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英专毕业论文常用精彩句型

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英专毕业论文常用精彩句型

随着我国社会的不断进步以及政治、经济、科学技术等方面的发展,对具有独立个性的复合型人才的需求也随之增长。英语教学在中国大学 教育 领域已经占据着主导地位20多年。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于英语专业 毕业 论文的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!

浅议 商务英语 的译翻译技巧

[摘 要] 随着国际贸易和国际营销等跨国商务运作的日益频繁,商务英语翻译作为一种交流手段和媒介起着至关重要的作用。同时商务英语是一门具有专门用途的英语,形成了自身的文体特征,它要求选词恰当、精确,具有用语礼貌、表意清晰。因此商务英语翻译必须具有一定的翻译技巧,才能在商务交流中体现它的实用效果。

商务英语是为国际商务活动这一特定的专业学科服务的专门用途英语,所涉及的专业范围很广,并具有独特的语言现象和表现内容、文体复杂。商务英语翻译要求翻译者具备丰富的商务理论和商务实践知识,为了提高翻译质量,翻译者必须具备一定的自身条件。

第一,翻译者的汉语功底要好。很多人往往忽视这一点,认为汉语是自己的母语,凭着自己原来的底子应付翻译中的问题,是绰绰有余的。然而在真正的翻译过程中,为了一个词语或者一个句型,冥思苦想了半天也得不到一个满意的结果。有时好不容易想出来了也觉得不够理想。由此可见,汉语表达能力和对汉语理解能力的大小直接影响翻译的好坏。下功夫学好汉语,打好汉语基础对于翻译是十分重要的。

第二,英语语言能力要强。全面的语法知识和大量的词汇量缺一不可。如果只有大量的词汇量,而没有较好的英语语法知识。翻译过程中译者的理解肯定是错误百出,而且牛头不对马嘴。因此我们要提高在英汉翻译中对于英文 句子 理解的准确性及汉英翻译中英文表达的准确性。

第三,知识面要广。Www.11665.CoM商务英语翻译中要很好的做到这一点,就要掌握商务理论和贸易实务等理论知识及贸易实践 经验 。同时译者还要具有丰富的 百科 知识,对天文地理、古今中外不说通晓,也要了解其中的一些基本知识。没有一定的常识,译者的语言水平即使再高,也是无法做好翻译工作的。

一、一词多义

同一个词,由于语境不同,其词义可千差万别。试看下面几个例子:

1.they cannot obtain credit at all in the trade. 他们生意信誉已荡然无存。

2.they have opened the covering credit with the bank of china,london.

他们已从伦敦中国银行开立了有关信用证。

以上两个句子credit 词义都有所区别。

二、词类转译

词类转译是国际商务翻译中常见的译词技巧。常见的有名词与动词、介词与动词的互相转译。

1.名词与动词的互相转译, 如:

before the payment of these tariffs, the imported goods will bein the custody of the customs.

交关税前, 进口货物由海关保管。( 由于语法限制, 只有用名词形式,但译成汉语时,“payment”译作“交”)

2 . 介词与动词的互相转译

在许多场合下, 介词转译成动词时, 需要依据上下文进行引申,具体地进行翻译。如:

we should advise you to get in touch with them for your requirements.

建议你方与他们取得联系, 洽购所需商品。

三、词义引伸

在商务英语翻译中,有时会遇到某些词在词典上难以找到贴切具体上下文词义,如生搬硬套,译文往往语意不清,甚至导致误解。在这种情况下,需要根据上下文和逻辑关系,从该词固有基本含义出发,进一步加以引伸。例如:

the arrivals do not conform to the sample.

如果将arrival这个词的词义直接放入译文,显然不能正确表达原文的意义,所以需要进一步的引申。

四、词量增减

在商务英语翻译实践中,词量增减也是很重要的一个翻译技巧。翻译过程中要根据原文上下文意思、逻辑关系以及译文语言句法特点和表达习惯,在翻译时有时增加原文字面没有出现但实际内容已包含词,或者减去原文虽有但译文语言表达用不着词。

1.增词

根据具体上下文,可增加动词、形容词、名词或别词类,但在什么时候增加什么样词,才能恰到好处,而不超出一定界限,则需要在长期的翻译过程中实践和积累。如:all cash bonus shall be subject to income tax.所有现金红利,均须缴纳所得税。(根据汉语行文习惯,增加动词)

2.减词

减词译法可以使译文言简意赅,改变翻译中逐字翻译作造成的累赘、拖沓或不符合行文习惯,甚至产生歧义的现象。 如:on condition that you sign this receipt, i will pay the money.

你在 收据 上签字,我就付款。

五、商务英语中的常用术语翻译

商务英语翻译中包含大量的词汇,因此对于常见词汇的精确运用在翻译中很重要。作为商务英语翻译工作者就要大量的掌握这些具有商务含义的普通词和复合词和缩略词语。

如价格常用术语fob,cif 有其特定的专业内容,又如c.w.o定货付款;b/l 提货单;l/c 信用证;c.o.d 货到付现;w.p.a 水渍险;blue chip 蓝筹股、绩优股;bad debt 呆账,等等。总之,商务英语翻译不能拘泥于形式,在保证原文的信息量最大限度地传递到译文中的前提下,翻译者可以灵活运用译入语,已达到语义信息、风格信息和文体信息的最大程度的对等,同时商务英语翻译要遵循商务专业用语。所以要求商务英语翻译工作者要掌握大量的专业词汇及翻译技巧。

参考文献:

[1]葛 平: 外贸英语 函电[m].上海 财经 大学出版社,2004

[2]余富林等着:商务英语翻译[m].北京:中国商务出版社,2003

[3]李 平:国际经贸英语教程[m].中国国际广播出版社,1999

[4]王学文:新编经贸口译教程[m].中国对外经济贸易出版社,2001

[5]陈苏东 陈建平:商务英语翻译[m].高等教育出版社,2005

[6]王治奎:大学英汉翻译教程[m].山东大学出版社,2004

[7]曾蕙兰:进出口 实用英语 [m].外文出版社,2003

[8]冯庆华:实用翻译教程[m].上海外语教育出版社,2003

浅议商务英语函电的清楚原则

摘要: 撰写高水平的商务英语函电通常要遵守七个原则, 其中清楚原则是最基本的原则之一, 但国内以清楚原则为依据进行的应用研究尚不多见。本文针对清楚原则的运用, 分别从词语与句子等方面进行了论述。 文章 认为: 商务英语函电应尽量使用简单词语, 并注意代词的指代; 句子表达要求重点突出, 而且要有一定的连贯性。

商务英语函电是国际贸易的重要沟通工具。撰写高水平的商务英语函电通常要遵守七个原则, 其中, 清楚原则是七个原则中最基本的原则之一。在现有的商务英语函电研究成果中, 以清楚原则为依据进行的应用研究较少看到。为此, 笔者拟探讨清楚原则在商务英语函电中的运用, 以帮助国际商务人士提高商务英语函电写作水平。

一、商务英语函电的清楚原则

清楚原则包含三方面: ( 1) 一个句子包含一个意思; ( 2) 句子之间应有逻辑关系; ( 3) 以简单、直接的 方法 表达。[1]清楚的表达, 能避免误会, 甚至贸易纠纷。比如说, “fluctuation in theexchange rate after the date of contract signing will be for the buyer’saccount.”[1] “fluctuation in the exchange rate”包括了汇率的上涨和跌落两种情况。如果不表达清楚, 买卖双方就会对汇率的涨落产生纠纷。Www.11665.COM避免不必要的经济纠纷, 商务英语函电撰写的过程中要始终贯彻清楚的原则。上述例子若想表达“合同生效后汇率的波动由买方承担”, 原句子可改为“any increase ordecrease in the exchange rate after the date of contract signing willbe for the buyer’s account.”

二、清楚原则的运用

( 1) 词语的运用

1)词语的准确无误

当你明确了要表达的想法时, 要注意选用清晰、简单的词语, 准确无误地表达你要传达的信息。避免用一些复杂、深奥的词汇。有些写信人认为复杂、深奥的词汇会让信件看起来更有水平, 更重要些。然而, 复杂的词汇会增加对方读信的难度,甚至引起理解上的误会。通常, 商务英语函电的撰写适合采用简单易懂的词汇。

2) 代词的指代

注意代词指代的对象和关系代词前后的逻辑关系。一般来说, 代词和关系代词用以修饰离它们最近的名词, 并且与所指代的名词保持人称上和数量上的一致。但代词的不恰当运用, 会引起表达上的歧义。试看以下的句子: they informedmessrs. smith and richardson that they would receive an answerin a fewdays.[1]在这个句子中, 第二个“they”指代谁呢? 是整个句子的主语“they”还是“messrs. smith and richardson”呢? 这里就产生了歧义。如何清楚地表达? 比如原意想表达“smith和richardson两位先生将在近期内得到答复”, 原句子可改为:“they informed messrs . smith and richardson that the latterwould receive an answer in a fewdays.”这样的话, “the latter”指代“messrs. smith and richardson”, 指代清楚, 句子意思明确。

3) 修饰词的位置

同一修饰词在句子的不同位置, 句子意思和侧重点将完全不同。试比较以下两个句子: ①we can supply 100 tons of theitemonly. ②we can supply only 100 tons of the item.在第一个句子中, “only”修饰“the item”, 意思是只提供这种项目, 没有 其它 的项目。而在第二个句子中, “only”是修饰“100 tons”, 意思是只提供100吨, 没有更多了。故修饰词在句子中的位置不同,其所修饰的词就不同, 意思也将有所不同, 书写商务英语函电时一定要注意这一点。

此外, 修饰词的位置应该是紧跟着或者靠近它所修饰的词语。试比较以下两个句子: ①they bought a bicycle in a smallshop in beijing which costs $ 25.00. ②they bought a bicycle for$25.00 in a small shop in beijing. “$25.00”是修饰“bicycle”, 说明这一辆自行车的价格, 应该靠近它所修饰的词语“bicycle”。第一个句子“which costs $ 25.00”应移到“bicycle”后面。第二个句子不用定语从句, 直接用介词“for” 带出自行车的价格“$25.00”, 修饰词位置正确, 整个句子简洁、清楚易懂。

( 2) 句子的逻辑结构

分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语要保持一致。[4]试分析以下句子: “being an expertin international trade, i’m sure youhave experience of solving this kind of problem.”在这个句子中,句子的主语是“i”, 而分词的逻辑主语是“you”。为保持分词的逻辑主语与句子主语一致, 原句子可改为: “being an expert ininternational trade, you certainly have experience of solving thiskind of problem.” 或者“as you are an expert in internationaltrade, i’m sure you have experience of solving this kind of problem.”。

其次, 注意句子间意思的连贯性。例如: they wrote a letter.it was addressed to mr. woods. he is the sales manager.这三个短句缺乏意思上的连贯性, 每个句子都有它独立的意思,读信人很难区分哪个句子是最重要的信息。上述句子可改为: “they wrote a letter to mr. woods, the sales manager.”改写后的句子意思清楚明确: “他们给销售部经理woods先生写了一封信。”

此外, 清楚的表达要求重点突出, 读信人不会遗漏重要的信息。我们书写商务英语函电时可以通过调整句子结构, 突出要强调的部分。比如: “we sent you 5 samples yesterday of thegoods which you requested in your letter ofmay 25 by air.”该句子包括了很多信息, 有①we sent you, ②5 samples, ③yesterday, ④the goods which you requested in your letter ofmay 25, ⑤by air。一个句子包含多种信息, 读信人很容易忽略其中某些信息。对此, 重要的信息应放在句子的前面, 通过句子结构加以强调。上述句子重要的信息有①we sent you, ②5 samples, ⑤by air。原句子可改写为: “we sent you, by air, 5 samples of goods whichyou requested in your letter ofmay 25 yesterday.”经过改写的句子重点突出, 句子意思更清晰明确。

最后, 句子中简洁的情节有利于清楚的表达。如“we haveyour check of october 17 in the amount of $500, and wish at thistime to thank you for it.”原句子是表达“我方收到贵方10月17日开具的500美元支票一张, 特此感谢。”“特此感谢”原句子用“wish at this time to thank you for it”, 用词繁琐, 使得整个句子意思不明确。如果这一个情节简化为“thank you”, 原句子改为“thank you for your check of october 17 for $500.”修改后的句子意思更清楚易懂。

三、结束语

本文针对清楚原则在商务英语函电写作中的运用, 分别从词语与句子进行了论述, 得出以下主要结论: (1) 尽量使用简单词语, 并注意代词的指代; (2) 句子表达要求重点突出, 而且要有一定的连贯性。

参考文献:

[ 1] 胡鉴明.商务 英语写作 [m] .广州: 华南理工大学出版社, 2001: 4.

[ 2] sue kay.实用商务英语写作[m] .北京: 北京理工大学出版社, 2003: 63.

[ 3] 王晓英.商务英语写作教程[m] .南京: 东南大学出版社, 2001: 4.

[ 4] 廖瑛.实用外贸英语函电( 第二版) [m] .武汉: 华中科技大学出版社, 2003: 8.

摘要: 撰写高水平的商务英语函电通常要遵守七个原则, 其中清楚原则是最基本的原则之一, 但国内以清楚原则为依据进行的应用研究尚不多见。本文针对清楚原则的运用, 分别从词语与句子等方面进行了论述。文章认为: 商务英语函电应尽量使用简单词语, 并注意代词的指代; 句子表达要求重点突出, 而且要有一定的连贯性。

商务英语函电是国际贸易的重要沟通工具。撰写高水平的商务英语函电通常要遵守七个原则, 其中, 清楚原则是七个原则中最基本的原则之一。在现有的商务英语函电研究成果中, 以清楚原则为依据进行的应用研究较少看到。为此, 笔者拟探讨清楚原则在商务英语函电中的运用, 以帮助国际商务人士提高商务英语函电写作水平。

一、商务英语函电的清楚原则

清楚原则包含三方面: ( 1) 一个句子包含一个意思; ( 2) 句子之间应有逻辑关系; ( 3) 以简单、直接的方法表达。[1]清楚的表达, 能避免误会, 甚至贸易纠纷。比如说, “fluctuation in theexchange rate after the date of contract signing will be for the buyer’saccount.”[1] “fluctuation in the exchange rate”包括了汇率的上涨和跌落两种情况。如果不表达清楚, 买卖双方就会对汇率的涨落产生纠纷。Www.11665.COM避免不必要的经济纠纷, 商务英语函电撰写的过程中要始终贯彻清楚的原则。上述例子若想表达“合同生效后汇率的波动由买方承担”, 原句子可改为“any increase ordecrease in the exchange rate after the date of contract signing willbe for the buyer’s account.”

二、清楚原则的运用

( 1) 词语的运用

1)词语的准确无误

当你明确了要表达的想法时, 要注意选用清晰、简单的词语, 准确无误地表达你要传达的信息。避免用一些复杂、深奥的词汇。有些写信人认为复杂、深奥的词汇会让信件看起来更有水平, 更重要些。然而, 复杂的词汇会增加对方读信的难度,甚至引起理解上的误会。通常, 商务英语函电的撰写适合采用简单易懂的词汇。

2) 代词的指代

注意代词指代的对象和关系代词前后的逻辑关系。一般来说, 代词和关系代词用以修饰离它们最近的名词, 并且与所指代的名词保持人称上和数量上的一致。但代词的不恰当运用, 会引起表达上的歧义。试看以下的句子: they informedmessrs. smith and richardson that they would receive an answerin a fewdays.[1]在这个句子中, 第二个“they”指代谁呢? 是整个句子的主语“they”还是“messrs. smith and richardson”呢? 这里就产生了歧义。如何清楚地表达? 比如原意想表达“smith和richardson两位先生将在近期内得到答复”, 原句子可改为:“they informed messrs . smith and richardson that the latterwould receive an answer in a fewdays.”这样的话, “the latter”指代“messrs. smith and richardson”, 指代清楚, 句子意思明确。

3) 修饰词的位置

同一修饰词在句子的不同位置, 句子意思和侧重点将完全不同。试比较以下两个句子: ①we can supply 100 tons of theitemonly. ②we can supply only 100 tons of the item.在第一个句子中, “only”修饰“the item”, 意思是只提供这种项目, 没有其它的项目。而在第二个句子中, “only”是修饰“100 tons”, 意思是只提供100吨, 没有更多了。故修饰词在句子中的位置不同,其所修饰的词就不同, 意思也将有所不同, 书写商务英语函电时一定要注意这一点。

此外, 修饰词的位置应该是紧跟着或者靠近它所修饰的词语。试比较以下两个句子: ①they bought a bicycle in a smallshop in beijing which costs $ 25.00. ②they bought a bicycle for$25.00 in a small shop in beijing. “$25.00”是修饰“bicycle”, 说明这一辆自行车的价格, 应该靠近它所修饰的词语“bicycle”。第一个句子“which costs $ 25.00”应移到“bicycle”后面。第二个句子不用定语从句, 直接用介词“for” 带出自行车的价格“$25.00”, 修饰词位置正确, 整个句子简洁、清楚易懂。

( 2) 句子的逻辑结构

分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语要保持一致。[4]试分析以下句子: “being an expertin international trade, i’m sure youhave experience of solving this kind of problem.”在这个句子中,句子的主语是“i”, 而分词的逻辑主语是“you”。为保持分词的逻辑主语与句子主语一致, 原句子可改为: “being an expert ininternational trade, you certainly have experience of solving thiskind of problem.” 或者“as you are an expert in internationaltrade, i’m sure you have experience of solving this kind of problem.”。

其次, 注意句子间意思的连贯性。例如: they wrote a letter.it was addressed to mr. woods. he is the sales manager.这三个短句缺乏意思上的连贯性, 每个句子都有它独立的意思,读信人很难区分哪个句子是最重要的信息。上述句子可改为: “they wrote a letter to mr. woods, the sales manager.”改写后的句子意思清楚明确: “他们给销售部经理woods先生写了一封信。”

此外, 清楚的表达要求重点突出, 读信人不会遗漏重要的信息。我们书写商务英语函电时可以通过调整句子结构, 突出要强调的部分。比如: “we sent you 5 samples yesterday of thegoods which you requested in your letter ofmay 25 by air.”该句子包括了很多信息, 有①we sent you, ②5 samples, ③yesterday, ④the goods which you requested in your letter ofmay 25, ⑤by air。一个句子包含多种信息, 读信人很容易忽略其中某些信息。对此, 重要的信息应放在句子的前面, 通过句子结构加以强调。上述句子重要的信息有①we sent you, ②5 samples, ⑤by air。原句子可改写为: “we sent you, by air, 5 samples of goods whichyou requested in your letter ofmay 25 yesterday.”经过改写的句子重点突出, 句子意思更清晰明确。

最后, 句子中简洁的情节有利于清楚的表达。如“we haveyour check of october 17 in the amount of $500, and wish at thistime to thank you for it.”原句子是表达“我方收到贵方10月17日开具的500美元支票一张, 特此感谢。”“特此感谢”原句子用“wish at this time to thank you for it”, 用词繁琐, 使得整个句子意思不明确。如果这一个情节简化为“thank you”, 原句子改为“thank you for your check of october 17 for $500.”修改后的句子意思更清楚易懂。

三、结束语

本文针对清楚原则在商务英语函电写作中的运用, 分别从词语与句子进行了论述, 得出以下主要结论: (1) 尽量使用简单词语, 并注意代词的指代; (2) 句子表达要求重点突出, 而且要有一定的连贯性。

参考文献:

[ 1] 胡鉴明.商务英语写作[m] .广州: 华南理工大学出版社, 2001: 4.

[ 2] sue kay.实用商务英语写作[m] .北京: 北京理工大学出版社, 2003: 63.

[ 3] 王晓英.商务英语写作教程[m] .南京: 东南大学出版社, 2001: 4.

[ 4] 廖瑛.实用外贸英语函电( 第二版) [m] .武汉: 华中科技大学出版社, 2003: 8.

引用数据(图表、表格):常用的动词:show, present, illustrate, summarize, demonstrate, contain, provide, list, report, give, reveal, display, indicate, suggest, describe, …as从句:As shown in…/As can be seen in…/As revealed by…引用/简述他人的研究/观点:XXX + Verb. + n./that…其中Verb可以为:state, claim, argue, maintain, suggest, assert, hypothesize, conclude, describe, develop, propose, find, show, report, use, study, demonstrate, note, discuss, observe, explain, expand, publish, give, examine, analyze, focus, presume, speculate, assume, support, theorize, contend, recommend其它:Based on…/In the view of…/According to…表达可能性:It is certain that …It is almost certain that …It is very probable/ highly likely that …It is probable/likely that …It is possible that …It is unlikely that …It is very/highly unlikely that …用于表达可能性的另一种途径:There is a definite possibility that …There is a strong possibility that …There is a good possibility that …There is a slight possibility that …There is little possibility that …

英语学术论文常用句型英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper。。 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.

英语毕业论文写作常用句型

英语写作常用句型(一)段首句 1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2. 俗话说(常言道)……,它是我们前辈的经历,但是,即使在今天, 它在许多场合仍然适用。 There is an old saying______. Its the experience of our forefathers,however,it is correct in many cases even today. 3. 现在,……,它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先,……; 其次,……。更为糟糕的是……。 Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. 4. 现在,……很普遍,许多人喜欢……,因为……,另外(而且) ……。 Nowadays,it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides,______. 5. 任何事物都是有两面性,……也不例外。它既有有利的一面,也有不 利的一面。 Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception,it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同,一些人认为(说)……,在他们看 来,…… People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____. 7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……,这个问题变得越来越严重。 Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious. 8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题,特别是在年青人当中,将引发激烈 的辩论。 ______ has become a hot topic among people,especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. 9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用,它给我们带来了许 多好处,但同时也引发一些严重的问题。 ______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. 10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可 以看出……。很显然……,但是为什么呢? According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph,it can be seen that______ while. Obviously,______,but why? (二)中间段落句 1. 相反,有一些人赞成……,他们相信……,而且,他们认为……。 On the contrary,there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time,they say____. 2. 但是,我认为这不是解决……的好方法,比如……。最糟糕的 是……。 But I dont think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example,____.Worst of all,___. 3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的,(也是)非常重要的。 首先,……。而且……,最重要的是…… ______is necessary and important to our countrys development and construction. First,______.Whats more, _____.Most important of all,______. 4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先,我们可以……。 There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can______ 5. 面临……,我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方 面……,另一方面, Confronted with______,we should take a series of effective measures to______. For one thing,______For another,______ 6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……,另外……。所有这些方法肯定 会……。 It is high time that something was done about it. For example. _____.In addition. _____.All these measures will certainly______. 7. 为什么……?第一个原因是……;第二个原因是……;第三个原因 是……。总的来说,……的主要原因是由于…… Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The third is ______.For all this, the main cause of ______due to ______. 8. 然而,正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样,……也有它的不利的一 面,象……。 However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ______also has its own disadvantages, such as ______. 9. 尽管如此,我相信……更有利。 Nonetheless, I believe that ______is more advantageous

一.开头句型 1. As far as...is concerned就……而言 2. It goes without saying that...不言而喻,...... 3. It can be said with certainty that...可以肯定地说...... 4. As the proverb says, 正如谚语所说的, 5. It has to be noticed that...必须注意到,...... 6. It's generally recognized that...普遍认为...... 7. What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是...... 8. There's no denying the fact that...不可否认...... 9. Nothing is more important than the fact that...没有什么比......更重要 10.Today, ..., which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ... Second, ... What makes things worse is that...现在,……,它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先,……;其次,……。更为糟糕的是…… 二.衔接句型 1. A case in point is ...一个典型的例子是...... 2. As is often the case,... 正如通常情况下,...... 3. As stated in the previous paragraph, 如前段所述, 4. But the problem is not so simple. Therefore,... 但是问题并非如此简单,所以,…… 5. But it's a pity that...但遗憾的是…... 6. For all that...对于这一切...... In spite of the fact that...尽管事实...... 7. Further, we hold opinion that...此外,我们坚持认为...... 8. However , the difficulty lies in...然而,困难在于...… 9. Similarly, we should pay attention to...同样,我们要注意...... 10. In view of the present station, 鉴于目前形势, 11. As has been mentioned above, 正如上面所提到的, 12. In this respect, we may as well say...从这个角度上我们可以说...... 13. However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is...然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面,即 …... 三.结尾句型 1. I will conclude by saying...最后我要说…... 2. Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此,我们有理由相信…... 3. All things considered,总而言之, 4. Therefore, in my opinion, it's more advisable...因此,在我看来,更可取的是…... 5. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that… 通过以上讨论,我们可以得出结论...… 6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that… 通过数据我们得到的结论是...... 7. It can be concluded from the discussion that...从讨论中可以得出......的结论 8. From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来,如果……也许更好 四.举例句型 1. Let's take...to illustrate this.让我们用......来阐明这一点。 2. let's take the above chart as an example to illustrate this.让我们用以上图标做例子来阐明这一点。 3. Here is one more example.还有一个例子。 4.Take… for example. 以......为例。 5.This offers a typical instance of…. 这为......提供了一个典型的例子。 6. We may quote a common example of…. 我们可以引用一个关于......的常见例子。 五.常用于引言段的句型 1. Some people think that…. 有些人认为…... 2. To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below.坦率地说,我不能同意他们的意见,理由如下。 3. For years,… has been seen as …, but things are quite different now. 多年来,……一直被视为……,但现在的情况有很大的不同。 4. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that… 我无法完全同意这一观点的…... 5. My argument for this view goes as follows.我对这个问题的看法如下。 6. Along with the development of…, more and more…随着……的发展,越来越多…... 7. There is a long-running debate as to whether...关于是否......有着个长期的辩论。 8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that…. 普遍/广泛认为…... 9. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.就我而言,我完全同意前者/后者。 10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides.在给出我的观点之前,我想有必要看看双方的论据。 六.表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法 1. A is completely / totally / entirely different from B. A和B完全不同。 2. A and B are different in every way / respect / aspect.A和B在每方面都不同。 3. A and B differ in… A和B在......方面不同。 4. A differs from B in... A在......方面和B不同。 5. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in… A和B的区别在于...... 6. Compared with/In contrast to A, B…. 和A比起来,B...... 7. While it is generally believed that A…, I believe B… 虽然普遍认为A......,但是我认为B...... 8. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different.尽管它们有相似性,但是A和B也是不同的。 9. Both A and B…. However, A…; on the other hand, B… A和B都......然而,A......;另一方面,B...... 10. The most striking difference is that A…, while B…. 最显著的区别是A......,然而B...... 七.演绎法常用的句型 1. There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones. 对于......有几个原因,但一般地,他们可以归结为三个主要原因。 2. There are many factors that can account for…, but the following are the most typical ones. 有许多因素能够解释......,但以下是最典型的因素。 3. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.有很多方法可以解决这个问题,但下面的可能是最有效的。 4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.一般来说,这些优势可以列举如下。 5. The reasons are as follows.原因如下。 八.因果推理法常用句型 1. Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot.因为我们读过这本书,所以我们学到很多。 2. If we read the book, we will learn a lot.如果我们读这本书,我们会学到很多。 3. We read the book;as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, we've learned a lot. 我们读了这本书,因此我们学了很多。 4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, we've learned a lot.由于读了这本书,我们已经学到了很多。 5. The cause of/reason for/overweight is eating too much.超重的原因是吃得太多。 6.Overweight is caused by/due to/because of eating too much.超重是由于吃得太多。 7. The effect/consequence/result of eating too much is overweight.吃太多的结果是超重。 8. Eating too much causes/results in/leads to overweight.吃太多导致超重。 早检测论文查重系统我祝大家顺利通过~~~

英语作文常用的是开头语:Hello,everyone!要想表达步骤的话,可以用first、next、then、finaly来表示。用来表示过渡的话可以用连词来表示:but、notonly…butalso、either…nor等。用来总结的句子可以是:Lastbutonlyleast.Inshort.

掌握万能写作句型,助大学生在英语写作的道路上越走越远。下面是我给大家整理的大学生英语写作万能句型,供大家参阅!

1. no way is impossible to courage. 勇士面前无险路。

2. the fire is the test of gold;adversity of strong man. 烈火试真金,困苦炼壮士。

3. many a little makes a mickle. 积少便成多。

4. a good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口利于病,忠言逆耳利于行。

5. a man is never too old to learn. 活到老,学到老。

6. a thousand mile trip begins with one step. 千里之行,始于足下。

7. do nothing by halves. 不可半途而废。

8. a miss is as good as a mile. 失之毫厘,差之千里.

9. all roads lead to rome. 处处有路通罗马。

10. all beginnings are hard. 万事开头难。

11. opportunity meets the prepared mind, as the old saying goes. 正如俗话所说,机遇只属于那些有心理准备的人。

12. knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。

13. more hasty,less speed. 欲速则不达。

14. look before you leap. 三思而后行。

15. never say die.永不言败。

16. no cross, no crown.不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹。

17. never too old to learn, never too late to turn.亡羊补牢,为时未晚。

18. no living man all things can.世上没有万事通。

19. no man can do two things at once.一心不可二用。

20. no man is born wise or learned.没有生而知之者。

21. no man is wise at all times.聪明一世,糊涂一时。

22. none are so blind(deaf)as those who wont see(hear).视而不见(充耳不闻)。

23. no one can call back yesterday.昨日不会重现。

24. no pains, no gains.没有付出就没有收获。

25. no pleasure without pain.没有苦就没有乐。

1. no sweet without sweat.先苦后甜。

2. nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事,只怕有心人。

3. nothing is difficult to the man who will try.世上无难事,只要肯登攀。

4. nothing seek, nothing find.没有追求就没有收获。

5. nothing is so necessary for travelers as languages.外出旅行,语言最要紧。

6. nothing is to be got without pains but poverty.世上唯有贫穷可以不劳而获。

7. not to advance is to go back.不进则退。

8. observation is the best teacher.观察是最好的老师。

9. offense is the best defense.进攻是最好的防御。

10. old friends and old wines are best.陈酒味醇,老友情深。

11. old sin makes new shame.一失足成千古恨。

12. once bitten, twice shy.一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳。

13. one boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.一个和尚挑水喝,两个和尚抬水喝,三个和尚没水喝。

14. one cannot put back the clock.时钟不能倒转。

15. one eyewitness is better than ten hearsays.百闻不如一见。

16. one false move may lose the game.一着不慎,满盘皆输。

17. one mans fault is other mans lesson.前车之鉴。

18. one never loses anything by politeness.讲礼貌不吃亏。

19. ones words reflect ones thinking.言为心声。

20. out of debt(office), out of danger.无债(官)一身轻。

21. out of sight, out of mind.眼不见,心为静。

22. patience is the best remedy.忍耐是良药。

23. please the eye and plague the heart.贪图一时快活,必然留下隐祸。

24. prefer loss to unjust gain.宁可吃亏,不贪便宜。

25. promise is debt.一诺千金。

1. where there is a will,there is a way.有志者事竟成

2. the brightest of all things, the sun, has its spots. 金无赤足,人无完人。

3. the best of friends must part. 莫逆至交,终有一别。

4. the best man stumbles. 伟人也有犯错时。

5. take time to deliberate; but when the time for action arrives, stop thinking and go in. 做事要深思熟虑,但时机一到,就要动手,不要犹豫。

6. books, like friends, should be few and well chosen. 书籍如朋友,应该少而精。

7. a true friend is known in the day of adversity. 疾风知劲草,患难见真情。

8. a near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman. 远亲不如近邻。

9. a friend to everybody is a friend to nobody. 广交友,无深交。

10. a friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真交。

11. low self-esteem is like driving through life with your hand-break on.缺乏自信,就好象没拉手刹地在人生道路上行驶。

12. self-confidence and self-reliance are the mainstays of a strong character.自信和自力更生是坚强品格的柱石。

13. rome was not built in a day. 伟业非一日之功。

14. great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。

15. well begun,half done. 好的开始等于成功的一半。

16. it is hard to please all. 众口难调。

17. facts speak plainer than words. 事实胜于雄辩。

18. call back white and white back. 颠倒黑白。

19. first things first. 凡事有轻重缓急。

20. action speaks louder than words. 行动胜过语言。

21. east or west,home is the best. 金窝银窝不如自家草窝。

22. its not the gay coat that makes the gentleman. 君子在德不在衣。

23. we must not lie down,and cry,god help us. 求神不如求己。

24. live and learn. 活到老,学到老。

25. a smooth sea never made a skillful mariner. 平静的大海决不能造就出熟练的水手。

大学英语议论文常用句型

大学英语作文常用万能句型

导语:平时多收藏一些英语作文常用万能句型,有助于提高英语的写作能力。下面是大学英语作文常用万能句型,欢迎参考。

1. It goes without saying that+句子= It is obvious that句子 = Obviously, S. + V. 不用说,很明显.例如:It goes without saying that everyone should keep a balanced diet for the benefit of health.

不用说,为了健康,每个人都应该保持平衡的膳食。

2. I am greatly convinced (that)句子…. 我深信… 例如:I am greatly convinced that we can improve our writing if we insist on recitingsome useful sentences. 我深信,只要我们坚持每天背一些有用的句子,我们就可以提高我们的英语写作。

3. It can be easily proved (that)句子… 很容易证明….例如:It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time.

4. There is no doubt (that)句子 … 毫无疑问地? 例如:There is no doubt that nearsightedness is a serious problem among the youth of our country.毫无疑问,近视在我国的年轻人中是一个严重的题。

5. According to my personal experience, … 根据我个人经验?…例如:According to my personal experience, friends bring me not only trust, understanding, but also warmth.据我个人经验,朋友给我的不仅是信任理解,更是温暖。

6. Take … for example, 拿…做例子。例如:Take my sister for example, she stayed in German and now she can speak Germany fluently.拿我姐姐做例子,她住在法国,现在可以说很流利的法语。

7. As a popular saying goes, “….”俗话说得好….例如:As a popular saying goes, “Actions speak louder than words.” 俗话说,事实胜于雄辩。

8. As far as I am concerned , ….. 就我而言,在我看来。例如:As far as I am concerned, kids' lying is a natural and normal behavior. 在我看来,孩子撒谎是一种自然,正常的行为。

9. As for me / Personally speaking, … 在我看来。例如:As for me, I prefer to live in the countryside, because I can breathe fresh air, which is beneficial to our health/ from which we benefit a lot/ which benefits us a lot.就我来说,我喜欢住在乡下。因为我可以呼吸到新鲜的空气,这对我们的健康很有好处。

10. As for sth /doing sth, 至于…. /When it comes to sth…… 当谈到、涉及到…..

例如:1.As for advertisements, many consumers/costumers aren't satisfied with them and think most of them are untruthful. 至于广告,许多消费者对它们表示不满,认为它们大多数是不真实的`。

2.When it comes to the problem of teenagers studying abroad, many parents think their children can have more chances to receive better education.当谈到青少年出国留学的问题,许多家长认为孩子们可以有更多的机会接受到良好的教育。

11. We must keep in mind that ….我们必须牢记………。高考英语作文常用万能句型

例如:1.We must keep in mind that parents are our first teachers, and we should treat them well.我们必须牢记父母是我们的启蒙老师,我们应该好好对待他们。

2.As students, we must keep in mind that dishonest behaviors/dishonesty will only do harm to us. 作为学生,我们必须牢记,不诚实的行为只会对我们是不利。

12. It is said /reported that …… 据说/据报道…

例如:1.It is reported that the building caught fire at 2 o'clock in the morning, causing 30 people injured /and 30 people were injured .据报道,这栋大楼在凌晨两点时发生了火灾,造成30人受伤.

2.It is said that there used to be a chemical works near the school ,and it produced a lot of waste gas every day.据报道,他们已经习惯了化工厂每天在学校附近排放大量的尾气。

13. It is believed / thought that ….. 人们认为….

例如:1.It is believed that music can help people relax themselves.人们认为音乐有助于人们放松自己。

2.It is thought that everyone should form good habits when they are still young.人们认为所有的孩子都应该从小养成良好的习惯。

14. It is estimated that …. 据估计….

例如:1.It is estimated that 90% of students have their own mobile phones, with which they like to send short messages to friends /and they like to send short messages to friends.据估计,90%的学生都有自己的手机。他们喜欢用手机来发短信给朋友。

2.It is estimated that 9% of students have to drop out of school /quit school because they cannot pay for the tuition .据估计。有9%的学生因交不起学费而退学。

15. It cannot be denied that….. 无可否认…..

例如:1.It cannot be denied that the 2008 Olympic Games was a great success. 无可否认,2008年北京奥运会是一次巨大的成功。

2.It cannot be denied that great changes have taken place in China in the past 30 years.无可否认,中国在过去的30年里发生了巨大的变化。

16. It can be seen from the chart /the table that …..从图表中,我们可以看出…..例如:It can be seen from the chart that both girls and boys like to read news as well as play games on the Internet. 从图表中我们可以看出,男生女生都喜欢上网看新闻和玩游戏。

17. The results of the survey suggest that ……调查的结果表明…..例如:The result of the survey suggests that many Chinese students abroad spend most of their time on study and have little time for part-time jobs. 调查结果表明,许多中国留学生大部分的时间用来学习,没有时间来做兼职工作。

18. Some people hold the opinion that ( some people think….) 有些人认为。

例如:1.Some people hold the opinion that money is the source of happiness. 有些人认为金钱是幸福的源泉。

2.Some people hold the opinion that diligent people will always succeed. 有些人认为,勤奋的人总会成功的。

19. Frankly speaking, …. 老实说==to be frank /to be honest。例如:To be honest, I feel lonely because no one shares my joys and sorrows. 老实说,我常觉得孤独,因为没有人分担我的忧愁和快乐。

20. As is known to all / everybody knows / It is known to all that / As we all know 众所周知。例如:As is known to all, China is a developing country, not a developed one. 众所周知,中国是个发中国家,而不是发达国家。

21. Compared with …., ,…和…相比。例如:Compared with traditional letters, e-mails have many advantages, such as fast speed and free of charge. 和传统信件相比,电子邮件有很多优点,如速度快,不需花钱。

22. In common with sb. ….. 和某人一样。例如:In common with the author, I think keeping optimistic can help us gain success.和作者一样,我也认为保持乐观可以有助于我们取得成功。

23. with +n + to do / With + n. doing // With +n +done

例如:1.With time going by, I gradually realize the importance of health. 随着时间的流逝,我逐渐意识到健康的重要性。

2.With the door locked, I had to stay inside for a whole day.

24. with + n +介词短语/形容词或副词。

例如:1.The village with trees around it used to be beautiful. 这个小村庄曾经很美丽, 四周都是竹子。

2.The students are listening to the teacher, with their eyes wide open. 学生们在听着老师说话,眼睛睁得大大的。

25. We should take full advantage of /make full use of . 我们应该充分利用….例如:Therefore, I think we should take full advantage of net information to broaden our horizons. 因此,我认为,我们应该充分利用网络资源来扩充我们的知识面。

26. on the contrary 相反。例如:On the contrary, some people think college students should make full use of their spare time to do part-time jobs so that they can get some work experience. 相反,有些人认为大学生们应该充分利用课后时间来做兼职工作,以便获得工作经验。

(1) since句型:主句用完成时

例:My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.

(2) since when +完成时

例:Since when have you planted so many young trees?

从什么时候你种植了这么多小树的?

(3) This/it is the first (third...) time sb have/has done sth

This/it was the first (third...) time sb had done sth

例:This is the first time I have been here.这是我第一次到这儿。

(4) by…(到……为止)到过去某个时候为止用过去完成时,到现在为止

用现在完成时,到将来某个时候为止用将来完成时。

例:She will have finished the book by my next birthday.

到我下一个生日为止,我将完成那本书。

(5) in the past time( two days/years...) +完成时

例:In the past 10 years, there have been great changes in our family life.

在过去的十年里,我们的家庭生活发生了很大的变化。

(6) hardly ... when.... (no sooner ... than)句型用过去完成时

例:Hardly had I reached the school when the bell rang. 我一到学校,铃子就响了。

No sooner had we sat down at the table than the phone rang.

我们刚坐到桌子旁边电话就响了。

(7) 未实现的愿望打算等等用过去完成时

例:I had thought I could pass the final examination but I failed.

博士生论文答辩英语常用句型

论文答辩用英语怎么说

五月到来,不少大四毕业生都面临着毕业前最后一道关卡——论文答辩。前期辛辛苦苦写了又改改了又写的论文,终于要到最后“判决”的阶段了。来看看毕业生们都关注的“论文答辩”英语该怎么说吧!

我们来看这句句子:

After all of the committee members have approved the thesis, the oral defense will be officially scheduled by the Graduate Office.

等到所有的委员会成员都通过了论文(审核),研究生办公室将会安排正式的'答辩日期。

从上面的句子中我们可以看到,“论文答辩”就是“(thesis) oral defense”。有时候也会用“Viva-voce”来表示,但是多数情况下“Viva-voce”只针对博士生论文答辩。论文答辩委员会是“Thesis Defense Committee”。比如说“硕士论文答辩委员会”便是“Thesis Defense Committee for Master Degree”。

论文便是“thesis”,也有用“Dissertation”来表示论文的,但是一般来说,国外对于博士学位的论文才用“Dissertation”。其他学位学术论文都用“Thesis”。论文导师则是“Supervisor”。

问题一:通过论文答辩用英语怎么说 通过论文答辩 Through the thesis reply 通过论文答辩 Through the thesis reply 问题二:“如顺利通过论文答辩”用英文怎么说? 如顺利通过论文答辩 If the oral defense goes *** ooth, If I can pass the oral defense successfully, 问题三:“论文答辩”,“答辩论文”英语怎么说? the oral defense for a thes贰s the defensed thesis 问题四:博士学位答辩或论文答辩英语怎么说? plea to Doctor's degree 或者 oral defense of Doctor's degree oral defense of thesis 问题五:国内毕业答辩的“答辩”,英文怎么表达 动词用 defend,名词用 defence。 问题六:“论文答辩”英语怎么说? 5分 oral defense 或者说thesis defense 问题七:毕业答辩,用英语怎么翻译?谢谢 Graduation defence oral defence of Ph绩 口语的话常说viva

法语议论文写作常用句型

3……… profiter de(du,des) qch pour f qch

….[谁]利用… 干…. [某事]

4. … venir de(du,des)地名(点) …[谁]从….[地方]来

… venir à(en, au, aux ) 地名(点) …[谁]来到….[地方]

… venir f ……… …来做…… [某事]

5. … aller à(en, au, aux)地点(名) …[谁]到….[地方]去

aller(inviter qn, venir) chez qn 去(请[谁]…,来)…. [谁]家

7…… de(du) …. à (au)……… 从[时.地]….到[时.地]….(每)

8. … inviter qn à f qch 请…[某人]干….[某事]

9. … aider qn à f qch 帮…[某人]干….[某事]

10… vouloir f ……… 想要干….[某事]

11… être (pays) …[某人]是….[某国]人

… être de (地名) …[某人]是….[某地]人

… venir de(du,des)地名(点) …[某人]从….[地方]来

… habiter à 地名 …[某人]住在… [某地]

12… être(3) à (名词,moi,…)…… ….[东西]是属于………的

13……… écritre…en + (语言) ….用…[某种] 语言写….

14.……… écouter qch ……听(到)……… [东西]事

… parler de qch & qn ………谈起…. [某事]&[某人] ….parler …. (语言) …[某人]说…… [某种] (语言) Parler-(moi,…)en + (语言) 用…语言与[某人]讲….* 15. …louer qch ……租入………[东西] …louer qch à(au……) qn ……租出……[东西]给… .[某人] 16. …s'adresser à(au……) qn … 向. ……[某人]请教&帮忙 17….prendre ……… pour f à …. ………乘………去干(到)……… ….venir à ….地 en………交通工具 ………去….[某地]乘…… ….monter dans ……(车) ……… …… 上……(车) 19… être à la retraite . …[谁]退休(表状态) ……… être en retraite . …[谁]退休(表状态) ……… prendre sa retraite…… …[谁]退休(表动作) 20…être gentil(le) avec qn. …[谁]….对[某人]亲切 21…être d'accord avec qn. …[谁]同意…[某人]的意见&看法 22…faire un voyage à …. ….去……… [某地]旅行(远) 23…être de ………(number) ……[东西]是…(多少)… 24….téléphoner à qn …打电话给…[某人]…. passer X a Y 让Y 接X电话 réveiller qn 叫醒某人 qn se réveiller 某人醒了 être ravi de f qch 非常高兴干某事 emmener qn 带某人 (干,去) emporter qch 带走某物 inviter qn à f qch 邀请某人作某事 inviter qn à qch 邀请某人干某事 quitter qn & qch 离开某人或某地 s'en dormir 入睡 se coucher 上床睡 dormir 睡觉 appeler qn 叫来某人 打电话给某人 chercher qch & qn 找某物或某人 venir (aller) chercher qn 来(去)接某人

it is(was) that so that

J’aime le français Le français est une des plus belles langues dans le monde d’après moi. D’un côté, elle est stricte. De nombreux pays ont décidé de l’utiliser comme langue officielle pour rédiger leurs dossiers. De l’autre côté, elle est romantique. Quand on parlait le français, on a chanté une mélodie. Le français représente la France. Je voudrais apprendre le français pour apprendre de longues histoires, des cultures délicates, les beaux paysages et surtout ses esprits de liberté, égalité et fraternité. La langue français a été utilisée par des centaines d’écrivains, de poètes, des compositeurs de chanson pour décrire la belle vie en rose et en gris. Je l’utiliserais aussi à exprimer mes sentiments pour elle. 上一位同学那篇写的挺好的呀,只学了一个月就有这个水平,老师一定非常高兴吧。O(∩_∩)O哈哈~

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