合成”。 4. ex / per / by的使用中,ex表示货物由某船运来,per表示货物是由某船运走的,而by则表示货物由某船承运。 The last batch per S. S. " Victoria" will arrive at London onOctober.(S. S.二steamship汽船,轮船) 由维多利亚号轮运走的最后一批货将于10月抵达伦软。(维多利亚号从出发港出发,但到达目的港伦软的并不一定是维多利亚号)。 The last batch ex S. S. " Victoria" will arrive at London onOctober. 由维多利亚号轮运来的最后一批货将于10月抵达伦敦。(从出发港出发时是哪艘船起运的未知,但是维多利亚号运送到目的港伦敦的)。 5. by和before The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee before June 15. 卖方须在6月15日之前将货交给买方。 The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15. 卖方须在6月15日之前(包括当天)将货交给买方。 所以可见,在给合同做翻译时,一个词的使用错误就会使整个合同发生歧义,影响到将来正常顺利的交易,产生贸易摩擦和冲突,浪费时间、人力和财力。三、广告用语的翻译 在商务英语翻译中,还有一个领域是较难的领域,同时也是乐趣最多惊喜最多的翻译领域,那就是广告用语的翻译。国际商务英语中,广告词往往带有跨文化、跨语言的色彩,所以翻译的难度较大。由于不同的文化背景、成长环境、生活态度和思维方式造就了不同的理解,有些广告语在东道主国很出彩,但是被翻译成外语之后便显得平淡无味、毫无新意。所以对于这种翻译,我们多采用四字成语、生活谚语等来延续它的说服力与感染力,而且更重要的是翻译时的灵感和经验。 Good to the last drop滴滴香浓,意犹未尽。 Hi一Fi, Hi一Fun, Hi一Fashion, only from Sony. 高保真,高乐趣,高时尚,只来自索尼。 Where there is a road, there is Toyota. 车到山前必有路,有路必有丰田车。 Intelligence everywhere智慧演绎,无处不在。 Nothing can come of nothing.物有其本,事有其源。 For the road ahead.康庄大道 看这些经典的广告语翻译,翻译之后语言的力道更强,更富有创新性和感染力。这就是成功的翻译,要通过不停地尝试与磨炼,系统地学习与研究才可能达到的境界。只凭几本字典和基础的英语学习是远远不够的。 四、专业词汇的翻译 其次,商务英语翻译当中的一个难点便是专业词汇的翻译。这是最需要专业商务英语学习之后才能胜任的一项任务。在商务英语中,专业的词汇数量很多,涉及的层面很广。也是靠系统学习以及在工作生活中点点滴滴的积累才行的。这些词,表面看起来很简单,很容易翻译,但是其实意思是和普通英语是大不相同的,有些有细微差别的,如果翻译错误,显得不专业,太通俗,而有些意思差别较大的,如果翻译错误,整篇文章的意思都会被扭曲。也正是这些词,才能反映一个翻译者的专业程度是否深。下面笔者举几个例子,大家便可以理解商务英语之所以被细分出来的原因了。 1.在信用证(letter of credit)的交易中,买方银行需要开立的信用证中要标明付款行的付款方式,常用两个词:by ne-gotiation和by payment来表示,前者是议付行垫付货款后无论发生什么事情,都不可再向卖方追回已付货款,而后者表示议付行在垫付货款后,如果无法从买方处得到交款,便可回头向卖方追回已付货款。然而,单看字面negotiation和payment,是看不出这点区别的。 2. shipper和carrier,这两个词,在普通英语中显得差别不大,但在商务英语中,尤其是国际贸易中,却便是完全不同的两方。Shipper指运送货物的人,即将货物交出的人,是卖方或卖方委托的人;而carrier指承运人,即运送公司,在卖方与买方之间承担运送货物获取酬劳的中间方。 3. incoterms,这个词本身在普通英语中是不存在的,但在商务英语长期的使用变化过程中,人们会将耳熟能详的一些常见词缩写变成一个新的英语词。Incoterms是interna-tional commercial terms的缩写,即国际贸易术语解释通则,这个贸易术语在国际贸易中使用的频率非常高,所以对于所有从事国际贸易的人来讲,international commercial terms再熟悉不过了,因此,人们将之简化成为incoterms流传下来了。 在成千上万的商务英语用词中,专业的学习者都不一定全部了解,更何况非专业者呢?所以,使用非商务英语专业的人来进行商务英语的翻译是大错特错的,除非其进行了专业的进修培训,或者有很多年的相关工作经验。 五、多意词的翻译 很多简单的英语用词,到了商务英语中就要给予特定的翻译,而不能随便来。例:document我们可以翻译为文件、公文,文档等等,很多意思,但是都比较相似;而在国际贸易中,常常被翻译为单据;posi-lion我们通常翻译为位置、职位、立场等,而在金融中,被翻译为‘。头寸”,与之匹配的有long position多头头寸、short posi-lion空头头寸、close position平仓等。 六、结语 商务英语是英语教学的一个细分,专业化更深,所以商务英语翻译也对英语的运用能力提出了更高的要求。在国际交流越来越频繁的今天,我们需要的商务英语人才也随之越来越多,专业化要求也越来越强。而笔者的这篇文章,只是从很少的几个方面谈了商务英语翻译中现存的几个问题或者难点,难免会不全面。相关的学者可做进一步的研究。也望社会能够更加重视商务英语这个专业,培养足够多的商务英语人才,来应对全球化的发展。
商务英语翻译的文化适应性问题探析内容摘要:随着世界经济一体化趋势日渐明显,国家、地区之间联系紧密化态势不断增强,商务英语在经济组织交往活动中日益发挥重要作用,如何有效利用商务英语实现经济组织交往的无缝对接成为亟待解决的难题。本文立足商务英语翻译现状,以企业文化理论为分析背景,以企业文化适应性特征为切入点,探讨了商务英语翻译过程中的文化适应性问题,以期为商务英语翻译工作提供有益借鉴和参考。 关键词:商务英语 翻译 文化适应性 商务英语翻译问题概述 从某种意义上讲,国家间、地区间经济交往的实质是国家文化、地区文化的互动、交流与接触。在不同文化的交互过程中,首先面临的问题就是弱化和消除文化障碍,实现文化沟通和交流。英语作为国家间、地区间经济交往和商务往来的有效工具,具有存在形式的多样性与表达方式的多样性等特点,这些特征不仅反映着国家、地区间文化的差异性,也影响着商务英语翻译的准确性。因此,商务英语翻译必须注重国外企业与本国企业之间的文化差异。 作为一种社会存在,文化环境是一个不同区域、行业、特征和性质的文化交织影响、能动渗透的有机能动场,尤其是其中的文化传统有着较强的波及力和辐射力,会对社会生活的诸多方面造成影响效应,商务英语翻译也不例外。企业文化是企业在长期发展演化过程中形成的历史产物,是社会文化在企业组织管理实践中的折射,也是西方管理理论在经历“经济人”、“社会人”、“自我实现的人”与“复杂人”假设之后,对组织的文化价值、经营理念、管理过程和未来经营业绩关系的又一次重新审视。企业文化渗透于企业的一切活动中,又流溢于企业的一切活动之上,既是企业组织的基因和灵魂,也是企业持续发展的潜在动力和重要保障;既是制度性和非制度性、绝对性和相对性的辩证统一,也是批判性和继承性、稳定性和动态性的有机结合。商务英语翻译过程中的文化适应,应关注和把握以下三个方面: 重视商务英语翻译的外部环境 密切关注国外企业文化的最新成果,充分考虑商务英语翻译的外部环境。随着我国企业改革的深化、国内市场经济进程的加快和经济全球化趋势的推进,东西方文化的交流渗透成为不可逆转的历史潮流,学习市场经济国家先进的企业文化逐渐成为培育和创新我国企业文化的重要途径。但实事求是地分析,对如何借鉴、学习、吸收和内化国外先进企业文化成果在商务英语翻译过程中的适应性、可移植性等关键问题,并没有从理论上、学术上加以明确描述和科学阐明。目前,商务英语翻译过程中对待国外先进企业文化或多或少、或轻或重存在以下方面的不足: 局限和满足于介绍和翻译,而忽视根据本土社会特殊的文化背景、文化特征进行商务英语翻译,以及对国外先进企业文化的吸收、修正和创造性地应用。 忽视文化盘点,即忽视国外先进企业文化的制约性,不注重原产地文化与本土文化的差异性与共同性分析,在商务英语翻译过程中未从方法论角度把握其来龙去脉,缺乏对国外先进企业文化成果深层次的文化学透视。 缺乏对我国本土文化独特性的准确认识,未经系统科学地分析就直接从国外先进的企业文化中演绎出各种关于商务英语翻译的手段、设想、方式与模式,企图在较短的时期内来完成商务英语翻译工作。实践证明,单纯考虑国外企业文化,不会产生与国内企业商务交往活动的英语翻译理论及实践操作方式,也不会促进国内企业商务活动的持续、深入和有效地开展,反而给企业商务交往与活动的有效开展带来很大障碍,造成企业生存力、发展力和竞争力的巨大破坏。把握国内外企业文化之间的内在耦合性与本质差异性 事实上,在商务英语翻译过程中一个非常重要而又往往被忽视的环节就是文化的适应性。当然,文化适应性的观点决不是否认不同商务英语翻译的相互借鉴和学习,但国外先进企业文化不能原封不动地渗透到商务英语翻译过程中,商务英语翻译必须注意文化适应性问题。国内外众多专家学者的研究表明,东西方管理文化存在诸多方面的差异,彼此各有优势,很难找到一条客观、有效的商务英语翻译标准。对于商务英语翻译过程中存在的一些现象和问题,究其本质是由国内外企业文化之间的内在耦合性与本质差异性所致。因此,在我国企业商务英语翻译过程中一定要注意文化适应性问题,注重跨文化的比较研究,反映国外企业文化特性,才能更好的造就企业商务英语翻译在企业商务创新实践中实现实质性转变和历史性飞跃。本文认为,商务英语翻译的首要前提应该是注重国内外企业文化之间的内在耦合性与本质差异性,有效体现国内外企业商务活动交往之间的文化适应性。 全面构建商务英语翻译的内部环境 文化适应性作为商务英语翻译能否取得实质性突破的关键要素,说明商务英语翻译要与我国传统文化价值理念相一致。商务英语翻译是体现企业亚文化的一种手段,是社会宏观的大文化在企业中的投射,因而商务英语翻译必须体现出社会的宏观大文化。所以,中国企业商务英语翻译的文化基础就应该是中国优秀的传统文化,中华五千年的历史文化是人类的一种本原文化,是在与各种文化、思想、观念不断碰撞、借鉴和融合的历史过程中积淀而成,是中华民族智慧的结晶与表征。儒家的“仁、义、礼、智、信”思想,道家的“天人合一”思想,“道可道,非常道”的真理追求意识,“无为而治”的管理意识和“有生于无”的创造观以及孙子的“五事七计”以道为首的思想等优秀传统文化,无疑是培育和建构商务英语翻译理论的重要基石。 长期以来,我国商务英语翻译理论缺乏中国特色,究其原因主要是没有把中国传统文化中的思想精华借鉴和应用到商务英语翻译理论中。实践表明,只有建立扎根于现实土壤、具有我国传统文化特色的商务英语翻译,才能使企业发展具备永续的原动力和发展的持久力。例如,海尔的“In Good Faith Forever”,集中反映了德、信、人尊、人与人之间亲和的传统精神在企业文化中的延续,也正是由于海尔把传统文化作为商务英语翻译过程中的一个重要因素和重要组成部分来认识,从无序到有序,从有序到体系,从体系到高度,从高度到延伸,将诸多竞争对手远远抛于身后。 综上所述,商务英语翻译应置于中国的传统文化背景中去深入探讨。研究商务英语翻译与中国传统文化和当代社会文化的关系,商务英语翻译与企业管理、企业环境、企业发展和企业创新的关系等,提出具有中国特色的商务英语翻译理论体系和模式,加强商务英语翻译理论应用、测量、评估、诊断和追踪的实证性研究,从而形成独具特色的商务英语翻译管理模式,推动经济组织交往的无缝对接。 参考文献: 1.赵雪涛,王明辉.浅谈商务英语翻译与文化关联[J].商场现代化,2008(24) 2.杨恕华.商务英语翻译的特点[J].科技信息(学术版),2006(7) 3.刘洁.谈商业广告翻译中的文化对接现象[J].商业时代,2008(36)
Derivatives, as financial instruments, have gained an increasingly important role to the financial status of big companies around the globe. Their importance can be primarily illustrated by the huge development of the derivatives exchange markets in the most developed countries, with banks usually being at the centre of trading of these powerful financial tools. The very essence of their importance lies to the fact that companies can use them to reduce uncertainty or risk that stems from entrepreneurial activities. Financial managers use derivatives to understand the risks that their firms are exposed to daily and thus are able to pursue higher returns, given the fact that higher returns impose higher risks. The management of high risks enables companies to reduce the danger of financial losses and in the same time achieve higher returns. The extended use of derivatives can also attribute further benefits to the financial position of firms by improving several other corporate actions like cheaper borrowing, tax planning and ensuring safer loan payback. However, derivatives’ trading has been a cause for huge corporate losses for many companies, the financial management of which ignored the high risks involved in the use of those financial instruments. This essay will attempt to examine the ways in which companies can use derivatives to modify their financial position.A derivative (or derivative security) can be defined as a tradable asset whose intrinsic value depends on or derives from the value of an underlying asset (like shares or bonds), a commodity (like oil or gold) or an abstract measure (like interest rates or indexes). This dependency of the derivatives’ value is the reason why they are also called contingent claims. This last definition of derivatives describes accurately their nature of being an exercisable right or obligation rather than a tradable good. This right or obligation is the exact legal contract that acquires value like a real asset, and therefore can be traded. People have implemented derivatives, as legal contracts, since ancient times, although their systematic use and trading began in the late nineteenth century. However, the past thirty years witnessed a massive growth in the volume of derivatives’ trading. Nowadays, derivative markets account for a significant amount of the world financial exchange system, and their types and use keeps developing and adapting to the different financial needs of the various industries. Common types of derivatives are options, futures, forwards, forward rate agreements and swaps, while other less common types are caps, floors, exotic options, Over-The Counter (OTCs) and exchange-traded derivatives. A brief description of the most common derivatives is given below.An option is a contractual agreement that the gives the right and not the obligation in one party to buy or sell an underlying commodity or asset at a given price anytime during a pre-specified period of time. At the end of the pre-specified period this right can be exercised or not, according to the option’s holder needs, thus the name of the derivative. If an option gives the buyer the right to purchase an asset (a number of shares for example) at a given price during a time period, this option is called call option. By the end of the period the right expires and after that date the option loses its value. On the contrary, if a similar contract gives the buyer the right to sell an asset (at an agreed price and up to a given date), it is then called put option. Call and Put options enable their holders to make profits, reducing the uncertainty of the future value of the underlying asset because they can be tradable at any time before the expiry date. If the underlying asset is a share index like FTSE 100, S&P 500 etc. then the purchased right is called index option.Futures are also contractual agreements between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specific time and a pre-specified price. However, a future represents an obligation, not a right, to proceed in the specific transaction, thus neither of the two parties can back away once the agreement is made (or the future is purchased). Thus a holder of a future buys the obligation of the other party and not the right, as in options. However, futures are tradable derivatives and are exchanged in a regulated market, like options. This characteristic allows their holders to change their position, according to the change of the underlying asset value through time before the date of the contracted transaction. However, they are very standardised and so they might not be very attractive to companies with specific financial needs. A future having as underlying asset the short-term interest rate of a currency deposit in a foreign bank is called interest rate future.On the other hand, forwards are similar agreements to futures in the sense that they both represent obligation of the contracted parts to proceed to a transaction of an agreed price at a specified date. However, forwards are not standardised contracts that can be traded in exchanges, but are tailored-to-need agreements for the specific clients and are usually available over-the-counter (for instance between a bank and the purchaser). Foreign exchange is the one of the most important underlying assets that forwards are used for, providing special trading markets for currencies. Fluctuating interest rates of different currencies create uncertainty for the future repayment of loans obtained with flexible rates. For this reason, forward rate agreements (FRAs) can be made between banks and companies, which assure that they will receive a premium from the banks if the floating rates associated with the re-payment of their loans exceeds a pre-specified amount. FRAs are also tradable, and usually are contracted for short time periods, varying from 3, 6 or 12 months.The exact way in which loans are re-paid as related to floating interest rates created the need for swaps. Swaps are private contracts between companies to exchange interest payment obligations to banks. Under a swap arrangement, companies might be able to mutually devise loan repayments that are cheaper for both parts. Swaps, unlike FRAs, are commonly negotiated for longer periods and can be contracted and traded in similar ways to options.From the above description of the most common derivatives, it is clear that companies have a powerful toolbox of financial instruments that can be implemented to improve their financial position. The most predominant objective of their use is the mitigation of uncertainty, with regards to future values of assets or commodities. This practice is known as hedging of risk. Hedging can be done with options. If for example a pharmaceutical company announces that in 6 months they might have a cure for cancer, the share price will go sky-high, however the financial managers might be concerned of a failure to meet this announcement. They can protect the financial position of the company by buying put options that can be exercised in case the company fails to discover the cure for cancer (and so its share will bottom down).Such options that are issued by the company itself are called warrants. Hedging with options or warrants can be used against numerous potential declines in the share price or the whole market. Thus hedging helps to protect companies against financial instability. Options can also be used in incentive payment schemes from companies to employees, who can be offered call options that can be exercised in the future when the corporate share will be higher. This offer provides a motivation to workers to push the share up by improving their working performance. Thus companies achieve with this indirect payment method increased productivity gains.Another potential beneficial use of options is tax planning. Big multinational corporations can make use the of differences in tax legislation in the different countries they operate, and manage to reduce the whole payable tax or their cost of capital by trading options in different jurisdictions. Tax practitioners can design option trading in such ways that they achieve tax deductions without significant changes in the financial position of the corporation. Hedging can also take place with futures on underlying commodities. Many major producers are uncertain of the future price of commodities essential to their business and so they use futures to ensure their production costs against price rises. Thus, they are willing to pay a premium that will ensure them against price volatilities. Under the same rationale, large investors that hold big and diversified portfolios, which are sensitive to the overall movements of share indexes, might want to hedge with share index futures. In that way they can reduce their losses if the indexes plunge.All derivatives that are contingent to interest rate payments can also be used to hedge risks that occur from floating rates. FRAs are specifically useful in this case since they assure their holders against interest rate falls. Slightly alternative interest rate hedging techniques are used in Caps and Floors. These hedging techniques are particularly useful to firms that need to eliminate or reduce their exposure to interest rate short-term fluctuations and thus they are willing to pay a risk premium.Risks that are associated with exchange rate volatility can also be hedged by using derivatives. Intra country economic transactions are priced according to the relative exchange rates of the currencies involved. For instance, an exported commodity that is priced one British pound in the UK does not have a steady value in Euros throughout time. This means that the same transaction can have different value, according to the level of the currency exchange rate. Multinational corporations and firms that are directly implicated to foreign trade (imports/exports) are exceptionally sensitive to volatile exchange rates and thus they are looking to employ derivatives that can help reduce this uncertainty. Futures can be used to ensure a currency transaction in the future, regardless of the exchange rate in that future time. Or when firms require greater flexibility they can use currency forwards that are not as standardised as futures and can also be individually tailored. Alternatively, firms can use currency options that not only allow them to hedge foreign exchange risk but also to make additional profits if the exchange rate is favourable. In conclusion, derivative securities have increased the capability of financial managers to improve the financial position of their firms and mitigate uncertainty regarding the future of the business and the financial markets. The importance of derivatives can nowadays be observed by the exploding evolution of derivative exchange markets in developed economies all over the world. Derivatives, that represent a contractual agreement towards either the right or the obligation of the contractors to proceed to a pre-specified transaction in the future, can take different forms and variations, according to the specific needs of the business. However, their most common function is to reduce the risk involved in future economic transactions, so that firms or institutions can be more secured against economic uncertainty that has noticeably has imposed immense costs on entrepreneurial activities in the past. This altering of the risk profile of corporate activity, also known as hedging, can sometimes also contribute to the simultaneous achievement of great profits, allocating even more importance to derivative instruments. Furthermore, derivatives can prove beneficial to companies when used in incentive payment schemes, tax planning or loan repayments. Following the increasing use of derivative instruments the last thirty years, it is certain that their corporate use will be even more augmented through the design and implementation of new types.ReferencesArnold, G. (2005), Handbook of corporate finance, Financial Times Prentice HallEales, B., A., (1995), Financial Risk Management, McGraw Hill: MaidenheadHull, J., C., (2000), Options futures and other derivatives, (5th edit.), Prentice Hall InternationalTaylor, F., (2000), Mastering derivatives markets, (2nd edit.), Financial Times Prentice HallWinston, D., (1995), Financial Derivatives, Chapman and Hall: London发不下了,邮箱上传中。。。
电子商务管理系统是为满足当前各个行业提高贸易过程中对信息管理的效率而设计开发的软件系统。下面是我为大家整理的电子商务管理论文,供大家参考。
电子商务管理论文 范文 一:电子商务下的物流管理创新
一、引言
“十二五”作为我国调整经济结构的关键时期,是推动信息化发展的关键阶段。伴随我国社会的持续发展,电子商务技术也在不断发展,于此同时,物流管理模式也受到了很大影响。物流是继人力资源领域、原材料领域的第三类大型资源,电子商务的发展为目前物流模式的管理提供了发展机遇。
二、基于电子商务环境下我国物流管理中存在的问题
1.物流企业的规模较小
如今,中国物流企业大部分都是中小型企业,很多企业的规模不大,它们不仅在社会物流需求方面存在缺陷,同时在物流供给方面同样存在缺陷。这些企业尚不能熟练使用现代化信息技术,并且在信息化人力,以及资金方面也不够重视。在近些年的发展里,中国共有80万余家物流企业得到发展,数量方面具有一定优势,然而其中中小型企业占绝大多数,而真正具有较强实力的物流公司仅仅是其中的一小部分。这些物流企业的经营规模比较小,并且管理模式较为落后。除此之外,服务水平及技术方面均存在一些问题。
2.物流管理专业人才较少
伴随我国经济,以及世界经济的跨越性发展,物流行业被公认为推动我国经济发展的主要动力;但是物流行业在发展过程中出现了一系列问题,其中专业性人才较少则是一个最为关键的问题,阻碍了物流行业的进一步发展。复合型管理人才是基于电子商务背景下的物流管理中最需要的人才。复合型人才不但要通晓物流运作流程,同时还需要知晓经济贸易,以及英语等方面的知识,在目前的物流发展过程里,复合型人才扮演了十分重要的角色。在近些年里,我国对这方面的人才需求一直是供不应求,然而高校中出现的物流人才不论是数量还是质量均满足不了行业需求。伴随时代的发展,我国愈来愈需要物流管理的专业性人才。
3.电子商务的物流配送体系不完善
中国地区的很多物流公司在管理 方法 与技术配备方面均较为落后。由于网络信息系统的不完善导致许多物流公司还没有走向网络化发展,它们依旧采取的是以往控制方法及信息传递。它们为客户提供物流信息主要通过书面形式,这种形式根本无法为客户传递及时准确的物流消息;此举不但对物流公司的服务水平产生了很大的影响,同时还阻碍了物流领域的跨越性发展,对电子商务的应用与发展产生了巨大影响。不仅如此,中国物流领域的发展并没有建立统一标准,发展较为混乱,一些物流公司的发展是基于欧美标准,而另外一些物流公司则是基于日本发展标准,这样对物流环节之间的对接产生了不利影响,降低了物流的传递效率,阻碍了电子商务在中国地区的进一步发展。伴随着贸易领域的发展,物流行业在未来的发展空间十分广阔,因此,中国物流公司正在面临着十分艰难的考验。
4.政府部门及企业不够重视电子商务物流的发展
如今,我国对于电子商务物流领域的市场竞争等方面还未颁布一套完善的法规体系。由于没有一套完整的法律体系对其加以约束,致使很多社会性电子商务涌入物流市场,出现了不公平竞争的现象。物流领域涉及了多个方面,例如投资融资、基础设施,以及技术设备与产业政策等方面,它们属于不同部门的管理范畴。因为有关部门没有管理物流的 经验 ,所以物流市场的发展比较混乱,并没有协调发展,并且物流行业管理根据行业、部门,以及地区来进行划分,致使物流管理条块的分割。除此之外,有些地方政府部门为了该地区的物流公司发展利益,不惜阻碍其他地区的物流公司发展,抑制了电子商务物流的进一步发展。
三、基于电子商务环境下物流管理的创新策略
1.逐渐增强政府引导及行业立法
由于中国电子商务物流的发展时间较短,很多方面的发展不是很完善。不仅如此,还没有建立一套完整的相关法律体系,此举对于目前物流行业的发展有着巨大影响。政府有关部门应该为电子商务物流公司提供强有力的资金和政策支持,出台有关政策,指定正确的发展方向,以此来促进电子商务物流公司的发展。例如说,制定信息资源标准,以及物流信息技术标准,构建信息共享机制;构建物流设施基础,健全物流网络,促进物流业发展;因为和电子商务相关的立法与政策尚未有着统一标准,致使效率比较低,根本无法彻底解决电子商务在发展过程里出现的问题,我们应当尽快建立和完善相关法律法规,建立一套完整的法律法规体系,彻底克服以往法律法规中存在的一些弊端,促进网络市场交易趋于合格化、规范化,促进合法化电子商务的发展,进一步加快我国电子商务物流的发展。
2.运用信息化及先进的管理理念,加快物流组织结构转变
因为中国物流公司很多都是中小企业,它们的组织机构不够灵活,并且信息的路径比较短。以往物流活动均为分散式物流组织结构,伴随企业的不断发展,规模及业务的范围也在持续扩大,此时物流的效率较为低下则成了十分重要的问题。由于中国物流公司的规模比较小,物流职能一体化更加适应中小型物流公司的发展。物流职能一体化指的就是基于物流高层领导的统一管理下,把公司内部的全部功能集于一体,形成采购,配送,物流管理的一整套运作模式,这样的操作流程对物流的协调配送更加有利,能够提升公司物流管理效率。在运作过程中,要学会利用先进的管理理念和信息化发展,借此来实现智能化物流。例如说,电子存储管理可以实现快速查询,克服了人为查询速度较慢,以及容易出错的问题,配送运输管理能够选取最优配送路径,确保把货物及时地运送到目的地。不仅如此,还要采取目前物流行业先进的管理理念;伴随时代发展,物流的竞争要素将会是供应链,不单单是物流概念,是运输时间,运输成本之间的竞争。
3.注重电子商务物流管理人才的培养
行业竞争的主导因素是人才,伴随电子商务物流的发展,市场对物流人才的要求也在不断提升。只有高质量管理人才作为提升物流服务,以及物流配送效率的前提,才能加快物流行业的快速发展。因此,政府有关部门及高校要根据市场发展需求来制定人才培养标准,对所有电子商务物流人员基于这个标准来进行培训,让他们通过人才培训加深自身对物流知识的掌握,同时把 财务管理 等各种能力综合起来;不仅如此,物流公司仍能够引进其他国家的先进管理经验,同时还能够将一些人才输送到其他国家培训,以此来学习其他国家的管理模式,持续提高人才的综合性素养。
4.大力发展物流金融
物流金融在物流行业的发展过程里扮演了十分重要的角色。第一,拓宽公司的集资 渠道 ,提升集资能力,可以加快物流链里各方的发展。第二,提升资金的利用率。遇到资金周转较为困难的状况,此时可以盘活下游公司产成品的资金加以调用,同时还能够对上游公司应收账款的周期加以缩短。第三,提升物流企业的服务水平,使物流企业和上下游公司更加团结,只有这样,才能够实现企业与银行的共同盈利。
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电子商务管理论文范文二:电子商务企业物流库存管理思考
摘要:电子商务企业库存产品数量差异的产生和仓储运作的效率不高,通常是由于库存管理存在严重问题,内部流程管控不当所造成。本文通过分析电子商务企业库存管理存在的问题,提出电子商务企业流程管控视角下提升库存管理的 措施 。
关键词:电子商务;库存;流程管控;供应链
随着电子商务的高速发展,供应链管理“短板”现象日益突出,众多企业纷纷爆出库存危机。储存库存相当于把钱压在仓库中,电子商务企业鲜少愿意在供应链中积压大量库存。存储成本以及货物折旧的风险迫使电子商务企业改善库存管理,设计合理的管控流程,寻求更合理的提升管理效率的库存管理方案。
一、电子商务企业库存管理存在问题分析
电子商务企业因订单流量的不确定因素,导致出入库作业量不均衡,作业能力跟不上,普遍面临库位混乱、库存数据不准确,发货困难一系列问题。源于电商企业经营管理基础薄弱、起点较低,其管理仅停留在传统粗放型的管理层次上,无健全的、完善的内部管理制度,更没有认识或重视到企业存货控制和管理是生产经营过程中的重要环节。电商企业库存管理存在的问题主要有以下几点:
(一)对供应商管理薄弱,库存准确性得不到控制
大部分电商企业的货源都是来源于多个供应商,供应商的管理水平和工作效率参差不齐,是导致库存异常问题的源头因素。目前一些电商企业的供应商普遍存在以下的问题:
1.供应商不能按照约定时间发货,严重影响仓库的收货及时性以及预先制定的销售计划。特别是在一些电商企业大促销期间,如果供应商不能按期发货将直接影响电商企业的库存数量,造成商品缺货,从而影响消费者满意度。能否规范入仓要看商家对供应商的约束能力和仓库对入仓异常的及时反馈。
2.供应商提供的商品包装不规范,包装上缺少条码或条码错误。有些供应商提供的商品会出现外包装破损或变形,货物包装材料不合格,包装不统一等情况,这对商品入库后的仓储和库存管理带来很大的难度。有的还会出现商标贴错、条码贴错等问题,会直接导致在盘点过程中出现不明原因的差异,如果这些情况在入库时并未被发现,在商品出库时极易发生错发货的情况。
3.供应商提供的商品数量不对,分批到仓。供应商提供的商品的入库数量和合同约定的数量不符,就需要反复核对和确认,影响入库作业效率。本应是一张入库单上的,同一批次入库的商品,因为供应商备货不足或其他问题造成商品分批入库,极易造成仓库批次的混乱,给库存管理增加了难度。
(二)库存储量不合理,库存过剩、闲置、积压严重
库存过高对企业来说,是及其不利的,库存过高使大量的资本被冻结在库存上,周转资金减少,加剧库存损耗,增加管理费用。造成这种现象的主要原因有:储存计划不合理、生产计划改变、销售预算失误、低效率的信息传递系统、库存管控策略的简单化及其他不确定因素等。在供应链中,各个供应链节点企业之间的需求预测、库存状态、生产计划等都是供应链管理的重要数据,需要实时传递数据信息才能有效、快速的响应用户需求。由于电商企业的物流信息系统和供应链上其他参与者的物流信息系统并未有效的集成和共享,得到的信息往往是滞后和不正确信息,从而造成生产库存和仓库库存量的不合理。
(三)在库库存管理不规范,库存数据不准确
由于我国物流行业的服务水平不高,信息化、智能化程度较低,仓储现场管理普遍存在库位管理不合理,旺季收发货差错率较高,账实不符,信息失真等问题。库位管理不精细,不能准确掌握货物的库龄,未能做到“先进先出”,从而导致部分产品呆滞、积压问题。在库库存的盘点及对账管理不及时,未能及时发现收发货等异常问题,从而错过最佳处理时间。特殊库存管理,流程不规范、不清晰,造成异常问题突出,差异长期无法锁定或解决。
二、流程管控视角下提升库存管理的措施
在整个流程管控的过程中,管理的主要目的就是降低差异,提高效率。合理的组织,计划各个工作流程,规范操作通过各个部门的有效协作大幅度的提高整个流程的运行效率。因此找出各种差异的关键点并给出有效的处理方法对于提高整个流程的效率具有重要的作用。库存管理的目的就是管理成本的增加,不能超过由此带来的库存成本的节约,为此,企业对库存管理必须建立有效的控制。同时,电商企业对物流的时效性的要求,决定了仓储库存准确的重要性。确保库存量的合理性和库存准确率是仓储管理的重点。
(一)建立库存模型,降低库存成本
根据品种分类、预测值、服务率(或缺货率)、费用项目、供应商间隔期、订货周期与订货方式等流程建立合理化的库存数据模型。利用库存ABC管理法和CVA管理法的综合合理运用,对A类商品进行重点管理,严格控制商品库存,根据货物的流量和货物的价值合理补货,达到库存成本的最低化,库存结构的最优化。应用“先进先出”的流程管理原则,根据商品进货的生产日期、保质期和有效质对不同批次进货的商品进行系统与实物批次管理,在相同商品发货时优先发生产日期最早到货的商品。
(二)规范供应商入仓流程,从源头上确保库存准确
供应商管理体系的搭建对企业销售与物流的影响和作用显而易见。对了促进供应商能够更好的服务企业,满足企业生产和销售,应对供应商的管理制定相关的KPI考核。对供应商KPI考核主要包括质量指标、成本指标和供应指标等方面。质量指标主要是考核供应商供货来料的质量,主要有来料批次合格率、来料抽检缺陷率、来料在线报废率、来料免检率等指标。成本指标主要有价格水平、报价的及时性和客观性等指标。供应指标主要有交货及时性或交货周期、订单完成率、服务水平等指标。将KPI考核指标考核结果作为选择和管理供应商的重要标准,实现供应商管理最优化。通过与供应商合作一体化流程的模式,提高库存周转率,降低库存量,并及时对安全库存进行自动补给。供应商与企业之间构筑新的产销关系,借助于系统的对接,实现信息的共享,推动双方业务的发展。供应商可随时调用电子商务企业的销售和库存数量,并以此作为依据,制订出有效的生成和供货计划,即构筑JIT型的自动订发货系统,做到及时补货,防止断货或滞销库存过多;企业可通过EDI获取信息,及时决策商品的进货数量,由系统自动进货,从而达到削减库存成本和风险。
(三)建立快速响应的信息化、智能化系统流程
库存分类,订货方式的确定,都要基于完善的数据库,没有对数据库精细的分析,且无法达到预期的效果。如何建立一个合适的信息化系统,是很多企业面临的问题。信息准确可以使库存合理的流动,可指示出最适宜的库存量,系统的信息化、账务处理的简洁化和清晰化对运作效率的提升及库存数据的准确起到关键作用。建立一套统一的库存管控系统,从工厂源头库存—在途库存—分仓库存—销售库存,实行一体化管理及监控,完善内部调拨及销售出库等不同类别的收发类型流程及账务处理区别标识对现代化库存管理的意义重大。可从以下几个方面进行优化:仓储接口的对接、订单的传递、入库管理、出库管理、在库管理、退换货流程、非正品管理、调账功能、内部调拨等。仓储工具的智能化对电商企业快速周转的库存起到明显的效果,RF终端、货物代码简洁化的运用,有助于货物的保管和快速流通。
(四)科学规划仓库区域,合理安排商品储存流程
对仓库进行合理规划,实现对仓库的分区及库位管理,有效控制库存管理的准确性和发货及时性。仓库存储区域划分为待检区、待处理区、合格区存储区和不合格品隔离区,以放置不同状态的货物,将货物进行分区管理,并采取不同的管理手段。仓库的每一个库位都要进行编码,每件货物都必须有明确的存放位置。仓库根据同一性原则、先进先出与周转率原则、相关性及重货原则、大类原则、单元化与标准化原则、作业平台与货物摆放方向一致原则,结合产品的重要性、销量、淡旺季优势互补等原则进行布局;库位大小的设置应考虑货物型号及周期数量来具体决策。为了保证货物有足够的库位空间存储,仓库规划人员需要根据仓库出货量较大的货物存放在大库位区,对于收发货较少的商品放在小货位区。为了加快货物的流转速度,对于那些频率较高、流转速度较快的货物,应将其库位确定在距离仓库出货口较近的库位,便于装卸及搬运的位置,而对那些使用频率低的货物可以将其放在离仓库出货口较远的库位。将体积大重量大的货物存放在货架的下层货位,而将体积小重量小的货物存放在货架的上层货位,提高仓储作业和拣货作业效率。为了方便货物的不同商品属性和要求进行库位划分,尽量将客户要求相近温度控制相对适中的商品放在同一库区,避免交叉污染串味。
(五)制定及执行合理有效的盘点策略及流程,及时反映库存差异
盘点流程的制定依次分四个步骤,制定盘点计划、实物盘点与记录、盘点结果核对以及差异原因分析及处理。在执行盘点时必须以实物为依据清点实物的数量和状态,盘点计划除周盘、月度盘点外,可根据业务实际情况,设置不同的系统盘点策略。电子商务企业的盘点流程应推广利用RF手持终端,通过系统生成的盘点计划进行盘点和记录。盘点结果核对中如存在库存差异,应及时在系统中记录库存差异的情况及库存差异产生的原因。
(六)加强特殊库存及流程管控,规范退换货流程、非正品管理
无论传统企业还是电商企业,都要面临退换货和在库非正品管理的问题,这个在仓库库存管理当中,都存在着一定的风险和损失。而这部分的质量损失在企业的净损失中,并非占据一小部分,同时,频繁的退换货及过多的非正品库存对仓储的管理是很不利的。退换货流程的规范、简单化,非正品的出入库管理、在库保管、返厂、二次出库都对仓储和系统的管理,提出了更高的要求。应对各环节进行流程分支管理,如退换货管理、非正品管理等,每个环节都制定出适合的标准流程体系,分模块运作,分流程管理,提高物流效率。
(七)完善内部KPI考核指标,精细化库存管理流程
在仓库内部制订一系列KPI考核指标,例如到货、出库信息反馈指标,考核在限定时间内将到货、出库信息反馈给公司。在库库存的准确率指标,考核账实管理一致性。报表准确性指标,考核提供给该公司关于仓库运作的报表的准确性,每日库存报表、收发货变动的准确率。盘点差错率指标,考核账实管理的差异。货损率指标,考核仓库作业的安全性及规范性。KPI考核指标的确定,还需建立相应的规定与考核,如:1个月不达标,限期整改,连续三个月不达标,进行相应处罚。从工厂源头库存—在途库存—分仓库存—销售库存,实行一体化管理及监控。通过唯一订单,完善系统的库存盘点、异常品管理、调账管理等模块,同时,对生成下线、中转入库、内部调拨、退换货流程等环节做好控制,流程规范、清晰,建立完善的管理体系,实现库存管控的简单化、透明化、可追溯性。
(八)加强员工技能培训,健全管理制度流程
电子商务企业目前的库存管理仍然是以人工管理为主,员工的自身专业素质和管理水平会直接影响库存管理的效率和成本。建立健全库存管理各项制度及流程,标准化管理和操作,需要经常对员工进行库存 管理知识 和方法的培训,定期进行考核,使员工认识到科学的管理有利于企业降低库存成本,降低货损率,降低库存差异,提高经济效益。
三、结语
库存管理的合理性和准确性是企业销售和物流时效的基本保障,电子商务企业通过对库存管理的流程进行有效的管控,有助于降低仓储综合成本,提升仓储作业效率,从而提升企业的核心竞争力。电子商务企业在库存管理方面需要重点关注关键流程。及时找出并有效的处理关键流程,将能有效的减小库存差异,有益于流程管控的顺利进行,从而提高整个电子商务企业物流库存管理的效率。
参考文献:
[1]罗立英.浅谈企业存货内部控制[J].经营管理者,2013,(12).
[2]周富艳.我国中小企业存货管理问题与对策[J].合作经济与科技.2013,(8).
[3]苏彩.供应链视角下企业物流库存管理的优化[J].物流技术,2014,(10).
[4]石梦兰.F公司备件库存管理研究[D].吉林大学,2014.
电子商务管理论文相关 文章 :
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3. 2016电子商务论文范文3篇
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电子商务市场是现在发展最快,最具潜力的领域,电子商务的迅速发展和应用,推动着社会生产力的发展,是全球经济增长最具潜力的领域之一。下面是我为大家整理的电子商务 毕业 论文,供大家参考。
《 农村电子商务建设分析 》
农村电子商务拓展空间无限,潜力巨大,已然成为农村经济发展的重要环节,各级党委政府纷纷出台相关政策 措施 ,推动农村电子商务建设。在政策引导、资金扶持和前景广阔的背景下,各大电商巨头也纷纷加速对农村市场的布局,农村电子商务建设的争夺战业已悄然兴起。如何发挥农村电子商务的作用,使其更好地服务于“三农”?值得深入研究和积极探索。
一、当前须解决好四个问题
1.解决“人才不足”问题。
大力实施农村电子商务工程,最关键的是造就一批农村电子商务技术带头人,着力解决好农村电子商务中技术“领头羊”不强问题。政府要加大开展农村电子商务实用型人才队伍建设和培养,通过当地农经、商务等政府部门开展电子商务知识专业培训,建立实用型人才队伍,提供智力保障。
2.解决“ 渠道 不宽”问题。
应本着“因地制宜、应优而建、因村施策”的原则,开展农村电子商务建设。注重挖掘当地农村自身优势,探索农村资源开发促发展,提供农家乐、乡村旅游、农副产品服务促发展等模式,拓宽经营渠道。
3.解决“导向不明”问题。
需要各级党委政府有明确的电商建设顶层设计、政策导向和扶持政策,调动农民参与的积极性,需要加大地方财政扶持力度,安排经费作为风险补偿基金,扶助农村电子商务中收益稳定、规模小的农民家庭或者项目,强化孵化作用。
4.解决“监管不严”问题。
必须按照诚信兴商的要求,约束农村电子商务行为。当地政府除出台农村电子商务经营管理规章外,还需充分运用大数据、云计算的互联网技术,建立统一的服务平台,专门设立“投诉举报”模块,翔实记录农村电商经营或失信情况,通过建立联网预警系统,对电商经营情况进行网络实时监管,并采取信用风险分级管理、经营能力管理和激励约束机制等措施,克服监管不到位的问题。
二、基本思路要求
1.开展农村电商“网格化”建设管理。
建立“区(县)、乡(镇)、村(社区)”农村电商发展“三级管理网格”。区(县)为“一级网格”,由区(县)农经、商务等部门主管,在策略层面推进当地农村电子商务建设和发展工作;乡(镇)为“二级网格”,根据所辖地的农村经济产业特点、发展模式、发展规模等因素,在实施层面推进农村电商布点;村(社区)为“三级网格”,在操作层面组织和抓好本村电商具体经营工作。形成各司其职、各负其责的良好工作局面,增强推进快速发展的整体合力。
2.推进农村电商“产业化”。
针对农村电商“经营项目发展好、带动能力强”的相对集中区域,政府可规划建设农村电子商务经济发展产业园区,强化“产业”推进作用。
3.开展农村电商“项目化”运作。
通过筑巢引凤的发展策略,采取“引进来、合作互赢”发展理念,以电商巨头“经营项目带动”引领农村电子商务发展;开展区(县)、乡(镇)、村“三级联动”,各级领导干部深入一线、深入乡村,开展“经营项目建设”专题调研,确定适合当地农村电商经营发展项目,借鉴先进地区农村电商发展 经验 的同时,采取村民入股、村企联建等有效手段,实现农村电商发展带动效应。
三、路径要求
1.农村电子商务的规划带动。
各级党委政府要高度重视抓好农村电子商务建设和发展基础性规划,加强农村基础设施建设。要制定出台发展壮大农村电子商务的实施意见,并作为实施农村小康社会建设的主要工作来抓,明确提出本辖区农村电商发展目标。从农村电商的经营项目支持、人才支撑、资金支持等多方面出台系列扶持政策。在坚持因村制宜和有序发展前期下,大胆创新农村电商发展路子,打造一批农村电商示范村和明星村,形成强村带弱村、共同发展壮大的良好态势。
2.农村电子商务的压责推动。
各级基层党委政府要把发展壮大农村电子商务作为“一把手”工程,并作为各级党组织抓基层党建项目,纳入党建述职评议考核的重要内容,县乡村三级要层层签订电子商务发展责任状,分解目标和任务,给各乡村党组织书记明责加压,提升服务能力和责任意识。同时,将乡村干部的经济待遇与农村电子商务发展挂钩,建立绩酬相符的激励机制。
3.农村电子商务的典型促动。
要注重选树不同基础、不同模式、不同类型的乡村, 总结 提炼发展经验,推动形成一批电子商务示范村和明星项目,以点带面,示范推进。通过组织开展基层党建观摩拉练等活动,扩大示范效应,各级党委政府主要领导要亲自带队,组织乡村党组织书记现场观摩和学习先进。
四、模式要求
1.深挖特色优势,建立特色资源开发型电子商务模式。
鼓励农民或吸收其他资金参股合作,对镇村域内的特色资源或特色产品合理开发,或者将现有的产业资源优势,依托企业开发,开展“资源合作,村企共建”,并通过农村电子商务平台对外营销,使农村资源优势转化为农村经济发展优势。比如建立有机茶产业基地、有机水产品养殖基地、绿色生态 种植 物基地、环保加工业基地等优势,通过“龙头+农户+基地”的电子商务产供销一条龙销售模式体系,打造农村特色资源优质品牌,辐射带动农村经济发展和农民增收。
2.资本聚集运作,建立资本相对结合型电子商务模式。
鼓励村级组织或农民以股份合作、使用权流转等形式,利用村镇农产品生产和加工等优势,聚集外来资本,建立本地化的电商企业,把资源变成商品,变存量为增量,实现物尽其用、 变废为宝 ,既盘活农村资源,又带动农民就业,确保集体经济的积累和壮大。
3.以承包地生财,建立土地经营权流转营运型电子商务模式。
开展农民承包土地的集约化经营,实现土地利用价值最大化。通过把农户分散的承包土地通过流转的方式集中起来,统一对外寻租,吸引有实力的大型电商企业投资兴业,作为其农副产品种植精品基地,这种借力发展,农民可获取流转和劳务的双重收益,也壮大村集体经济。
4.兴办关联产业,建立实体经济带动型电子商务模式。
鼓励和支持农民或者村级组织兴办地方特色产业项目,村集体以直接兴办或牵头组建等方式,成立农民专业合作社等生产经营性企业或者合作经济组织,发展农产品产业化项目,发展实体经济带动型电子商务。
5.依托政策措施,建立借势发展型电子商务模式。
区县级党委政府应出台发展农村电子商务的相关政策,明确具体政策措施,强化政府部门责任落实,大力实施农村电子商务“领头雁”工程、“结对帮扶工程”、“创业带富工程”、“精准扶贫工程”等,有条件的区县可设立农村电子商务“领头雁工程基金”,对深入推进农村农村电子商务建设,创业带富成效明显的农村电商企业予以奖励。村镇组织和农民要在推进农业经济发展的同时,广开农副产品经营销售渠道,发挥线上和线下两种不同销售模式。
五、策略要求
1.试点先行、示范突破,开好头、引好路。
为防止农村电子商务建设出现全面铺摊子、成效微的局面,各级党委政府要坚持把握“政策在先、试点主线、创建示范、梯次推进”的原则,在建立试点选择上,要考虑农村经济均衡发展要素,不仅仅选择有发展基础的“潜力村”,还选择有资源发展“空壳村”,电子商务建设应做到“肥上加膘”和“锦上添花”的叠加效应。通过试点推进、示范突破,积极探索农村电子商务建设和运行新模式。
2.优势互补、合作共赢,迈好步、走稳路。
要在充分调研、认真分析和把握资源优势的基础上,在“资源优势互补、合作渠道共商、投资资金共担、监管主体不变”的前提下,积极依法组建电商经济实体。建设初期,可以选择资源有优势、发展有前景和经济效益好的项目和养殖种植技术好、资金基础好的致富带头人入股,因地制宜发展农村电子商务的乡村旅游业和特色养殖种植业;按照“股权平等、利益共享、风险共担、积累共有”的原则,通过“借鸡生蛋”、“筑巢育凤”等多种方式推动电商企业设立,实现多元化的合作共赢,助推农村电子商务发展。
3.科学管理、长效激励,强监管、重长远。
要把农村电子商务建设作为农村经济发展重要举措来抓,纳入到政府部门或者乡镇干部年度工作业绩考核中,在注重对电商企业日常监管的同时,强化领导干部对农村电商企业的服务;认真落实检查考核机制,严格兑现奖惩,建立农村电子商务建设和发展长效激励机制的同时,强化定期不定期对农村电商企业的生产经营、 财务管理 等情况进行指导和服务,发现生产经营困难及资金出现安全隐患时及时介入帮助解决,有效防控相关风险,确保农村电子商务稳步发展。
《 旅游电子商务下丽江旅游企业发展思考 》
摘要:我国经济进入了新常态,丽江市的经济发展,也面临着新常态的问题。经济发展速度变慢,经济发展动力更多让位于民间投资而不再是靠政府政策刺激,经济发展结构优化,告别货币推动型的经济发展模式,这是丽江市经济发展在新常态中面临的挑战。旅游电子商务是未来旅游企业发展必然趋势,丽江旅游企业必然要面对如何电子商务化的时代问题,于我国旅游电子商务发展中面临的众多问题,可以通过以下策略发展丽江旅游电子商务。
关键词:旅游电子商务;经济新常态;旅游专业网站;电子商务个性化服务
我国经济进入了新常态,丽江市的经济发展,也面临着新常态的问题。经济发展速度变慢,经济发展动力更多让位于民间投资而不再是靠政府政策刺激,经济发展结构优化,告别货币推动型的经济发展模式,这是丽江市经济发展在新常态中面临的挑战。
1丽江经济新常态现状
丽江市经济发展水平起点较低,1995年,丽江市国民生产总值只有18.39亿元,远远落后于国内其他市,在云南省内排名也比较靠后。从2001年开始,丽江的经济开始迅速发展,特别是2003到2013的这11年,是丽江经济发展的黄金11年,每年的发展速度都突破了双位数,使丽江经济快速崛起。2008年的全球金融危机,并没有直接影响到丽江经济发展,2008年到2013年丽江的经济发展仍然非常有动力。2014年丽江经济发展遇到了特别的困难,全年经济发展速度降到了4.6%,丽江经济发展遭遇了新常态,原来黄金11年的发展势头被扼制,丽江经济发展遇到了新常态时期的困境。
2经济新常态下丽江旅游成为发展丽江经济的最大动力
这几年,服务业的增长速度很快,2013年,我国服务业从业人数占全社会从业人数的比例提高了2.4%,这是历史上从没有过的。而第一产业下降了2.2%,第二产业下降了0.2%。如果这个趋势保持下去,再有5至10年,第三产业从业人员的占比就能达到50%。旅游业应当成为服务业的新增长点,成长空间很大。通过旅游业的成长来带动就业,将会对我们经济增长起到重要的作用。旅游业经济新常态下发展经济的一个重要抓手,发展旅游业的潜力巨大。我们的山水、 文化 都可以是吸引游客的重要资源。按照发达国家的经验,旅游业消费支出应当占到整个消费支出的1/4左右,照此标准,中国旅游业发展潜力巨大。特别是在丽江,作为丽江的支柱产业,自2001年以来,丽江旅游产业迅速发展,平均发展速度超过了20%,自2011年以来,更是保持了30%以上的增长,确保了丽江的经济支柱。即使在丽江经济步入困境的2014年,旅游产业也保持了迅猛发展。2014全年旅游业接待国内外游客人数达到2663.81万人次,比上年增长28.09%,实现旅游总收入378.79亿元,比上年增长35.94%。其中:接待国内游客2556.12万人次,增长29.10%;实现国内旅游收入353.84亿元,增长37.94%。接待海外游客107.7万人次,增长8.05%;实现旅游外汇收入4.06亿美元,增长13.45%。从以上数据可以看到,要在经济新常态中发展丽江经济,首先要保持丽江旅游产业的发展势头,优先促进丽江旅游行业的发展。要全新谋划丽江旅游整体布局,优化旅游基础设施建设,推进全域景区化打造,带动旅游产业从门票经济向综合产业转型。
3通过旅游电子商务发展未来丽江旅游企业的策略
旅游电子商务是未来旅游企业发展必然趋势,丽江旅游企业必然要面对如何电子商务化的时代问题,于我国旅游电子商务发展中面临的众多问题,可以通过以下策略发展丽江旅游电子商务。
3.1政府支持下优化旅游电子商务的宏观环境
政府和旅游企业要动员各方面力量来形成适合旅游电子商务发展的宏观环境,为旅游电子商务的发展提供硬件和软件方面的支持,尤其要加强对企业网站和商务网站旅游业务的规范和引导。构建旅游电子商务工程的基本构架,提高旅游业信息化的整体水平,尽早实现网上结算和交易电子化。
3.2加速培养适用丽江旅游电子商务的复合型人才
由于旅游电子商务是旅游和电子商务的整合,所以具有电子商务和 旅游知识 的复合型人才,才能将电子商务的技术手段、应用功能和模式密切联系。旅游部门与旅游院校应顺应时代要求,着力培养3个层次的旅游电子商务人才,善于提出满足商务需求的电子商务应用方式的商务型人才;精通电子商务技术,又具备足够的旅游业知识,能以最有效的电子商务技术手段予以实施和满足的技术型人才;通晓全局,具有前瞻性思维,熟知旅游业电子商务理论与应用,能够从战略上分析和把握其发展特点和趋势的战略型人才。
3.3建立和维护具有权威性、及时性的丽江旅游专业网站
旅游企业要和互联网高度融合,利用网络手段和信息技术建立专业化网站。首先,有资金和技术实力的大型旅游企业可以通过资本运营进行重组,造就旅游企业和旅游网站一体化运营的企业集团。其次,那些没有实力建设专门网站的小型旅游企业,可以利用品牌网站的高知名度和资源优势开展网络化经营。由于旅游电子商务的投资与维护费用都十分庞大,单靠企业的力量是难以建设与维护的。政府网站在很长时期内依然是中国旅游电子商务的主要载体,必须进一步加强政府网站的建设。
3.4开拓丽江旅游电子商务个性化服务
以服务为本的旅游电子商务面对的是需求趋向于多元化、细分化和个性化的旅游消费群体。能否开发出适应各种需求的服务,对于旅游电子商务的生存与发展至关重要。把服务对象定位于个性张扬的自主型旅游人群,要求旅游电子商务必须与旅游资源接轨,开展个性化服务。通过客户关系管理搜寻和获取个性化的客户资料及有价值的市场信息,并据此设计出各具特色的旅游产品和服务。或者让旅游者自己设计旅游线路和旅游行程,旅游企业根据顾客的需求提供量体裁衣式的订单服务,这种网络导航和网际服务相结合的模式凸现了旅游产品的个性化、信息化和时代化的气息。
参考文献
[1]钟栎娜,吴必虎,邵隽.中国5A级旅游区门户网站的成熟度评估[J].旅游学刊.2011(12)
[2]梁方方,江金波.旅游企业电子商务成熟度测量指标体系研究[J].江苏商论.2011(09)
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