那是因为你的单词在一行没有写完跳到第二行了,这个不影响的,如果你实在不想这样,就把你第一行的最后那个单词拆开写到第二行一部分,但记住要把用一个连接符号“-”,不然别人会以为你那是2个单词了哦,这个符号写在第一行最后单词的拆开处。
下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板,希望对你们有帮助。
Abstract
Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.
According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS 19.0. And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.
Abstract
A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。
Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.
Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.
Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 1.26,witha 95% confidential interval of [0.86, 1.66])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.
Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = 9.22,p = 0,01 < 0.05),Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =0.61, g 二 2.14, g = 0.98 respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = 17.04, p =0.000 < 0.05)。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of 3.59,0.71 and 0.37 respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.
Abstract
The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (i.e. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture), aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?
This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, i.e. thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (i.e. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999),the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (i.e. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b),andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (i.e. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008),to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.
The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.
Abstract
Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.
This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.
To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.
There are three hypotheses:
1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?
Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS 19.0. And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.
Abstract
In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.
Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.
Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.
Abstract
Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.
With the aid of AntConc 3.4.lw and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English),FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus), the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc 3.4.lw is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.
The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.
Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.
怎么写SUMMARY摘要(summary)是一种对原始文献(或文章)的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文.它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的,不加主观评论和解释,但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容.摘要写作(summary writing)是一种控制性的作文形式,它能使学生通过阅读原文,吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处,写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文.另外,对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助,有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到,事无巨细,一一罗列的不良倾向.这种写作既要准确理解原文,又要能综合概括;既能培养欣赏能力,又能训练书面表达能力.因此,用英文写摘要,对学习英语写作的学生来说,不失为一种切合实际的方法.下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要.1)细读原文.首先要仔细阅读全篇作品,然后对作品进行整体分析,掌握原文总的意思和结构,明确全文的主题(the maintheme)和各段的段落大意(the main idea).2)弄清要求.搞清楚是写全文概要,还是写某一部分的概要,或者就某些问题写出要点.3)列出原文要点.分析原文的内容和结构,将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序.在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分.4)草拟写作提纲并写出初稿.将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲,以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿.在写作时要特别注意下面几点:(1)摘要应包括原文中的主要事实(main facts);略去不必要的细节(unnecessary details).(2)安排好篇幅的比例.摘要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写重要内容,用较少的文字写次要内容.(3)注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接.要用适当的转折词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子.(4)尽可能用自己的话来写,但不排斥用原文的某些词句.(5)计算词数,看是否符合规定的词数要求. 如何写一篇文章的摘要?– 下文是对《英语写作手册》相关章节的翻译摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述.它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题.写摘要主要包括三个步骤:(1)阅读;(2)写作;(3)修改成文. 第一步:阅读 A.认真阅读给定的原文材料.如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍.阅读次数越多,你对原文的理解就越深刻. B.给摘要起一个标题.用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题.也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题.主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾.一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想. C.现在,就该决定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要了.对重要部分的主要观点进行概括. D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西. 第二步:动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长.因此首先数一下原文的字数,然后除以三,得到一个数字.摘要的字数可以少于这个数字,但是千万不能超过这个数字. B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成.不要引用原文的句子. C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序.这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实. D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息,以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意. E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧: 1) 删除细节.只保留主要观点. 2) 选择一至两个例子.原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子,你只需从中筛选一至二个例子. 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子.如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子,那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可. 4) 避免重复.在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明.但是这在摘要中是不能使用的.应该删除那些突出强调的重述句. 5) 压缩长的句子.如下列两例: “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为:”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为:“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句.请看下面的例子: “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为:”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词,比如: “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括为:”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.” 8) 使用最短的连接词.比如,可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though,不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词.通常,使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果. 9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称,从而把大段的对白简化,比如: Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人称概括为: Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. 第三步:修改成文 草稿拟好以后,对它进行修改.首先,与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了,摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致.其次,如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子,删除它们.第三,检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误.最后,保持语言简单明了. 经过上述步骤和方法,一篇摘要就可以完成了.
关键词:Title of Thesis:Name of Institute: Pages:Graduation Time:(MM/YY)Degree Conferred:Student Name: Advisor Name:Abstract:Key words:
摘要写论文模板如下:
1.摘要包含的内容
摘要其实是内容提要,摘要应该是可以作为独立成篇的内容来看的,要有效地涵盖整篇论文的重要内容,包括研究目的、研究方法、研究结果和研究结论等,语言不需要华丽,但是要通顺。
下面举例进行说明:
“虽然我国的已经超越曰本成为了世界第二经济大国,但是我国产业结抅的合理性仍然存在着很多问题,有待进一步优化……实证结果显示,汇率的水平变动及波动率确实对我国产业结构的调整起到了一定的作用。”
通过这篇范文,我们可以看到这篇论文的研究目的是汇率的水平变动和波动率对三次产业结构的影响以及制造业结构、研究方法是单位根检验、协整检验以及格兰杰因果检验、研究结论标明汇率的变动确实是对产业结构的调整起到了一定作用。
2.摘要不能写的内容
上面讲了摘要的写作内容,下面说一下摘要里面不能写的内容。在各学科的研究领域当中都有一些常识性的知识,这些内容是不能在摘要中专门写作出来的。另外,在摘要不能和引言雷同混淆。还有就是摘要中不能出现评论性的描述,尤其是对本篇论文的研究内容的一些评论和解释性内容。
3.关键词
无论是中文关键词还是英文关键词都要在摘要内容下方另起一行,关键词的选用一般为3~5个,需要注意关键词之间的分隔使用的符号各院校要求不同,可能要求使用空格,逗号或者分隔号,甚至是同一个学校对中文关键词和英文关键词使用的分隔方法也有不同要求。
论文摘要万能模板,写论文是每个毕业学子的必要任务,论文写得好不好直接影响后续的学业,最近很多朋友都在写论文,下面我就来分享论文摘要万能模板,供大家参考,希望能对大家有所帮助!
1、首先介绍本文研究的背景和发展现状,指出本文尚待解决的问题和造成的`影响。一般在前言中可以挑出研究背景、目的或假设。
范例:随着(社会)的发展,(主题)在(主题领域)中扮演着越来越重要的角色。而过去,人们对(主题)的理解仅限于(背景现状)。从而导致了一系列问题(罗列3-5条本文待解决的问题),这些问题造成了(详述什么影响)。
2、之后,叙述研究采用的技术方法和路线
范例:基于此,本文拟采用(实验法、调查法、实证研究法、定量分析法)进行研究
3、再简述某某问题的技术解决策略,并带来怎样的结果
范例:并为解决上述问题,提出了(3-5条,与前述的问题对应)解决方案。
4、对上述内容总结,将结果上升到对社会、科学研究等领域,突出其作用价值。在结论章节中可以挑出有用的句子。注意避免夸大结论
范例:期望能够促进(主题)的发展,推动(主题领域)继续更好地发展。
5、最后,将以上内容重新整理,组成200-300字的一个段落。确保文意顺畅,删除文章里没有提及的信息和不必要的方法细节。
1、基于、、、理 论,本文分析了……; 当前,……(背景),本文从……角度/方向/领域进行关于……的研究; 针对……问题/现象,从……方面,利用……方法进行研究。
2、本文采用……研究方法/研究模型,综合比对……理 论; 根据……研究方法/理 论模型,充分考量/考虑/分析……,对……问题进行了深入探索。
3、研究表明/显示/证实,……; 数据证明,……;……的发现,对……问题的解决和突破具有重要意义/影响。
4、建议……;实践证明,……; 为……,已证明……。
5、本论文以《……》为切入点,重点研究……。本文分为四个部分,第一部分简单分析了……现状;第二部分阐述了……模式;第三部分……模式现存问题;第四部分打造……的思考。
摘要怎么写 范文如下:
1.摘要的作用摘要也就是内容提要,是论文中不可缺少的一部分。
论文摘要是一篇具有独立性的短文,有其特别的地方。
它是建立在对论文进行总结的基础之上,用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括,留主干去枝叶,提取论文的主要信息。
作者的观点、论文的主要内容、研究成果、独到的见解,这些都应该在摘要中体现出来。
好的摘要便于索引与查找,易于收录到大型资料库中并为他人提供信息。
因此摘要在资料交流方面承担着至关重要的作用。
2.书写摘要的基本规范和原则(1)论文摘要分为中文摘要和外文(一般为英文)摘要。
摘要在篇幅方面的限定,不同的学校和机构有不同的要求,通常中文摘要不超过300字,英文摘要不超过250个实词,中英文摘要应一致。
毕业论文摘要可适当增加篇幅。
(2)多向指导教师请教,并根据提供的意见及时修改,以期达到更高水平。
(3)摘要是完整的短文,具有独立性,可以单独使用。
即使不看论文全文的内容,仍然可以理解论文的主要内容、作者的新观点和想法、课题所要实现的目的、采取的方法、研究的结果与结论。
(4)叙述完整,突出逻辑性,短文结构要合理。
(5)要求文字简明扼要,不容赘言,提取重要内容,不含前言、背景等细节部分,去掉旧结论、原始数据,不加评论和注释。
采用直接表述的方法,删除不必要的文学修饰。
摘要中不应包括作者将来的计划以及与此课题无关的内容,做到用最少的.文字提供最大的信息量。
(6)摘要中不使用特殊字符,也不使用图表和化学结构式,以及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式,不列举例证。
论文摘要写作规范:1、摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并拥有一次文献同等量的主要信息,即不阅读文献的全文,就能获得必要的信息.因此,摘要是一种可以被引用的完整短文.2、用第三人称.作为一种可阅读和检索的独立使用的文体,摘要只能用第三人称而不用 其他人称来写.有的摘要出现了"我们"、"作者"作为摘要陈述的主语,一般讲,这会减弱摘要表述的客观性,有时也会出现逻辑上讲不通.3、排除在本学科领域方面已成为常识的或科普知识的内容.4、不得简单地重复论文篇名中已经表述过的信息.5、要客观如实地反映原文的内容,要着重反映论文的新内容和作者特别强调的观点.6、要求结构严谨、语义确切、表述简明、一般不分段落;切忌发空洞的评语,不作模棱 两可的结论.7、要采用规范化的名词术语.8、不使用图、表或化学结构式,以及相邻专业的读者尚难于清楚理解的缩略语、简称、 代号.9、不得使用一次文献中列出的章节号、图、表号、公式号以及参考文献号.10、要求使用法定计量单位以及正确地书写规范字和标点符号.11、要求使用众所周知的国家、机构、专用术语尽可能用简称或缩写.12、长度要在杂志要求的下限与上限之间.(学术堂提供更多论文知识)
Human resource plays the pivotal role in social economy development increasingly. 5P model is regarded as a very important model in human resource management, while it delivers the huge purpose and instant effect. But we have to realize that the application of 5P needs to one environment that cooperation of every department and plan the relevant policies, therefore enterprises utilize 5P model depending on practical situation. This anticle tries to realize the huge effect of 5P model very well through both discussing the content of 5P model and 洛北春酒业集团`s successful experience.
100%人工翻译希望能帮助你摘要:Abstract: 企业的融资结构与公司治理之间有着天然的联系。There is a natural relationship between the corporate finance structure and the corporate governance.不同的公司治理实际上影响着资本结构的制度安排;Different corporporate governance actually affect the structural organization of the capital structure; 同样,不同的资本结构也影响着公司治理的制度安排。Similarly, different capital structures also affect the structural organization of corporate governance.良好的公司治理结构能确保公司经理层得到正好为其投资所需但又不是更多的资金来完成有利可图的项目,Good corporate governance structure can ensure that the company management department receives the appropriate investment funds but yet are not too much for the company to reap supernormal profits.而适当的资本结构又有利于完善公司治理、提高治理效率And appropriate capital structure is helpful in improving the corporate governance as well as enhancing the governance efficiency.也就是说,资本结构可通过股权和债权等特有作用的发挥及其合理配置来协调出资人与经营者之间,以及不同出资人之间的利益关系In other words, the capital structure can coordinate the interests between the investor, operator and the different investors through the effective equity and debt as well as through rational allocations. 本文仅从融资结构与公司治理之间的关系入手,分析我国企业公司治理和融资结构现状的不足之处,并在深入分析原因的基础上提出相应对策。This paper only starts from relationship between the financing structure and the corporate governance, analyzes the deficiencies of the current state of China's enterprises corporate governance, and proposes the corresponding countermeasures based on an in-depth analysis of causes.
企业管理的核心——实行财务标准化财务标准化,是指将公司财务的整个过程进行规范,在符合企业会计准则和企业会计制度的前提下,对企业业务流程、部门设置、岗位分工及权限划分进行分析,本着服务业务、理顺流程、查错防弊、强化管理的目的,形成具有自身特点的标准财务管理系统。通过财务标准化,可以强化内部控制,优化财务环境,理顺财务流程,规范和细化财务手续,进而提高管理效率,控制税费支出。实行财务标准化,要求企业一切经营管理活动必须以财务为中心,强调各部门和人员的岗位职责与财务流程设计,通过财务标准化,使各部门乃至整个企业的经营管理活动与财务活动有机的结合,使各级领导能够清晰地了解本部门的经营业务活动与财务流程,准确把握本部门的关键控制点与控制环节,做到心中有数,手续透明,职责明确,权利适当。财务标准化的目标是解决企业管理瓶颈问题,既要提高管理效率,又要获得管理效益。
如何搞好企业非业务人员的考核 在《管理科学化 考核是关键》一文中,我曾说道,企业员工的考核从内容上可分成业绩考核与素质考评两大块;对于二者必须先分后合,综合形成被考核者的考核总分;为了使考核的价值取向趋于积极,引导员工成为积极有为的开拓者而不是谨小慎微的谦谦君子,企业考核必须侧重于业绩方面的考核;由于业绩考核比较客观、准确,而素质考评比较主观、模糊,因而考核侧重于业绩也有利于提高考核结果的客观、准确性。 但是,企业中的业务人员固然可以考察其"业绩",然而企业中还有一些非业务部门,比如行政部门;甚至业务部门中还有些非业务人员,他们?quot;业绩"如何考核?其次,对于非业务人员、特别是管理人员,考核对其"素质"的要求也不应同于业务人员。本文就是要讨论这两个问题。 一、如何考核非业务人员的"业绩" 事实上,我们所说的"业绩",是一个广义的概念;它并不只是指企业中的业务人员取得的那些可以用经济指标衡量囊滴袷导ǎ��欠褐钙笠抵兴�懈谖簧系墓ぷ魅嗽彼�〉玫墓ぷ鹘�够蛲瓿梢滴袂榭觯黄渲杏行?quot;业绩"是无法用经济指标来衡量的,至少是无法直接用经济指标来衡量的。 那么,如何考核这些无法直接用经济指标来衡量的"业绩"?从我们的实践来看,考核制度与计划管理的紧密结合,能够比较好地解决这个问题。 1、计划管理用一定质量要求下的"工作量"和"工作进度"为指标,把非业务人员的工作转换成可以用比较精确的数字来加以衡量的东西。 这里的要素有三:
随着我国社会的不断发展,对于人才质量的要求也越来越高,尤其在是工商企业管理方面,所以高校应重视对工商企业管理专业实践教学体系的构建。下面是我为大家整理的工商企业管理论文,供大家参考。
激励是现代企业管理中最重要和最基本的职能。目前,在我国大部分企业中,激励机制都存在着一些不容忽视的问题,主要表现在: 形式缺乏多样性,效果缺乏实用性,措施缺乏针对性,评估缺乏准确性等。本文针对这些问题,提出了有针对性的改进思路。
一、激励机制的概念。
激励机制是在组织系统中,激励主体与激励客体之间通过激励因素相互作用的方式,也就是指企业激励内在关系结构运行方式和发展演变规律的总和。企业在管理过程中,必须充分了解企业员工多元化的需求,通过制定有针对性的需求满足原则、规章、制度,引导、调动员工的工作积极性和创造性,最终达到增加员工满意度的目的。
二、我国企业激励机制存在的问题。
当前,我国仍处于新旧经济体制的转换过程中,企业在经营管理方面仍受到旧的管理模式的影响,因此,建立有效的激励机制,并没有得到企业足够的重视,部分企业依然沿用着过去计划经济条件下的物质激励措施,即使政府或企业已出台的具有一定力度的激励办法,主要也是针对领导者的,从而造成领导者和员工在收入上的巨大差异。目前,我国企业建立的激励机制主要存在如下问题:
一员工报酬没有真正拉开。
我国国有企业的工资报酬制度采取的是“分级制”,但是这种制度并没有真正拉开企业职工的薪金差距,尽管厂长经理的工作要比普通职工的复杂得多,承担的风险也大得多,但他们的报酬却和普通职工的相差并不大,造成了我国很多国有企业经理“不思进取”、谋求“隐性收入”甚至贪污; 一些专业技术人员的创造能力没有得到肯定,混日子情况经常出现; 而一批满怀抱负的高学历人才进了企业之后,要么被消极气氛所同化,要么就是郁郁不得志,而愤然离去。
二精神物质没有形成统一。
我国的激励实践,特别是国有企业,干部管理制度不够完善,用人法制不够健全。在计划经济时期,企业和往往重视精神激励,忽视物质奖励,把物质利益与资本主义等同起来,把正常的奖金、福利都作为资本主义的东西予以禁止。改革开放以来,我国开始以经济建设为中心的经济体制改革。企业逐步打破分配大锅饭,实行奖勤罚懒,奖优罚劣,员工的工作积极性获得提高。在这种情况下,为了更好地调动积极性,企业管理者越来越多地运用物质激励手段,但精神激励却越来越少,发展到后来,出现了以奖代管的情况。
三奖励措施没有因人而异。
我国许多行业在实施激励措施时,并没有对职工的需求进行认真具体地分析,而是“一刀切”地对所有人采用同样的激励手段,结果适得其反。对于不同的人应当具体分析,采取不同的激励方法。对于那些为企业创造价值的研究人员和管理人员,企业除了尽量提供优厚的物质待遇之外,还要注重精神激励,为这部分人创造宽松的工作环境和工作激励。
四奖励评估没有发挥作用。
评估体系是激励的基础,有了准确的评估才能有针对地进行激励,才能更有效。激励制度是与企业的其他制度相配合存在的。
激励只有与职务设计相对应,并建立在一套评估标准基础上的。
这个标准应是从公司成立之日起不断完善形成的,对每个岗位的职责、义务、奖惩要做出明确的规定,特别是要对责任的划分和界定要进行细致的说明,这样才能建立一个有效的激励体制,既包括激励方面,又包括约束机制。
三、企业建立激励机制的基本内容。
一设置明确的工作目标。
目标设置的要求: ①具体。指明企业要求的绩效标准,使员工清楚应该做什么、达到什么水平。②难度适中,难度过大或过小都会影响激励的作用。③为个人所接受。只有自觉接受的目标才能最大限度地激发人的工作积极性。④要在实现目标的进程中及时进行信息反馈。目标设置过程可结合在目标管理中进行。目标管理通过专门设计的过程使目标具有可操作性,这种过程一级接一级地将目标分解到企业的各个单位和个人。
二建立分明的奖惩制度。
实现奖惩制度必须遵守两个重要的原则: 企业进行奖惩的内容必须对其员工有较高的价值,即员工认为这种奖惩对其有重要意义; 员工受到的奖惩与其工作绩效相联系,即奖惩与绩效挂钩。
在企业管理实施中为提高员工的积极性,应以奖励为主,惩罚起到的是辅助和保障的作用。奖励制度的设计要考虑 4 个方面内容:
①确定奖励的目的和结构。②确定奖励的战略。③调查和决定基准职务的奖酬。④决定奖酬的等级。
三设计可行的工作方式。
企业可通过对工作的内容、功能和相互关系等进行设计,发挥工作内在的激励作用,调动员工的工作积极性,降低成本,提高生产效率。在设计工作结构时,一要使工作富有挑战性和乐趣,并使工作多样化,让工作本身对员工具有激励力量,让员工乐于接受。
二要给员工选择做最感兴趣和合适工作的权力,使其责任感越来越强,积极性越来越高,工作期望就会越来越大。所以企业放弃一点对工作的管理控制权可以使员工获得莫大的工作效价,产生巨大的内在激励效果。三要给员工一个展示自我的机会。明智的管理者应该给每一位员工展示自我才能的机会,从而使人才得到充分利用,使员工实现自我,获得一种成就感进而使得其积极发挥自己的潜能,提高工作积极性。
四让员工积极参与管理。
参与管理有利于调动员工对遇到的问题积极主动地去思考,寻找解决的办法。在参与过程中,大家畅所欲言,集思广益,并能产生创造性的思想,最后形成的决策有效地汇集了每个人的聪明才智,有助于保证决策的正确性。参与管理保证了下级员工与领导者以平等的地位来商讨企业中的重大事项,可使员工感受到管理者的重视与信任,产生自信和成就感,同时也形成与企业更高的认同感,增强了群众的凝聚力。参与管理使员工对决策的过程和内容都比较清楚,能够根据企业的发展目标确定自己应该做些什么,明确了今后工作的方向,增强了主动性,而且员工因参与决策等管理活动,对做出的决策会产生责任感,因而更加努力工作,以实现决策目标。
摘要:目前,工商企业管理专业人才培养模式中还存在一些问题,影响了人才的有效培养。基于此,提出人才培养模式创新思路,对于工商企业管理专业人才培养质量的提升具有积极意义。
关键词:工商企业;管理专业人才;培养;创新
目前的高职工商企业管理专业人才培养模式还存在一些问题,影响了工商企业管理专业人才的有效培养。新形势下,要积极创新人才培养模式,解决人才培养中的问题,以真正培养出富有创造精神和创业意识、创新能力的复合型人才。要积极研究人才培养创新策略,以实现高职工商企业管理专业人才的有效培养。我国高等教育面临着市场化的挑战,社会对高职企业管理类人才的要求更高,社会需要的是多样化的、具有创新精神和实战能力的工商企业管理人才。因此,高职院校在人才培养中,必须面对市场需要,创新人才培养模式,积极完善校企合作机制,突出实践教学,根据学生未来发展的职业需要,培养具有实践能力的创新型人才,这样才能保障工商企业管理专业人才培养的质量。具体而言,工商企业管理专业人才培养模式创新思路如下。
一、完善校企合作人才培养体制
高职工商企业管理专业人才的有效培养,必须借助校企合作人才培养模式,积极完善校企合作人才培养体制。要完善校企合作人才培养体制,地方政府要发挥主导作用,积极为学校和企业之间建立联系。对于高职院校而言,主要需要能够与地方的中小企业进行联系、合作,共同参与人才培养管理。要能够建立起政府、协会和企业、学校四位一体的合作体制,各方通力开展,建立合作共建的理事会制度,共同参与对工商企业管理人才培养的模式创新工作,制定人才培养方案,围绕人才培养目标开发教育资源,以提升工商企业管理专业人才的培养质量。
二、完善实践教学体系
要培养高素养的工商企业管理专业人才,必须要突出实践教学环节,完善实践教学体系,通过实践教学培养人才的实践技能和创新能力,培养学生把理论知识应用于实践的能力。在人才培养中,要根据社会企业对工商企业管理专业人才的要求,确定人才培养目标,推进实践教学体系建设,增加实践教学内容。要能够围绕专业技能训练,综合应用技能训练和顶岗实习三大部分完善实践教学体系内容,实现实践教学内容与理论教学的有机联系,实现实践教学内容之间的相互联系,保持内容的一致性,提升实践教学质量。要完善实践教学体系,保障实践教学有效开展,实现人才的有效培养。
三、完善课程结构,加大教学内容改革力度
完善课程结构,加强教学内容改革是保障工商企业管理专业教学效果的重要举措。在工商企业管理专业教育中,存在着教学内容设置方面的问题,教学内容有重复的地方。因此,必须完善课程结构,认真研究课程之间的内容,保障课程之间内容的联系性,对于其中重复的内容要及时删除。另外,作为教师要根据学生的身心发展规律、根据教育教学规律,适当调整、认真取舍教学内容。教师要积极听取专业人士的意见,创新教学内容,要积极向用人单位了解情况,了解各种职业岗位对知识结构的要求、对各方面知识内容所占比重的要求,根据行业需要和人才培养需要,创新设计教学内容。要能够保障教学内容的专业性,保障教学内容的实用性,要通过优化课程体系,完善教学内容的方式有效提升学生的核心能力和专业水平。在课程结构整合中和教学内容改革方面可以采用课程整合的方式,实施模块化教学,有效优化课程结构,提升教学质量,同时可以避免课程内容的重复问题。通过课程结构的优化和内容的优化,可以提升学生的核心能力,从而保障人才培养的质量。
四、推行双证书制度
对于学生而言,未来成功就业也要看他们取得的证书情况,高职院校工商企业管理专业人才培养要积极推行双证书制度,要积极与职业鉴定结构合作,发展双证书制度,通过这项制度,提升学生的学习积极性。
五、加强专业教师的培训工作
要保障工商企业管理专业人才培养的质量,必须提升专业教师的专业素养和能力。因此,高职院校一定要重视工商企业管理专业教师的培训工作,要积极为教师开展一些管理技能提高培训活动、教育能力提高培训活动。要积极通过培训活动,提升专业教师的执教能力和育人水平。另外,学校要积极与企业合作,使企业能够为教师提供实践场所,为教师实践教学能力的发展提供支持。
六、加强学生的职业素养训练
在现代社会更需要具有良好职业素养的人才,因此,高职院校在工商企业管理专业人才培养过程中,要重视学生的职业素养训练工作。要就商业计划书撰写、就职前演讲、应聘面试、投标述标、团队间的交流、服务业窗口业务的处理等多方面内容开展一系列训练活动,通过系统训练,全方位培养学生的求职能力、沟通能力、业务处理能力、创新发展能力。要通过系统的职业素养训练,培养高素养的能够满足企业需要的工商企业管理专业人才,通过职业素养训练,使学生在毕业后能够快速进入工作状态,更好地满足企业的用人需要。
参考文献
[1]陈井安,柴剑峰.高技能人才培养模式创新探索——基于高技能人才发展趋势的视角[J].成人教育,2011(10).
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