随意点的，到网上多找资料，自己做。你要是真写不到，你提出了你的具体要求找人做，我朋友的论文是找【天下文库】做的，他都通过了，你也可以去咨询下。怎么写开题报告呢？首先要把在准备工作当中搜集的资料整理出来，包括课题名称、课题内容、 课题的理论依据、参加人员、组织安排和分工、大概需要的时间、经费的估算等等。 第一是标题的拟定。课题在准备工作中已经确立了，所以开题报告的标题是不成问题的，把你研 究的课题直接写上就行了。比如我曾指导过一组同学对伦教的文化诸如“伦教糕”、伦教木工机械、伦教文物等进行研究，拟定的标题就是“伦教文化研究”。第二就是内容的撰写。开题报告的主要内容包括以下几个部分：一、课题研究的背景。 所谓课题背景，主要指的是为什么要对这个课题进行研究，所以有的课题干脆把这一部分称为“问题的提出”，意思就是说为什么要提出这个问题，或者说提出这个课题。比如我曾指导的一个课题“伦教文化研究”，背景说明部分里就是说在改革开放的浪潮中，伦教作为珠江三角洲一角，在经济迅速发展的同时，她的文化发展怎么样，有哪些成就，对居民有什么影响，有哪些还要改进的。当然背景所叙述的内容还有很多，既可以是社会背景，也可以是自然背景。关键在于我们所确定的课题是什么。二、课题研究的内容。课题研究的内容，顾名思义，就是我们的课题要研究的是什么。比如我校黄姝老师的指导的课题“佛山新八景”，课题研究的内容就是：“以佛山新八景为重点，考察佛山历史文化沉淀的昨天、今天、明天，结合佛山经济发展的趋势，拟定开发具有新佛山、新八景、新气象的文化旅游的可行性报告及开发方案。”
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
怎么写开题报告呢？首先要把在准备工作当中搜集的资料整理出来，包括课题名称、课题内容、课题的理论依据、参加人员、组织安排和分工、大概需要的时间、经费的估算等等。第一是标题的拟定。课题在准备工作中已经确立了，所以开题报告的标题是不成问题的，把你研究的课题直接写上就行了。比如我曾指导过一组同学对伦教的文化诸如“伦教糕”、伦教木工机械、伦教文物等进行研究，拟定的标题就是“伦教文化研究”。第二就是内容的撰写。开题报告的主要内容包括以下几个部分：一、课题研究的背景。 所谓课题背景，主要指的是为什么要对这个课题进行研究，所以有的课题干脆把这一部分称为“问题的提出”，意思就是说为什么要提出这个问题，或者说提出这个课题。比如我曾指导的一个课题“伦教文化研究”，背景说明部分里就是说在改革开放的浪潮中，伦教作为珠江三角洲一角，在经济迅速发展的同时，她的文化发展怎么样，有哪些成就，对居民有什么影响，有哪些还要改进的。当然背景所叙述的内容还有很多，既可以是社会背景，也可以是自然背景。关键在于我们所确定的课题是什么。二、课题研究的内容。课题研究的内容，顾名思义，就是我们的课题要研究的是什么。比如我校黄姝老师的指导的课题“佛山新八景”，课题研究的内容就是：“以佛山新八景为重点，考察佛山历史文化沉淀的昨天、今天、明天，结合佛山经济发展的趋势，拟定开发具有新佛山、新八景、新气象的文化旅游的可行性报告及开发方案。”三、课题研究的目的和意义。课题研究的目的，应该叙述自己在这次研究中想要达到的境地或想要得到的结果。比如我校叶少珍老师指导的“重走长征路”研究课题，在其研究目标一栏中就是这样叙述的：1、通过再现长征历程，追忆红军战士的丰功伟绩，对长征概况、长征途中遇到了哪些艰难险阻、什么是长征精神，有更深刻的了解和感悟。2、通过小组同学间的分工合作、交流、展示、解说，培养合作参与精神和自我展示能力。3、通过本次活动，使同学的信息技术得到提高，进一步提高信息素养。四、课题研究的方法。在“课题研究的方法”这一部分，应该提出本课题组关于解决本课题问题的门路或者说程序等。一般来说，研究性学习的课题研究方法有：实地调查考察法(通过组织学生到所研究的处所实地调查，从而得出结论的方法)、问卷调查法（根据本课题的情况和自己要了解的内容设置一些问题，以问卷的形式向相关人员调查的方法）、人物采访法（直接向有关人员采访，以掌握第一手材料的方法）、文献法（通过查阅各类资料、图表等,分析、比较得出结论）等等。在课题研究中，应该根据自己课题的实际情况提出相关的课题研究方法，不一定面面俱到，只要实用就行。五、课题研究的步骤。课题研究的步骤，当然就是说本课题准备通过哪几步程序来达到研究的目的。所以在这一部分里应该着重思考的问题就是自己的课题大概准备分几步来完成。一般来说课题研究的基本步骤不外乎是以下几个方面：准备阶段、查阅资料阶段、实地考察阶段、问卷调查阶段、采访阶段、资料的分析整理阶段、对本课题的总结与反思阶段等。六、课题参与人员及组织分工。这属于对本课题研究的管理范畴，但也不可忽视。因为管理不到位，学生不能明确自己的职责，有时就会偷懒或者互相推诿，有时就会做重复劳动。因此课题参与人员的组织分工是不可少的。最好是把所有的参与研究的学生分成几个小组，每个小组通过民主选举的方式推选出小组长，由小组长负责本小组的任务分派和落实。然后根据本课题的情况，把相关的研究任务分割成几大部分，一个小组负责一个部分。最后由小组长组织人员汇总和整理。七、课题的经费估算。一个课题要开展，必然需要一些经费来启动，所以最后还应该大概地估算一下本课题所需要 的资金是多少，比如搜集资料需要多少钱，实地调查的外出经费，问卷调查的印刷和分发的费用，课题组所要占用的场地费，有些课题还需要购买一些相关的材料，结题报告等资料的印刷费等等。所谓“大军未动，粮草先行”，没有足够的资金作后盾，课题研究势必举步维艰，捉襟见肘，甚至于半途而废。因此，课题的经费也必须在开题之初就估算好，未雨绸缪，才能真正把本课题的研究做到最好。
你好，这个不是固定的，你可以和导师商量一下
开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures. 二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 (课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向) Research Status: Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance.. Research Tendency: 21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality. 三、研究内容及研究目标 (对研究的内容进行说明，并阐明要达到的目标) Research Contents: A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms 1.Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 1.1 Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified 1.2 Black Is Associated With Profit 1.3 Black Is Associated With the Black People 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 2.1 Black Is Associated With the Death 2.2 Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate 2.3 Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful 2.4 Black Is Associated With Anger B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 1.1 White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky 1.2 White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty 2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms 2.1 White Is Associated With Death and Poor 2.2 White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 1.1 Red Is Associated With Honor and Love 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 2.1 Red is Associated with the Obscenity 2.2 Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism. 2.3 Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms 1.Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 1.1 Yellow Is Associated With the Noble 1.2 Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 2.1 Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative 2.2 Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease Research Objectives: I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture. 四、预计的研究难点 (课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点) With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related. 五、创新点 (选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点) The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords. 六、进度计划 (根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排) 1. Nov.16th - Nov.22nd , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing 2. Nov.23rd - Dec.20th , 2008 Data gathering 3. Dec.21st - Jan.10th , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline 4. Jan.11th - Feb.8th, 2009 Literature review 5. Feb.9th - Mar.14th, 2009 First draft 6. Mar.15th - Apr.10th, 2009 Second draft 7. Apr.11th - Apr.20th, 2009 Final version 8. Apr.27th - May 14th, 2009 Printing 9. May 17th - May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate 七、资料来源 (指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料) [1] Baugh, A.C. & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [2] Eckersley, C.E. Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979. [3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985. [4] Hornby, A.S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974. [5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. U.S.A.: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997. [6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. U.S.A.: Edward Arnold, 1989. [7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981. [8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. [9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007. [11] 陈永烨.“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J].《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7). [12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海:上海外语出版社,2002. [13] 邓炎昌，刘润清.《语言与文化》[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，1991. [14] 蒋栋元.“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]. 《四川外语学院学报》，2002，(3). [15] 唐振华.“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J].《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2). 指导教师意见:(对课题的认可意见) 指导教师 年 月 日 系(教研室)审查意见: 系(教研室)主任: 年 月 日
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
论英汉翻译中的语序调整(三) 在英汉翻译过程中,之所以产生这样的问题是因为英汉两种语言的语法结构、行文习惯、思维模式不同。英美人强调客观,常用物、抽象概念、非人称it 作主语,让事物以客观的口气呈现出来,使叙述显得公正、客观,结构趋于严密、紧凑,语气较为委婉、间接。中国人有“天人合一”的观点,强调人与自然浑然一体,常用人作主语,主语的思维模式往往是从自我出发来叙述客观事物,或倾向于描述人的行为或状态。英汉翻译时,所确定的主语是否恰当,必须考虑译文是否符合汉族人民的思维模式。例如: (3) Bitterness fed on the man who had made the worldlaugh. (这位曾使全世界人发出笑声的人自己却饱经辛酸。) (4) It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man. (她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。) 例3 英文用抽象名词bitterness 作主语,汉语却用“这位曾使世界人发出笑声的人”作主语;例4 英文用形式主语it 作主语,汉语用“她”作主语,看来似乎风马牛不相及,其实这是中西方思维模式不同的缘故,例4 意思是:这种念头从来没有闪过她的脑际。原句当然可以说She has never thought tha theisa dishonest man. 但两相比较,前一句强调“他是个不诚实的人”是客观事实,字里行间显露出她对这事感到惊异,后一句只强调了主观印象。译文清楚明白地写出了“她”对“他为人不诚实”这一点的认识。英汉翻译中的语序转换 英语和汉语的语序有相同之处，但也有不同之处。因此，在英汉互译时，对原文的句子成分和词语的先后顺序，必须按照译出语的语序习惯进行安排，有时需要语序转换。英汉互译中的语序转换主要包括以下几个方面：一、定语位置的转换汉语中的定语，无论是单用还是几个词连用，通常放在所修饰的名词前面。英语则不然，单词作定语时，一般放在所修饰的名词之前，短语和从句做定语时则放在所修饰的名词之后，在汉译英时，必须要考虑定语的位置。如：睡觉的那个婴儿看上去很可爱。The sleeping baby looks lovely．你认识操场上踢球的那些男孩吗？Do you know the boys playing football on the playground ？这就是Polly呆的那个笼子。This is the cage that Polly lives in．需要说明的是，在英语中，不定代词的定语常后置，如：你有什么重要的事吗？Is there anything important in today's newspaper？二、状语位置的转换在英汉互译时，状语位置的变换极为复杂。因为在英汉两种语言中，状语的位置都不是很固定。出于强调程度、句子平衡和上下文的关联等方面的考虑，状语的位置都会发生一些变化。在翻译时，首先，要熟悉英汉两种语言状语位置的差异，然后，按译出语的习惯来调整安排。比如说，在汉语中，状语常放在主语之后、谓语之前，有时为了强调也放在主语之前，但译成英语时则不然。如：他整天都工作。He works allday long．我非常喜欢住在中国。I like living in China very much．另外，英语的方式状语一般常放在地点状语、时间状语之前，而汉语恰恰相反。如：我们得早点去那里。We have to go there early．她每天早晨在教室里高声朗读。She reads aloud in the classroom every morning．英汉互译时，需要变换位置的绝不限于定语和状语，其它句子成分和一些词语的位置，也要按照译出语的习惯作适当的调整和变换。比如说，英汉语言中各有一些并列的固定结构，其语序各不相同，如汉语中说“南北”，而英语说north and south；汉语说“新老”，英语则说old and new。这些需要大家在翻译时格外注意。?/P>英汉翻译中的词序错位现象 Saturday, 15 September 2007 英汉翻译中的词序错位现象（Different Word 0rders） 总的来说，汉英的语序基本一致。正是因为这种语序是基本一致的，在汉英翻译时不一致的地方就容易出差错。由于两种语言文化的表达、表述的习惯不同，形成一些固定说法的格式不同，如下面的例子，翻译时只有死记硬背。这种死记硬背非常重要，是翻译的重要基本功之一。在过去的翻译书中技巧讲得很多，但也应该重视固定说法的背诵功底。 1、英汉词序错位 例如： 水火 fire and water 贫富 rich and poor 新旧 old and new 长短 short and long 细长 long and thin 男婴 baby boy 女婴 baby girl 冷热 hot and cool 凉爽 nice and cool 物理化学 chemistry and physics 工农业 agriculture and industry 年月 month and year 田径（运动） track and field (events) 迟早 sooner or later，first and last 水土流失 soil erosion and water loss 新郎新娘 the bride and the bridegroom 手疾眼快 quick of eye and deft of hand 喜怒哀乐 anger, grief, joy and happiness 水乳交融 as well blended as milk and water 2、有一些情况汉英说法顺序差不多 例如： 上下 up and down 高低 high and low 老幼 old and young 父母 father and mother 夫妇 man and wife 来龙去脉 from beginning to end 来来往往 come and go, back and forth 3、汉语习语中常有同义重复表达。如“徘徊”、“回环”、“温暖”、“思想”、“道路”等，英语中也有这种结构 例如： time and tide 岁月 wear and tear 磨损 near and dear 亲近 lord and master 主人 wants and likes 喜好 the rank and file 百姓 论英汉翻译中的语序调整 [ 语序指各级语言单位在组合中的排列次序,是语言的重要组合手段之一,既反映了一定的逻辑事理,又体现了人们在长期使用语言过程中所形成的语言习惯,还反映了语言使用者的思维模式。以英语为母语的民族和汉族是不同的民族, 其思维模式必然不同,对同一客观事实的描述也就有着不同的语言表达顺序。文章从英汉翻译过程中主语的确立、信息焦点的突出方法、汉语时间句序的特点以及语序调整的实证性分析来探讨英汉翻译中的语序调整。 (一) 确定主语,调整语序。英语为主语显著的语言,主语突出,除省略句以外,一般情况下每个句子都有主语;句法重形合,要求句子各成分特别清楚,以免结构混乱,影响句意。 而汉语则是主题显著的语言,主题突出,主语不突出;句法重意合,指代关系在形式上不明显。在篇章中,某些句子的主语常常可以省略,有时必须省略;有些主语难以一眼看清,需要读者用心识别。因而在英译汉过程中,确定主语,调整句序往往是一个需要动脑筋的问题。例如: (1) Nightfall found him many miles short of his appointedpreaching place. 这句话按原文的语序,Nightfall (夜幕) 作主语,按原语序照样翻译下去,译文会显得别扭,不自然。按照汉语的语言习惯,应选用“他”作主语,因而正确的翻译是:夜幕降临时,他离预定的布道地点还有好多英里路。又如: (2)As is known to all ,2003 saw the successful launching ofChina’s first manned spaceship. 这句话可译为:众所周知,中国在2003 年成功地发射了第一艘载人宇宙飞船。原文主语是“2003”,但译文没有以“2003”作主语,而以“中国”这一行为主体作主语。用时间作主语是英语中较为常见的现象,这种用法不仅强调了时间的观念,而且也使句子简洁、生动。按照西方人的思维模式和英语表达习惯,英语还可以用地点等名词作主语。如:Nanjingwitnessed many great historic events. (在南京城发生过许多重大的历史事件。) 在英汉翻译过程中,之所以产生这样的问题是因为英汉两种语言的语法结构、行文习惯、思维模式不同。英美人强调客观,常用物、抽象概念、非人称it 作主语,让事物以客观的口气呈现出来,使叙述显得公正、客观,结构趋于严密、紧凑,语气较为委婉、间接。中国人有“天人合一”的观点,强调人与自然浑然一体,常用人作主语,主语的思维模式往往是从自我出发来叙述客观事物,或倾向于描述人的行为或状态。英汉翻译时,所确定的主语是否恰当,必须考虑译文是否符合汉族人民的思维模式。例如: (3) Bitterness fed on the man who had made the worldlaugh. (这位曾使全世界人发出笑声的人自己却饱经辛酸。) (4) It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man. (她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。) 例3 英文用抽象名词bitterness 作主语,汉语却用“这位曾使世界人发出笑声的人”作主语;例4 英文用形式主语it 作主语,汉语用“她”作主语,看来似乎风马牛不相及,其实这是中西方思维模式不同的缘故,例4 意思是:这种念头从来没有闪过她的脑际。原句当然可以说She has never thought tha theisa dishonest man. 但两相比较,前一句强调“他是个不诚实的人”是客观事实,字里行间显露出她对这事感到惊异,后一句只强调了主观印象。译文清楚明白地写出了“她”对“他为人不诚实”这一点的认识。 (二) 突出信息焦点,调整语序。信息焦点即信息单位的焦点所在,是信息单位内在主重音或调核体现的一个或多个作为信息高峰值的单元。语言现象分析常用的方法是句子成分分析法,其实这远远不够,还要进行交际分析或实义分析, 即主述位分析。主位是陈述的对象(或称话题) ,是谈话的出发点,也是读者从上下文或从语言外的知识得知的内容,表达的是已知信息;述位则是对陈述对象所作的陈述,即对已知事物说了些什么,是交际的中心,叙述的目的,是读者未知或假定读者未知的内容,表达的是新信息。通常新信息是句子内容的重点或句子的强调点。由于新信息往往需要比已知信息陈述得更详细,因此需要用更长、更重的句尾。这种结构是按句尾重心的组织原则组织起来的。但是,英语中有些句子成分后置,并不是因为代表新信息,而是因为太长,太复杂,若不后移就会使句子结构头重足轻。所以,英汉翻译要根据不同情况弄清原文句子的信息焦点是什么,原文是通过什么方法来突出这一焦点,而译文又应以什么方法来突出这一焦点,以达到对等效果。 在英语句子中,信息焦点总是由新信息构成的,在正常情况下,这种焦点一般出现在句末。例如: (5) I am painting my room blue. 在一般情况下,blue 应为信息焦点,因此该句可译为:我在把我的房子刷成蓝色。如果上例是回答Are you paintingJohn’s room blue ? 这一问题的话,那么句中的信息焦点就落在my 上,因为这是新信息。所以,译文也需作相应的调整,以反映信息焦点的变化。那么该句就可译为:我是在把我自己的房间刷成蓝色。 英语突出信息焦点的主要方法有三种:语序调整、强调句型和拟似分裂句。在句子中,信息单位的重要性与其在句中所处的位置有关。若要提高某一词语在句中的信息价值,办法之一就是调整语序,将其前置或后移。虽然汉语的次序在信息处理方面所起的作用不如英语那么重要,但语序调整仍然是突出信息焦点的一个不可忽视的手段。例如: (6) This jug is difficult to pour cream out of . (这把壶里很难倒出奶油来。) (7) Cream is difficult to pour out of this jug. (奶油很难从这把壶里倒出来。) (8) 四川人不怕辣,贵州人辣不怕,湖南人怕不辣。 (9) Sitting at her desk in deep concentration was my sisterFlora. She looked as though she had spent a sleepless night . (全神贯注地坐在桌旁的是我妹妹弗洛拉,她看上去好像是通宵未睡。) 例6 将cream 置于句尾,强调奶油很稠。例7 将this jug置于句尾,强调这把壶嘴子小,奶油很难倒出来。例8 通过语序调整强调四川人不怕吃辣的东西,贵州人辣了一次后第二次仍不怕辣,湖南人辣的东西不怕,怕就怕在不辣,因为他们对辣东西已习以为常了。在这三个分句中,说话人当然在强调湖南人最不怕吃辣椒。例9 采用倒装句来调整信息焦点, 设置悬念,使文章更为生动,汉语译文也采用倒装句,收到同样的效果。 强调句型It is. . . that . . . 和拟似分裂句是英语用来突出信息焦点的重要语法手段,可以强调句中不同的成分。英译汉时,为了突出重点可以适当地调整句型,把原文的信息焦点转换为汉语的“是. . . . . . 的”等信息价值较高的句子成分。例如: (10) It was Jane who played Mozart at the party last night . (昨晚在晚会上演奏莫扎特作品的是珍妮。) (11) It was Mozart that Jane played at the party last night . (珍妮昨晚在晚会上演奏的是莫扎特的作品。) (12) What I am doing is teaching him a lesson. (我眼下在干的是就是教训他一顿。) (三) 依据汉语时间句序特点,调整语序。句序是以句为单位,包括语段中句子的顺序和复句内分句的次序。汉语界前辈吕叔湘先生曾指出:汉语中特多流水句。我国的翻译工作者也指出:时间顺序是汉语安排动词的基本规律。功能主义语言学派则从语言与外部世界关系的角度对汉语进行了研究,发现汉语的象似性程度很高,语言符合按自然的时间顺序排列的强趋势。例如: (13) 华老栓忽然坐起来,擦着火柴,点上遍身油腻的灯盏。 (14) 扫开一块雪,露出地面,用一枝短棒支起一面大的竹筛来,下面撒些秕谷,棒上系一条长绳,人远远地牵着,看鸟雀下来啄食,走到竹筛底下的时候,将绳子一拉,便罩住了。 (15) 我轻轻地扣着板门,刚才那个小姑娘出来开了门,抬头看了看,先愣了一下,后来就微笑了,招手叫我进去。 对汉语句子时间顺序进行实证性考察,发现除了现实的时间顺序原则外,还有抽象的时间顺序和心理的时间顺序。 抽象的时间顺序是指未进入现实时间流程的时间顺序,事件之间的时间关系只存在于人们的逻辑推理中。例如: (16) 你先出去,让我们起来。 上例前后两分句的动词“出去”、“起来”在说话者说这句话的时候还没有进入现实的时间流程,还不具备实际发生的时间,但两个分句的时间先后一目了然。心理的时间顺序是指人说话时主观心理轴上的时间顺序,一种是先交待已知的、次要的,然后交待未知的、重要的信息。“已知+ 未知”的信息结构是人们主观心理轴上的时间顺序在汉语中的反映。另一种是先认识的先说,后认识的后说。例如: (17) 玫瑰花儿可爱,棘多扎手。 (18) 这句话不只说出了气候上的一条规律,也是人类生活中的一条哲理。 例17 中说话人把前一分句作为已知信息,作为铺垫,意在后一分句。在例18 中,后一分句比前一分句意思递进了一层,是信息焦点,是强调的对象。 (19) 袭人羞得脸紫胀起来,想想原是自己把话说错了。 这句话是前果后因句,句序似乎跟前两种顺序相悖,但仔细体会一下人们说这话的心理:人们在叙述中顺着上文先说出某种结果,接着想到有必要,于是又补充说出一个理由或原因。补充说明的内容是事后的想法,它置于结果句后,是因为它是说话者后来想到或意识到的。 由上观之,汉语的句序比较固定,时间顺序是复句安排分句次序的一个经常起作用的原则。在英汉翻译中,由于汉语表达的需要,常需改变原文的句序,即使很短的句子也有句序调整的问题。例如: (20) I am glad to see you. (见到你很高兴。) 在英语里,一般都是先说出个人的感受,然后再说有关的情况,说明为什么会有那样的感受。汉语则往往相反,先说具体情况,然后再说个人的感受。 由于英语句子是树式结构,句子成分叠床架屋,层层叠叠,形成一个立体的空间构架,英语这种构造手法使得时间顺序的格式显示不出来。而汉语则不存在一个主干结构,它是由结构上现对独立的单句连接而成的,整个复句呈现出平面线性延伸。尽管分句流放不拘,疏散铺排,但整个复句并不杂乱无章,而是贯通一气。这其中之章法就是一定的顺序:一个个事件、一层层意思按照时间顺序排列,整个句子形散而神聚。因此在英汉翻译中,有时可以从源语到目的语直接传译, 如下图所示: X ————→Y但由于两种语言具有以上所述的结构差异,而译者往往要走一条曲折的路,如下图所示: X Y└—————————↑也就是说,为了顺利地进行传译,首先要对英语句子进行拆卸(unpack) 和逆转换(back - transform) ,将拆卸下来的各部分转换成核心句(kernel sentence) 形式,然后再由核心句传译成汉语的一个个分句,最后将分句按时间顺序作句序调整,生成汉语译文。如下图所示: 英语原文 汉语译文↓ ↑切分,逆转换 句序调整↓ ↑英语核心句——————→汉语分句对这一操作步骤,下面举例说明: (21) I put on my clothes by the light of a half - moon justsetting ,whose rays streamed through the narrow window near mycrib. 首先对英语原句进行“拆卸”处理,原句可切分出三个核心句: ①I put on my clothes by the light of a half - moon. (SVOA) ②A half - moon was just setting. (SV) ③The moon rays streamed through the narrow window nearmy crib. (SVA) 经分析,三个核心句的时间顺序依次为②—③—①。经过此番调整,就可以顺利地传译为: 半轮晓月渐渐西沉,月光透过小床旁边一个窄窄的窗子射进来,我趁着月光穿上衣服。 (22) It was an old woman , tall and shapely still , thoughwithered by time ,on whom his eyes fell when he stopped andturned. 首先对原句进行“拆分”处理,原句可切分为七个核心句: ①It was an old woman. ②She was tall. ③She was shapely still. ④She was withered by time. ⑤His eyes fell on her. ⑥He stopped. ⑦He turned. 经分析, 七个核心句的时间顺序依次为⑥—⑦—⑤—①—②—④—③。因此我们译为: 他站住,转过身来,定睛一看,原来是个年迈的妇女。她身材修长,虽受岁月折磨而略显憔悴,但丰韵犹存。 (四) 英汉翻译中语序调整的实证性分析。英汉翻译中, 语序调整是个复杂的问题,忽略对这一问题的研究是导致翻译作品洋腔洋调、晦涩难懂的主要原因。用以上的观点审视译著《简·爱》,确实在这方面发现了一些问题。 (23) It was cruel to shut me up alone without a candle. (多狠心呀,把我一个人关在里面,连支蜡烛也不点。) 本例原文句子重心应在cruel 上,不定式短语置于句末不是信息焦点,而是为了实现英语造句普遍遵循的末端重心的原则,避免头重足轻现象。按照汉语先具体再评价的原则,试改译为:把我一个儿关在里面,连支蜡烛也不点,真狠心呀！ (24) I then sat with my doll on my knee , till the fire gotlow ,glancing round occasionally to make sure that nothing worsethan myself haunted the shadowy room. (随后,我把玩偶放在膝头上枯坐着,直到炉火渐渐暗淡,还不时东张西望,弄清楚除了我没有更可怕的东西光顾这昏暗的房间。) 译文与原文不符。经分析,原文至少可切分为三个核心句: ①I sat with my doll on my knee. (SVA) ②The fire got low. (SVC) ③I glanced round. . . (SVA) 切分出的三个核心句的时间顺序应为①—③—②。原文中③分句是①分句的伴随行为,它置于句末,是为了符合末端重心的原则。按照汉语复句时间顺序的生成规律,原译有失原意,试改译为:随后,我把玩偶放在膝头上枯坐,还不时东张西望,看看有没有什么比我更坏的东西光顾这昏暗的房间,这样直坐到炉火暗淡。 (25) This is all provoking to Miss Scatchered ,who is naturally neat ,punctual and particular. (这一桩桩都使斯卡查德小姐很恼火,她天生讲究整洁,遵守时刻,一丝不苟。) 先交待外围成分,已知信息,然后点题,提出未知信息,这是汉语行文的一般规律。原句第一分句是果,是未知信息,放在句末较好。因此原译句序应调整为:斯卡查德小姐天生讲究整洁,遵守时刻,一丝不苟;这一桩桩都使她非常恼火。 29. Have I not described a pleasant site for a dwelling ,whichI speak of it as bosomed in hill and wood , and riding from theverge of a stream ? (我不是描写了一个可爱的住所么? 我把它说成是偎依在小山和树林之中,屹立在小河之边上。) 按照“已知+ 未知”的汉语时间句序,应先有论据(已知信息) ,后有结论(未知信息) 。由于原译句序与此相悖,因此需作调整,试改译为:我说它掩映山林之中,坐临溪流之畔,不是把它描写成了一个可爱的住所么? 当然,原文的句序,即先说出结论,再给出论据的句序在汉语中也是有的,但是原译和改译却存在着文体上的差别。 先下结论再去寻找论据的句序是说话者思想不成熟的表现, 因为论据是说者事后才想到的。这种表达的顺序常出现在口语中,口语色彩比较浓。而《简·爱》的原文结构严谨,一点也不松散,是典型的书面语体。由此看来,原译与原文在文体上有出入。 通过以上英汉翻译过程中主语的确定、信息焦点的突出方法、汉语时间句序的特点以及英汉翻译的实证分析,可以了解到英汉两种语言有其各自的特点。要做到翻译忠实、通顺, 语序调整是有必要的。 [参考文献] [1 ]Bronte ,Charlotte. Jane Eyre [M] . London :Oxford University Press. 1987. [2 ]Danks ,Joseph H. . etal. Cognitive Process in Translationand Interpreting[M] . Sage Publications Inc. . 1997. [3 ]Nida ,Eugene A. . On Translation[M] . 谭载喜译,中国对外翻译出版公司,1984. [4 ]戴浩一. 时间顺序和汉语的语序[ J ] . 国外语言学, 1988 , (1) . [5 ]戴浩一. 以认知为基础的汉语功能语法刍议[J ] . 国外语言学,1990 , (4) . [6 ]吕叔湘. 汉语语法分析问题[M] . 商务印书馆,1979. [7 ]吕叔湘. 语文杂记[M] . 上海教育出版社,1984. [8 ]马秉义. 英汉主语差异初探[J ] . 外国语,1995 , (5) . [9 ]谢信一. 汉语中的时间和意象[J ] . 国外语言学,1991 ,你再到下面看看：
周拉在藏文中是一个藏文名字。一、藏文简介。藏文是西藏自治区使用的文字，是一种拼音文字，属辅音字母文字型，分为30个辅音字母和4个元音符号，另外还有5个反写字母（用以拼外来语）。藏文，在藏语里叫做“བོད་སྐད”，意为“藏族的文字”。藏文作为藏族人民的书面交际工具，历史之悠久在国内仅次于汉文。二、藏文有三十个字母和四个元音符号。藏文中有30个字母，每四个字母为一组，共七组半，辅音字母每4个字母为一组，共7组半。每个字母的实际读音古今有别、方言有异。每个字母单独读时，都附带有一个元音“ ཨ”，但在和元音符号拼在一起时，就只表示辅音，不带元音“ ཨ”了。元音符号，意为”悦耳的字”，是相对于辅音字母而言的。因元音发音时无阻碍，悦耳动听而得此名。标点符号，意为“分界线”或“分界符号”。藏文标点符号形体简单、种类极少，而且，其使用规则也与其他文字的标点符号有别。藏文标点符号共有6种，其中音节之间的隔音符号使用频率最高。此外，还有云头符，用于书题或篇首；蛇形垂符，用于文章开头处；单垂符，用于短语或句终；双垂符，用于章节末尾；四垂符，用于卷次末尾。三、藏文语法。藏语语法相当丰富，动词分四个时态，而且时态的系统呈现很多例外，意即藏语具有屈折变化，另一方面，藏语的基本语序为SOV（主词─受词─动词），且具有丰富的格变化。由此可知，比起汉语诸方言，藏语语法较为接近屈折语等综合语的语法。
浅谈英译汉中的英汉词性的转换论文
摘要： 英汉两种语言在词汇和语法结构方面有许多不同之处。因此，在英译汉过程中，不能逐词逐句翻译。一方面，汉语词大部分是一词一类，而英语常用词有许多都是一词多类，有的甚至多达五类。另一方面，汉语一个词能充当的句子成分较多，一般无须转换词类；而英语一个词能充当的句子成分较少，充当不同成分需要转换词类。翻译时，在忠实原意的前提下，可以把一些英语词性作适当调整，如英文的名词可以转为汉语的动词、副词以及形容词；英文的动词可以转为汉语的名词及副词等。
关键词： 英译汉；词性转换
学过英语的人都知道，英语属于印欧语系，汉语属于汉藏语系。英汉两种语言在词汇和语法结构方面有许多不同之处。因此在英译汉的过程中，有些句子可以逐词翻译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，就不能以“挖个坑填个萝卜”方法来逐词对译。翻译时原文的有些词在译文中需要转换词类，才能使汉语译文通顺自然，即翻译时不必拘泥于原文的表层结构，可以在忠实原意的前提下将原文中有些词的词性转换为汉语的其他词性。现将英语中的四类主要词性和汉语词性之间的转换介绍如下：
英语名词的转换
（一）英语的名词译成汉语的动词
英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用的比较多一些，在英语句中只用一个谓语动词，而在汉语句中可以几个动词连用，因此在一些情况下可以把英语的名词译成汉语的动词，这主要有下列两种情况：
作为习语主体的名词往往可以转化为动词。如：to have a rest中的rest，make no mention of中的mention，pay attention to中的attention，又如take care of中的care这几个词都是短语中的中心词， 这些词虽然是名词，但几个短语表达的都是一种动作，再者，rest，mention和care本身既可作名词又可作动词，因此这样有动作意味的名词可以翻译成汉语的动词。因此这几个英语短语中的名词可以翻译成汉语动词休息、提及、注意和 照顾。
英语中有许多名词都是由动词派生出来的。如：abolition，connection，conclusion，treatment和detection等这些词分别由动词abolish，connect，conclude，treat和detect派生而来，这些名词在翻译成汉语时，可恢复它们的动词词性。如The medicine is used in the treatment of cancer.（这种药用于治疗癌症）句中 treat（治疗）因作介词宾语需要用名词treatment，译成汉语时仍可用作动词——治疗。当然原句也可翻译为：这种药用于癌症的治疗，treatment依然翻译为名词。但前者显然要比后者听起来更加通顺，自然。
（二）英语中一些有抽象意义的名词可以翻译成汉语的副词
I had the impression that Mr. Smith was the director of the company.（在我印象中，史密斯先生是该公司的董事长）此句中，原句带有一个同位语从句修饰impression，而汉语中很少有这种表达方式，故impression可译为汉语的副词。这种翻译通常用于翻译英语中的同位语从句。
（三）英语中一些加不定冠词作表语的名词可以转化为汉语形容词，由形容词派生出来的名词也可翻译为形容词
如名词necessity，stupidity，depth都是由形容词necessary，stupid，deep派生而来。Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.（在学习中独立思考是绝对必需的）虽然原句可译为 “在学习中独立思考是一个绝对的必需”，但此种汉语译法听起来很不自然，也不符合汉语表达方式。因此，在翻译的时候还是要符合汉语习惯，把英语的'名词译成汉语的形容词。
英语形容词的转换
（一）形容词加上定冠词时，形容词可以翻译成名词
在英语中一些形容词加上定冠词可以表示一类人，这些形容词可以翻译成名词。如poor，young，rich， blind等等；另外用来表示特征或性质的形容词可以根据汉语习惯翻译成名词。
如（1）They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.（他们尽了最大努力帮助病号和伤员）（2）The more carbon the steel contains， the harder and stronger it is.（钢的含碳量越高，强度和硬度就越大）（3）The Smith family were religious.（史密斯一家都是教徒）
例句（1）中的the sick和the wounded分别表示具有sickness和wound的两类人，因此可译为病号和伤员。例句（2）中的形容词hard，strong用来表示钢的两种性质，即强度和硬度的程度。例句（3）中的形容词religious用来描述史密斯一家的宗教信仰，故可译为名词。
（二）当英语名词翻译为汉语动词时，通常修饰该名词的形容词往往转译成汉语的副词
如（1）Warm discussions arose on every corner as to his achievements.（到处在热烈地讨论他的成就）。（2）We place the highest value on our friendly relations with developing countries.我们高度地珍视同发展中国家的友好关系。例句（1）（2）中的英文名词discussion和value首先分别译为汉语动词“讨论”和“珍视”，因只有副词才能修饰动词， 故修饰它们的形容词warm和highest就可分别译为汉语副词“热烈地”和“高度地”，用来修饰动词。
（三）表示心理状态的形容词在联系动词后作补语时常转译成汉语动词
如confident、certain、careful、cautious、angry、sure、afraid、doubtful、glad等，这些都是常用作补语的表示心理状态的形容词，可译为动词。又如I am sure the meeting will be a success.（我确信这次会议会成功）句中形容词sure表示的是一种心理状态，也可理解成心里面的一个动作，所以可译成汉语动词。另外，汉语“是”经常构成判断句，而英语中的系动词be可以构成一个判断句，其后也可以跟一个补语从句。因此，在作补语从句的情况下，be后面所跟的表示心理状态的形容词常常要翻译成汉语的动词，以使译文符合汉语的习惯。
英文动词的转换
（一）英文中由名词派生出来的动词可转成汉语的名词
英文中有许多由名词派生出来的动词，以及有一些名词本身又可作动词使用。这些词在翻译时，在汉语中往往不容易找到相应的动词，或者就根本没有相应的动词，这时可将该动词转成汉语的名词。如（1）The electronic computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and rapid computation.（电子计算机的主要特点是计算迅速，准确）（2）What’s that？It is shaped like a ball.（那是什么？它形状像个球）例句（1）（2）中的characterize和shape分别由名词 character和shape转化而来，而这两个动词在汉语中很难找到相应的动词，如果非要按照动词来翻译的话，翻译出的只能是非常蹩脚的汉语。因此，为了使汉语听起来自然，characterize和shape只能翻为汉语的名词，用来作主语。
（二）英语被动式句子中的动词可以译成“受（遭）到…+名词”
有些英语被动式句子中的动词可以译成“受（遭）到…+名词”这类结构。这也是英文被动句的一种翻译技巧。
His image as a good student was badly tarnished.（他作为好学生的形象已遭到很大的玷污）
（三）英语中有些动词具有汉语副词的含义可转译成汉语的副词
I succeeded in persuading him.（我成功地说服了他）句中succeed虽为动词，但动词意义并不明显，在句中只是强调其结果怎么样，真正具有动词含义的应该是persuade．故而把succeed翻译成汉语副词“成功地”来修饰动词persuade。
英语副词的转换
英语中副词使用频繁而且种类繁多，有的表示时间、地点、方式，用来修饰动词；有的表示程度，用来修饰形容词或其他副词；有的起连接作用引导从句；有的用来修饰整个句子。英语副词在句中的位置也比较灵活，有时在句首，有时在动词前后，有时在词语中间。翻译时应先弄清它的修饰关系，正确理解其含义，然后根据汉语习惯灵活处理。
（一）转为动词
That day he was up before sunrise.（那天他在日出之前就起来了）句中up虽为副词，但所表达的是一种动作，因而具有动词含义，据全句的意义可译为动词“起床”。
（二）转为名词
He is physically weak but mentally sound. （他身体虽弱，但思想健康）句中physically虽然是状语，但表达的是主语虚弱的方面，故可译为名词“身体”。同样，译mentally为“思想”。
（三）转为形容词
He was deeply impressed by what they did in the critical moment.（他们在关键时刻的行为给他留下了深刻的印象）句中副词deeply句中表示程度，再加上动词impress译为汉语名词“印象”，因此deeply可译为形容词作定语修饰“印象”。
英语介词的转换
（一）表示词与词之间的搭配关系，与动词搭配时可省略不译
英语介词含义灵活，搭配关系复杂，翻译时要根据其搭配关系和上下文灵活处理。一般来说，与动词搭配的介词往往可以省略不翻译。如arrive in/at（到达）look after（照看）persist in（坚持）put up with（忍受）在这四个短语中，介词只起一种搭配作用，是词法的需要，故省略不译。
（二）具有动作含义的英语介词或介词短语，翻译时往往转译为汉语动词
如go by bike（骑自行车去）a letter for Tom（给汤姆的信）介词by表示去的方式；for表示给谁的信，故两个介词都可译为动词。We drove home a bit after midnight，over the river and through the lovely sleeping town.该句中介词over 和 through 可以分别翻译为汉语的动词“过了”和“穿过”。
总之，在英汉翻译当中，词性的转换是很灵活的，没有固定的格式。如果是生搬硬套，只能背离其道。语言是人们进行交流的主要方式，也是一门艺术，在语言翻译中词性之间的转换应以达到交流为目的。
参考文献：
[1]张培基.英汉翻译教程[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1980.
[2]吕瑞昌.汉英翻译教程[M].太原：山西人民出版社，1983.
[3]杨莉藜.英汉互译教程[M].开封：河南大学出版社，1993.
[4]范仲英.实用翻译教程[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1994.
去中国知网看看人家的硕士论文怎么写的 你就有方向了
没有语言和符号，就没有人类文化。人类社会中的许多重要的文化要素，主要是通过语言和各种符号系统来相互传递的。语言人类学所关注的恰恰是人类不同群体之间的沟通方式，不同群体之间的文化在沟通过程中的表现形式，以及沟通手段与适应策略的关系等问题。 人类社会性的生产和其他活动，是产生语言的先决条件。作为语言本身，与人类文化有着密不可分的关系。一方面，文化能够影响语言的结构以及语言的内涵，而语言的差异也是在一定的条件下由于文化而产生的。另一方面，语言也可以反过来影响文化的发展，很显然，文化与语言的关系，是一种相互关联、彼此制约的关系。 藏民族的语言文字作为一个系统，与创造和使用这种语言文字的民族所处的地域、经济和社会文化等有着密切的联系。藏族语言和文字符号的功能，以及在使用过程中产生的变化，都是由这个社会环境中的语言群体所制约的，是属于他们的社会行为。语言文字也会随着藏族社会的发展而不断地修正、补充和完善，不断走向丰富。客观环境的变化必然会促使人们重新认识自己的语言，调整自已语言的表达方式，使之最大限度地与客观环境和需要相适应，这正是推动藏民族语言文字进步的动力。一、藏语的基本特征语言是原始人类在劳动和互相交际中产生出来的，语言和意识具有同样长久的历史。语言的产生表明，人的发音器官已逐渐形成，人的抽象思维能力即意识也在不断走向成熟。语言从它诞生的那天起，就成了人们不可须臾离开的、最为重要的沟通手段。语言一旦形成，就成为社会成员约定俗成的符号系统，具有相对的稳定性，也具有共享性。 当原始部落发展到民族的时候，便出现了民族语言。语言从一开始就打上了民族的烙印，并且随着民族的发展演变而不断发展变化。一个民族的社会状况和生活方式也要通过语言来表现。因此，民族语言不仅反映民族经济、历史和文化，就连共同的心理素质也通过语言来表达，而且依靠语言来维系民族内部的联系和情感。因此，民族语言是民族文化的核心。 从民族学的角度看，民族语言既是构成民族的第一要素和重要特征，也是区别民族最显著的标志之一。 藏语是藏民族的主要语言。藏语的使用区域主要是在我国西藏、青海、四川、甘肃和云南各省区的藏区。一些与我国接壤国家的部分地区也使用藏语。 按照语系分类，藏语属汉藏语系藏缅语族藏语支。根据1998年的统计，在我国少数民族中汉藏语系人数占70％以上。汉藏语系中的语言，有着不同于其他语系语言的一些特征：如在语音上，大部分词以单音节词根为基础，每个音节都有声调区别意义，声调和声母有一种互相适应的关系，如清塞音声母只出现在单数调上，浊塞音声母只出现在双数调上；在语法上缺乏形态变化，主要以虚词和词的次序表示各种语法关系；另外，还有一类表示事物或动作天然单位的词又称量词，这是在其他一些语系的语言中所没有的，此外，汉藏语系中的各语言间都有一定数量的同源词。 藏语在汉藏语系各语族、语支语言的历史比较研究中，是价值极高的语言之一。藏语言的历史，实际上是藏民族社会发展史的一部分。藏语的形成与演变，伴随着藏族历史的发展和变化。这是因为语言自身蕴涵了反映社会变迁的机制，社会的变化会促使人们改进语言的表达方式。语言也总是在服务社会，总是在一个动态环境中逐渐走向成熟。不同的历史时期，不同的社会因素以及发展状况，对语言的要求有所不同，因此导致藏语在不同历史阶段上的差异。 国内外学者对藏语发展阶段的界定不尽一致。我国一些藏学者将之划分为五个时期：1．上古时期(公元6世纪以前)，即远古部落时期的藏语口语。在吐蕃王朝之前，经历过漫长的原始部落和部落联盟时期，延续了长达31代吐蕃部落王统传承。当时，青藏高原上有着许多小邦国或部落，其分布范围很广，包括现今克什米尔的拉达克、巴尔提等地。这一时期，以古老的象雄文明为代表，产生了藏族原始宗教苯教，并产生了最古老的文字“象雄文”。苯教的传播和发展，构成了7世纪以前藏族文化的主要面貌，并对包括语言在内的文化的形成与发展产生了重要而又持久的影响。2．中占时期(公元7～9世纪)，此时为吐蕃王朝时期的藏语口语。松赞于布征服苏毗王朝和象雄王朝，完成了西藏本土的统一大业。这一对期是青藏高原大开放、大发展的时代，是藏民族整体文化的孕育时期，也是藏族语言发展的重要时期。根据研究，藏语声调也是在区一时期产生的。吐蕃时期对外部文化的学习和吸收，对吐蕃及以后藏族社会的发展产生了重大的影响。极为重要的是，吐蕃时期创制的藏文字从那时起得到了大力推广和应用。从此，藏民族有了用目已的文字撰写的各类文献资料，包括传承至今的敦煌吐蕃藏文写卷，早期的佛经、译著等。文字的出现从根本上克服了语言交际在时空上的局限，不仅使语言得以记录和保存，也大大促进了语言的丰富和发展。在这一过程中，吐蕃周边国家的语言、佛教的传人对藏族语言文字的形成与演变的影响是不容忽视的。3．近古时期（公元9～13世纪)。从吐蕃王朝崩溃到元朝统一治理西藏之前的400年间，西藏大小部落各自为政，不相统属。然而，在古格王朝时期(公元1l世纪)仍然顺利完成了藏文字的第三次厘定，使藏族语言文字步入了规范化的轨道。4．近代(公元13～19世纪)。自西藏归属元中央政府，施行统一治理以来，藏区社会发生了一系列重大的变化，这些变化对于藏族社会系统状态的变迁起着决定性的作用。大量高水平的藏文文献典籍的问世，不仅提升了藏族文化的整体水平，也极大地推进了藏族语言文字的改革与创新。5．现代时期(公元20世纪以来)。进入现代社会之后，藏语出现了一些明显的变化，如借词和外来词汇愈来愈多等。由于更多新名词和科学术语的出现，不仅使词汇更加丰富，语言的表述也更加准确。 语言是没有国界的，是人类共同的财富。藏族语言的使用范围，不仅限于我国境内的三大藏区和其他地区。除我国之外，如不丹王国、锡金王国和尼泊尔王国等国家的一些地方也在使用藏语，只是他们所使用的藏语同国内藏族地区的语言有着较大的区别。藏民族的语言同世界其他一些民族的语言一样，在其发展与传播过程中，形成这个语言的中心地区往往会对周边地区产生影响，且具有辐射作用。同样，一种语言在某一地区被选择和使用也具有历史的继承性和连续性。 藏语作为藏民族表达思维活动的口头形式，主要包括语音和词义两个部分。在藏语的语音结构中，声调是最为重要的组成部分，也是藏语的重要语音特征。在语音系统中，将声调识别为与辅音和元音同等重要的语言要素，并作为特定语音分析层次的一个功能单位来对待。实际上，藏语声调的变化较小，各地的调类和调值比较统一。藏语声调产生和分化的条件清楚，调值与声韵母还保持着比较自然的联系。与此同时，各地声调发展不平衡，现代藏语中几乎保留了声调发展各个阶段的不同形态。复辅音声母是藏语语音的一个重要特点。历史上，藏语有着丰富和复杂的复辅音声母。随着语音的发展和变化，复辅音声母已经逐渐简化和消失。现代藏语方言中所保留的复辅音声母同藏语书面语(藏文)中的复辅音声母比较起来，显然已经简单得多了。但汉藏语系藏缅语族诸语言中，除嘉戎语外，现代藏语方言中的复辅音声母还是比较丰富的，它基本上反映了藏缅语族语言这一语音特征。现代藏语三个方言中，安多方言有比较多的复辅音声母，而卫藏方言除一部分地方有带前鼻音成分的复辅音声母外，多数地方复辅音声母已经消失。所以，复辅音声母也是划分方言在语音上的一个重要标志。藏语调类的分合、新音位的产生、浊音的清化、元音的复化等现象，都和复辅音声母及其发展变化有关。古藏语有30个单辅音声母，220余个复辅音声母。古藏语的复辅音系统极为繁杂，大致可以分为五种类型，第一类是带前置辅音的复辅音声母；第二类是带后置辅音的复辅音声母；第三类是带前置辅音和后置辅音的复辅音声母；第四类是带复合前置辅音的复辅音声母；第五类是带复合后置辅音的复辅音声母。其中，第一类和第二类极为普遍，第三类占有一定的比例，第四类则较少，第五类只有在个别情况下出现。到后来，藏语的单辅音声母一般为30个左右。复辅音声母主要有前置辅音加基本辅音，基本辅音加后置辅音两类。在能够反映古代语音的书面语中有180多个复辅音声母，而且还有三合、四合复辅音，但现代藏语中主要是二合复辅音。韵母分单元音韵母、复元音韵母和带辅音韵尾的韵母三类。 藏语像其他藏缅语言一样，是以动词为中心的语言。藏语中动词的属性常常能影响句中其他词语语法功能的变化。然而，藏语动词虽居句末，但在用格上常常支配前面的名词。换句话说，藏语动词的性质决定作为主语名词的标记。如A能否控制B，主要表现在动词语尾上，而A对B的控制程度的强弱则表现在主语名词的用不用施格上。就是说，动词上同样需要体现主语名词的一定语法功能，如人称、自主性等，而且用不用标记会改变主语名词与动词的语法关系。 现代藏语的主要特征表现为：1．复辅音趋于简化和消失，只在部分方言土语中保留着带前置辅音的二合辅音。2．浊辅音声母肝清化，现代藏语某些方言中所保留的浊声母均源于古代复辅音声母的浊基辅音。3．单元音或复合元音构成的韵母明显增多；元音有长短之别，且与声调形成了互补关系。4．辅音韵尾趋于简化，从而促使带辅音韵尾韵母的简化和元音的变化。5。除安多方言之外，具有完整的声调系统。6．谓语是后置表系统，属典型的“动居句尾”型语言，而且现代藏语多数方言其谓语的语法意义由谓语之后的语法成分来表示，因而形成了极为丰富的表达语法意义的助词，其作用也在不断增加。7．有丰富的体范畴，也有时式范畴。8．卫藏方言有着严格的敬语与非敬语的区别。9．主要以虚词和词序来表达句子的各种关系。句子语序是主语在前，谓语在后；宾语在主语后，谓语前，若是双宾语，间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后；人称代词、名词作修饰语时，在中心语前，需加表领属的助词；形容词、数词、指示代词作修饰语时，在中心语之后；动词或形容词的修饰语在中心语前。构词以复合法为主，即通过修饰、联合、支配、表述方式用两个或两个以上的词根语素来构成复合词。 假如我们对属汉藏语系的藏语和汉语进行一些比较，不难发现二者有着一些共同的特征。如藏汉语言都具有以虚词和词序作为表达语法意义的共同框架。藏语以虚词和语序作为主要语法表达手段，从动词虚化而来的辅助动词与虚词、助词有着同等重要的功能。另外，从语言发生学的分类上看，藏汉两种语言也有着亲缘关系。如在词汇的应用上，藏汉两种语言之间有着较多的同源词；在语音上，都有以声母、韵母为单位的独特的语音结构。所不同的是，汉语没有藏语那么多的复辅音声母。二、各具特色的方言民族语言分布的复杂性，以及语言与历史的关系问题，可以说是研究群体之间社会亲缘关系的基础。所以，这一研究领域也总是受到语言人类学家的重视。 人们生活的地域环境的差别、集居状况的不同，使操持同一种语言的民族出现了语言之间的差异，，这就是我们所说的方言。一般认为，隔离是产生语言差异的重要条件。既是在同一区域内，地理距离越大，语言的差别也就会越大。 对藏语方言的划分，主要是以语音的差异以及历史渊源来确定的。研究表明，藏语方言语音的结构特点以及方言在语音上的实际差异，与藏民族的历史扩散及现代地理分布有着密切的联系。因此，我们一般以传统的国内地域概念——三大藏区(卫藏、康、安多)来进行方言分类的，即卫藏方言、康方言和安多方言。卫藏方言，指西藏自治区境内的前藏(拉萨等地)、后藏(日喀则等地)、山南地区和阿里地区的方言。康方言，是指西藏自治区昌都地区、四川省甘孜藏族自治州、木里藏族自治县、云南省迪庆藏族自治州和青海省玉树藏族自治州范围内的方言。安多方言，指青海省大部分藏区(除玉树藏族自治州之外的)，甘肃省甘南藏族自治州、天祝藏族自治县和肃南裕固族自治县境内藏族的方言。 因为这里要介绍的藏族方言是一个语言范畴的概念，所以不应该仅仅局限于某一块地域。否则，就很难较为全面地了解藏语方言。为使读者在更广泛的领域内了解藏语方言状况，这里参照江荻先生的论点，以我国藏区地理方位的卫藏为中心，分为中部、东部、西部、南部和北部五大区域，并将临近我国藏区并使用藏语的一些境外地方也囊括其中，采用传统的藏语方言分类和境内外地理名称并用的方式，对藏语方言的语音及其特点进行一些介绍。 总的看，在各地方言中，单元音韵母多少不一。如卫藏方言，在拉萨语中单元音达16至17个，有单辅音声母28个。卫藏方言中有鼻化元音。康方言中的德格语中，单辅音声母有42个。康方言中也有鼻化元音。现代藏语中卫藏、康方言元音分长短，配合声调，并与声调互补。在卫藏、康方言中，复元音韵母主要是二合的复元音韵母。按性质可分为两种：第一种是真性复元音韵母，几个元音并立，不分主次。与此同时，紧张清晰的元音结构，呈现为藏语语音的一大特点。在有的地方话中，如普兰话不仅有非鼻化的真性复元音，还有鼻化的真性复元音。第二种是假性复元音韵母构成的元音。在安多方言中，元音不分长短，单元音的多少不一。如甘肃的夏河话中单元音只有6个。但总的看，藏语是一个单元音占优势的语言，复元音较少，并且多为后起现象。带辅音韵尾的韵母一般为30个左右，可以作尾的辅音有8个。保留韵尾较多的是安多方言，最少的是康方言，而卫藏方言介于二者之间。在不同的方言土语中，声调数量不等，一般是4个。如拉萨话有4个调，工布话有6个调，木雅话有两个调，安多方言无声调。声调有着区别词义和语法意义的功能。藏语还有一个轻声，主要是音节弱化的结果。藏语中相邻音节的连读，声调会发生相对固定的变化，而且不限于词的内部，词与词、词与语法成分之间也会发生变调。 三、藏文的形成及推广应用历史告诉我们，一个民族的文字的创制和推广应用所带来的文明成果是多方面的，它所产生的影响也是难以估量的，甚至会改变一个民族的历史。语言文字既是文化现象，也是文化的重要载体，人类正是凭借文字的记录功能，不断积累知识，丰富实践经验，在继承前人劳动成果的基础上，创造出了更加灿烂的文明成果。 藏民族最早的文字是象雄文。象雄文出现在公元前l至2世纪的古象雄王国。象雄王国是曾经雄霸青藏高原的一个古老王国。其疆域最大时，西起今阿里地区的岗仁波齐，东至今昌都丁青。汉史中所谓“羊同部落”，就是指象雄王国。正如《册府元龟》所记：“大小羊同，东接吐蕃，北直于阗，东西千余里，精兵八九万……”象雄王国在公元7世纪被松赞干布吞灭之前，一直是一个独立王国。象雄文字也叫“玛尔文”，它类似汉族的甲骨文。在那时，“玛尔文”主要用于苯教的咒誓、祭祀、禳祓活动和记载他们的经文等。由于受到当时历史条件的限制，这种文字没有能普及到大众社会。但在藏区一定范围内，这种文字的使用至少延续了千年以上。有资料显示，吐蕃最初也曾使用过“玛尔文”。公元7世纪初，苯教的巫师们仍用象雄文来缮写苯教的经文等。有学者认为，松赞干布最初遣使分别向尼泊尔和唐朝求婚时，书信很可能是用象雄文写成的。也有苯教徒称，早期的许多苯教文献是由象雄文翻译成藏文的，不知真假。还有一些藏学专家认为，藏文是在象雄文的基础上，学习克什米尔和印度的文字而创制成功的。我国藏学专家黎蔷则认为：“目前藏语中的借词，有些是从象雄文转借而来的。而玛尔文(通常称‘象雄文’)同古代的旁遮普文和克什米尔文有很相近之处”。在丹麦学者艾立克•哈尔所著的《来自西藏苯教的语言——象雄语词法词典》，德裔美籍学者劳弗尔所著的《藏语的借语》中也有类似观点。藏学家南喀诺布在《关于藏族古代史研究中的几个问题》一文中称：“在西藏的古老寺院里，有不少藏书是古象雄文的手抄本，是用称作‘玛尔体’的高体，短元音的草书写成的……就是今天我们使用的藏文草书字”。当然，这些看法还有待于我们进一步研究。众所周知，因在较长的时间里佛教与苯教之间不断进行极为残酷、激烈的斗争，加之后来的统治者推行“崇佛灭苯”的政策，以及其他诸多的原因，导致苯教文献几乎全部被毁或失散在外。时至今日，象雄文在国内几乎很少有人知晓。近年来，国外编有象雄文词汇与藏文、英文对照词典。我们面对这个古老的文字，要做出符合历史的科学结论，还需要考证和深入研究。公元7世纪，在吐蕃赞普松赞干布执政时期，向民众推广新创的藏文字。自此，形成了藏民族记录藏语的统一的文字符号系统。藏文字的诞生和推广应用在藏民族的历史上具有划时代的意义。从此，藏民族为自己的文明史翻开了崭新的一页。自从有了藏文字，藏民族在漫长的历史过程中所积累下来的珍贵史料、文献典籍难以计数，其种类之繁、数量之多是惊人的。在我国各民族中，藏民族的文化遗存仅次于汉族，位居第二。 藏语的助词基本上分为三类：第一类是位于词和短语后面表示句子成分之间各种关系的结构助词；第二类是加在动词后面表示时态意义的时态助词；第三类是加在句子末尾或句子中表示语气的助词。结构词在藏语语法中有着很重要的作用，它相当于藏文文法中所讲的格助词；结构助词分施动、领属、存在、趋向、缘由和比较6种。 藏语的数词为十进位，基数词都是单音节的单词。高位数词如“百”、“千”、“万”、“十万”、“亿”等，是用不同的词来表示的。十位数和个位数可以连用，只是个别的语音稍微有点变化。
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
问题一：开题报告 如何用英语翻译？ 开题报告. 英语： 1) Research opening report. 2) Background and development of the project. 问题二："开题报告"这个词，英文怎么说 开题报告 [词典] Thesis proposal; 问题三：开题报告 英语怎么说 Thesis Report 毕业论文开题报告 Graduation Thesis Report 问题四：开题报告，英语怎么说 Thesis Report 毕业论文开题报告 Graduation Thesis Report 问题五：毕业论文开题报告的英文请问怎么翻译 如果图简单的话，就找安太译欣，直接翻译 问题六：论文开题报告用英语怎么表达，opening rep 你好！ 论文开题报告 Thesis opening report 问题七：开题报告用英语怎么说？ Thesis Report 毕业论文揣题报告 Graduation Thesis Report 问题八：英语翻译论文论文开题报告怎么写 开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the mon illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not......>> 问题九：英语论文开题报告怎么写 开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 （课题的立题依据及研究意义） Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the mon illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings.......>> 问题十：开题报告 如何用英语翻译？ 开题报告. 英语： 1) Research opening report. 2) Background and development of the project.
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms