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几乎所有外文期刊在送审时都有一个关于文章英语表达的问题留给审稿人（ Reviewer ），拿我投稿的 APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 来说，该问题是：
如果英语烂到让审稿人都看不下去，或许仅仅因为这个原因，审稿人就会给个大修（ major revision ）。这样不仅打击自信心，更大大拉长了审稿周期。
此外，逐渐有很多期刊加入 cross check ，也就是说当你的文章投稿到某个期刊，编辑（ Editor ）做的第一件事情就是把文章上传到 cross check 网站查重，或者说需要鉴定该文章有没有剽窃( plagiarism )嫌疑。很多中国科研工作者在论文写作过程中，喜欢套用英文句式、模版之类，或者直接运用自己平时看文献收藏的句式，这本来是一件提高英文表达、向他人学习的好方式，然而，如果一点都不加修改，容易造成文章有较大的重复率。
因此，学会用不同的 句式 、 短语 、 近/反义词 对英文写作很重要，不仅降低了查重率，更丰富了论文英语表达的丰富性，说不定就令审稿人眼前一亮。本文要介绍的网站能够帮助我们使用不同的句式、短语、近/反义词。
Linggle是我论文写作时用的最频繁的网站，传送门 。下面直接举例说明几种常用的情况。
1. 查询任意一个或多个词
举例如下：
2. 使用任意词性查询搭配词
这个功能可以说是最常用的之一，因为写论文时，经常需要用 形容词+名次 的搭配形式，比如 great demand 、 extensive concern 、 favorable stability 。下面举两个例子。
3. 使用问号查询是否需要某个词
举例如下：
4. 使用斜杆查询哪个词使用频率高
举例如下：
更多范例大家可以自己去官网看看。
Netspeak 这个网站与 Linggle 类似，只是词库少一点。不过也是相当好用，网站的设计也很人性化。传送门：
这个网站的使用方法非常简单，官网直接贴出了示例，如下：
可以看出， Netspeak 的功能有：查找一个词或多个词、比较不同词的使用频率、查找同义词、查找词的搭配顺序。因为查找同义词是论文写作时最常用的功能，因此本文重点举例说明下该功能，其他的大家自己试试。
假如我想查找单词 good 的近义词，下面的例子便可以做到。
然而，因为 Netspeak 这个网站的词库比较少，很多词查询不到近义词。不过没关系，接下来介绍的第三个网站时查找 近/反义词 的高手。
Dictionary 这个网站可以当作 词典 用，也可以用来查询 近/反义词 。传送门： 。官网界面如下：
它有两个模式，第一个为 Definitions ，也就是当作词典，用于查询词汇的定义。第二个为 Synonyms ，即查询同义词，其实也可以查询反义词（ Antonyms ）。本文介绍下如何查询近/反义词。首先将模式切换到 Synonyms ，假如我们想要查询单词 obvious 的近/反义词，则直接在搜索框输入 obvious 即可，搜索结果如下“
上图红色方框框住部分为同义词，往下拉该网页，则可以看到反义词的搜索结果，如下：
这是尾巴
读过本文，如果觉得有收获，欢迎 点赞转发 。
想阅读更多内容，可以到我的 公众号 ： 青柠学术 逛一逛，优质的科研技巧、效率工具等着你。
博主 ：浙江大学电子工程博士生，剑桥大学交流生，国家奖学金获得者。
毕业论文检测系统软件 ，有免费试用优惠哦
上ctex论坛或者chinatex论坛，看最新的教程，很多啊。其实你自己机子上已经有一些了，help里找
可以。参考了其他模板定制的一套适用于自己的Latex模板，这里是适用于网络空间安全学院专业硕士的毕业论文。LaTeX（LTEX，音译“拉泰赫”）是一种基于ΤΕΧ的排版系统，由美国计算机学家莱斯利·兰伯特（LeslieLamport）在20世纪80年代初期开发。
读下latex或ctex的帮助文档吧。如果你安装了texlive，在命令行里输入texdoclshort或texdocctex就可以了。两份文档都很基础，写中文推荐后者。模板一般存为sty格式，只要在\documentclass{...}和\begin{document}之间输入\usepackage{模板名}就可以使用该模板了。
tex是tex文件，aux是交叉引用辅助文件，log是日志文件，bbl是参考文献，dvi是可以预览的文件。
latex 模板使用具体操作如下：
1、配置编辑器，依次点击Options、Configurate，在新开的对话框中，勾选BibTex Export，确认。
2、下载好的模板解压后打开文件件找到main.tex主文件双击并打开，每次修改之后及时pdfLaTex编译。每当出现一个暂时还比较满意的状态，应该整个文件夹另存为以下，再接着改。
3、打开模板后，点击软件菜单栏的tools菜单，下图左侧是弹出的下拉菜单一定要按照图中文字顺序执行，因为一旦编译报错，撤销操作之后再编译会依然报错（可能是生成了撤销操作无法改动的中间文件)。换句话说无法撤销到上一次报错的编译之前。
4、如果是Texnicenter编译器，则用下图的方法进行执行程序，在BibTex编译之前，pdfLaTex编译出来的所有引文以问号代替，文章后面也没有Reference.但是这个结果一定要备份保留的，因为这时至少pdf还能打开。
5、最后把论文编辑成sample里面的形式，下图所示，为latex公式及输出效果。
那个cls的是模板，比如文件名为sample.cls则：\documentclass{sample.cls}后边按照模板要求的环境写，你应该看看那个模板的readme
那个cls的是模板，比如文件名为sample.cls则：\documentclass{sample.cls}后边按照模板要求的环境写，你应该看看那个模板的readme
直接用mcmthesis模板即可，都是支持mac系统的。
中文直接在第一行写：\documentclass[UTF8]{ctexrep}就行。之后直接可以写中文
后缀为.tex的文件是你需要编辑的文件，可以装一个CTEX套件（可在这里下载，推荐完整版：）然后用其中的winedt编辑tex文件，编辑好之后可以在winedt中编译生成pdf文件就可以了。如果有什么问题可以邮箱联系我（）。我也最近开始学这个，有什么问题大家可以交流下。。。
tex是tex文件，aux是交叉引用辅助文件，log是日志文件，bbl是参考文献，dvi是可以预览的文件。
latex 模板使用具体操作如下：
1、配置编辑器，依次点击Options、Configurate，在新开的对话框中，勾选BibTex Export，确认。
2、下载好的模板解压后打开文件件找到main.tex主文件双击并打开，每次修改之后及时pdfLaTex编译。每当出现一个暂时还比较满意的状态，应该整个文件夹另存为以下，再接着改。
3、打开模板后，点击软件菜单栏的tools菜单，下图左侧是弹出的下拉菜单一定要按照图中文字顺序执行，因为一旦编译报错，撤销操作之后再编译会依然报错（可能是生成了撤销操作无法改动的中间文件)。换句话说无法撤销到上一次报错的编译之前。
4、如果是Texnicenter编译器，则用下图的方法进行执行程序，在BibTex编译之前，pdfLaTex编译出来的所有引文以问号代替，文章后面也没有Reference.但是这个结果一定要备份保留的，因为这时至少pdf还能打开。
5、最后把论文编辑成sample里面的形式，下图所示，为latex公式及输出效果。
通过我自己摸索一个月LaTeX的经验，结合刘老师的答案，楼主可以去找清华大学硕士论文的模版，通过查看源代码、Class、stlye自定义，可以了解文本格式的定义和设置。看过模版的源代码之后，并不是说你能用的好，毕竟LaTeX的核心是数学公式，只有多写代码，多编译、查看PDF，体会不同公式定义的微妙变化。至于字体，文章标题格式，边距，行距，缩进、文武线，页脚页眉页码等，都在模版定义好了，你只需要填充内容。如果只是学会使用模板，调用命令的话，ShareLaTeX, Online LaTeX Editor 是个蛮好用的网站，有很多模板参考，可以在线或者下载源文件看。如果是想自己写.cls和.sty文件，我就不太清楚了，可能具体查模板里每一个class和package的用法会有帮助吧。
下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。
Abstract
Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.
According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS 19.0. And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.
Abstract
A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。
Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.
Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.
Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 1.26,witha 95% confidential interval of [0.86, 1.66])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.
Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = 9.22,p = 0,01 < 0.05)，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =0.61, g 二 2.14, g = 0.98 respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = 17.04, p =0.000 < 0.05)。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of 3.59,0.71 and 0.37 respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.
Abstract
The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (i.e. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?
This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, i.e. thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (i.e. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (i.e. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (i.e. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.
The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.
Abstract
Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.
This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.
To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.
There are three hypotheses:
1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?
Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS 19.0. And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.
Abstract
In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.
Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.
Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.
Abstract
Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.
With the aid of AntConc 3.4.lw and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc 3.4.lw is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.
The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.
Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.
英语论文格式模板
英文论文格式均以美国土木工程师协会出版社发布的标准格式为准。
英语论文用激光打印机打印，打印稿为黑白稿，彩色打印件会影响出版效果。 版心：a4纸，上、下页边距3.5 cm，左、右页边距均为3.25 mm。论文内容宽不得超过14.5cm， 长不得超过22.5cm。
字体和字号：正文，标题，作者联络信息和图表中的文字均为times new roman 12号字。可以跟据需要使用同类字体中的粗体，斜体。
行距：单倍行距。
页码：论文正文和文后所附图例都需添加页码。页码为阿拉伯数字，位于页面下方居中。
文体：文章应语法正确，技术用词准确。标题应该以最简洁的语言概括文章内容。如果标题较长，请采用title: subtitle的形式。
数学公式：文中的数学公式不得手写，必须打印。公式如果在文中多次被引用，应该编号。公式之间，公式和正文之间都应该空一行。 单位： 文中所用的度量衡单位应为国际单位。可在括号内，单位对应表中列出其他单位。有关国际单位的使用(standard practice for use of the international system of units)可以通过电话1-向asce索取。其他相关使用参考文献，如anmc metric editorial guide， 5th ed，1992 可向美国国家公制协会 索取(american national metric council， 1735n. lynn street， suite 950， arlington， va 22209-2022)
图表：
标题说明和图例：插入的图表应该以出现顺序编号(figure 1，figure 2，table 1，table 2)。图的说明和标题，包括图的序号应该位于图的下方。表的说明和标题，包括表的序号应该位于表格上方。
位置：图可以插入到正文中，或者集中放在文章最后。如果在正文中插入图，尽量放在页面的顶部或尾部。不要选择文字环绕图形的对齐方式，可选择上下环绕方式。
底纹：插图中不要选择带阴影或底纹，否则会影响印刷效果。
照片：如果文中需要附上照片，在文中出现照片的地方贴上其黑白光面冲洗照片，标题说明位于照片下方。照片将和正文一起缩印，请不要提供彩色照片，以免影响印刷效果。
扫描图：印刷后的扫描图不如原件清晰。如果文中有扫描图，请提供灰色色标扫描图。
作者联络信息：请用横线和正文隔开。联络信息可以为一位作者或所有作者的，包括以下内容：作者全名;所属学会;学历或授予的荣誉;所在单位;通讯地址和电子邮箱;电话和传真。
参考文献：所有参考文献为单倍行距，放在文章最后，按照第一作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。如有同一作者的两篇以上文献，按出版年代先后排列。正文中引用参考文献时，作者和出版年代应该放入括号内。由于上标缩印后会变小，难于辨认，正文中不使用上标标注参考文献。所列出的参考文献应当在正文中都有所引用，如果正文中没有引用，请将文献列入文章最后的附加信息(additional information)部分，或者相关材料(related materials)部分。
基本论文格式
论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成，其中部分组成(例如附录)可有可无。论文各组成的'排序为：题名、作者、摘要、关键词、英文题名、英文摘要、英文关键词、正文、参考文献、附录和致谢。
1、毕业论文格式的写作顺序是：标题、作者班级、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、中文摘要及关键词、英文摘要及英文关键词、正文、参考文献。
2、毕业论文中附表的表头应写在表的上面，居中;论文附图的图题应写在图的下面，居中。按表、图、公式在论文中出现的先后顺序分别编号。
3、毕业论文中参考文献的书写格式严格按以下顺序：序号、作者姓名、书名(或文章名)、出版社(或期刊名)、出版或发表时间。
4、论文格式的字体：各类标题(包括参考文献标题)用粗宋体;作者姓名、指导教师姓名、摘要、关键词、图表名、参考文献内容用楷体;正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体;英文用TimesNewRoman字体。
5、论文格式的字号：论文题目用三号字体，居中;一级标题用四号字体;二级标题、三级标题用小四号字体;页眉、页脚用小五号字体;其它用五号字体;图、表名居中。
6、格式正文打印页码，下面居中。
7、论文打印纸张规格：A4210297毫米。
8、在文件选项下的页面设置选项中，字符数/行数选使用默认字符数;页边距设为上：3厘米;下：2.5厘米;左：2.8厘米;右：2.8厘米;装订线：0.8厘米;装订线位置：左侧;页眉：1.8厘米;页脚1.8厘米。
9、在格式选项下的段落设置选项中，缩进选0厘米，间距选0磅，行距选1.5倍，特殊格式选(无)，调整右缩进选项为空，根据页面设置确定行高格线选项为空。
10、页眉用小五号字体打印XX大学XX学院20XX级XX专业学年论文字样，并左对齐。
11、使用软件：MicrosoftWord2000以上版本。
文献注释
注释不同于参考文献。参考文献是作者写作论著时所参考的文献书目，集中列于文末。而注释则是作者对正文中某一内容作进一步解释或补充说明的文字，不要列入文末的参考文献，而要作为注释放在页下，用①②标识序号。注释中提到的论著保持通常格式，如：
①与正文部分空出两行;②按照文中的索引编号分别或合并注释;③注释采用五号黑体，注释内容汉语采用小五号宋体，英语采用Times New Roman 9号。