毕业论文中英文翻译没有3000字需补足3000字。外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
In the 20th century, bridge construction technology evolved and was fueled by the Industrial Revolution. At the turn of the century, steel bridges were riveted together, not bolted; concrete bridges were cast in place, not precast; and large bridge members were built from lacing bars and smaller sections, not rolled in one piece. Plastic had not yet been invented. Construction techniques such as post-tensioning, slurry walls, soil freezing, and reinforced earth walls had not yet been conceived. Surveying was performed mechanically since infrared, optical technology was still 75 years away. Bridge construction is changing as the new millennium begins. New construction techniques and new materials are emerging. There are also new issues facing the bridge building industry relative to the research needs associated with these new techniques and materials. LONG-SPAN BRIDGES Suspension Bridges While suspension bridge building was conducted at a modest pace throughout the 20th century, an unprecedented number of spans of remarkable record lengths were built in the Far East and Denmark. Both the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan and the Great Belt Bridge in Denmark were completed in 1998. The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge is the largest suspension bridge in the world, with a span of 1991 m, and the Great Belt Bridge is the second largest, with a span of 1624 m. While spans lengths have increased nearly fivefold during the course of this century, they may have reached their physical limits with today’s materials. Research will be necessary to develop the new, ultra-high-strength steel wire or carbon fiber wire required to build the longer main suspension cables that will make it possible to increase span lengths to beyond 2000 m. As we enter the new millennium, rehabilitation and ongoing maintenance of the existing suspension bridges must continue as well. Recent rehabilitation measures for the main cables and suspension systems of these bridges have uncovered degradation through corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. Research is needed to determine the remaining useful service life of suspension bridge cables and what measures can be taken to slow or halt the degradation process. Transportation in the New Millennium 2 Other components of long-span bridges, existing and new, are being revolutionized as technology moves forward. Advances in deck technology are producing stronger, lighter decks. Orthotropic and exodermic decks are becoming increasingly popular on long-span structures as a means of reducing dead load. Bearings, joint systems, and seismic retrofitting components are becoming increasingly efficient as more large-scale testing facilities are built.在20世纪,桥梁施工技术,是由进化而来的 工业革命。随着新世纪的到来,钢桥受到铆接在一起,而不是 螺栓、混凝土桥梁被扔在的地方,不是预制、大型桥梁成员 从系酒吧和小的部分,不卷在一块。塑料尚未 发明了。制作等施工工艺、浆墙、土壤冻结, 加筋土墙尚未怀了孕。测量进行机械 自从红外、光学技术仍然是75年。 大桥建设是新千年开始转变。新建筑 技术和新材料正在浮出水面。也有新的解决面临的桥 建筑行业的相关研究的需要,这些新技术 材料。 大跨度桥梁 悬挂的桥梁 虽然悬索桥建设进行了整个20速度不快 世纪,前所未有的跨越了卓越的长度是建在记录 远东和丹麦。双方在日本明石海峡大桥正式通车,伟大的带桥 在丹麦是在一九九八年完成。这个明石海峡大桥正式通车是世界上最大的悬架 在这个世界上,与桥梁的m,1991年是中国的第二大带桥, 用一段1624)。 虽然已经增加了近5倍长度的跨世纪的过程中, 他们已经达到了他们的物理极限与今天的材料。研究将 必须发展新的、ultra-high-strength钢丝、碳纤维丝要求 建立了悬索,将不再主要可能增加到跨度的长度 超出2000米。 当我们进入新千年、康复和持续的维护现有的 悬索桥必须继续。最近的戒毒措施为主要 电缆悬架系统与这些桥梁发现退化 氢脆腐蚀,。研究还剩下的 寿命悬索桥电缆和什么措施可以减缓或 停止退化的过程。 在新千年的运输 其他组件的大跨度桥梁,现有的和新的,正在发生了革命性的变化 技术的进步。提出了在甲板上技术生产强的,更轻的 甲板。正交各向异性和exodermic牌是大跨度越来越受欢迎 作为一种手段,降低结构自重荷载。轴承、联合系统和抗震能力 越来越多的有效成分是更大规模的测试设备 建造。 50分！！~~谢谢 参考资料：我的大脑
A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (around 1940 - 1945), although the computer concept and various machines similar to computers existed earlier. Early electronic computers were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers.[1] Modern computers are based on tiny integrated circuits and are millions to billions of times more capable while occupying a fraction of the space.[2] Today, simple computers may be made small enough to fit into a wristwatch and be powered from a watch battery. Personal computers, in various forms, are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "a computer"; however, the most common form of computer in use today is the embedded computer. Embedded computers are small, simple devices that are used to control other devices — for example, they may be found in machines ranging from fighter aircraft to industrial robots, digital cameras, and children's ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile and distinguishes them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a certain minimum capability is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore, computers with capability and complexity ranging from that of a personal digital assistant to a supercomputer are all able to perform the same computational tasks given enough time and storage is difficult to identify any one device as the earliest computer, partly because the term "computer" has been subject to varying interpretations over time. Originally, the term "computer" referred to a person who performed numerical calculations (a human computer), often with the aid of a mechanical calculating history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies - that of automated calculation and that of of early mechanical calculating devices included the abacus, the slide rule and arguably the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism (which dates from about 150-100 BC). The end of the Middle Ages saw a re-invigoration of European mathematics and engineering, and Wilhelm Schickard's 1623 device was the first of a number of mechanical calculators constructed by European engineers. However, none of those devices fit the modern definition of a computer because they could not be of Alexandria (c. 10 – 70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions - and when.[3] This is the essence of programmability. In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard made an improvement to the textile loom that used a series of punched paper cards as a template to allow his loom to weave intricate patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the development of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of was the fusion of automatic calculation with programmability that produced the first recognizable computers. In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to conceptualize and design a fully programmable mechanical computer that he called "The Analytical Engine".[4] Due to limited finances, and an inability to resist tinkering with the design, Babbage never actually built his Analytical automated data processing of punched cards was performed for the . Census in 1890 by tabulating machines designed by Herman Hollerith and manufactured by the Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation, which later became IBM. By the end of the 19th century a number of technologies that would later prove useful in the realization of practical computers had begun to appear: the punched card, Boolean algebra, the vacuum tube (thermionic valve) and the the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers, which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital succession of steadily more powerful and flexible computing devices were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, gradually adding the key features that are seen in modern computers. The use of digital electronics (largely invented by Claude Shannon in 1937) and more flexible programmability were vitally important steps, but defining one point along this road as "the first digital electronic computer" is difficult (Shannon 1940). Notable achievements include:华文版本字数超限了。。。
一下是比较好写的论文题目，希望能帮助你！1. 论商务英语与文化的关系2. 论商务英语广告语言的特征与表达3 试论商务英语交际中的文化因素4. 论沟通语言在商务英语谈判中的作用与功能5. 试论中西文化习惯在商务英语谈判中的作用6. 论文化差异对商务英语谈判的影响7. 论 商务英语翻译中的不对等性8 论撰写商务英语信函的礼貌原则9. 论商务英语写作中的语气分析10 论商务合同英语的文体特征分析11. 论礼貌与商务英语信函中礼貌的表现12. 论商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译13. 论商标名称的翻译与策略14. 论产品中文商标的翻译英语商务传真话语类型分析初探1 论外贸英语函电的语言特点2 论商务场合中的汉英跨文化交际3 论商标英译中的“信”4 论商标英译中的“雅”5 论商务英语信函及翻译特点6 论模糊语言在商务英语写作中的运用7 论商务英语翻译中的”忠实”与”变通”8 论商务英语合同及其翻译特点9 论英语俚语的汉译10 论英语委婉语的差异和翻译对策
可以先用google翻译一遍，然后自己再逐字逐句去修改。不知道你要翻多少字，我是将英语翻成5000字中文的。别指望网上能有人给你白翻，按照一般翻译公司的报价英翻中大概在750元左右，两三天可取，你自己看着办吧。
计算机专业方面的外文翻译都是找wo拿参考 。
INTO THE STORMFOR much of the past year the fast-growing economies of the emerging world watched the Western financial hurricane from afar. Their own banks held few of the mortgage-based assets that undid the rich world’s financial firms. Commodity exporters were thriving, thanks to high prices for raw materials. China’s economic juggernaut powered on. And, from Budapest to Brasília, an abundance of credit fuelled domestic demand. Even as talk mounted of the rich world suffering its worst financial collapse since the Depression, emerging economies seemed a long way from the centre of the storm.过去一年的大部分时间里，高速发展的新兴国家一直在远处观望着西方国家的金融风暴。他们的银行仅持有少量抵押资产，而类似的资产已经破坏了发达国家的金融公司。商品出口商因为原材料的高价格而日渐富有。中国不可抗拒的经济力量已然开启，而且信贷刺激的内需从布达佩斯到巴西利亚都表现得非常充足。尽管大萧条后关于西方国家受难于金融崩塌的话题与日俱增，但新兴国家似乎距离金融风暴的中心还有一段距离。No longer. As foreign capital has fled and confidence evaporated, the emerging world’s stockmarkets have plunged (in some cases losing half their value) and currencies tumbled. The seizure in the credit market caused havoc, as foreign banks abruptly stopped lending and stepped back from even the most basic banking services, including trade credits.不过目前的情况不再是那样了，随着境外资本的流失和经济信心的消失，新兴国家股市暴跌（有些地区已经腰斩），本币迅速贬值。由于外国银行突然中断贷款，并且收缩了包括贸易信贷在内的基础银行服务，新兴国家的信贷市场突发混乱，并引发了一场浩劫。Like their rich-world counterparts, governments are battling to limit the damage (see article). That is easiest for those with large foreign-exchange reserves. Russia is spending $220 billion to shore up its financial services industry. South Korea has guaranteed $100 billion of its banks’ debt. Less well-endowed countries are asking for help. Hungary has secured a EURO5 billion ($ billion) lifeline from the European Central Bank and is negotiating a loan from the IMF, as is Ukraine. Close to a dozen countries are talking to the fund about financial help.新兴国家的政府和发达国家的政府一样都在为控制损失程度而奋斗。不过对于外汇储备充足的国家来说难度会小一些：俄罗斯斥资2200亿美元重振金融服务行业；韩国政府担保了1000亿美元的银行债务。而那些储备并不充足的国家正在四处求援：匈牙利成功向欧洲央行求得了50亿欧元（约66亿美元）的生命线，同时也在同国际货币基金组织协商借款事宜，同时向国际货币基金组织求援的还有乌克兰。近一打儿的国家在向基金组织求助。Those with long-standing problems are being driven to desperate measures. Argentina is nationalising its private pension funds, seemingly to stave off default (see article). But even stalwarts are looking weaker. Figures released this week showed that China’s growth slowed to 9% in the year to the third quarter-still a rapid pace but a lot slower than the double-digit rates of recent years.有持续问题的国家正棋行险招：阿根廷正在将私人养老金国有化，意图阻止违约的发生。即使强有力的国家也表现出虚弱一面：本周公布的数字表明今年中国的增长率在第三季度减缓为9%，虽然增速还算快，但是与近些年的两位数增率相比缓慢了不少。Blowing cold on credit对信贷没兴趣The various emerging economies are in different states of readiness, but the cumulative impact of all this will be enormous. Most obviously, how these countries fare will determine whether the world economy faces a mild recession or something nastier. Emerging economies accounted for around three-quarters of global growth over the past 18 months. But their economic fate will also have political consequences.众多新兴经济的意愿并不相同，但是累计在一起的影响力却非同一般。最明显的就是这些国家的表现将会决定世界经济所面临的是一个较为缓和的衰退还是更可怕的情况。在过去18个月的全球经济增长中，新兴经济贡献了75%。但是他们的经济命运也会有一些政治后果。In many places-eastern Europe is one example (see article)-financial turmoil is hitting weak governments. But even strong regimes could suffer. Some experts think that China needs growth of 7% a year to contain social unrest. More generally, the coming strife will shape the debate about the integration of the world economy. Unlike many previous emerging-market crises, today’s mess spread from the rich world, largely thanks to increasingly integrated capital markets. If emerging economies collapse-either into a currency crisis or a sharp recession-there will be yet more questioning of the wisdom of globalised finance.在类似东欧的很多地区，金融混乱目前的打击目标是软弱的政府；但强硬的政权同样会尝到苦果。一些专家认为中国每年需要7%的增长率来阻止社会动荡的发生。总体来说，如此争端必将影响全球经济一体化的讨论。与以往数次新兴经济危机不同，这次的混乱始于发达国家，很大程度上要归咎于一体化的资本市场。一旦新兴经济崩溃，无论是货币危机还是剧烈的经济萧条，大家对于金融全球化是否属明智之举会有更多的质疑。Fortunately, the picture is not universally dire. All emerging economies will slow. Some will surely face deep recessions. But many are facing the present danger in stronger shape than ever before, armed with large reserves, flexible currencies and strong budgets. Good policy-both at home and in the rich world-can yet avoid a catastrophe.幸运的是上述恐怖的场景没有发生在全球的每个角落：所有的新兴经济都会减缓发展速度，有一些也必将面临深度萧条；但是更多的国家在面临当下危机的时候却拥有比以往任何时候都强壮的形式，用充足的储备、弹性的货币和强大的预算武装自己。新兴国家及发达国家良好的政策可以避免大灾难的发生。One reason for hope is that the direct economic fallout from the rich world’s disaster is manageable. Falling demand in America and Europe hurts exports, particularly in Asia and Mexico. Commodity prices have fallen: oil is down nearly 60% from its peak and many crops and metals have done worse. That has a mixed effect. Although it hurts commodity-exporters from Russia to South America, it helps commodity importers in Asia and reduces inflation fears everywhere. Countries like Venezuela that have been run badly are vulnerable (see article), but given the scale of the past boom, the commodity bust so far seems unlikely to cause widespread crises.至少有一个原因值得抱有希望：发达国家此次灾难的直接经济影响还是在可控的范围内。欧美锐减的需求对出口来说无疑是一个打击，特别是对亚洲和墨西哥。商品价格走低：原油价格与巅峰时期比较已经下降了60%，很多粮食和金属类商品跌幅更大。这两个现象有混合效果：尽管从俄罗斯到南美的商品（能源）出口企业备受打击，但却帮助了亚洲的商品（能源）进口商，并且缓和了各地对通胀的恐惧。委内瑞拉的情形一直很糟糕，也很脆弱；不过由于过去极度的繁荣，商品价格下跌目前还不会引发大范围传播的危机。The more dangerous shock is financial. Wealth is being squeezed as asset prices decline. China’s house prices, for instance, have started falling (see article). This will dampen domestic confidence, even though consumers are much less indebted than they are in the rich world. Elsewhere, the sudden dearth of foreign-bank lending and the flight of hedge funds and other investors from bond markets has slammed the brakes on credit growth. And just as booming credit once underpinned strong domestic spending, so tighter credit will mean slower growth.比商品价格更令人震惊的事情发生在金融领域。由于资产价格的下降，财富水平正在被挤压缩水。以中国房价为例，目前已经开始下跌。尽管新兴国家的消费者比发达国家的负债水平低很多，上述情况还是会挫伤国内的经济信心。在其他方面，国外银行借款骤然匮乏、对冲基金以及其他投资者逃离债券市场，这些因素给信贷增长踩了一脚急刹车。正如发达的信贷曾经强力支撑国内支出那样，信贷紧缩将意味着增长放缓。Again, the impact will differ by country. Thanks to huge current-account surpluses in China and the oil-exporters in the Gulf, emerging economies as a group still send capital to the rich world. But over 80 have deficits of more than 5% of GDP. Most of these are poor countries that live off foreign aid; but some larger ones rely on private capital. For the likes of Turkey and South Africa a sudden slowing in foreign financing would force a dramatic adjustment. A particular worry is eastern Europe, where many countries have double-digit deficits. In addition, even some countries with surpluses, such as Russia, have banks that have grown accustomed to easy foreign lending because of the integration of global finance. The rich world’s bank bail-outs may limit the squeeze, but the flow of capital to the emerging world will slow. The Institute of International Finance, a bankers’ group, expects a 30% decline in net flows of private capital from last year.需要再次重申的是，冲击的表现会因国家的不同而有所区别。多亏中国和海湾产油国经常项目下的巨额顺差，新型经济整体还不断的向发达国家输送资本。但是80 多个国家的财政赤字已经超过GDP的5%，其中的多数是那些依靠国外救助过活得贫困国家；不过也有一些依靠私人资本的大国。对于类似土耳其和南非的国家来说，突然减缓的境外融资迫使其进行大幅调整。东欧的情况特别令人担忧，那里的不少国家赤字水平已经达到了两位数。另外，象俄罗斯这样处于顺差的国家，其银行也逐渐适应了可以轻易从外国取得的贷款，原因自然是全球金融一体化。发达国家的救助计划也许可以限制财富被挤压的水平，但资本流向新兴世界的速度无疑会减慢。国际金融研协会预测私人资本的净流量比去年回减少30%。A wing and a prayer飞行之翼与祈祷者This credit crunch will be grim, but most emerging markets can avoid catastrophe. The biggest ones are in relatively good shape. The more vulnerable ones can (and should) be helped.信贷紧缩必将令人生畏，不过多数新兴市场可以躲过一劫，最大的市场形势还相当不错。比较脆弱的市场可以（也应该）得到帮助。Among the giants, China is in a league of its own, with a $2 trillion arsenal of reserves, a current-account surplus, little connection to foreign banks and a budget surplus that offers lots of room to boost spending. Since the country’s leaders have made clear that they will do whatever it takes to cushion growth, China’s economy is likely to slow-perhaps to 8%-but not collapse. Although that is not enough to save the world economy, such growth in China would put a floor under commodity prices and help other countries in the emerging world.在那些坚强的巨人中，中国卓然不群：手握2万亿美元的储备，经常项下的顺差状态，与国外银行罕有关联，过剩的预算给推动支出留有足够空间。鉴于国家领导人已经明确表示将不惜一切代价为经济增长减速缓冲，中国的经济增长应该会减缓到大约8%的水平，但是决不会崩溃。虽然这不足以挽救世界经济，但是该增长率将会为商品价格建底并帮到新兴世界的其他国家。The other large economies will be harder hit, but should be able to weather the storm. India has a big budget deficit and many Brazilian firms have a large foreign-currency exposure. But Brazil’s economy is diversified and both countries have plenty of reserves to smooth the shift to slower growth. With $550 billion of reserves, Russia ought to be able to stop a run on the rouble. In the short-term at least, the most vulnerable countries are all smaller ones.其他的经济大国会受到更大的冲击，不过应该可以禁受住风暴侵袭。印度的财政赤字巨大，巴西很多公司面临巨大的外汇风险。但巴西经济已经实现多样化，同时上述两个国家拥有充足的储备来平稳过渡到缓慢的增长。俄罗斯掌握着5500亿美元的储备，应该能够阻止对卢布的抢购。至少在短期内，小国家才是最弱不禁风的。There will be pain as tighter credit forces adjustments. But sensible, speedy international assistance would make a big difference. Several emerging countries have asked America’s Federal Reserve for liquidity support; some hope that China will bail them out. A better route is surely the IMF, which has huge expertise and some $250 billion to lend. Sadly, borrowing from the fund carries a stigma. That needs to change. The IMF should develop quicker, more flexible financial instruments and minimise the conditions it attaches to loans. Over the past month deft policymaking saw off calamity in the rich world. Now it is time for something similar in the emerging world.受到紧缩信贷压力进行的调整必然带来痛苦，但快速的国际援助是明智之举，因为这会让结果很不相同。一些新兴国家已经向美联储求援以缓解流动性问题；有一些则希望中国可以拯救他们与水火。更佳的求救路线莫过于国际货币基金组织，因为它掌握大量的专门知识和2500亿美元的可出借款项。不幸的是人们认为向基金借款有辱其名，国际货币基金组织应该推出更快捷、更灵活的金融工具，同时实现借贷条件最小化。过去数月中，机敏的决策驱散了发达国家的灾难。现在也正是新兴世界发生类似事情的时候了。
市场行情，最差的也要1000字50元，没有人会要分的
In recent years, people often complain about dishonesty in our society. In newspapers,illegal businessmen run false advertisements to deceive customers. In communication field, some people cheat money by sending false messages. On campus, we find some students cheating at exams. People are wondering why dishonesty is so prevailing? There are several causes,to my mind, contributing to the bad phenomenon. Firstly, some people are money-oriented. They are crazy about improving their material life and forgetting moral sense. Secondly, competition in shopping areas is becoming more and more intense. This forced some people to make profit or attain their goals by false information. Thirdly, some people are eager to become rich overnight. They judge a person’s success by the wealth they possess. Finally, school life is full of eternal competition and each student tries to prove that he is more intelligent than the other students. Therefore students cheat on exams to get higher scores. It pays to be honest in the long run. Being honest is beneficial to yourself and to other people,and honesty will bring you true friendship and more business opportunities. As a member of modern society, we should behave ourselves honestly and in return it will pave the way for our success and : Nida’s ideas on translation have great influence on Chinese translation scholars. His recent statement－”My ideas have changed substantially” －will surely have a negative impact on the development of translation studies in China. This paper aims at analyzing, from three perspectives, the reasons for Nida’s change of views on translation. It will also give a re-evaluation of the position and role of translation theories in translation studies, as well as explore the relation of theory and practice. Key words: translation studies; translation theories; translation practice; descriptive study Abstract: The paper tries to find the presupposition-triggers from the semantics and pragmatics level of the language. Then on the base of the above analysis, it gives out the features of presupposition. It also points out the great significance of telling from the presupposition-triggers to words: presupposition-triggers; features of presupposition; analyzable factors
这点分。。你再加1000估计也没人给你整
Along with the our country economic development rapid development, the lives of the people level unceasing enhancement, the city uses to be day by day anxious, urges the building to face the direction is developing. This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials and the way also more hasten the diversification, and along with uses electricity the load and coal gas consumption quantity enlarging, proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher, a stricter request. In order to guarantee the people life and property the security, the fire auto-alarm system design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important design contents. Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in the high level civil building experience, proposed in present national related standard and standard unclear true detail shallow opinion, by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out , design basis The fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work, at the same time also has the very strong policy-type. Therefore, first should be clear about the following design basis: 1st, must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard, the system design standard, the equipment manufacture standard, the installment construction approval standard and the administration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations, and in practical understanding present country related standard and standard positive word: "Must", "be supposed", "to be suitable", "may" and the reverse side word: "Strictly prohibits", "should not", "not have", "not to be suitable" the , must aim at high level civil building function, use and the protection object fire protection rank, earnestly carries out the present national related standard and the standard, earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillance department the examination and approval , fire auto-alarm system equipment establishmentFire detector establishmentOpens wide either the seal or the stair hall should alone divide the search coverage, and each 2 ~ 3 establish a fire first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes in handy) and the aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage, specially front the room and the lift well, the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be easier to gather or to flow, is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fire prevention, therefore should install the fire detector. Regarding common elevator in front of room although is not the personnel disperses , but this front room and the lift well are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow, suitably alone divides the search coverage and installs the fire detector. The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation the channel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns, for this, "the high level civil construction design fire protection standard" and "the civil construction electricity design standard" separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the construction and in the electric wire or on the electric cable shaping. But considered implements specifically the difficulty and the present situation, the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremely essential, and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request, each 2 ~ 3 or each level elevator machine room should install the fire detector, its elevator is the important vertical transportation vehicle; Its two elevator machine room has has the fire risk; Its three lift well existence essential opens the hole, like the level gate opens between the hole, the air vent, the between permanence opens the hole with the elevator machine room or the pulley and so on; Its four when has the fire, the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel, is easy to threaten the elevator machine room the facility. Therefore, the elevator machine room establishes the fire detector is necessary, crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift , the manual fire reports to the police the button establishment(Including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in view of various floors front room in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, should report to the police the button first choice spot as the establishment manual fire. In addition, the room also should establish the manual fire to the common elevator in front of to report to the police the the public active place (including hall, hall, dining room, multi-purpose hall and so on) and the main thoroughfare and so on place, the personnel very is all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should report to the police the button in these public active places main access establishment manual fires; The manual fire establishes which in the main thoroughfare reports to the police the button to guarantee "to a manual fire which most is close to reports to the police the button distance from a fire protection district any position not to be supposed to be bigger than 30 meters".3rd, the fire emergency broadcasts the speaker the establishmentThe aisle, the hall, the dining room and so on the public place personnel very are all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should press in these public places "to a recent speaker distance is not bigger than 25 meters from a fire protection district any spot" and "in the aisle last should not be bigger than meters the speaker to the aisle terminal distance" the establishment fire emergency to broadcast the speaker; Next also should establish the fire in the public bathroom place emergency to broadcast the first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, also has the fire door separation and the sounds of people is confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. In front of the common elevator the room also should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. Disperses the stair hall also is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with the fire prevention, also the sounds of people are confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker, by favors the fire emergency broadcast to disperse the , fire alarm installment establishmentThe establishment fire emergency broadcast fire auto-alarm system, the author thought also should install the fire alarm installment, but its control procedure should be: The alarm apparatus should confirm after the fire, uses manual or the automatic control mode unification to the fire correlation region transmission warning, stops the alarm apparatus work in the stipulation time, the rapid linkage fire emergency broadcast and broadcasts to the people disperses the fire alarm installment establishment position, the author thought should report to the police the button position with the manual fire to be same, its wall surface installment should for be apart from the ground meters highly5th, fire special use telephone establishmentInstalls the fire special use telephone extension telephone, should be located the engine room which related also some people is on duty frequently with the fire linkage control (including fire water plant, spare electricity generation engine room, matches substation, mainly ventilates with air conditioning engine room, discharges fume engine room, fire prevention elevator machine room and other), the fire fighting control system operates the equipment place or the control room, the fire duty officers observation room, the security manages spot and so on public room. Sedan of theater box the fire elevator and in the ordinary elevator all should suppose the special use telephone, requests the elevator machine room and the elevator sedan theater box, the elevator machine room and the fire control room, the elevator sedan theater box and the fire control room and so on three compositions is reliable to speaks the correspondence telephone system. Usually in fire control room; The establishment elevator monitoring demonstration plate (including position indicator, direction indicating lamp, to speaks correspondence telephone, trouble lamp and so on), in order to carries on the necessity to the elevator running status which in the surveillance and the emergency case equipped with the manual fire to report to the police position and so on button, fire hydrant button also should install the fire special use telephone , fire linkage control 1st, the fire linkage control should include the control fire pump to open, to stop, also should demonstrate opens pumps the button the position and the fire pump work and the malfunction. When the fire hydrant is equipped with the fire hydrant button, its electric installation work spot also should demonstrate the fire pump the working mode active status (namely establishment fire pump work indicating lamp). 2nd, the fire linkage control should include the control spraying of water and the water atomization fire fighting system opens, stops, also should demonstrate the fire pump the work and the malfunction and the fluent display, reports to the police the valve, the safety signal valve working mode active status. In addition, to the basin, the water tank water level also should carry on the demonstration monitor; In order to prevent the overhaul signal valve is shut down, the author thought should use the belt electric signal the control signal valve by to demonstrate it opens the condition. 3rd, the fire linkage control other controls and the demonstration function, should carry out the present national related standard and the standard specific , fire auto-alarm system wiringIn order to prevent the fire occurs when the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line severance, causes the fire fighting work to be unable to carry on, creates the bigger economic loss; Also for the suppression electronmagetic interference (for example transformer, electric motor, electric cable and so on) the influence which produces to the fire auto-alarm system. The fire auto-alarm system transmission line and the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line should use the being flame-resistant electric cable, and should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. The fire manual positive governing installment line should use the fireproof electric cable, its electric cable also should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. Uses Ming Fushi, should takes the fire protection protective measures on the metal tube or the enclosed metal , concluding remarkThe author rests on the concrete project to implement the experience, elaborated the design basis, fire auto-alarm design actual problem and so on system equipment establishment, fire linkage control and its wiring pulls out some shallow opinions, its goal is enhances the fire auto-alarm system the design quality, discovered early and the notification fire, prevented and reduces the fire to harm, by protects the person and the property safety.随着我国经济发展快速发展，人民生活的水平不断提高，城市使用是每天着急，敦促建设面临着发展的方向。这种高层次的民间建筑维修所需的材料和方式也更加多样化加快，而且随着使用电力负荷和煤气消费量扩大，提议消防自动报警系统设计较高，更严格的要求。为了保证人民生命和财产的安全，消防自动报警系统的设计已经成为在高级别民间建筑设计的一个最重要的设计内容。目前的基础上撰文火灾自动报警系统设计监督工作的高层次的民间建设的经验，建议在目前国家相关标准和标准不清楚真正详细浅见解，为同事们的讨论，并指出错误。 首先，设计依据 火灾自动报警系统的设计是一家专业非常强的技术工作，同时还具有很强的政策性。因此，首先应明确以下设计依据： 第一，必须紧紧抓住的建筑设计防火标准，该系统的设计标准，标准的设备制造，安装施工审批标准和管理的法律和规章等五大方面的消防法律法规，并在实际了解国家有关本标准和标准积极字： “必须” ， “必须假定” ， “不适合” ， “可能”和反面词： “严格禁止” ， “不应该” ， “没有” ， “不适合“的含义。 第二，必须着眼于高层次的民间建筑的功能，利用和保护对象的防火等级，认真开展本标准和国家有关标准，认真对待公安防火监督部门的审批意见。 其次，火灾自动报警系统设备的建立 建立火灾探测器 要么全打开的印章或楼梯大厅应单独划分搜索范围，每个2 〜 3建立火灾探测器。 第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防前面房间烟雾楼梯大会堂来用场）和过道应区分单独划分搜索范围，特别是前面的房间，以及电梯，分散楼梯大厅和走道都是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾比较容易收集或流动，是人员分散保存目标与防火，因此，应该安装火警探测器。关于共同电梯前室虽然不是人员分散，而且这方面的空间和良好的电梯是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾也很容易被收集或流动，适当地划分为单独的搜索覆盖面和安装消防探测器。 电缆轴因此很容易形成掏出烟炎症渠道，拥有火灾时的火强度不容易延伸沿电缆燃烧，为此， “高级别民间建筑设计防火标准”和“民用建筑电气设计标准“分别提出了详细具体的规定，在建筑和在电线或电缆塑造。但认为具体实施的难度和目前的情况下，电缆竖井安装了火灾探测器是非常必要的，坐标轴的防火分隔要求，每2 〜 3或每一级安装。 电梯机房应安装火灾探测器，它的电梯是重要的垂直交通工具，其两个电梯机房已具有火灾危险性，其存在的三个基本解除以及打开洞，像打开闸门的水平之间的球洞，在气孔，持久的关系打开了洞与电梯机房或滑轮等，其时，有四个火，升降机以及往往成为火灾强度传播渠道，很容易危及电梯机房设施。因此，电梯机房建立了火灾探测器是必要的，也适用于皇冠建立火灾探测器举井。 2 ，手动火警报警按钮建立 （包括防前面的烟雾楼梯大厅鉴于各层前房间前面的房间，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时人员驱散节省目标，防火，应立即向警方举报的按钮，首选地点设立手动火警。此外，该室也应建立防火手册的共同电梯前，向警方报案的按钮。 在公共活动场所（包括会堂，礼堂，餐厅，多功能厅等）和主要通道等场所，是所有工作人员非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应立即向警方举报的按钮，在这些公共活动场所主要通道设立手册火灾;该手册规定的火灾中的主要通道报警按钮，以保证“ ，以手动火警最接近报警按钮距离防火区的任何位置不应该超过30米。 “ 第三，消防紧急广播喇叭建立 走道，大厅，餐厅等公共场所的工作人员都非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应该按这些公共场所的“最近的一项发言距离不超过25米的防火保护区的任何位置”和“在走道上不应大于十二点五米扬声器的过道末端距离”建立消防应急广播喇叭;下一步还应当建立消防在公共浴室的地方紧急广播喇叭。 第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也有分离和防火门的声音，人民的混乱和嘈杂，因此，应建立消防应急广播喇叭。在前面的共同电梯房也应建立消防应急广播喇叭。分散大厅楼梯也已经火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也是人民的声音和嘈杂的混淆，因此应建立消防应急广播喇叭，由主张消防紧急广播驱散指令。 第四，建立火灾报警装置 建立消防应急广播火灾自动报警系统，笔者认为还应该安装消防报警装置，但它的控制程序应该是：该报警器应确认火灾后，利用手动或自动控制模式统一消防相关区域传输预警，报警器停止工作时间的规定，迅速联系消防应急广播和电视节目，并且分散了人们的指示。 火警警报装置建立的立场，笔者认为应该向警方报案的按钮位置的手动火警是相同的，它的墙面安装应为距地面米高度 第五，消防专用电话设立 安装消防专用电话分机电话，应设机房其中也涉及一些人是在工作地点经常与消防联动控制（包括消防给水设备，备件发电机房，火柴变电站，主要ventilates空调引擎室，排放烟气轮机室，防火电梯机房及其他） ，消防控制系统的经营场所或设备的控制室，消防责任人员观察室，现场的安全管理等公共空间。轿车的影院中消防电梯和普通电梯应假设所有使用的特殊电话，请电梯机房和电梯轿车影院中，电梯机房及消防控制室，电梯轿车影院方块和消防控制室等三个成分是可靠的讲通信电话系统。通常在消防控制室;建立电梯监测演示板（包括位置指示器，显示方向灯，以讲信函电话，麻烦灯等） ，以进行必要的电梯在运行状态的监视和紧急情况下的控制。 配备了手动火警报警位置等按钮，消火栓按钮，还应该安装消防专用电话插座。 第三，消防联动控制 第一，消防联动控制应包括控制消防泵开启，停止，也应表现出的按钮，打开泵的位置和消防泵的工作和故障。当消火栓设有消火栓按钮时，其电气安装工程现场也应表现出的消防泵的工作模式有效状态（即建立消防泵工作表明灯） 。 第二，消防联动控制应包括控制喷洒水和水雾化灭火系统打开，停止，也应表现出的消防泵的工作和故障和流利显示，报警阀，安全信号阀工作模式积极的地位。此外，该盆地，水箱水位也应进行示范监测;为了防止检修信号阀关闭，作者认为应该使用带电信号控制信号阀证明它打开条件。 第三，消防联动控制其他控制和示范作用，应进行本标准和国家有关标准的具体规定。 第四，火灾自动报警系统布线 为了防止火灾发生时，消防控制，通信和警戒线遣散，使灭火工作无法进行，造成了更大的经济损失，也为抑制electronmagetic干扰（例如变压器，电电机，电缆等）的影响而产生的火灾自动报警系统。火灾自动报警系统的输电线路和消防控制，通信和预警线应使用被阻燃电缆，并应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。消防手册积极理事分期付款行应使用防火电缆，其电缆也应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。使用明复，应采取防火保护措施的金属管或封闭金属 ，结论备注 作者取决于具体的项目实施经验，阐述了设计依据，火灾自动报警设计和实际问题，以便建立系统设备，消防联动控制及其接线拿出一些肤浅的意见，其目的是增强了火灾自动报警系统的设计质量，早期发现，并通知消防，预防和减少火灾危害，通过保护个人和财产安全。
毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求：
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。
译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。
主要标准
翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。一般来说，翻译的标准主要有两条：忠实和通顺。
忠实
是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息，也就是说，把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来，使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。
通顺
是指译文规范、明白易懂，没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。
实践产生理论，欧美许多国家的翻译理论是五花八门的。从大的方面来看，可以分为两大派：一派是翻译可能论，一派是翻译不可能论。其实，完完全全百分之百的可能是没有的，完完全全百分之百的不可能也是没有的。
世界上一切翻译活动都是在这两个极端之间进行的。欧洲许多著名的人物，比如马丁·路德、M.阿诺德、.纽曼、.波斯特加特、H.白洛克、.诺克斯、V.那巴可夫等等，都对翻译提出了自己的理论。据《开塞尔世界文学百科全书》的意见，这些理论中有些是刚愎自用的。
A Thesis Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of B. A./B. S. in ***这是标准的学士学位毕业论文的说法，.代表文学学士，.代表理学学士，***处填上专业。
英语和汉语是两种不同的语言，各有各自的表达方式。下文是我为大家整理的关于的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考! 篇1 英汉翻译中的翻译症 摘要：英汉翻译的过程中。存在着翻译症这一诟病。文章首先介绍了翻译症。然后通过分析翻译过程中理解、表达、审校三个阶段翻译症的一些表现形式。总结出翻译症的根源，最后提出了相应的防范措施。 关键词：英汉翻译;翻译症 一、什么是翻译症 英汉翻译把英语表达的意思用汉语表达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明的目的，译文的基本标准一般为“忠实而通顺”。所谓的忠实指的是译文要忠实于原作的思想内容和并且尽量保持原作的风格;在忠实的基础上译文还应该修辞正确、逻辑合理、语言精简、文理通顺，即所谓的通顺。 由于英汉两种语言文化背景不一，行文结构与遣词造句的习惯也相去甚远，语际转换不可避免地产生一些矛盾。翻译的过程其实就是这种矛盾不断妥协的过程。著名学者、翻译家余光中将其形象地概括为“比如英文译成中文，既不许西风压倒东风，变成洋腔洋调的中文，也不许东风压倒西风，变成油腔滑调的中文”。但在英汉翻译实际操作的过程中由于英语的先入为主，矛盾对峙的结果往往一不小心西风就压倒了东风，译出来的文字便“不中不西，非驴非马，似通非通、诘屈聱牙”;让人看起来“看起来碍眼、听起来逆耳、说起来拗口”。尤今・奈达在《翻译理论与实践》提到了这种现象，专门造了一个词――translationese。翻译症不但严重影响译文的质量，而且会影响汉语语言的纯洁性，不利于汉语语言的健康发展。 二、探寻翻译症的原因 英汉翻译是一项及其复杂的工作，理解、表达、审校三个翻译阶段，任何一个阶段处理不好都可能导致翻译症的发生。 一理解阶段 理解的过程就是对原文进行语言分析比如词汇、语法结构等、语境分析上下文含义、篇章语体结构等，并力求透彻领会文字所承载的文化内涵，了解相关的背景知识，有时需要具备一定的生活常识。 例1：Galileo’s greatest glory was thatin 1609 he WaS the first person to turn thenewly invented telescope 0n the heavens toprove that the planet revolve around the sunratherthanaroundthe earth. 原译：伽利略最大的荣耀是他在1609年第一个把新发现的望远镜对准了天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳运转，而不是围绕地球寻转。 分析：翻译只理解了原文的表层意思，机械地将glory理解为“最大的荣耀”，导致最终的译文令人费解。翻译时如果只考虑原文的表层意思，简单地依照字面意思理解，结果往往言不达意。通过例1的上下文可以看出，它指的是伽利略借助科学手段第一次用试验的方法证实了行星围绕太阳运转这一事迹。原文的正确译法为“伽利略最光耀的业绩在于，他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准了天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳运转，而不是围绕地球运转”。 例2：It doesn’t matter to me as longaS I get something between my rids and mybackbone. 原译：没有关系，只要有点东西放在我的肋骨和脊骨之间就行了。 改译：没有关系，吃点东西，填填肚子就行了。 分析：人的肋骨和脊骨之间是胃，getsomething between onffs rids and my back-bone等价于get something to eat。这是一种非常幽默的说法，英美人喜欢幽默，翻译时要学会理解他们的幽默感。由于中英文化的差异，如果直接按照源语理解，往往语义不通，不合逻辑，不知所云，败坏读者的阅读兴趣。 二表达阶段 表达是翻译的重心，在这一过程中，除了正确理解原文这一前提外，还要依赖于对目的语的修养程度和对这两种语言的把握。 例1：The students in a cluster and lifttheirhandswhentheirnames are called. 译文：学生们站在一起，当他们的名字被叫到时，就举举手。 分析：译文显得不够流畅。英语属于形合语言，句中的词语或分句之间需要功能词加以连线，而汉语属于意合语言，词语或者分句之间往往不需要词语来连线。所以在进行英汉翻译时，原文中诸如连词、代词、介词之类的功能词，往往需要略去不译。英汉翻译时，如果漠视这种差异，见when就译成“当……时候”，每遇修饰语就用“的”处理，将导致翻译僵化，翻译症严重。 例2：And it iS imagined by many thatthe operations of the mon mind Can beby no means pared with these processes，and that they have to be acquiredby a sortof special training， 原译：它被许多人想象成这样子：普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学的思维过程相比，这个思维过程必须经过专门训练才能掌握。 分析：例2将“itisimagined”的被动结构机械照搬，译文“它被许多人想象成这样子”读起来别扭。译者忽略了英汉两种语言表达习惯的差异，汉语比英语更习惯于用主动语态。这种情况如果不采用一定的变通手段，化被动为主动，而是刻意忠实于原文的表层形式，译文就显得不地道。 例3：I have sought love，first，becauseit brings ecstasy-1 would have sacrificed allthe restoflife for afewhours of this joy， 原译：我追逐过爱，首先因为爱能带来狂喜――我宁愿牺牲我所有的余生来换取这片刻的幸福。 分析：可以改译为“我追逐过爱，首先因为爱能带来狂喜――我宁愿倾我一生来换取这片刻的幸福”。由于语言结构体系的不同，英语语言具有相当的清晰性、分析性和逻辑性，而汉语则模糊性、跳跃性和圆融性见长。如果忽视了这种特点，认为中文不够精确，不够科学，而在翻译的过程中，一味地借助一些词加以规范，向英文考虑，译文往往不伦不类，适得其反。仔细分析一下，“我所有的余生”并不比“我的一生”精确多少，而且汉语中的余生常指老年人的晚年，或者大难后侥幸保全的性命，这和原文的意思想去甚远。 例4：It is as significant as a game ofcricket， 原译：这件事如同板球赛一样重要。 分析：很多人都认为这个译文“息有”翻译症，其实不然。是不是患有翻译症，有时关键还要看翻译的目的和接受者是谁。如果接收者文化水平不高或对“板球赛”不甚了解，那么这种表达肯定很难理解。但在英国板球是人们最热衷的运动，板球赛是男女老少都关注的事，所以有时这样的异化翻译还能更好地传达异国风格。 三审校阶段 审校是初步译好原文后，进一步全面查实工作的一个后期阶段。译者细致地通读译文草稿不仅可以对内容的忠实性、问题的切实性、译语的可读性进行甄别、查证、修改、点定，还可以进一步解决理解、表达阶段尚无定论的问题。纽马克主张，译者应根据文字的难以程度，花费翻译所用时间的50-70%来审校自己的译文。 通过以上对翻译各阶段中翻译症的一些表现形式的分析可以看出，尽管翻译症产生的原因从根本上说还是上述三个阶段综合作用的结果：理解阶段未透彻理解原文、表达时片面强调忠实，从形式上照搬原文而忽视汉语的遣词造句特征，审校工作不认真。 三、如何减少、避免翻译症 一篇中求句，句中求字 1、吃透原文。对原文的理解不能见字不见句，只见树木不见树林，需要结合其篇章语境、情景语境和社会语境。此外，对英汉两种语言在体系、文化背景、思维习惯上存在相当大的差异，译者一定要增强责任心，从开始阶段就要摈弃不求甚解、得过且过的作风。 2、用汉语的思维和表达再现原文。在透彻、准确表达原文的基础上，应摆脱英文的字面束缚，充分考虑英汉语言在表达形态上的种种差异，用汉语的思维和表达方式重构译文。 二要掌握合理的翻译技巧 科学合理的翻译技巧可短时间减少翻译症的发生。 首先要把握合理的翻译标准尺度。翻译症的发生就是翻译标准走了极端。忠实和通顺是一个矛盾统一体的两个方面，一定要统筹兼顾，把握好尺寸。 其次要灵活运用转性、变态、增补、省略等多种翻译手法，以达到变中求信、变中求顺的目的。 三养成良好的审校习惯 审校是翻译的一个重要环节，译者一定要谨慎，切实把好这一关。建议译者最好放一段时间再来重新审查自己的译文，如果还不行，可以寻求他人帮助。 四、结论 翻译既是一门有一定规律可循的科学，也是一门有限制性的艺术创作。要从根本上避免翻译症的发生，还需提高译者的综合素质，尤其是语言素质。要广泛阅读，扩大知识面。不但从汉语名著中获取营养，还要适当进行一些英美文学名著明译的对照阅读。同时，翻译也是一门技能，可以通过讲授或实践学习获得，因此理论的学习和笔耕不辍的练习是减少翻译症必不可少的手段。 篇2 探讨英汉翻译技巧 摘 要：英语和汉语是两种不同的语言，各有各自的表达方式。日常生活中会遇到这样的情况，某人英语很好，能看能说，但是下不了笔，译出的东西词不达意，逻辑不通，语法混乱，洋腔洋调。对翻译的方法缺少必要的了解。了解常见的英汉翻译方法，通过翻译实践，发现两种语言之间的差异，有助于学习者更好的掌握英语。 关键词：英语翻译 教学 技巧 理解是翻译的前提，也是决定性的作用。若原文理解不对，译文再漂亮也是徒劳的。首先要了解翻译的过程，大致有三个环节：1、理解全文2、汉语表达3、核对润色。 一、理解全文 理解包括原文语法结构的理解和原文词义的理解。弄不清语法结构、不能准确的把握词义，是英汉翻译的两大“敌人”。英语语法结构通汉语相比更为严密，功能词远远多于汉语，英语句子是通过语法手段将词连线而成的。在翻译时，特别是翻译比较复杂的句子时，有必要对句子的语法成分和结构进行分析，掌握所涉及的语法知识。这样在翻译具体的语言专案时就能有明确的框架，便于安排。另一方面，英语中一词多义现象十分普遍，翻译时要依据各种资讯，结合上下文来确定词语在文中的具体的确切的意义。 二、汉语表达 汉语表达就是在理解的基础上用汉语将原文所表达的资讯传达出来。翻译时应该在吃透原文的基础上，站得远一些，摆脱原文的形式的束缚，灵活地用汉语将原文内容阐述明白。 三、核对润色 如果对原文缺乏深入的理解，翻译过程中就容易出错，受原文用词与结构的影响，汉语表达中容易出现英语式的汉语，译文读起来洋腔洋调。因此，翻译完成之后，必须认真检查核对，润色文字使译文忠实，通顺地表达原文的内容。将英语句子翻译成汉语，无非关系到两大要素词语和句子。 下面我们将重点研究一下英汉词语翻译和句子的翻译。首先，翻译表达的第一步是如何将英语的词语翻译成恰当的汉语词汇。几个大致的方法：确定词义、词类转换、增词法、重复法和减词法。 一确定词义 英语和汉语属于两种不同的语言，词汇差异较大。两种语言的词汇很难找到意义完全一一对应的。翻译时，首先要先确定词语在上下文中确切的含义。 1、利用上下文，确定词义：He is a hard-working student and all the teachers like him very much.他是个勤奋的学生，所有的老师都很喜欢他。 He is a student of physics and has published a lot of academic books.他是个物理专家，已经出版了很多部学术书籍。 英语中，student有两个意思，一个是“学生”，一个是“学者、专家”，而且两个词都是名词，翻译时就需要从上下文中来确定具体的词义。 2、根据语法知识，确定词义：He bought three books in English yesterday. 他昨天买了三本英语方面的书。 Tom booked two tickets last week.汤姆上周预定了两张票。 英语中，book可以作名词也可以作动词，但是两者意义差别很大。第一句中很显然是名词，应译为“书”;第二句中是动词，应译为“预定”。 二词类转换法 在进行英汉翻译时，不能简单的把名词译为名词，动词译为动词，是经常需要词类转换的。 1、英语名词转译成汉语动词：英语词汇中名词对，而汉语中动词多。在英汉翻译的时候，特别是翻译由动词派生出来的名词时，名词转换成动词的情况非常普遍。 The little child gave an imitation of his mother’s talking.这个小孩模仿他妈妈说话。 2、英语介词转译成汉语动词：英语中，介词的使用是非常频繁的，它们是用来表示词于词的语法关系，是组成语法结构的一种非常重要的“功能词”。汉语中许多介词是有动词虚化出来的，许多介词兼有动词的词性，因此在翻译的时候应正确处理这两类词。 The house is in repair.这个房子正在维修中。 3、英语形容词译成汉语动词：The following plan may bee available during the next decade.下列计划在10年间可能实现。 英汉翻译的过程中词类转化是比较灵活的，除了上面涉及到的几种情况外，其他词类间也是存在着相互转换的问题。翻译时要灵活运用。 三增词法 英汉翻译时，由于意义表达的需要或者汉语语法的要求，英汉翻译时，经常需要增加一定的词汇才能使译文表达的意义完整、准确、流畅。 1、英语中有许多抽象名词是由动词或形容词派生的，它们在汉语中的对等词同响应的动词和形容词几乎没有什么差别，在翻译时若把它们翻译成名词，有时就需要增词，是抽象名词的所指更具体些。 Her arrogance led to the failure of her first marriage. 他傲慢的态度导致第一次婚姻失败。 2、英语中，时态是靠动词的变化或通过增加助动词体现出来的，汉语中，时态多是由助动词或时间副词体现的，所以，在翻译的过程中经常需要增词。 Some measures has been taken,but without success. 已经采取了一些措施，但依然没有成功。 3、英语中，“数”的范畴是由名词数的语法形式体现出来的，而在汉语中，这一范畴基本上是由词汇手段来体现的，所以在翻译时，也经常需要增词。 In spite of the reasons, he still couldn’t escape critici *** . 尽管他有种种理由，但仍不能逃脱批评。
把重复率非常高的段落，用在线翻译，翻译成小语种，比如法语、俄语、西班牙语等等，然后再翻译回来，你会发现，整句话会给人耳目一新的感觉！北京译顶科技做的不错，可以联系他们一下你可以统一去知道了解下
先到百度文库，找一篇此类文档中文的，然后用有道翻译，或是谷歌在线翻译翻成英 文，然后把英文放上面，中文放下面。希望可以帮到你。如果要找标准的PDF格式外文文 献，可以在谷歌，用英文文献名+空格+PDF 这样比较容易找到。 第一是Google搜索，主要是英文，尤其是其学术搜索，意义大。第二，通过各大学图书馆系统，进入几个主流的出版发行集团。第三，利用网络免费储存、电子书系统。尤其是国外多。1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文：（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：a.提出-论点；b.分析问题-论据和论证；c.解决问题-论证与步骤；d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。一，选题要新颖。这次我的论文的成功，和高分，得到导师的赞许，都是因为我论文的选题新颖所给我带来的好处。最好涉及护理新领域，以及新进展，这样会给人耳目一新的感觉。二，大量文献做基础仔细查阅和你论文题目和研究范围相关的文献，大量的文献查阅会你的论文写作铺垫，借鉴别人的思路，和好的语言。而且在写作过程不会觉得语言平乏，当然也要自己一定的语言功底做基矗三，一气呵成做好充分的准备，不要每天写一些，每天改一些，这样会打断自己的思路，影响文章的连贯。四，尽量采用多的专业术语可能口语化的表达会给人带来亲切感，但论文是比较专业的形式，是有可能做为文献来查阅和检索的，所以论文语言的专业化，术语化会提升自己论文的水平。五，用正规格式书写参考正规的论文文献，论文格式。不要因为格式问题，而影响到你论文的质量。六，最好在计算机上完成写作过程如果有条件最好利用电脑来完成写作过程，好处以下几点：1，节省时间，无论打字的速度慢到什么程度，肯定要比手写的快。2，方便，大量的文献放在手边，一个一个查阅是很不方便的，文献都是用数据库编辑，所以都是在电脑上完成。提前先在电脑上摘要出重点，写出提纲，随时翻阅，方便写作。3，修改编辑，在电脑随时对文章进行修改编辑都是非常的方便。4，随时存档，写一段，存一段，防止突然停电，或者电脑当机。本人就是吃了这个大亏，一个晚上的劳动，差点就全没了，幸亏男友是电脑高手，帮我找回。否则就恨着电脑，哭死算了。七，成稿打印好交给导师无论你的字写的多么优美，还是按照惯例来，打印出的文字显的正规，而且交流不存在任何的问题，不会让导师因为看不懂你的龙飞凤舞，而低估你的论文。而且干净整洁，女孩子不仅注意自己的形象问题，书面的东西也反映你的修养和气质。八，听取导师意见，仔细修改导师会给你一些关于你论文建设性的意见，仔细参考，认真修改。毕竟导师是发表过多篇论文，有颇多的经验。��调�����{4 ?4样法、问卷法，论文论证中的实证分析法、比较分析法等。写明研究方法及措施，是要争取在这些方面得到指导老师的指导或建议。（4） 研究工作的步骤、进度。 课题研究工作的步骤和进度也就是课题研究在时间和顺序上的安排。毕业设计（论文）创作过程中，材料的收集、初稿的写作、论文的修改等，都要分阶段进行，每个阶段从什么时间开始，到什么时间结束都要有规定。在时间安排上，要充分考虑各个阶段研究内容的相互关系和难易程度。对于指导教师在任务书中规定的时间安排，学生应在开题报告中给予呼应，并最后得到批准。学生在实际操作中，时间安排一般应提前一点，千万别前松后紧，也不能虎头蛇尾，完不成毕业设计（论文）的撰写任务。(5) 主要参考文献。在开题报告中，同样需列出参考文献，这在实际上是介绍了自己的准备情况，表明自己已了解所选课题相关的资料源，证明选题是有理论依据的。在所列的参考文献中，同样应具备不少于2篇的外文文献。 选题依据包括：选题的学科性质、理论意义及实践意义；国内研究现状的分析。研究方案包括：研究内容、研究中所要突破的难题、拟采取的研究方法，有何特色与创新之处以及与选题有关的参考文献等内容。选题背景及意义是写一些关于你所选题目的现今研究的相关情况，比如：前人研究的成果，所选题目到目前所研究到的状况，而你又对选题有何特别看法，为何会选此题，对前人的研究成果和看法有何异议或者是有何更深入的观点，可综合所选题目的相关学科对它的影响来说~~~（这个回答希望对你有用）
计算机专业方面的外文翻译都是找wo拿参考 。
外文翻译要求：（1）选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。（2）选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。（3）外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
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