一、标题
一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。
如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。
二、提纲
英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。
主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。
需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
三、摘要
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距： 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，1.5倍行间距。
4、英文题目： 使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要： “Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。
6、英文关键词： “Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。
四、正文
有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。
正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。
在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。
五、文中引述
正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 （即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。
引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。
六、文献目录
论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点：
目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。
目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。
标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。
各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。
英语论文摘要又称文摘，是论文的重要组成部分，它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不需阅读全文，就可获得重要的信息。
摘要通常置于文题之后，文章之首。在论文发表后，论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词，并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。
论文的作用
论文为进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。不同的人发表论文的作用也不同：
1、评职称（晋升职称）：研究生 毕业需要；教师 、医护人员 、科研院所的人员、企业员工 等 晋升高一级的职称时，发表期刊论文是作为一项必须的参考指标。
2、申报基金、课题 ：教育、科技、卫生系统 每年申报的国家自然科学基金项目、其它各种基金项目、各种研究课题时，发表论文 是作为 基金或课题 完成的一种研究成果的结论性展示。
3、世界性基础领域的研究，比如在医学、数学、物理、化学、生命科学 等领域开展的基础性研究，公开发表论文 是对最新科技 科学研究成果、研究方法的一种展示和报道。以推动整个社会的科技进步等。
参考资料来源：百度百科-英语论文
英语中的SUMMARY撰写的具体格式步骤如下：1、写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，让理解更深刻。2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。3、给摘要起一个好标题，比如：可以采用文中的主题句。4、尽量使用自己的话完成，不要引用原文的句子，篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一长。5、写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：（1）筛选1-2个例子。（2）避免重复，删除细节，只保留主要观点。（3）把长段描述压缩变成短小精悍的句子。如下例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”（5）你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。（6）使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”（7） 使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though,不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。（8）把文章中的第一人称转换成第三人称，把对白简化。
下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。
Abstract
Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.
According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS 19.0. And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.
Abstract
A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。
Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.
Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.
Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 1.26,witha 95% confidential interval of [0.86, 1.66])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.
Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = 9.22,p = 0,01 < 0.05)，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =0.61, g 二 2.14, g = 0.98 respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = 17.04, p =0.000 < 0.05)。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of 3.59,0.71 and 0.37 respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.
Abstract
The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (i.e. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?
This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, i.e. thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (i.e. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (i.e. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (i.e. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.
The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.
Abstract
Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.
This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.
To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.
There are three hypotheses:
1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?
Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS 19.0. And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.
Abstract
In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.
Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.
Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.
Abstract
Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.
With the aid of AntConc 3.4.lw and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc 3.4.lw is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.
The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.
Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.
英文摘要格式如下：
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距：统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，倍行间距。
4、英文题目：使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要：“Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。
6、英文关键词：“Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。每个关键词使用四号字。
论文摘要应包含以下内容：
（1）从事这一研究的目的和重要性。
（2）研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作。
（3）获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解。
（4）结论或结果的意义。
以上内容参考：百度百科-摘要
以上内容参考：百度百科-论文摘要
英美文学作为世界文学史上重要的组成部分,对于它的学习是必不可少的。下文是我为大家整理的关于英美文学硕士 毕业 论文 范文 的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考! 英美文学硕士毕业论文范文篇1 浅谈英美女性主义文学批评 【摘要】英美派女性主义文学批评是当代西方女性主义文学批评的一个重要学派，它关注文学的社会 文化 语境，强调从女性的视角重新审视传统的文学史，批判男性中心主义的文学标准，并要求研究妇女作品的特殊性、谱写妇女作家的传统。本文着重从女性主义文学批评以及解构男性中心文学的框架与建立女性主义诗学这几个方面进行论述，指出英美派女性主义批评在女权主义运动中富有的实践指导意义。 【关键词】英美文学;女性主义;男性中心文学 女性主义文学批评是20世纪60年代随着女权运动而兴起的西方文艺批评新军。它以女性主义思想为理论基础，以性别和社会性别为基本出发点，以从边缘走向中心为行动纲领，其显著的特点在于具有很强的政治性和个人色彩。之所以把英美文学合在一起，是因为二者不约而同地对女性问题中的社会历史因素给予格外关注。另外，同为英语国家，女性主义批评者致力找寻的文学传统和艺术形象都集中在相仿的经典之中。 一、英美派女性主义文学批评的深层背景和原因 以往所谓的文学传统一律以男性为中心，文学史和文学批评也都被父权主义意识所统治。面对这种情况，女性主义批评家认为，文学批评要具备普遍意义和有效性，无论如何都应该将女性意识包括在内，坚决动摇和解构以男性为中心的文学传统框架，对现存的文化和制度进行总批判，整理提供掀起一场女权主义的文化革命。英美女性主义文学批评首先是从解构男性中心的文学传统框架而开始的。 这主要是通过考察、分析、审视男性文学中那些陈旧的女性形象。在男性本位创造的 神话 故事 中，女性总是以虚幻、美化或扭曲的形象出现的。她们是象牙女郎、安德洛美达、夏娃、潘多拉，是为男人享用而创造出来的尤物，是一种被动、缺乏自主能力的次等客体。在《性别政治》一书中，米勒特对D?H?劳伦斯、亨利?米勒、诺曼?梅勒和让?热奈特等男性作家的思想意识作了尖锐有力的批评和分析，指出这些作家的小说中有很多细节描写都把女性给非人化了。小说中描写的场景和过程全都是从男主人公的角度出发的，女性人物自始至终都处于被控制的地位，男性人物则是绝对的操纵者。 米勒特的分析说明，男作家正是通过这种夸张的描写，把男女之间的性关系表现为正常的政治关系，让女人处于屈从、附属的地位。桑德拉?吉尔伯特和苏珊?格巴在《阁楼上的疯女人》一书中指出，19世纪(乃至今日)占统治地位的父权主义意识形态把艺术创造力当成男性的一种根本优质，由于创造力被界定为男性，其结果必然是，占统治地位的女性文学形象也必然是男人幻想的产物，女作家们被剥夺了创造自我形象的权利，而必须努力遵照父权制强加在她们身上的标准。 吉尔伯特和格巴条分缕述地论证了19世纪的《不朽女性》是怎样被男人想象为虚无飘缈、温柔美丽的天使形象，认为从但丁的贝雅特里齐、歌德的葛雷特和玛甘泪一直到考文垂?帕特莫尔的《屋内天使》，理想的女性始终被视为逆来顺受、俯首帖耳和最富有自我牺牲精神的一种创造物。她们还指出，在天使形象的背后隐藏着妖妇的形象，男人把女性理想化的对应面就是对女性的恐惧。她既给男人带来满足，又会使他产生厌恶。 女性主义者认为，男性中心的文学把性别推向边缘，让妇女成为文化的接受者，批评的功能在于揭露隐藏在作品中的男性沙文主义的真正面目。因此，女性主义者的首要任务是用批判的眼光审视男性创造的女性神话，作一种对抗性阅读，把根植于女性心中的男性意识根除。文学批评一旦揭开了这些形象的政治含义和文本的性歧视，就能帮助读者摆脱意识形态的控制，从而动摇父权制的根基，达到改造世界的目的。 二、建立女性主义诗学女性主义批评家的一些实践 女性主义批评家们试图通过对男作家笔下诸多女性形象的考察、剖析和审视来解构男性中心的文学传统框架，但她们并不只满足于此，她们努力扩大批评的范围，拓展新的批评领域，确立女性主义批评原则，建造一座她们自己的文学宫殿，发掘被男人和社会所忽视的妇女文学传统，将批评的焦点对准女作家及其作品。她们要求拓宽妇女生活题材，创造一种崭新的、富有生命力的、迥然有别于男性文学的妇女文学;她们系统阐述女性主义批评原则以此肯定妇女的文学 经验 和社会经验;建构女性主义诗学，以此对传统的文学作品进行新的评价，重新书写文学史;此外，她们还对男女作家在文学传统方面的差异进行开创性的探索，对女作家的创作经验、想象及其创作手法等方面显示出来的不同倾向进行初步研究，对既存的批评观念和文学的道德性质进行深刻的 反思 和审视。 具体做法就是寻觅女性文学的传统，挖掘被埋没的女作家及作品。美国女性主义批评家丽娜?蓓姆指出，如果从已出版的文学史或文集来看，美国几乎没有一个女性大作家，而主要的小说很容易发现，早在移民时期，女作家就开始活跃了。到了19世纪中叶，在销售和品种方面，女作家已在美国文学史上占了重要位置，连霍桑那样的名作家都免不了担心自己的读者会被女作家吸引过去。然而，这些女作家在文学史上却名不见经传，因为文学史对她们不屑一顾，认为女人不能算是作家，其作品也够不上载入史册的标准。 正是这种以男性为中心的文学批评标准将女性作家长期摒弃于文学史外。因此，女性主义批评家的任务之一便是从女性的视角重新审视整个文学史，发掘被埋没或受冷漠的女作家的作品，纠正男性传统对之的错误理解，寻觅女性文学的传统，重铸文学批评的 方法 。伍尔夫在《一间自己的屋子》中承认一个女性文学的传统存在，但它时时被迫中断，妇女文学的发展呈间歇状态，直到19世纪以后才能较清楚地看到文学创作的具有历史延续性的女性文学传统。 相对于世界文学的发展，这一女性文学的传统无疑是十分短暂的，并且以阿弗拉?贝恩为代表的19世纪初期的妇女创作又被男性的文学批评排斥在文学范围之外，故导致妇女文学传统的难以发现。尽管有着种种困难，但妇女文学传统的存在是无疑的。伍尔夫认为她自己的创作也是沿着这条女性先辈开拓出的道路而进行的，这条道路是许多年以前开辟出来的，动手的有芬尼?伯尔尼、阿弗拉?本、哈利?马提诺、简?奥斯汀、乔治?艾略特。许多著名的女人，以及许多无名的和被忘记的女人，曾在我之前修缮着这条路以使之平坦光滑，并且调整着我的步伐。 所以，当我写作时，我的前面只有极少一些物质障碍。伊莱恩?肖瓦尔特是当代西方女性主义文学批评理论家中最为活跃、影响较大者之一，她倡导建构独立的妇女文学史和女性文学经典。 三、对女性主义批评理论的反思 女性主义文学批评灵活地吸收了西方流行的各种批评方法，容纳了生理学、人类学、现代心理学和美学等领域的知识和理论，呈现出一个多元开放的体系。女性主义批评不为单一的方法所左右，从语言、心理、文化等多角度解构男性中心的意识形态，达到建立女性自身的价值标准与独特文化的目的。 然而，玛丽?朴维在其文《女性主义与解构批评》里声称：“‘女性’仅仅是社会的产物，不具有自然的基础，即‘女性’是一个术语，对这个术语的界定取决于它所被讨论的语境，而不取决于某些性器官或社会经验”，“‘女性’反映不了完整的自我，因为特征是有所联系的，‘女性’仅仅是同‘男性’相对照时获得的临时定义的一个位置。”如果性别角色完全取决于话语，这一话语又时刻处于变化和解构之中，两性的意义缺乏稳定性，那么女权主义批评家和理论家就失去了存在的支点。如果放弃了对社会性别的界定，要求女性正当权益的斗争就失去了理论基石。 她因此呼吁，女性主义不能忽视女性受歧视的社会现实，不应该消解主体，反倒更应该加强对现实的斗争策略的研究。 综上所述，女性主义文学批评是20世纪6O年代末兴起于欧美的新女性主义话语的一部分。它在当代西方文学理论与实践中扮演重要的角色。不仅对父权制文化给予了尖锐的批判;而且还突破了理论话语惯有的表述方式，使历经沧桑的女权思想终于在20世纪下半叶得以理论化，并进入了理论话语的中心，使女性主义文学批评摆脱异端与边缘的地位，转而成为当代理论话语的重要一维，促进了西方理论话语的转型。当然，对这一领域的研究、探讨还需要我们做进一步深入的发掘。 参考文献： [1]英美派女性主义文学批评论莫文斌，罗艳《求索》2005(02). [2]试论20世纪英美女权主义文学批评理论的流变及其影响《北方民族大学学报》2002(02). [3]女性主义文学批评的本土化历程及其问题[J].魏天无外国文学研究，2011(06). 英美文学硕士毕业论文范文篇2 论英语教学中的英美文学 摘要：随着社会的飞速发展，要适应新世纪英美文学教学的发展，满足21世纪外语人才的需要，高校必须改变传统的英美文学教学模式，不断加强英美文学教学改革，构成合理的学科梯队。本文从英美文学在英语教学中的重要作用、英语专业英美文学教学现状和英美文学的 教学方法 三个方面进行了探讨。 关键词：英美文学;英语教学 一、英美文学在英语教学中的重要作用 (一)有效提高学生对所学英语知识的实际应用能力 文学作品是语言的艺术表现形式，是源于生活而又高于生活的文字语言形式。语言文字经过大师们的加工酝酿，便具有了鲜活形象的生命力，成为社会生活中的经典和宝贵的精神文化财富。因为文学作品中饱含生活气息，使人们更加易于接受，所以成为教学的典范和人们争相模仿的对象。在英语教学中适当引入英美文学作品赏析，可以进一步提高学生对英语语言背景的了解和对英语语言艺术的浓厚兴趣。在英语教学过程中充分利用这些经典的英美文学作品，结合其中的优美的语句段落让学生们在具体的语境中去感悟单词和语法的实际应用，能够收到良好的教学效果。 (二)可以提升学生的个人修养和综合素质 在英美文学作品的熏陶下，学生们不仅学到了基本的英语常识，还通过对作品内容的了解进一步开拓了自己的文化视野，了解到在不同文化背景下的文学作品所表现出的不同的社会生活场景，从而使自己的个人修养和文化情操得到进一步提升，对不同文化的欣赏、学习能力进一步增强。通过学习优秀的英美文学作品，在不同程度上了解英美国家的发展历程，感受英美人民的生活现实，可以让学生的 思维方式 和修养水平得到不同程度的提升。 (三)能够培养学生的思辨能力 文学作品是作者优秀思想的结晶。通过阅读作品，我们可以和作者进行跨越时空的精神交流。优秀的文学作品，其内容寄托于文字之中但精神无限延展。在欣赏文学作品的过程中，我们展开丰富的想象能力，对作者表达出的中心思想从不同角度加以揣摩，从而丰富了我们的情感体验、滋润了我们的心灵，是我们的眼界进一步拓宽。在英语教学上，通过阅读英美文学作品，对作品内容进行赏析，可以增强学生的创造性思维能力，提高他们对英语语言的理解能力。 对于同一篇作品，学生们可能会有不同的理解，教师可以引导学生对作品展开讨论，抒发自己的见解，在探讨过程中教师引领学生进入一个潜藏着未知答案的文本空间，由于没有标准答案，学生能够自己理解自认为正确的看法，主动去通过作品对作者进行评判。他们主动对话作者、质疑作者甚至否定作者，在对作品进行深入细致的分析、探讨中，逐步养成敏锐的感知能力，掌握严谨的分析方法，形成准确的表达方式。在英语教学中引入英美文学作品赏析的真正意义也正在这里。 二、英语专业英美文学教学现状 在我国的英语专业教学中，英美文学教学还保持着传统的泛读化教学方式。文本资料以教材上的为主要对象，在英语课堂上教师重点讲解教材，把重点在黑板上罗列出来，学生阅读仍然是次要的。英语教师往往背负着较重的教学目标，对教材的讲解也只是一遍而过，而教材对于英美文学的选取也受篇幅所限往往节选某一段落，对于英美文学的分类和评价往往比较混乱。 在英美文学课程中，由于教材教学内容信息量大，历史年限跨度长，文学流派和创作风格不一，英语文学作品的完整性和作品中心思想无法得到全面展现。这使得学生们的阅读效果大打折扣，教师在讲解过程中也无法全面展现作品中蕴涵的宝贵精神财富，只能针对几个关键的词汇和语言点重点讲解。 所以，现实中英美文学与课往往就是教师在讲台上漫无目的讲，学生在下面机械地听，麻木地记词汇。随着民间国际交往的不断扩大，英语专业教学中通过英美文学阅读引导学生提高 英语学习 效果，提升英美文学作品的阅读欣赏能力已经成为当下学术界的共识。 目前的英美文学教学模式还存在很大的问题。首先体现在教师的授课方式上，在课堂上，教师对于教材中的英美文学理论部分的讲述过于冗长，使学生们对学习毫无兴趣可言。学生们对这一部分的课堂内容只是被动地接受，自己不会动脑去思考有关作品的问题。教材选取的作品与文史理论也不利于课堂教学有效进行。其次，英美文学课由于教材篇幅有限，无法完整摘录某一文学作品，只能有选择地节选作品中的关键段落，而对作品的完整性造成破坏，作品的发生背景、人物介绍也变得残缺不全，学生初次接触作品很难深入阅读下去，教学效果可见一斑。 三、英美文学的科学教学方法 (一)循序渐进 英美文学课是需要一定的英语基础的，因此在课程安排上要遵循循序渐进的教学规律，贯穿于整个英语教学过程的始终。在具体的授课方式上，要考虑到学生们对英语的掌握情况，结合学生的词汇量和阅读水平逐步提高讲课层次。例如，在学生刚入学可以选择一些简单的英语读本培养他们的 英语阅读 习惯，等他们有了良好的阅读习惯，阅读水准达到一定的水平后，再给他们安排英语作品的原著阅读赏析。只有阅读英美文学原著作品，才可以看做是真正意义上的英美文学 教育 。学生有了一定的原著阅读经验，可以在课堂上适量增加阅读量，逐步提升学生们的英语阅读水平。 (二)通读原著 开设英美文学阅读课的目的是全面掌握英美文学作品的中心思想和作者的写作特色。只有将英语原著通读下来，才能充分体会到作品的语言特色、思想脉络和其中蕴含的深刻道理。目前我国英美文学教材只是节选作品的某一章节，断章取义，不利于学生整体理解作品。因此教师要创造条件，使学生尽量通读原著全文，全面体会作品思想内核，有条件的也可以横向扩展，多读一些相关作品，从更广阔的角度试着去理解作品，一定能收到意料之外阅读效果。因此，教师要向学生强调通读整本书的重要性，并布置写 读后感 ，督促学生完成任务。 (三)向学生推荐作品 英语教师在教授英美文学课时，除了教材上节选的内容外，还要积极拓展学生们的知识面，向他们推荐一些通俗易懂、可读性强的英美文学作品。例如英语典籍《圣经》、英国史诗文学《贝奥武夫》、经典小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》等等，都是一些优秀的英语文学作品，读来让人兴趣盎然，学生们课余饭后可以认真的深入进去进行精读。 (四)要求学生写读后感 英美文学作品阅读不能仅仅当做消遣，教师要要求学生每读完一篇作品都要写出心得。只有这样学生们在阅读过程中才会加强体验，在写读后感时重温对作品的个人理解，从而加深了最作品的认识。教师可以从学生的读后感中看出学生对作品的掌握是否充分?认识角度是否恰当?指出他们的不足，引导学生重读作品相关章节，纠正错误认识，进一步提高学生的英语阅读分析能力。此外，英美文学课程的考核可以采取写论文的方式，来促进学生通读作品，加深认识。 (五)让学生积极参与课程设计 课堂教学中教师可以反串角色，让学生主导课堂教学，扮演老师的角色在讲台上为大家讲解分析教材。这样可以活跃课堂气氛，调动学生们的学习积极性，使学生参与到课程设计中来，在学习中变被动为主动，加强对学习过程的记忆。从而避免了其被动接受知识养成的惰性。这样做一方面强化了课堂教学的学习氛围，另一方面使学生主动去对作品内容进行学习、记忆，对作品的印象进一步加深，促使他们在课外通过各种途径去对作品本身或作者相关资料进行搜集、检索，将之作为教科书的有益补充，学生们的自主学习能力得到有效提升。 四、结语 随着教育改革的不断深入，英语教学模式和教学理念面临着全新的挑战，在英美文学课程的教学上，只有转变教育理念，创新教学模式，改革教学内容，改进教学方法，在教育实践中探索有效的英美文学教学方法，合理的利用现代化的教学手段，以一颗火热赤诚的心投入到教育事业中，才能真正地帮助学生提高英语学习能力，满足新时期对外语人才的需要。 参考文献： [1]胡恒.基于网络环境的英语文学课程教学设计[J].英语广场(学术研究)，2012，(5). [2]董梅.英语教学中导入经典文学阅读的创新型教学研究[J].前沿，2012，(10). [3]张春开.浅谈英美文学在高中英语教学中的渗透[J].英语教师，2012，(4). [4]章洁帆.论文学性在综合英语课堂上的体现[J].宁波教育学院学报，2012，(2).
英语文学是英语专业学生的一门重要的课程,对于英语学生的自身能力的提升具有十分重要的意义。下面是我为大家整理的英语文学方向毕业论文，供大家参考。
摘要：教师在教学中从多方面注重学生英语文学素养的培养，同时大学生也要积极进行英语文学素养的培养，不断提升自身的英语文学素养，促进自身的全面发展。
关键词：英语文学;大学生
一、大学生英语文学素养培养的现状
大学生的英语文学素养的培养非常重要，然而在大学的英语教学中教师对于学生文学素养的重视不够，并且学生自身没有较强的意识注重文学素养的培养。大学的英语教学，尤其是非英语专业的英语教学，主要是大学英语课程的教学，在教学中对于学生的文学素养培养没有足够的重视。第一，大学英语的教学主要以学生语言技巧为主，以英语词汇、知识点、语法等为主要讲授内容，教师很少讲授到英美文学的知识，也较少布置有关文学阅读的任务，对于大学生的英语文学素养培养非常不利。第二，英语四级、六级考试，作为国家级考试对于学生的学习要求也主要为英语语言自身的应用，但是对于英语文学方面没有很多的要求,影响着全国大学生的英语学习。从学生角度来说，大学生尤其是非英语专业的学生对于英语兴趣不高，很少学生去阅读英语文学的相关资料，或者有兴趣但是英语能力不足，慢慢失去了对于英语文学的喜爱
二、大学生英语文学素养培养的策略
针对大学生英语文学素养的现状，我们必须注重大学生英语文学素养的培养，从多方面提高大学生的英语文学素养，促进大学生的全面发展。
第一，英语课堂上教师注意培养学生对于英语文学的兴趣。大学的英语课，多是大学英语的课程，很多非英语专业学生英语基础较差，对英语不感兴趣，对于英语文学的兴趣就更小。为了提高大学生的英语文学素养，在英语课堂上教师可以注意学生文学的兴趣培养。在讲授教学内容时，继续增强学生对英语语言的喜爱，恰当地为学生介绍文学作品，联系更多的文学信息，将教学内容与英美的文学知识结合在一起，引起学生对英语文学的兴趣。
第二，教学内容多介绍英语文学的相关知识，带领学生学会文学赏析、评论等。大学英语教学的主要内容都是大学英语课程的内容，教师讲授教学内容时比较偏重与英语语言的应用，对于文学作品的分析、文学作品的赏析进行地很少。为了培养学生的英语文学素养，教师可以讲课时注意突出与教学内容相关的文学知识，在为学生讲解知识点的同时带领学生去学习如何赏析文学作品，对于文学作品进行分析评论，为学生推荐适合的文学作品，让学生从文学作品中获得更多的知识，也获得更多的关于世界、人生的思考。
第三，课上教师采取灵活多样的教学方法来进行英语文学的熏陶。在英语教学过程中，教师采取丰富多彩的教学方式和手段来引导学生对英语文学的兴趣，提升学生对文学的敏感度，促进学生的文学积累。一方面，教师可以将文学学习与电影结合起来。很多的文学作品，尤其是经典的文学作品都被后人拍成电影或者电视，而电影、电视是学生容易接受的方式，而且对于学生来说更具吸引力，在电影中学生对于文学作品有所了解，对于英语语言的应用也更清晰。另一方面，教师应该充分利用网络资源，引导学生接触更多的英语文学知识和作品。在当今时代，接触文学不仅靠书籍，还可以更好地利用网络资源。在信息飞速的时代，教师可以积极引导学生利用网络进行文学阅读和文学思考。
第四，布置课下文学的延伸任务，定期检验学生的完成情况。在英语教学过程中，教师要布置恰当的文学阅读任务和文学赏析作业。根据教学内容，向学生推荐英语文学作品，要求学生完成文学作品的相关任务，鼓励学生在进行文学阅读和赏析的任务过程中，进行思考分析，获得更多的知识和思考。对于布置的文学任务，可以定期进行检查，通过写阅读反思、影评等来检验学生对于文学作业的完成情况。
第五，学生自身要转变观念，变被动培养为主动提高。大学生为了就业，更多的人都选择学习实用性强的课程，对于短期内实用效果较小的文学学习却很忽略。要提高大学生的英语文学素养，学生首先要从思想上转变以前的观念，意识到文学学习和提高文学素养对于自身发展的重要性，重视自身英语文学素养的培养。其次在课堂上和课下主动进行文学作品的阅读和学习，配合教师的文学学习的教学，积极完成教师布置的文学相关作业将文学素养的培养当成一项长期的活动。教师在教学中从多方面注重学生英语文学素养的培养，同时大学生也要积极进行英语文学素养的培养，不断提升自身的英语文学素养，促进自身的全面发展。
参考文献
1、基于思维过程的高中英语文学阅读思维型课堂教学架构兰春寿课程.教材.教法2015-12-01期刊1
2、 英语专业体裁文本依托文学课程体系改革效果分析景婧外语界2015-08-25期刊
摘要：总之，动词汉译英的过程就是由“动态”向“静态”转化、由展开型句法结构向浓缩型句法结构转化的过程，也体现了由汉民族思维方式向英民族思维方式转化的过程。
关键词：英语文学;研究生
一、汉语的“动态”与英语的“静态”
动词是表示人或事物动作、行为、发展、变化的词，是最复杂、最活跃的一种词类。英、汉两种语言对动词的概括意义是一样的，但动词的数量及使用频率与方式却并不一样。从总体修辞效果来看，英语呈“静态”，汉语呈“动态”，亦即，英语有一种少用(谓语)动词而用其他手段;而汉语则有一种多用动词的固有习惯。英语每个句子中只能使用一个限定式动词(并列谓语除外);而汉语中却存在着“连动式”和“兼语式”，如“他到了火车站发现火车已经开走了”，及紧缩句，如“我们下雨也去”。英语的限定动词只能做谓语，而汉语中的动词(包括动宾词组、主谓词组等)不仅做谓语，也可做主语，如“理论联系实际是我们党的优良传统”，宾语，如“鲁迅主张打落水狗”，定语，如“讨论的问题很重要”，状语，如“一定要批判地继承我国的文学艺术遗产”和补语，如“小溪旁那些女人们听得笑起来了”。汉语是一种离不开动词的语言，除了部分句子(即名词谓语句如“今天星期六”和形容词谓语句如“他这几天心情很好”)以外，大量的句子都不止使用一个动词，有的句子几乎全句都是动词，如“打得赢就打，打不赢就走，不怕没办法”。汉语的动词还可以重叠和组合构成新的动词，如“走走”、“商量商量”、“看一看”、“打打闹闹”，而英语的动词却不能。另外汉语中为数不多的介词，也大都是从古代汉语动词演变而来的，有些还具备动词的一般特点，称为“半动词”，“副动词”，“汉语中的绝大多数的‘介词’，应该划归动词的范畴，只是入句时，表现了相当于英语介词的作用”，如“他在家”中的“在”为动词，而“他在家看书”中的“在”则为介词。
二、“动态”与“静态”的思维根源
汉语“动态”与英语“静态”之差异，其深层原因在于汉、英民族思维方式的差异：即汉民族重形象思维、重悟性，而西方人重抽象思维、重理性。汉文化的重要特征之一是“尚象”，汉民族习惯于“观物取像”，即取万物之象，加工成为象征意义的符号来反映、认识客观事物的规律，形成了偏重形象，即偏重具体的思维方式;西方文化的重要特征之一是“尚思”，注重逻辑与形式论证，形成了以概念、判断和推理为思维形式，偏重抽象的思维方式。这种思维形式的不同在语言上表现为：英语语言常常使用大量的涵义概括、指称笼统的抽象名词来表达复杂的理性概念，因而显得“虚”和“静”;而汉语则习惯于形象语言，用形象的方法来表达抽象的事物，动词的形象性即满足了中文的需求，由于大量地使用动词，汉语言因而显得“实”和“动”。另外，汉民族相比于西方人更倾向于注重悟性，汉语由意念贯通，行文造句不需要严格的语法规则来规范，词的用法也非常灵活，动词的使用即非常灵活。汉语的动词由于没有形态变化的约束，使用起来十分自由、灵活，可以充当句子的各种成分，也可以连用形成连动式和兼语式，还可以重叠和组合构成新的动词，动词的大量使用使汉语的表达呈现“动态”的倾向。与之相反，西方人更注重理性，注重形式论证，在语言上表现为形态的外漏和形式上的完整，因此行文造句需要严格的语法规则来规范。英语句子有严谨的主谓结构，一个句子结构通常只使用一个谓语动词，大量本应该用动词表达的概念，只能用非谓语动词来表达，或借助于动词以外的词类，主要是由动词派生而来的名词，有时还要借助于介词、副词及由动词转化而来的形容词，这样便产生了动词的虚化和弱化，使得英语的表达呈现“静态”的倾向。
三、汉译英中动词的处理
鉴于学生动态英译文的问题，从“动态”与“静态”这一修辞差异入手来探讨汉译英中汉语动词(不包括判断动词和能愿动词)的处理，应是汉译英教学中的非常重要的一讲。
(一)单动词汉语句子中动词的处理
“英语的静态修辞的实质是名词优势和介词优势，而介词优势又是名词优势的必然结果。因为名词与名词之间要借助介词来联结”。英语倾向于用名词(词组)来表达汉语用动词所表达的概念，即动作、行为、状态等，尤其在科技、法律、政治等正式文体中更是如此。这不仅使英语句子简洁紧凑，也避免了将人牵涉进来，从而使语句意义更加含蓄、间接，符合英民族表达习惯，因而句子优美。因此，在有些情况下，汉语动词并不是译成英语动词，而是要遵循英语的这一修辞特点，进行必要的词性转换，即动词向名词和介词的转化(如a和b)，有时也转化成副词和形容词(如c和d)等，使译文符合英语的句法规律，因而更加地道、更显文采。a.他很贪嘴。Heisagreedyeater.b.这不符合我们党的政策.ThisisnotinkeepingwithourParty’spolicies.c.桌布铺上了吗?Istheclothon?d.他怀疑我的动机。Heissuspiciousofmyintentions.
(二)多动词汉语句子中动词的处理
汉语注重“动态”描写，一个句子中往往会涌现大量的动词，但并不会引起句子的臃肿和混乱.汉语的动词可以作句子的不同成分;一个句子中可以连用两个或更多的动词作谓语，有时一个句子中会集结异常大量的动词，按照各动作实际上的时间顺序或逻辑上的因果次序，将事件一一如实说出，甚至尽量省略关系词以达到动词集中、动词突出的效果。因此在将汉语句中充当主语、宾语、定语、状语、宾补的动词译成英语时，有的可以省译，有的要进行词性转换或译成非限定动词;在将汉语的连动式结构译成英文时，首先要确定一个主要动词，作为谓语动词，与主语形成SV主干，构成全句中心，其他动词有的可以省译，有的作为次要动词进行词性转换或译成非限定动词、独立主格结构，打破汉语的时间或事理顺序，运用英语所富有的各种关系词或关系手段，适当地将它们嫁接到句子的中心主干上，形成空间立体布局，使句子语义层次分明。当然，在将连动式结构译成英文时，若有两个或以上动词都该是英译文中的谓语动词，则应将其译成并列谓语。但译文谓语动词如果铺排过多，就会显得很累赘，语义层次很不分明，带有浓厚的汉语色彩，这时，应首先采取断句处理。
总之，动词汉译英的过程就是由“动态”向“静态”转化、由展开型句法结构向浓缩型句法结构转化的过程，也体现了由汉民族思维方式向英民族思维方式转化的过程。这个过程完成得好，译文就符合英语语言的规范，这个过程完成得不好，译文就会汉化，妨碍了原文内容的确切表达。我们的学生动辄用动词写英语句子，而且多是小短句或简单的复合句，带有浓厚的汉语气息，主要是受汉语“动态”修辞的影响。因此在汉译英教学中，我们一定要引导学生用英语的“静态”修辞进行思维，克服汉语“动态”修辞的影响，为汉译英实践打下良好的基础。
参考文献
1、加拿大英语文学在中国的译介(1949—2009)——兼论社会文化对文学翻译的制约朱振武; 綦亮上海大学学报(社会科学版)
英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板
所谓论文提纲，是指论文作者动笔行文前的必要准备，是论文构思谋篇的具体体现。构思谋篇是指组织设计毕业论文的篇章结构，以便论文作者可以根据论文提纲安排材料素材、对课题论文展开论证。下面我以英语教育专业毕业论文提纲为例，为大家介绍论文提纲的写法。
英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板一
摘要 2-3
Abstract 3
引言 6-13
一、研究的背景 6-7
二、文献综述 7-11
(一) 国外研究状况 7-9
(二) 国内研究状况 9-11
三、研究方法 11-12
四、创新之处 12-13
第一章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的理论思考 13-22
一、相关概念的界定 13
二、小学高年级实施英语语篇整体性教学的必要性 13-14
(一) 小学高年级学生心理发展的特点 13
(二) 小学高年级英语语篇的特点 13-14
三、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的理论基础 14-18
(一) 心理学中的整体性原则 14-15
(二) 心理学中的认知理论 15-16
(三) 三种阅读教学模式 16-18
四、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的主要类型 18-22
(一) 对话类语篇整体性教学要素 18-19
(二) 故事类语篇整体性教学要素 19-22
第二章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学课堂模式实施的现状调研 22-38
一、调研设计 22-23
(一) 调研对象 22
(二) 调研方法 22
(三) 调研内容 22-23
二、对小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学推进情况的调研 23-38
(一) 对语篇整体性教学实施态度的调研 23-25
(二) 对语篇整体性教学实施过程的调研 25-27
(三) 对语篇整体性教学实施效果的调研 27-34
(四)对语篇整体性教学实施困惑的调研 34-38
第三章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学调研的问题及原因分析 38-46
一、在实施语篇整体性教学过程中存在的问题 38-41
(一) 过于重视“整体”，完全放弃了 “局部”知识点学习 38-39
(二)为了体现“学生主体”，大胆放弃“教师主导” 39-40
(三)误解“阅读语篇”的意义，变成“反复朗读语篇” 40
(四)为了“整体情境”，拘泥于“单一情境” 40
(五)为了“立足语篇”，拒绝“适当有效拓展” 40-41
二、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学问题产生原因的分析 41-46
第四章 优化小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的途径 46-54
一、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学课堂实施的原则 46-51
(一) 整体理解为主,细节理解为辅 46-48
(二) 语感训练为主,语法理解为辅 48-50
(三) 思维训练为主,知识技能掌握为辅 50-51
二、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的策略研究 51-54
(一) 确立明确的教学目标 51
(二) 分配合理的预习任务 51-52
(三) 关注有效的情景创设 52
(四) 把握清晰的主线设置 52
(五) 关注丰富的拓展阅读 52-54
结语 54-55
参考文献 55-59
致谢 59-60
英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板二
Idiom Translation under the Chinese and English Cultures
Class XXX Number XXX Name XXX
Abstract: Nida, a famous translator, says, "For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages, because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say, translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete. In the last twenty years, idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.(Identify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms, then studies English-Chinese\Chinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)
Key Words: idioms; culture; translation
论英汉文化背景下的习语翻译
摘要 :著名翻译学家奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要，
因为词语只有在其作用的'文化背景下才有意义。”也就是说，翻译不仅与语言有关也和文化有关。习语翻译中对文化差异的研究在中国的翻译领域中仍然较弱，专门对中英习语翻译的研究还不很完善。近20年来，习语翻译大多强调语际的交流，而很少涉及文化差异。本文通过分析中英习语的文化差异，进而从文化角度研究中英习语翻译方法，并指出中英习语翻译要注意的问题:联系上下文，选择与原文风格，意思相符的翻译;文化是一种生活方式，文化在变化，出现新的习语，习语翻译要与时俱进。
关键词： 习语;文化;翻译
1. Introduction
Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression
that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)
2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms
2.1 The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms 2.1.1 Geographical Conditions
The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.
Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of
Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, 2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)
For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼 An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 错过机会
Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进
A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)
On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴，对牛弹琴, 众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......". Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯，海枯石烂，海阔天空，海底捞针，海市蜃楼......". (Analysis)
2.1.2 History
2.2 The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms
2.2.1 Colours
2.2.2 Numbers
3. Methods of Idiom Translation
Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:
3.1 Literal Translation
3.2 Free Translation
3.3 Translation with Notes
3.4 Replacement with Similar Idioms
3.5 The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning
3.6 A Combination of Literal and Free Translation
4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation
5. Conclusion
One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others' feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)
References
[*] 作者. 书名(英语的斜体). (出版地：)出版社，年份：参考内容页码 [*] 作者. 文章名(英语的斜体). 刊物名称. (出版地：)出版社，年份
[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press,2008
[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xi'an: Northwest University of technology Press, 2007
[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982
[4] Nida Eugene. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993
[5] Susan Bassnett, Andre Lefevere. Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1987
[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006
[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2008
[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press, 2007
[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua, 2008\
[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新编大学翻译教程》. 北京：世界知识出版社, 2007 [11] 马爱英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻译》. 北京：科学出版社, 2006
英语教学毕业论文提纲模板精选3篇
论文提要是内容提纲的雏型。一般书、教学参考书都有反映全书内容的提要，以便读者一翻提要就知道书的`大概内容，下面是我为大家推荐的3篇英语教学毕业论文的提纲模板，希望大家喜欢!
英语教学毕业论文提纲模板一
Abstract 5-6
摘要 7-9
1. Introduction 9-11
1.1 Background of the Research 9
1.2 Significance of the Research 9-10
1.3 Structure of the thesis 10-11
2. Literature Review 11-19
2.1 Some Attempts to Define expert and novice teacher 11-13
2.2 An overview of studies on teaching behaviors 13-16
2.3 An overview of the characteristics of expert teachers' teaching behaviors 16
2.4 Limitations of the Previous Studies 16
2.5 Theoretical bases 16-19
3. Research Design 19-25
3.1 Subjects 19-20
3.2 Observed teaching tasks 20-21
3.3 Classification of English teachers’ teaching behaviors 21-22
3.4 Research method 22-24
3.5 Research Procedures 24-25
4. Data Analysis and Discussion 25-51
4.1 Diversity in Speech Presentation behavior 25-33
4.2 Diversity in Text Presentation 33-38
4.3 Diversity in Action Presentation (body language) 38-40
4.4 Diversity in interaction behavior 40-51
5. Conclusions and Implications 51-55
5.1 Conclusions 51-53
5.2 Pedagogical Implications 53-54
5.3 Limitations and recommendations for the Further Research 54-55
Acknowledgments 55-56
References 56-59
Appendix I Classroom observation worksheet of teaching behavior 59-61
Appendix II 唐卫海提问行为类别观察表 61-62
Appendix III 攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文 62
英语教学毕业论文提纲模板二
Abstract 3-4
摘要 5-7
Tables 7-10
1. Introduction 10-14
1.1 Research Questions 11
1.2 The purpose and significance of this research 11-12
1.3 Layout of thesis 12-14
2. Literature Review 14-24
2.1 The concept and connotation of teaching journal 15-17
2.2 The Content of teaching journal 17-20
2.3 Reflective level 20
2.4 The styles of teaching journal 20-24
3.Research Design 24-26
3.1 Purpose of Research 24
3.2 Subjects 24
3.3 Instruments 24-25
3.4 Procesures of research 25
3.5 Data collection 25-26
4. Results and Discussions 26-52
4.1 Results and discussions of quesionnaire 26-32
4.2 The writing differences between teachers of differnet professional ranks on reflective content and reflective level 32-45
4.3 The writing differences between teachers of different genders on reflective content and reflective level 45-52
5. Methods to Improve Teachers' Reflective Ability 52-56
5.1 Problems in the process of reflection 52-53
5.2 The ways to improve teachers' reflective ability 53-56
6. Conclusion 56-58
6.1 Present findings 56
6.2 Limitations 56-57
6.3 Suggestions for future research 57-58
Acknowledgements 58-60
Bibliography 60-64
Appendix 64-65
英语教学毕业论文提纲模板三
Abstract 3-4
摘要 5-8
1. Introduction 8-12
1.1 Research background 8
1.2 Significance of the study 8-10
1.3 Organization of thesis 10-12
2. Literature Review 12-22
2.1 Language learning strategies 12-15
2.1.1 Definition of the language learning strategies 12-13
2.1.2 Classification of learning strategies 13-14
2.1.3 Studies on learning strategies 14-15
2.2 Language learning styles 15-18
2.2.1 Definition of language learning style 15
2.2.2 Classification of language learning style 15-17
2.2.3 Studies on language learning style 17-18
2.3 Learning strategies training 18-19
2.4. Review of the relationship of learning strategies and learning styles 19-22
3. Methodology 22-33
3.1 Purposes 22
3.2 Hypotheses 22
3.3 Research participants 22-23
3.4 Instruments of the research 23-24
3.4.1 Questionnaire 23
3.4.2 Observation 23-24
3.5 Procedures 24-33
3.5.1 Pre-treatment questionnaire 24-25
3.5.2 Language learning strategy training instruction 25-30
3.5.3 Post-treatment questionnaire 30-33
4. Results and Discussion 33-47
4.1 Results of the questionnaire 33-43
4.1.1 The results of the T-test in pre-treatment questionnaire 37-40
4.1.2 The results of the T-test in post-treatment questionnaire 40-43
4.2 Discussion 43-47
4.2.1 The senior high school students’ learning styles were expanded with the help of learning strategy training 44
4.2.2 The variety of learning styles helps the students to learn better with different learning tasks 44-45
4.2.3 The learning strategies help the students learn better, more easily and actively33 45-47
5. Conclusion 47-49
5.1 Major findings 47-48
5.1.1 The learning styles of the senior high students were tended to be various 47-48
5.1.2 The language learning strategy training can expand or even changethe language learning styles 48
5.2 Limitations and recommendations for further study 48-49
Acknowledgements 49-51
Bibliography 51-55
Appendix 55-61
AppendixA 关于英语学习风格的问卷调查 55-59
AppendixB 英语学习策略培训观察量表 59-60
AppendixC Listening Material 60-61
原则上讲，中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要，摘要的内容主要是 ① 点明主题，解析文章的目的或意图； ② 介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌； ③ 提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。但是，英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯，最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长，同样内容的一段文字，若用英文来描述，其占用的篇幅可能比中文多一倍。因此，撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了，力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性。对这个问题的认识存在两个误区，一是认为两个摘要的内容“差不多就行”，因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容，或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容，这样很容易造成文摘重心转移，甚至偏离主题。二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译，对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏，这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复，显得拖沓、冗长。英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容，不能随意增删，但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动，具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则，符合英文专业术语规范，并照顾到英文的表达习惯。选择适当的时态和语态，是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提。通常情况下，摘要中谓语动词的时态和语态都不是通篇一律的，而应根据具体内容而有所变化，否则容易造成理解上的混乱。但这种变化又并非无章可循，其中存在着如下一些规律： 1) 英文摘要的时态。 英文摘要时态的运用以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过去时，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。A. 一般现在时。用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。例如： This study (investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to… ， The result shows (reveals) that… ， It is found that… ， The conclusions are… ， The author suggests that… ．涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，也要用一般现在时。B. 一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时刻（时段）的发现、某一研究过程（实验、观察、调查等过程）。例如： The techniques of questionnaire and interview were applied to study women customers' demand for cosmetics in January and August, 2005. 需要指出的是，用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的，而只是当时如何如何；所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。C. 现在完成时和过去完成时。完成时少用，但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来，而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。例如： Concrete has been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy. 2) 英文摘要的语态。 采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。在多数情况下采用被动语态。采用被动语态的情况主要有：说明事实经过时，某件事是谁做的，无须一一证明；为强调动作承受者；有些情况必须用强调的事物做主语，例如： In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained. 在某些情况下，特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时，又常使用主动语态，其优点是鲜明有力。而且有时摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。例如： The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically 语感要强。 3) 英文摘要的人称。 摘要的首句多用第三人称 This paper… 等开头，或采用更简洁的被动语态，一般不用第一人称。 4）遣词造句。 掌握一定的遣词造句技巧，简单、准确地表达作者的观点，减少读者的误解。A. 用词力求简单，在表达同样意思时，尽量用短词代替长词，以常用词代替生僻词。但是当描述方法、步骤时，应该用狭义词代替广义词。例如，英文中有不少动词 do, run, get, take 等，虽简单常用，但其意义少则十几个，多则几十个，用这类词来描述研究过程，读者难免产生误解，甚至会不知所云，这就要求根据具体情况，选择意义相对明确的词诸如 perform, achieve 等，以便于读者理解。B. 造句。尽量使用短句，长句容易造成语义不清；但要避免单调和重复。一是熟悉英文摘要的常用句型：尽管英文的句型种类繁多，丰富多彩，但摘要的常用句型却很有限，而且形成了一定的规律，大体可归纳为（ 1 ）表示研究目的，常用在摘要之首 In order to……This paper describes……The purpose of this study is…… （ 2 ）表示研究的对象与方法 The curative effect/function] of certain drug was observed/studied… （ 3 ）表示研究的结果： The result showed/It proved/The authors found that… （ 4 ）表示结论、观点或建议： The authors suggest/conclude/consider that… 。 二是尽量采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语，少用关系代词 which , who 等引导的定语从句。由于摘要的时态多采用一般过去时，使用关系代词引导的定语从句不但会使句式变得复杂，而且容易造成时态混乱（因为定语和它所修饰的主语、宾语之间有时存在一定的 “时间差”，而过去完成时、过去将来时等往往难以准确判定。采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语，在简化语句的同时，还可以减少时态判定的失误。 5) 注意事项。 在英文摘要的写作过程中应避免一些常见的错误。 A. 冠词。主要是定冠词 the 易被漏用。 the 用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握，用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则，即当我们用 the 时，听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如： The author designed a new machine. The machine is operated with solar energy. 由于现在缩略语越来越多，要注意区分 a 和 an ，如 an X ray. B. 数词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词，如： Three hundred samples are collected… 中的 Three hundred 不要写成 300. C. 单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认，从而造成谓语形式出错。总之，多看英文文献，积累经验，摸索规律，提高英文写作水平，才能写好英文摘要。 英文摘要常见句型1) This paper deals with... 2) This article focuses on the topics of...3) This essay presents knowledge that... 4) This thesis discusses...5) This thesis analyzes... 6) This paper provides an overview of...7) This paper elaborates on ... 8) This article gives an overview of...9) This paper provides a method of ... 10) This paper considers...11) The writer of this paper discusses... 12) This paper strongly emphasizes...13) This article explores... 14) This paper tries to describe...15) This article covers the role of chemicals in...16) This paper presents up to date information on...17) This article not only describes...but also suggests...18) This paper includes discussions concerning...19) This article compares...and summarizes key findings.20) This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...21) This paper offers the latest information regarding...22) This paper is devoted to examining the role of...23) This paper addresses important topics including... 24) This paper expresses views on...25) This paper reports the latest information on ... 26) This paper provides an analysis of ...27) This paper gives an account of ... 28) The aim of this paper is to determine...29) The objective of this paper is to explore...30) The purpose of this article is to review/ prove/ show/ present/ develop/ generalize/ investigate 4. 关键词关键词是反映文章最主要内容的术语，对文献检索有重要作用。关键词一般用名词，而且从标题或摘要中选取，每篇文章可选 3 ～ 8 个关键词，文章题名中的人名、地名也可作为关键词标出。应标注中英文关键词。中、英文关键词应一一对应。中文关键词前应冠以“关键词：”，英文关键词前冠以“ Key words ：”作为标识。多个关键词之间应以分号分隔，以便于计算机自动切分。将关键词扩展成词组 / 短语，毋用单一词汇，而是在单一词汇基础上进行扩展，如：营销→网络营销→网络营销管理。切记避免关键字堆砌。
一、标题
一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。
如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。
二、提纲
英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。
主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。
需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
三、摘要
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距： 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，1.5倍行间距。
4、英文题目： 使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要： “Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。
6、英文关键词： “Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。
四、正文
有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。
正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。
在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。
五、文中引述
正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 （即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。
引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。
六、文献目录
论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点：
目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。
目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。
标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。
各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。
英语论文摘要又称文摘，是论文的重要组成部分，它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不需阅读全文，就可获得重要的信息。
摘要通常置于文题之后，文章之首。在论文发表后，论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词，并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。
论文的作用
论文为进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。不同的人发表论文的作用也不同：
1、评职称（晋升职称）：研究生 毕业需要；教师 、医护人员 、科研院所的人员、企业员工 等 晋升高一级的职称时，发表期刊论文是作为一项必须的参考指标。
2、申报基金、课题 ：教育、科技、卫生系统 每年申报的国家自然科学基金项目、其它各种基金项目、各种研究课题时，发表论文 是作为 基金或课题 完成的一种研究成果的结论性展示。
3、世界性基础领域的研究，比如在医学、数学、物理、化学、生命科学 等领域开展的基础性研究，公开发表论文 是对最新科技 科学研究成果、研究方法的一种展示和报道。以推动整个社会的科技进步等。
参考资料来源：百度百科-英语论文
关键词:Title of Thesis:Name of Institute: Pages:Graduation Time:(MM/YY)Degree Conferred:Student Name: Advisor Name:Abstract:Key words:
下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。
Abstract
Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.
According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS 19.0. And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.
Abstract
A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。
Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.
Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.
Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 1.26,witha 95% confidential interval of [0.86, 1.66])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.
Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = 9.22,p = 0,01 < 0.05)，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =0.61, g 二 2.14, g = 0.98 respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = 17.04, p =0.000 < 0.05)。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of 3.59,0.71 and 0.37 respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.
Abstract
The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (i.e. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?
This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, i.e. thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (i.e. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (i.e. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (i.e. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.
The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.
Abstract
Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.
This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.
To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.
There are three hypotheses:
1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?
Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS 19.0. And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.
Abstract
In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.
Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.
Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.
Abstract
Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.
With the aid of AntConc 3.4.lw and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc 3.4.lw is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.
The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.
Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.
一、标题
一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。
如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。
二、提纲
英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。
主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。
需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
三、摘要
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距： 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，1.5倍行间距。
4、英文题目： 使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要： “Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。
6、英文关键词： “Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。
四、正文
有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。
正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。
在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。
五、文中引述
正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 （即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。
引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。
六、文献目录
论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点：
目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。
目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。
标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。
各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。
英语论文摘要又称文摘，是论文的重要组成部分，它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不需阅读全文，就可获得重要的信息。
摘要通常置于文题之后，文章之首。在论文发表后，论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词，并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。
论文的作用
论文为进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。不同的人发表论文的作用也不同：
1、评职称（晋升职称）：研究生 毕业需要；教师 、医护人员 、科研院所的人员、企业员工 等 晋升高一级的职称时，发表期刊论文是作为一项必须的参考指标。
2、申报基金、课题 ：教育、科技、卫生系统 每年申报的国家自然科学基金项目、其它各种基金项目、各种研究课题时，发表论文 是作为 基金或课题 完成的一种研究成果的结论性展示。
3、世界性基础领域的研究，比如在医学、数学、物理、化学、生命科学 等领域开展的基础性研究，公开发表论文 是对最新科技 科学研究成果、研究方法的一种展示和报道。以推动整个社会的科技进步等。
参考资料来源：百度百科-英语论文
英文论文摘要模板
英文论文摘要怎么写，你会写了吗?下面是我为大家收集的关于英文论文摘要模板，希望能够帮到大家!
ABSTRACT
As an important part of Chinese academic journals, sci-tech periodicalshave great significance to the spread of knowledge of science and to thedevelopment of technology. The level of internationalization of a sci-tec journalrepresents its recognition degree in the field of international publishing,besides, it is also a key criteria of the success for launching the journals. Thereare the largest number of sci-tech periodicals launched in Beijing, which leadsto a central role that taken by this area. Therefore, result from the researchwhich focus in Beijing can, to a certain extent, reflect the international level ofChinese sci-tech periodicals.
This paper is divided into six chapters: Chapter one is a brief review of theacademic theories and description about the practice status and the currentsystem of Chinese sci-tech periodicals. Also, it summarizes the stages andcharacteristics of the development of sci-tech periodicals in Beijing. In chaptertwo, it provides the historical foundation, system condition and thedevelopment of digital technology for the following analysis. Chapter three, tofive respectively elaborates the current situation of the development of sci-techperiodicals in Beijing area by 3 aspects: content innovation, business strategyand media. In chapter six, it concluded the problems that China's sci-techperiodicals are facing during the globalization and then provides possiblecountermeasures based on the analysis in previous chapters.
Key Words: Beijing; sci-tech periodicals; internationalization; impact factor
Abstract
Within the framework of feminism and archetypal criticism, this thesis, by taking ThePassion of New Eve as its discourse, analyzes and discusses Angela Carter's application ofdemythologizing as a feminist strategy. By rewriting and subverting those female archetypes,Carter aims to break the fetters and shackles of patriarchy, exploring the way to women'sliberation as well as the reconciliation between two genders.
Believing that human society has been established on patriarchy, feminists endeavor tochange women's subordinate status and achieve gender equality. Archetypal criticism, as oneof the most influential branches in literary criticism,regards myth as the origin of literature.
Myths,especially the Bible,cover all the forms and motifs known as archetypes in literature.
As a devoted pioneer and advocator of feminism, Carter realizes that those female archetypesare usually stereotyped and dogmatic, which is actually invented by patriarchy for theoppression and exploitation of women.
Based on intensive reading and exhaustive textual analysis, this thesis illustrates Carter'sdemythologizing of three female archetypes in The Passion of New Eve, which are“Temptress,,,”Mother Goddesses“ and ”Eve“ respectively. Firstly, the sufferings that Leilahencounter in the novel reveal that ”Temptresses“ are in fact victims of patriarchy instead oforigins of disloyalty and disasters. While seen by men as objects of their sexual desires, theyalso risk self-objectification, which results in the deprivation of subjectivity as independenthuman beings. Secondly, ”Mother“ in Beulah is just an artificial myth,汪 consolatory toolfabricated by patriarchy, behind the glorification of which are patriarchal values and codes.
Thirdly, the transformative journey Eve experienced from a chauvinist to a real womandemonstrates that femininity, rather than an inherent quality, is the result of social influenceand persistent imitations.
Through the demythologizing of those female archetypes, Carter overthrows thepatriarchal hegemony as well as Utopian matriarchal dreams,offering androgyny as a potentialsolution to the current sexual conflicts. In her opinion, the real reconciliation between twogenders should be based on mutual respect and understanding, which is confirmed by theunion between the new Eve and Tristessa in The Passion of New Eve.
Keywords: female archetype; demythologizing; Angela Carter; The Passion of New Eve
Abstract
In recent years, with the development of the financial sector, more and morepeople pay attention to the financial information search. However, the traditionalkeyword search method could hardly meet the needs of financial users. Therefore,semantic search products have gained more popularity. However, the semanticparsing process is complex and diverse. During the process of the analysis oflarge-scale real text, the sentence analysis which based on word granularity is verydifficult, but after chunk analysis, the accuracy can be significantly improved andthe complexity can be clearly reduced. At present, the user input method is almostthe Pinyin input method, thus it could probably happen that the input phonetic lettersare correct, while the Chinese character is wrong. In order to achieve the purpose ofimproving the user experience, the Pinyin text proofreading appears.
The content of this paper is a pretreatment subsystem of the finance Q & Asystem, and it contains two functions, Pinyin text proofreading and chunk partition.
Text proofreading is based on Pinyin, in the first place, putting the query sequenceinto phonetic sequence. Then it uses the multiple grammars, three grammars and twogrammars to fill the Chinese characters sequence. And if there is no ambiguity whenfilling, then it uses the text proofreading, otherwise, ignores the text proofreading.
For the chunk partition, this paper uses three different methods: the method ofthe shortest path chunk partition, the method of CRF chunk partition and the methodof neural network chunk partition. The subsystem designed and implemented thethree methods. The shortest path chunk partition is similar to the dictionary wordsegmentation method. CRF chunk partition divided the problem into the annotationproblem, through getting the optimal sequence labels, to reach the purpose of chunkpartition. Chunk neural network chunk partition is based on word segmentation,changing the query sequence into a sequence of nodes. If the sequence of possibilityimproved after adding chunk tag on each node sequence, the tag position is a chunkposition.
In practical test, the shortest path chunk partition based on the dictionary,cannot process the query which is not in the dictionary of chunk. CRF chunkpartition can solve the unknown chunk query, but the mark information is too simplewhen the training corpus increased,and the error percentage of results increasedsignificantly. When using neural networks in chunk partition, the predicted timeincreases significantly, however, the query generalization is a good idea. Throughthe above research, a reasonable way to chunk partition is the CRF method, whichproperly uses the query generalization.
Finally after testing, the pretreatment subsystem has not only met the needs ofthe finance Q & A system, largely improving the financial Q & A system userexperience, but also reduces the analytical complexity, significantly improved thecorrectness and performance.
Keywords: Pretreatment system question analysis, chunk, text proofreading, CRF,neural network
关键词:Title of Thesis:Name of Institute: Pages:Graduation Time:(MM/YY)Degree Conferred:Student Name: Advisor Name:Abstract:Key words: