2016 2017高三外研版英语周报第11期答案及解析Book 4 Modules 3-4参考答案及部分解析参考答案1-5 BACAC 6-10CBCBA11-15 CAACB 16-20CAABC21-25 ADCCB 26-30ABBAB31-35 BCCBC 36-40FBDGE 41-45 CADBB 46-50DCCAD51-55 BCBAA 56-60DBACC61. environmental 62. successfully63. to 65. began . them been rejected69. to harvest 70. the短文改错：71. ... jog near my home ... jog → jogging72. ... in a morning. a → the73. ... with a purpose. with → without74. Then next day ... next前加the75. ... that amazed me ... that → what76. ... at them cheerful ... cheerful → cheerfully77. ... not my friend ... friend → friends78. ... tomorrow and sometime. and → but79. By giving up ... 去掉up80. ... who benefit most. benefit → benefitsOne possible version:Dear Andy,How are you doing these days? I'd like totell you something about the annual Campus Book Fair in my was held on the afternoon of lastThursday in order to encourage teachers and students to read more. The latestbooks of different types brought by the booksellers were displayed for us toread and purchase. Teachers and students also sold or exchanged their like the fair very much, which not onlyintroduced us to a lot of interesting books but allowed us to buy books at alower price. Besides, it gave us a chance to make new friends. Do you havesimilar activities in your school?Looking forward to your early reply. Yours, Li Hua部分解析阅读理解：A篇（学校生活）本文是记叙文。作者被斯坦福大学录取后反思自己的高中生活。21. A。推理判断题。由第二段末的Now that I've gotten into college, however, my life seems almostwell ... pointless及第三段开头的Foryears, getting into Stanford was my only goal. So what if I lost my friends andeven my own personality to pursue this dream可推断，作者为考上斯坦福大学的得与失而困惑。倒数第二段开头的For now, my future is vague. To others, I may seem extremelyexcited, but inwardly, I am conflicted也是提示。22. D。细节理解题。由第三段末的I sent the teacher an email informing her of Hannah's difficulty ...sacrifice my grade可知，作者为了不影响自己在团队项目中的成绩向老师抱怨Hannah不太好的表现。23. C。词义猜测题。由上文的paint myself as a typical Stanford student及下文的what's better than a girl who loves engineering可推断，作者在自己的大学申请中将自己描述成了一个渴望成为工程师的人。故C项恰当。24. C。推理判断题。由倒数第二段末的Instead of haggling for points with my teachers ... I should haveexplored my talents and interests可推断，作者后悔自己读高中时太在乎成绩，应当更注重开发自己的潜能和兴趣。据此可推断C项正确。B篇（计划与愿望）本文是议论文。文章主要讲希望的含义以及希望对于成功的重要性。25. B。段落大意题。由第一段中的what people accept as hope is a ... Hope in ancient Greek is “elpis” meaning ... 可知，本段主要讲hope的含义。26. A。推理判断题。由第二段末的Not giving up on his hope, he worked hard toward it and at last hebecame president of Anglo Gold Ashanti可知，Jonah的例子主要是为了证明有希望才会有成功。27. B。细节理解题。由第三段中的Someone may say “I've tried andfailed several times” ... they alsofailed; however, they didn't give up on their hope可知，要想成功就不能轻言放弃。28. B。标题归纳题。本文主要讲了希望的含义以及希望对于成功的重要性，并鼓励人们心怀希望，并不轻易放弃。故B项最恰当。C篇（科普知识）本文是说明文。研究表明人们的情绪影响对颜色的判断。29. A。细节理解题。由第二段末句There's a reason, he says, that sad people commonly describe theworld as “colorless,” and “gray,” and happy people use words like “bright” and “colorful.”可知，人们描述世界的方式可以反映出他们的感受。30. B。推理判断题。由第三段中的the researchers randomly assigned people to one of two in the “sadness” group watched a sad scene from The Lion King. Those in the “amusement” group watcheda comedy可推断，实验中让一部分参与者看《狮子王》中悲哀的场面是为了让他们感到伤心，让另一部分人看喜剧是为了让他们开心，进而为之后的实验做准备。31. B。细节理解题。由第四段中的Some of the patches are pretty difficult to make out ... People werescored on how accurate their color perception was可知，实验中将不同颜色的斑点处理得略带灰色是为了使它们较难辨认。32. C。细节理解题。由倒数第二段末的they did not have problems seeing colors in the red-green spectrum... response to anger可知，伤心的人较容易辨认出红色。D篇（文娱与体育）本文是应用文。文章介绍了两项夜间娱乐活动。33. C。细节理解题。由文中的These special nights enable a family ... at no charge可知，该活动对成年人和儿童都免费。34. B。细节理解题。由文中的Kids 14 and under are invited to complete a fitness challenge uponarrival to earn free admission to the event可知。35. C。细节理解题。由文中的designed to help grown-ups and children develop a lifetime ofhealthy habits可知，该组织致力于帮助人们养成健康的生活习惯。七选五：话题：日常活动本文是说明文。文章介绍了几点关于如何成功的建议。36. F。F项是对上文的strengths的举例说明，且与下文的Maybe you'll become an auto mechanic相呼应。37. B。B项与上文的Did you fail acourse?并列，并与上文的few mistakes aredisastrous相呼应。38. D。由下文Cecilia的例子可推断，在某些方面的成功能使一个人具备成功人士的素质和心态，进而在其它方面也获得成功。39. G。G项中的who were also achievers与上文的Cecilia's grades improved相呼应。40. E。E项与上文的I've met peoplefrom top universities who have experienced unemployment and even homelessness都是对本段主题句Getting into a top university — or any university — will notguarantee success的具体解释说明。完形填空：话题：健康本文是记叙文。一位乳腺癌患者康复后致力于提高女性对心脏疾病的认识。41. C。由上文的when cancer crashes down on your life plans及下文的Drown in sorrow可推断，当一个人得知自己患癌症后通常会“哭（Cry）”。42. A。由上文的pick yourself up and enjoy the glory of及下文的with a mission to serve可推断，癌症患者在伤心过后会振作起来，享受“活着（alive）”的幸福，并努力做些事情。43. D。由上文的my life's goal可知，在患癌症之前，作者的人生目标是“说服（persuade）”自己的丈夫再生一个宝宝。44. B。由下文的I felt lost可推断，患癌症后，作者的梦想破灭了。故选dead。45. B。由下文的the body heals much faster可推断，“治疗（treatment）”结束后，作者感到很茫然。46. D。由上文的I felt lost及下文的the bodyheals much faster than ... 可推断，作者感到生存是如此“艰难（difficult）”。47. C。由上文的When I was done with my ... I felt lost可推断，身体恢复得比“精神（soul）”快很多。48. C。由上文的What was my calling now ... I felt I should help save others可推断，作者想要给那些有生命和健康危险的人带来“不同（difference）”。49. A。一位朋友告诉作者，在以色列，心血管疾病“致死（kills）”的女性比所有因癌症而死的女性还要多。50. D。由下文的If women knew可推断，女性甚至不“知道（know）”心血管疾病的危害。51. B。如果女性知道心脏病的“起因（causes）”和前兆，她们就能挽救自己的生命。52. C。由上段可知，通过和朋友的谈话，作者“找到了（found）”自己的使命。53. B。由上段末的If women knew ... signs of heart disease, they could save theirlives可推断，作者开始致力于提高人们对心脏病的“认识（awareness）”。54. A。作者帮助那些健康风险“严重（severe）”的人了解心脏病。55. A。作者的努力促使议会委员们讨论心脏健康，这令作者感到非常“满足（satisfaction）”。56. D。由上文的Status of Women及第四段末的If womenknew ... signs of heart disease, they could save their lives可推断，议会委员们讨论了“女性的（women's）”心脏健康。57. B。由第三段中的I felt I should help save others可知，癌症治愈后，作者帮助保护很多人的“生命（lives）”。58. A。59. C。由作者经历癌症后大有成就的事例可知，“灾难（Disasters）”可以让一个人变得“更好（better）”。60. C。你只需要向前迈几步，再凭借一点点运气，“转变（transformation）”就会发生。语法填空：61. environmental。考查形容词作定语的用法。设空处修饰名词impact，故填形容词environmental。62. successfully。考查副词。设空处修饰谓语，故填副词successfully。63. to。考查介词。up to意为“多达”。64. where。考查关系副词。设空处引导限制性定语从句且在从句中作地点状语，故填where。65. began。考查一般过去时。由Since可知begin所表示的动作发生在过去，故填began。66. fastest。考查形容词最高级。句中含表示范围的in the fresh produce market，且设空处前有the限定，故填fast的最高级fastest。67. them。考查代词。设空处指代前面的“Ugly” fruits and vegetables，且在此作sell的宾语，故填them。68. have been rejected。考查虚拟语气。由once（曾经）可知，设空处表示与过去事实相反的假设，且produce与reject之间是被动关系，故填have beenrejected。69. to harvest。考查不定式作宾补的用法。send sb. to do sth.意为“派某人去做某事”。70. the。考查定冠词。“the +形容词”表示一类人，此处意为“饥饿的人们”。
对交互式教学法在英语阅读教学中的研究论文
摘要: 传统的语言教学法在中国的英语课堂上已盛行了很多年。传统的英语教学主要是以老师和教材为中心的翻译法。在整个英语课堂教学中，教师通过解释语言的含义和用法来支配整个课堂，而学习者的参与却微乎其微。结果中国的英语学习者在分析句子结构﹑翻译文章等方面是能手，但用英语与人交流的能力却是差强人意，这种英语能力无法适应当前社会发展的需要。因此，英语教学方面的专家和教师就课堂上出现的这种问题给以反思，并积极改变目前的教学方法，使学生所学的知识能够应用于实际的生活中来。越来越多的教师和语言学家已经意识到交互式教学法是一种克服语言教学问题的一个有效的方法，并且逐渐认识到培养学生的交际能力的重要性和迫切性。
关键词: 交互式教学法;英语阅读教学;课堂互动;学习态度
以大连市某中学的学生为实验对象，将这一理论应用到实际教学中，渗透在每一个教学环节里，以高中英语选修五的第五单元TheGreatSportPersonality为例。课堂以合作的小组教学为主，学生之间以及学生与教师之间以探究谈论的方式进行学习。本节英语阅读课主要分为三个部分，第一部分为快速阅读，在这一教学环节中，学生主要的学习的任务是快速浏览课文，并对课文有一个大概的了解，学生浏览课文不是盲目的浏览，而是带着问题去浏览，教师要求学生浏览课文后进行小组讨论，将每段讲述的主要内容与问题中所对应的选项相匹配，在这个过程中，教师起到引导的作用，引导学生找到对应的答案，这种形式的教学不仅能够使学生对课文有一定的了解，而且还能够提高学生的阅读速度和学习效率。第二部分是仔细阅读，这一教学环节要求学生仔细阅读课文并了解课文的含义，学生不仅要了解课文每一段讲的内容，还要与前后文衔接，做到对课文的整体把握，并通过小组研究谈论来回答相关问题。在这一教学环节中，与以往的教学模式不同的是，学生不再各自机械的阅读课文和翻译课文，而是以小组合作的方式，仔细阅读课文，了解课文的含义并回答相应的问题，在小组讨论的过程中学生不仅具备了团队合作精神，还学会了承担责任，不再是随便的回答问题，而是经过认真的思考，对自己及同组的其他成员的学习负责。第三部分为读后活动，在仔细阅读和分析课文后，教师要对学生对课文的掌握情况进行检查和了解，这一教学环节主要是以一个总结来进行，小组各成员之间进行谈论，并对本篇课文进行总结，将本小组内谈论出来的最佳的总结由一名成员表达出来，总结的内容不必过长，只需要把重点内容描述出来即可，在这一教学环节中，教师不仅能够对学生的掌握情况有所了解，还为学生提供了用英语表达的机会，实现了听、说、读、写全面发展的教学目标。在整个教学过程中，交互式教学法无处不在，教师与学生之间进行问答互动、引导互动，学生与学生之间通过小组合作讨论进行互动，每个小组互动合作的学习氛围又带动了整个班级的互动学习，使整个班级环境形成了一种互动合作探究式的学习模式，由此形成了一种互动循环，个人影响集体，反过来，集体也影响个人，通过不断的影响，班级的整体成绩也在不断的刷新。通过对交互式教学法的应用研究，了解到了它与传统翻译法的不同。
交互式教学法它更加注重培养学生的主动性和创造性，在整个学习过程中，学生是学习过程的主体，教师是学习过程的客体，主要起着引导和协调的作用。运用交互式教学法的课堂更加的有活力，整个课堂氛围更加的融洽与和谐，这样的课堂是充满欢声笑语的，学生是能够各抒己见的，学生不再害怕由于回答错误而被老师责怪，被同学嘲笑，学生喜欢这样的课堂，喜欢这样的教学模式，学生能够感受的到，他们自己是学习的主人，不再被动的接受教师传授的知识，这样他们也愿意花费更多的时间和精力用在自学上，这样教师也就实现了“授之以渔”的目标。和谐融洽的`学习环境更加有利于培养学生的创造性，在这样的环境下学生不再担心犯错，学生的思维会更加的广阔，学生是自己学习的主体，他们更加有信心也更加有兴趣去研究学习过程中所遇到的问题，渐渐地，学生的头脑中会形成一个知识框架结构，会主动的将先前的知识与已有的知识结合起来，不断的壮大头脑中的知识结构框架，从而实现知识的习得。作为一个重要的语言学习的能力，英语阅读越来越受到广大教师和学者的重视。培养学生良好的英语阅读能力也越来越重要，将交互式教学法应用到英语阅读教学中，取得了良好的教学效果。交互式教学法强调以学生为中心，打破传统课堂教师为主导的模式，倡导师生、生生互动，使学生在交流互动中自主的探索问题掌握知识。这种教学方法的理念与以输入和输出技能为基础的英语交际能力的核心思想相吻合。从本质上说，交际起源于交互。言语交互的内涵是接受和表达信息。在外语教学中，想要促进双向交流，就应激发与保持学生积极参与交互活动的兴趣，这样言语交互就会水到渠成。因此双向交流在语言学习环境中是非常关键的。
作者:王欢 单位:辽宁师范大学
参考文献:
［1］布朗．教学原则．交互式语言教学方法［M］．北京，外语教学与研究出版社，2001．
［2］黄淑梅．交互式英语阅读的自主学习模式—以《伦敦》教学设计为例［J］．桂林师范高等专科学校学报，2010(6)．
［3］季云．交互式教学模式在高中英语阅读教学中的运用［J］．成功教育．2007(11)，12－13．
［4］张俊英．大学英语多维互动教学模式行动研究［D］．上海外国语大学．2010．
如果差异是积极的，超过了阈值，改良方法是选定的估计，但切削力的比例不断乘以为约第二以便考虑滑移估计切削力的综合监测的说明图。 2 ，测量信号。估计业绩是令人满意的稳定状态以及在短暂切削力车削加工需要控制这种切削力保持在参考值无论深度切割，切割速度，工件和工具。由于切削力不能轻易衡量，估计切削力信号获得的第3款用于车削力控制。为了尽量减少错误之间的参考和估计切削力的规模，覆盖是饲料的基础上确定的三个控制战略： PI控制，自适应控制，最后，模糊逻辑控制。建议把武力控制系统的构建到框图所示图。 3 。的主要目的，本节是调查的可行性，利用估计切削力的转折点力控制，而不是比较控制性能的三个战略。因此，控制性能估计使用切削力相比，使用武力衡量每个控制的PI控制器需要一个动态模型的车削加工进给速度之间和切削力。转折过程可以模拟成一阶模型[ 15 ]即使模型参数， K型和T ？可以有不同的价值观取决于工件，工具和切割 1和f是切削深度和进给速度分别。 PI控制器的目的是从名义模型及其收益有决心利用齐格勒一尼科尔斯的方法。饲料覆盖的数控车床是在一系列的0-255 ％ 。反挥臂调控添加到PI控制器为了不使恶化的控制性能时，覆盖命令是超越了经营范围。该控制器可取代控制策略块真正的转折过程中，参数的驯服过程愿方程模型（ 10 ）是随时间变化和非线性根据切削条件，工件和切削工具。因此，控制规格，如稳定不能保证与传统的控制方法。许多自适应控制计划[ 5-10 ， 12 ， 15 ， 16 ，等]已经制定，以克服上述的主要目的，本节是调查的可行性，估计使用切削力的转折点力控制，一个可变增益自适应控制器由林和Masory [ 16 ]是通过，但略有修改，使切削力估计可以利用。该自适应控制器组成的一支部队在反馈环路的估计切削力比较的参考价值和控制通过改变进给速度的综合方式。 （ ）是可变控制器增益和参考切削力，分别。为了确定控制器增益，静态增益的切削过程是首先假定估计，估计的切削力是真实的。在静态增益估计，该控制器增益，光，要进行调整，以保持开环增益不变。为了适应环收益选择最优值[ 16 ] ，使控制系统是稳定的和最佳的性能。控制策略区块图。 3可以取代这种自适应模糊逻辑控制由于特点的切削力兑进给速度是非常非线性和时变的模糊逻辑[ 22 ]适用于控制器的设计。
If the difference is positive and exceeds a threshold value, the modified method is selected to estimate the cutting force but the proportional constant is multiplied for about second in order to consider the slip ratio.如果此差分是正的，并超过某一阈值，那么选择修改的方法来估计切削力，但比例常数被乘以秒，以考虑进滑移率。The estimated cutting force from the synthesized monitor is illustrated in Fig. 2 with the measured signal. 由合成的监控器估计的切削力与实测信号一起图示在图2中。The estimation performance is satisfactory at the steady-state as well as at the transient state. 在稳态以及瞬态下的估计性能是令人满意的。The cutting force in turning process needs to be controlled such that the cutting force is maintained at the reference value regardless of depth of cut, cutting speed, workpiece and tools. 在车削过程中的切削力需加以控制，这样，不管切削深度、切削速度、工件和刀具如何，切削力都将保持在基准值。Because the cutting force cannot be easily measured, the estimated cutting force signal obtained in Section 3 is used for the turning force control.因为切削力不容易测量，所以在第3节中获得的估计的切削力信号被用于车削力的控制。 In order to minimize the error between the reference and the estimated cutting forces, the size of the feed override is determined based on the three control strategies: PI control, adaptive control and finally, fuzzy logic control. 为了尽量减小基准切削力和估计切削力之间的误差，进刀修调的大小要根据三个控制策略来确定：PI（比例积分）控制、自适应控制和模糊逻辑控制。The proposed turning force control system is constructed into the block diagram as shown in Fig. 3. 提出的车削力控制系统被构建成图3所示的框图。The main purpose of this section is to investigate the feasibility of utilizing the estimated cutting force for the turning force control, rather than to compare the control performance of the three strategies.本小节的目的是研究利用估计的切削力来控制车削力的可行性，而不是比较上述三种策略的控制性能。 Thus, the control performance using the estimated cutting force is compared to that using the measured force for each control strategy. 因此，利用估计的切削力进行控制的性能是与利用每种控制策略下的实测力进行控制的性能进行比较。Design of the PI controller requires a dynamic model of the turning process between the feedrate and the cutting force. PI控制器的设计需要车削过程中进刀速度和切削力之间的动态模型。 The turning process can be modeled into a first-order model [15] even if the model parameters, K, and T? 即使模型参数K和T，车削过程也可建模成一阶模型【15】 ？（请注意：这一句和下面一句提问时原文有错）can have different values depending on workpiece, tool, and cutting a and f are the depth of cut and the feedrate, respectively 根据工件、刀具、和切削条件可以有不同的值。式中a和f分别是切削深度和进刀速度. A PI controller is designed from a nominal model and its gains are determined using the Ziegler-Nichols method. PI控制器是由标称模型设计的，它的增益用Ziegler-Nichols 方法确定The feed override of the CNC lathe is in the range of 0-255%. CNC车床的进刀修调是在0－255％的范围。The anti-windup regulation is added to the PI controller in order not to deteriorate the control performance when the override command is beyond the operation range. 为了在修调指令超出工作范围时不劣化控制性能，在PI控制器中加入了抗饱和调节。The PI controller can be substituted for the control strategy block in . 可以用PI控制器来替代图3中的控制策略方框。In real turning process, parameters of the taming process model like Eq (10) are time-varying and nonlinear depending on cutting conditions, workpiece and cutting tools.在实际的车削过程中，像式（10）那样的车削过程的参数根据切削条件、工件和切削刀具是随时间变化的，而且是非线性的。 Thus, the control specifications such as stability cannot be guaranteed with the classical control approaches. 因此控制的技术条件，如稳定性，用传统的控制方法是不能确保的。Many adaptive control schemes [5-10, 12, 15, 16, etc.] have been developed in order to overcome the above limitations.为了克服上述限制，人们开发了很多自适应控制方案【5－10，12，15，16等】。Because the main purpose of this section is to investigate the feasibility of using the estimated cutting force for the turning force control, a variable gain adaptive controller presented by Lin and Masory [16] is adopted but modified slightly so that the estimated cutting force can be utilized.因为本节的主要目的是研究利用估计的切削力来控制车削力的可行性，所以采用了Lin和Masory【16】介绍的可变增益自适应控制器，但是稍加修改，所以可以利用估计的切削力。问题补充：The adaptive controller is composed of a force feedback loop where the estimated cutting force is compared to the reference value and is controlled by changing the feedrate in the integrated manner.自适应控制器由一个力反馈回路组成，在这个回路中估计的切削力与基准值进行比较，并通过以整体方式改变进刀速度来加以控制。()are variable controller gain and reference cutting force, respectively. （ ）分别是可变的控制器增益和基准切削力。In order to determine the controller gain, the static gain of the cutting process is estimated first assuming that the estimated cutting force is true.为了确定控制器增益，先假设估计的切削力是正确的，然后估计切削过程的静态增益。 After the static gain is estimated, the controller gain, K., is adjusted to keep the open-loop gain constant. 在估计了静态增益后，控制器增益K被调节而保持开环增益常数。The adaptation loop gains are selected to optimal values [16] so that the controlled system is stable and has optimal performance. 自适应回路增益选为最佳值【16】，因此，受控的系统是稳定的，并具有最佳的性能。The control strategy block in Fig. 3 can be replaced by this adaptive controller.图3中的控制策略方框可以用此自适应控制器取代。 Fuzzy Logic 模糊逻辑控制 Because the characteristics of the cutting force versus the feedrate are very nonlinear and time-varying, a fuzzy logic [22] is applied to the controller design. 因为切削力相对于进刀速度的特性是非常非线性的，而且是随时间变化的，所以采用模糊逻辑【22】用于控制器设计。
当看到自己论文意见是大修不用担心，根据审稿人意见一条一条回应，该争论的争论，该解释的解释，该修改的修改，礼貌回应审稿人的意见，并指出在原文中哪一页哪一行进行修改，越详细越好。找北京译顶科技，性价比高，我就是在那边做的。 统一查下。
全国高职高专英语教材•新视野英语教程:读写教程2 后面的翻译答案 ,发你邮箱 百度文库里找找!Unit 1Section A. Learning a Foreign Language《读写教程 I》: Ex. III, p. 71. embarrass2. Discipline3. access4. positive5. commitment6. frustrate7. intimidate8. reap《读写教程 I》: Ex. IV, p. 81. into2. into3. from4. with5. to6. about7. with/in8. in《读写教程 I》: Ex. V, p. 81. Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a beautiful . Not wanting to meet John there, he refused to attend the . Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to the . It rained for two weeks, completely ruining our . Staring into space, the small girl felt frustrated at what the teacher asked her.《读写教程 I》: Ex. VI, p. 81. Not only does he easily accept other people’s opinions, but he is also . Not only does she sing beautifully but she also dances . Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our . Not only did we learn the technology through an online course but we also learned to communicate with friends in . Not only did Smith learn the Chinese language but also bridged the gap between his culture and ours.《读写教程 I》: Ex. VII, p. 91. We can reap a lot from the rewarding experience of communicating with native speakers of . With the mayor’s help, we were at last allowed access to those people who suffered from the traffic . Bob and Frank didn’t get along well with each other. It was embarrassing that they were to work in the same . As a boy, I used to intimidate my sister into crying by telling her that a wolf was . It is not easy to do scientific research; it requires time, energy and money as well as discipline and B Keys to Successful Online LearningReading Skills1. C 2. B 3. D 4. A of the Text
动物 植物 日常物品 其它物 自然风光 人文景观 游记 记事 童话寓言 幻想故事 小说剧本 诗歌 散文 想象作文 随笔 日记周记 书信 观读后感 续写改写 讲稿 申请 议论文 小论文 调查报告 小学英语作文 中学英语作文 看图作文 材料作文 话题作文 时事评论 科学作文 环保作文 作文题库 名词美句 作文诊所 作文点评 作文讲座 作文竞赛 获奖作文 作文信息 作文心理 作文研究 竟聘演说 领导讲话 小学生书信 小学话题作文 小学写人作文 小学写事作文 小学写景作文 小学写物作文 小学想象作文 小学科技作文 小学抒情作文 小学环保作文 小学升学考场作文 中学作文指导 中学作文评语 中学写作素材 中学话题作文 | 网站首页 | 语文 | 作文 | 演讲 | 故事 | 教材 | 普通话 | 课件 | 图片 | 班主任 | | 作文首页 | 写人 | 写物 | 写景 | 叙事 | 抒情 | 应用 | 议论 | 英语 | 其它 | 素材 | 指导 | 竞赛 | 研究 | | 剧本 | 讲稿 | 演说 | 小学 | 中学 | 您现在的位置： 小学语文专业网 >> 作文 >> 叙事 >> 记事 >> 正文 用户登录 新用户注册 去年的圣诞节 作者：佚名 作文来源：本站原创 点击数：12 更新时间：2008-12-23 那是一个美好的圣诞节。早上起床时，天空是那么的明亮，干冷干冷的，仿佛是圣诞老人为了让我们早点看到他来了，故意擦亮的。走在大街上，只听到“叮――叮”的铃响跟小朋友的欢呼。来到了学校，学校里一片祥和的气氛。同学们在互相交换着圣诞节的祝福。下课了，我们拿着跳绳，在扮演圣诞老人。一滴、两滴、三滴，我估计这是水珠。不，不，这是雪，这是雪！同学们在欢呼，老师的脸上刻上了笑容。英语课，老师给我们介绍圣诞节。数学课，老师用数学密码的方式，给我们发了一张又一张的圣诞节卡，里面写着圣诞节祝福语，让我们自己破密码……惟独语文课上，老师依然让我们看《凡卡》这篇小说。当我看到凡卡不能和爷爷一起过圣诞节时，心里很不是滋味。因为，如果一个城镇有一个像凡卡那样的儿童，那么地球上就有几亿万、几十亿万的受苦儿童…… 圣诞节毕竟还是快乐的，在知识的海洋里，我们懂得了圣诞节的来历。在家里，我们看到了其它国家是怎样过圣诞节的。在电脑前，我们用最美好的语言祝福圣诞节。虽然在圣诞节还有不开心的时候，如：考试成绩落在了95分以下；被老师冤枉了，弄得下不了台。但去年的圣诞节永远是美好的。 作文录入：admin 责任编辑：admin 上一篇作文： 庆元旦 下一篇作文： 没有了 我的QQ是：7058453514
一、研究性学习的背景及特点 从20世纪80年代末开始，世界各国开始对本国的教育系统作重大改变，教育改革的一个基本点和共同点集中在如何使本国的青少年具备21世纪所需要的“关键能力”，即用新技术获取和处理信息的能力、主动探究能力、分析和解决问题的能力、与人合作及责任感、终生学习的能力等。要培养这些能力，仅靠传统的学科和原有的学习方式显然不行。于是，project--based learning或project learning,(我国称之为“研究性学习”)，应运而生。研究性学习是20世纪80年代末以来国际教育界比较普遍推崇和实施的一种新课程。这种课程源于美国，自20世纪80年代杜威提倡“新教育”以来，美国中小学始终比较强调学校与社会、教育与生活的联系，强调学生自主地探究学习。1996年美国国家科学院推出的《国家科学教育标准》明确指出，科学探究是科学教育的核心，学校教育要把科学探究作为获取知识和认识世界的一种方法，突出了学生主动探究的学习在整个教育中的地位和作用。其他国家也在这方面表达了相同的认识。 什么是研究性学习?从广义理解，研究性学习泛指学生主动探究的学习活动，它是一种学习的理念、策略、方法，适用于学生对所有学科的学习。从狭义看，作为一门独立的课程，研究性学习指在教学过程中以问题为载体，创设一种类似科学研究的情境和途径，让学生通过自己收集、分析处理信息来实际感受和体验知识的生产过程，进而了解社会，学会学习，培养分析问题，解决问题的能力和创造能力。 研究性学习的核心是要改变学生的学习方式，强调一种主动探究式的学习，是培养学生创新精神和实践能力、推行素质教育的一种新的尝试和实践，与现有的学科相比，它有以下特点： 1.“问题”(或专题、课题)是研究性学习的载体，整个课程主要围绕着问题的提出和解决来组织学生的学习活动 在研究性学习活动中，指导者通常不是提供一篇教材，让学生理解、记忆，而是呈现一个需要学习、探究的问题(专题或课题)。这个问题可以由展示一个案例、介绍某些背景或创设一种情景引出，也可直接提出；可以由教师提出，也可以引导学生自己发现和提出。 2.开放性是研究性学习在内容选择上的主要特点 在研究性学习中，问题多来自学生生活着的现实世界，内容涉及的面可以相当广泛教材、校园以外的各种教育资源，学生学习途径、方法不一，最后研究结果的内容和形式各异，它必然会突破原有学科教学的封闭状态，把学生置于一种动态，开放、主动、多元的学习环境中。 3.研究性学习过程主要由学生自己负责完成 研究性学习强调以学生的自主性，探究性学习为基础，在确定研究性学习的内容后，通常采用学生个人或小组合作的方式来进行，整个课程的内容、方式、进度、实施地点，最后的表现形态主要取决于学生个人或学生小组的努力。学生在老师的指导下，在规定的时间内，成为某一个研究课题的提出者、设计者、实施者，他对课程目标的达成负有主要的责任。 4.综合性、社会性和实践性是研究性学习内容组织时应重视的几个方面 综合性即围绕某个专题组织多方面或跨学科的知识内容，以利于知识的融合贯通和多角度、多层面的思考问题；社会性即加强理论知识与社会生活实际的联系，特别关注与人类生存、社会发展密切相关的重大问题，注意开发社区资源；实践性即在学习间接经验的同时，提供学习直接经验并在探究实践中获得积极情感体验的途径与机会。二、研究性学习设计 语法教学中的研究性学习 现行的高中英语教学中语法知识多以直接描述的方法呈现，且同一知识点分散于几个单元，这种编排虽体现了循序渐进、高复现率中加深印象的教学方法，但接触时对学生的不求甚解便可的要求无疑加重了学生的机械记忆的负担，从而减弱学生学英语的兴趣。语法是有规律性的东西，采用研究性学习让学生根据已有的初步知识自己去总结规律，在这一过程中再发现、再创造，从而培养学生的创新能力和问题意识。在教学中，教师应采用学生感兴趣的素材，尽可能多地从启发诱导入手，设计一个个有梯度、有意图的问题、逐步引导学生去归纳总结出语法知识。学生归纳正确，给予肯定，增强学生的自信心；学生归纳不正确时，分析原因，指明正确的用法，让学生在“原来如此”的情感体验中加深对此语法知识的理解与记忆；学生归纳之后，教师再给予相应的操练，以期收到触类旁通和巩固的效果。 以学习倒装为例，我采用以下步骤： 1.创设情景，提供材料(在幻灯片上打出下列句子) ①Here comes the bus. The bus comes here. ②Out rushed the children. The children rushed out. ③LiLei rushed out. So did LiMing. LiLei rushed out. So LiMing rushed out too. ④Only then did he realize that he forgot his bag. He realized that he forgot his bag only then. 2.出示问题：请学生仔细观察句子，分析每组句子的异同。 3.学生研读每个句子后，可得出如下结果：每一对句子意思都相同，但语序不同；每组的前一句都是倒装句型。(若学生首次碰到，可由教师直接告知)教师设问：何为倒装?学生归纳倒装的共性(主谓颠倒)。在学生对倒装有一定的认识之后，引导学生找疑问： Q1：倒装的作用是什么? Q2：倒装句都一样吗? Q3：在什么情况下需要倒装? 让学生把每组句子的第一句连成文章，请学生比较异同，从而回答Q1；请学生对比14两组句子，引导学生回答Q2，再观察每组句子，并且让学生研读教材上提供的例句，让学生分组讨论、总结，然后以小组为单位发言，从而回答Q3。在完成对这三个问题的回答之后，倒装作为一语法知识便已轮廓清晰、重点鲜明地凸现在学生面前。在学生归纳分析过程中，教师适当讲评、补充。这一过程始终让学生处主导地位，教师只起指导作用。 在语法教学的研究性学习中，教师应始终用问题的提出引导学生步步进入语言规律的认识，提供的素材应力求贴近学生实际富有趣味性。 总之，在高中英语教学中，本着研究性学习的特点，教师应用多尝试以问题为载体，引导学生的思维；始终以学生为主体，多创设各种合作学习的活动，让学生在讨论、合作、探究、体验中锻炼思维，培养学生学英语的兴趣和自信心，让学生在提高听、说、读、写能力的同时，养成自主学习和创新意识，从而为成为二十一世纪的主人奠定基础。
我可以理解着方面的内容，之说来我帮你的
On the Cultural Translation of Chinese Poetry From the Perspective of Peter Newmark’s Theory【Abstract】As a type of classical Chinese literature with a long history, the ancient Chinese poetry has long attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad and been translated by them. This paper attempts to make a tentative study on Peter Newmark’s theory in the culture translation of Chinese poetry. It proves that the theory plays a key role in the culture translation of Chinese poems.【Key Words】Peter Newmark;communicative translation;semantic translation; poem translationAs a type of classical Chinese literature with a long history, the ancient Chinese poetry has long attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad and been translated by them. For different translators, the translated versions and methods are quite different. Based on his own past research and some other transdisciplinary knowledge, Peter Newmark, the famous English translation theorist, has put forward the principles of “semantic translation” and “communicative translation”.1. The Characteristics of Poem TranslationPoem translation is quite different from the translations of novels, dramas, proses and film scripts. This is determined by its own characteristics. Then what are its characteristics? Generally speaking, there are three prime , poem emphasizes on the beauty of tempo and metre. A beautiful poem must have much attractiveness between the lines. When you hear some reading the charming poem, it seems that you are listening to a beautiful , from a lingual perspective, the languages of poem is quite succinct and the information in one unit structure. Its structure is rather different from some common lingual structures, due to the requirement of its metre, rhythm and , a poem is the most senior form of literature, its metre, form and idea becoming integration. The lack of anyone of them will lead to the destruction of the whole poem. What’s more,the significance should be read between the lines, because the lines consist of many constituents of imagination when the author produces the poem. That is to say, we can always see the beauty of obscurity from poems. The understanding and feeling towards a poem depends on the appreciator, time and . About Peter Newmark’s Translation TheoryAccording to Peter Newmark, communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original. In theory, there are wide differences between the two translation must emphasize the effect rather than the content of the message, and semantic translation would be more informative but less effective. Semantic translation attempts to recreate the precise flavor and tone of the original and it relates to the “expressive” function of language, whereas communicative translation responds to the representational and vocative functions. Thus for “Wet Paint!”, the communicative translation “Don’t touch the wet paint” is mandatory; the semantic translation(‘paint is wet’) would be more informative but less . A Study on the Cultural Transference of Chinese Appellation CultureAppellation culture is a dual-property semiotic system which concerns with appellation and involves both linguistics and culture. It is a semiotic system because it is marked by words or phrases in languages. The evolution of Chinese history and the continuous blending among nationalities in ancient China has given rise to a complex Han culture. Appellation culture is a good case in point. Appellation can be divided into relative appellation and association. A relative appellation is a cultural symbol produced by marriage system. After long-term cultural sediment, it has become well established. In ancient China, the complex marriage system finally led to a complicated relative appellation system, which inevitably causes troubles in 未谙姑食性，先遣小姑尝。Verginial: I decide that not my my husband’s young sister shall have the first Yuanchng: To meet my mother-in-law’s taste,I send her daughter the first : But what kind of taste auntie likes, I don’t know,So send to my sister-in-law the first ancient China, there was a traditional custom, which meant to turn cousinship into marriageship. In other words, a girl was supposed to marry the son of her mother’s brother, thus she would call her husband’s parents, . her father-in-law and mother-in-law uncle and aunt or auntie. Fletcher, obviously, has been confused by the surface meaning of “姑”, hence, he translates this word semantically as “auntie”. Although the girl calls her husband’s mother aunt, she has to present as a daughter-in-law and look at the “aunt” as mother-in-law and serve her everyday after the marriage. This is determined by the feudal marriage system. Thus, Fletcher has made a semantic here the “auntie” only acts as a “signifier”. A good way to deal with it is to uncover its veil and make the readers see clearly its face, to reveal the word in its true colours. After analyzing and consulting reference books, this is not a difficult task. The best way is to take a communicative translation. Both the first two translators have done in this way. “姑”is translated communicatively as “mother in law”. Under this condition, the TL readers will understand the poem in a full; otherwise, they must be confused about the let’s take another example: 嫦娥应悔偷灵药，碧海青天夜夜心。Zhang Tingchen & Wei Bosi: Chang E must regret having stolen the magic elixir——In that blue ocean of a sky: endless thoughts, night after Dayu: Chang’e should now sorely regretFor stealing the herb of fay,So she hath to face all alone the blue skyAnd the sea immense night and : Are you sorry for having stolenThe potion that has set purple seas and blue skies,To brood through the long nights?Chang’e is a fairy lady in a Chinese legend who swallowed elixir stolen from her husband and flew to the moon. Here, in order to let the TL readers get to know the legendary figure in Chinese culture, both Chinese translators have taken the semantic translation and transcribed it into “Chang’e”, the alphabetic correspondence of “嫦娥”. Since the original verse is a narrative, in which “Chang’e” functions only as a sign of a person, it is hard for readers to fully understand the figure in the poem. So, this kind of transcription is quite all , Bynner, starting from the western thinking mode, has communicatively translated the verse by using the second as if in a dialogue with God or someone else. This kind of tone may bring the TL readers kindness and make them feel as if they are participating. But this can’t yet explain who “嫦娥”is. This shows that sometimes when the differences between the two languages can’t be understood by TL readers, they should be eliminated by sensible Culture about Weights and MeasuresWeights and measures were very complicated before the unity by the Qin Dynasty. Each country followed its own system of weights and measures. After the unity of the country, Qin also standardized them. Such a system is handed down from generation to generation. Nevertheless, they are unknown or unfamiliar to foreigners. Although the Tang Dynasty reached in a peak in cultural influence abroad, some of the cultural concepts are unknown to foreigners. Now let’s see the following instances: 桃花潭水深千尺，不及汪伦送我情。Obata: The Peach Flower Lake is a thousand fathoms deep,But it cannot compare, O Wang Lun,With the depth of your love for 一片孤城万仞山。Wen Shu: On a steep high mountain the lone garrison town standsZhang Tingchen & Wei Bosi: Amid the massive mountains lies the solitary sliver of a townSun Dayu: And a lone pile lies by a mount a hundred furlongs highXu Yuanchong: The lone Great Wall lost amid the mountains proudFletcher: ‘Mid peaks so high our tiny town to sight is almost lostSuch units as “尺” (in its ancient meaning), “仞”have no equivalence in Anglo-American culture or modern Chinese culture. According to A Dictionary for Ancient Chinese Words, both of them are measures of length, height or depth. In ancient Chinese, 1尺≈; 1仞≈(current)≈. So “万仞”≈24000meter~25000m. Even people in China today may not know these. We may translate them semantically as 260m and 24000m, but which may make the translated versions lost their original charming and become more complicated. Therefore, Obata chooses another way, he adapts and makes the thought and cultural content of original more accessible to reader. In his version, “尺”is replaced by “fathom”, a word familiar to foreigners. 1尺≈, then 1000尺≈260m; 1fathom≈, then 1000fathoms≈1800m. Thus it seems the two figures differ largely from each other, but after all, the “千尺” here is in its exaggerated meaning. In this way, the readers can get the rough meaning of a great depth conveyed by the original in the second version, Sun Dayu has semantically translated “仞”into “a hundred furlongs”. He used a similar unit in Anglo-American culture for replacement. 1furlong≈201m, then 100furlong≈20100m. This is almost equal to the height of “万仞”. The domesticating method here has not merely made the TL readers understand the grandeur of the mountains the author wanted to convey, but also given them a perceptual knowledge of this point. Thus we can see that Mr. Sun has really given much thought to the for the other versions, they should be categorized under communicative translation. Although the key cultural word has been sacrificed, all the versions have become clear enough to be accepted by TL the above examples, we see that semantic translation is not always the only valid method. Sometimes communicative translation may also help to translate those words that are heavily culture-loaded. However, when it is imperative to retain the culture, semantic translation should be considered, that is, we can translate the words literally and then add a note. In versions that aim to introduce Chinese culture, it is necessary to use this Time CultureTime culture refers to some culture that is related to time or the techniques to express time. During the development of Chinese history, ancient Chinese invent their own special methods to express time. Using lunar calendar to calculate months is a good case in point. That is to divide a year according to the twenty-four solar terms. In this way, people can easily depict what the climate or scenery is like during a period of 烟花三月下扬州Yang Xianyi &Gladys Yang: In the mist and flowers of spring,He goes down to Dayu: In this flowery April clime,For thickly peopled Yuanchong: For Yangzhou in spring green with willows and red with to Best-Known Tang and Song Four-Line Poems,“烟花” is a phrase to depict the spring that is filled with the mist-like willow catkin and the brocade-like flowers, that is to describe a splendid spring. Here in the verse, it is used to modify “三月”. “三月”in the lunar calendar refers to the third month, the period almost from the pure Brightness till soon after Grain Rain. This period of time is nearly equal to the fourth month of the year,April. During this time, flowers blossom and the trees begin to put forth new leaves.”Against such a background, starting from the TL culture, Mr. Sun Dayu communicatively translates it into “flowery April”. Thus, the TL readers can easily imagine the flowery scenery. The same strategy has been adopted in the others. From the readers’ angle, the other two translators have succeeded in avoiding confusion to the TL readers by omitting “三月”. Otherwise the TL readers will wonder why it says it is spring and flowery since it is obviously cold in March? By omission of “三月”, the two versions appear clearer in meaning and easier to the above several examples, we may draw a conclusion that communicative translation is mainly adopted to transfer the culture, especially in appellation culture and culture about weights and measures, while semantic translation is added to render some culture in Chinese poetry. But no matter which method a translator adopts, he must render the original accurately and accurately convey the true information to the TL in all, Peter Newmark’s translation theory applies successfully to the English versions of ancient Chinese poems. It proves that all translations must be in some degree both communicative and semantic. Both semantic translation and communicative translation are necessary in translation. The theory plays a key role in the English translation of Chinese poems.
在金锄头文库上搜索。更多相关《2022年学术英语课后答案（3页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。研究生学术型和专业型的区别包括：培养目标不同、培养方式不同、招生条件不同、招生考试不同、导师制度不同、收费标准不同。
《英文科技论文与写作课后习题资料》百度网盘pdf最新全集下载:链接：
应用语言学研究方法与论文如此类课题写的已经比较多了呢.
应用语言学研究方法与论文如此类课题写的已经比较多了呢.
论文格式 当我们对一个问题研究之后，如何将其展现于众人面前是一个重要的工作。在这里我们结合具体的事例，给大家介绍科研的一个重要部分枣论文的一般格式及其注意事项。当然，要写出一篇好的论文，绝不是单单这么一个简要的介绍就够了，还需自己多写、多练。 随着科学技术的发展，越来越多的学者涉及到学术论文的写作领域，那么怎样写学术论文、学术论文写作是怎样要求的、格式如何，下面就介绍一下学术论文的写作，希望能对您论文写作有所帮助。 (一)题名（Title,Topic）1、论文格式的论文题目：（下附署名）要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。 论文题目是一篇论文给出的涉及论文范围与水平的第一个重要信息，也是必须考虑到有助于选定关键词不达意和编制题录、索引等二次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息。 论文题目十分重要，必须用心斟酌选定。有人描述其重要性，用了下面的一句话：论文题目是文章的一半。 对论文题目的要求是：准确得体；简短精炼；外延和内涵恰如其分；醒目。对这四方面的要求分述如下。1．准确得体要求论文题目能准确表达论文内容，恰当反映所研究的范围和深度。 常见毛病是：过于笼统，题不扣文。关键问题在于题目要紧扣论文内容，或论文内容民论文题目要互相匹配、紧扣，即题要扣文，文也要扣题。这是撰写论文的基本准则。2．简短精炼力求题目的字数要少，用词需要精选。至于多少字算是合乎要求，并无统一的硬性规定，一般希望一篇论文题目不要超出20个字，不过，不能由于一味追求字数少而影响题目对内容的恰当反映，在遇到两者确有矛盾时，宁可多用几个字也要力求表达明确。 若简短题名不足以显示论文内容或反映出属于系列研究的性质，则可利用正、副标题的方法解决，以加副标题来补充说明特定的实验材料，方法及内容等信息使标题成为既充实准确又不流于笼统和一般化。3．外延和内涵要恰如其分外延和内涵属于形式逻辑中的概念。所谓外延，是指一个概念所反映的每一个对象；而所谓内涵，则是指对每一个概念对象特有属性的反映。 命题时，若不考虑逻辑上有关外延和内涵的恰当运用，则有可能出现谬误，至少是不当。4．醒目论文题目虽然居于首先映入读者眼帘的醒目位置，但仍然存在题目是否醒目的问题，因为题目所用字句及其所表现的内容是否醒目，其产生的效果是相距甚远的。 有人对36种公开发行的医学科持期刊1987年发表的论文的部分标题，作过统计分析，从中筛选100条有错误的标题。在100条有错误的标题中，属于省略不当错误的占20%；属于介词使用不当错误的占12%）。在使用介词时产生的错误主要有：①省略主语枣第一人称代词不达意后，没有使用介词结构，使辅助成分误为主语；②需要使用介词时又没有使用；③不需要使用介词结构时使用。属主事的错误的占11%；属于并列关系使用不当错误的占9%；属于用词不当、句子混乱错误的各占9%，其它类型的错误，如标题冗长、文题不符、重复、歧意等亦时有发生。（二）作者姓名和单位（Author and department）这一项属于论文署名问题。署名一是为了表明文责自负，二是记录作用的劳动成果，三是便于读者与作者的联系及文献检索（作者索引）。大致分为二种情形，即：单个作者论文和多作者论文。后者按署名顺序列为第一作者、第二作者厖。重要的是坚持实事求是的态度，对研究工作与论文撰写实际贡献最大的列为第一作者，贡献次之的，列为第二作者，余类推。注明作者所在单位同样是为了便于读者与作者的联系。（三）摘要（Abstract）论文一般应有摘要，有些为了国际交流，还有外文（多用英文）摘要。它是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。其他用是不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。摘要应包含以下内容：①从事这一研究的目的和重要性；②研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作；③获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解；④结论或结果的意义。论文摘要虽然要反映以上内容，但文字必须十分简炼，内容亦需充分概括，篇幅大小一般限制其字数不超过论文字数的5%。例如，对于6000字的一篇论文，其摘要一般不超出300字。论文摘要不要列举例证，不讲研究过程，不用图表，不给化学结构式，也不要作自我评价。 撰写论文摘要的常见毛病，一是照搬论文正文中的小标题（目录）或论文结论部分的文字；二是内容不浓缩、不概括，文字篇幅过长。（四）关键词（Key words）关键词属于主题词中的一类。主题词除关键词外，还包含有单元词、标题词的叙词。主题词是用来描述文献资料主题和给出检索文献资料的一种新型的情报检索语言词汇，正是由于它的出现和发展，才使得情报检索计算机化（计算机检索）成为可能。 主题词是指以概念的特性关系来区分事物，用自然语言来表达，并且具有组配功能，用以准确显示词与词之间的语义概念关系的动态性的词或词组。关键词是标示文献关建主题内容，但未经规范处理的主题词。关键词是为了文献标引工作，从论文中选取出来，用以表示全文主要内容信息款目的单词或术语。一篇论文可选取3~8个词作为关键词。关键词或主题词的一般选择方法是：由作者在完成论文写作后，纵观全文，先出能表示论文主要内容的信息或词汇，这些住处或词江，可以从论文标题中去找和选，也可以从论文内容中去找和选。例如上例，关键词选用了6个，其中前三个就是从论文标题中选出的，而后三个却是从论文内容中选取出来的。后三个关键词的选取，补充了论文标题所未能表示出的主要内容信息，也提高了所涉及的概念深度。需要选出，与从标题中选出的关键词一道，组成该论文的关键词组。关键词与主题词的运用，主要是为了适应计算机检索的需要，以及适应国际计算机联机检索的需要。一个刊物增加关键词这一项，就为该刊物提高引用率、增加知名度开辟了一个新的途径。（五）引言（Intorduction）引言又称前言，属于整篇论文的引论部分。其写作内容包括：研究的理由、目的、背景、前人的工作和知识空白，理论依据和实验基础，预期的结果及其在相关领域里的地位、作用和意义。引言的文字不可冗长，内容选择不必过于分散、琐碎，措词要精炼，要吸引读者读下去。引言的篇幅大小，并无硬性的统一规定，需视整篇论文篇幅的大小及论文内容的需要来确定，长的可达700~800字或1000字左右，短的可不到100字。（六）正文（Main body）正文是一篇论文的本论，属于论文的主体，它占据论文的最大篇幅。论文所体现的创造性成果或新的研究结果，都将在这一部分得到充分的反映。因此，要求这一部分内容充实，论据充分、可靠，论证有力，主题明确。为了满足这一系列要求，同时也为了做到层次分明、脉络清晰，常常将正文部分人成几个大的段落。这些段落即所谓逻辑段，一个逻辑段可包含几个自然段。每一逻辑段落可冠以适当标题（分标题或小标题）。段落和划分，应视论文性质与内容而定。（七）参考文献[序号]. 编著者. 书名[M]，出版地：出版社，年代，起止页码 [序号]. 作者. 论文名称[J]，期刊名称，年度，卷（期），起止页码电子文献的载体类型及其标识随着我国信息化进程的加快，电子文献的采用量逐渐加大，其标注方式的规范化已经提到议事日程上来了。现根据国家新闻出版署印发的《中国学术期刊（光盘版）检索与评价数据规范》的有关规定，对来稿提出如下要求：一、对于数据库、计算机程序及电子公告等电子文献类型的参考文献，以下列双字母作为标示：电子文献类型数据库计算机程序电子公告电子文献类型标识DBCPEB二、电子文献的载体类型及其标识对于非纸张类型载体的电子文献，当被引用为参考文献时需在参考文献类型中同时标明其载体类型。《规范》采用双字母表示电子文献载体类型：磁带(magnetic tape)MT，磁盘(disk)DK，光盘(CD-ROM) CD，联机网络(online)OL，并以下列格式表示包括了文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识：[文献类型标识/载体类型标识]如：[DB/OL]——联机网上数据库（database online）[ DB/MT]——磁带数据库（database on magnetic tape）[M/CD]——光盘图书（monograph on CD-ROM）[CP/DK]——磁盘软件（computer program on disk）[J/OL]——网上期刊（serial online）[EB/OL]——网上电子公告（electronic pulletin board online）如：[1]王明亮．关于中国学术期刊标准数据库系统工程的进展[DB/OL]．文献网址, 1998-08-16/1998-10-04． 以纸张为载体的传统文献在引作参考文献时不必注明其载体类型。编写要求 页面要求：毕业论文须用A4（210×297）标准、70克以上白纸，一律采用单面打印；毕业论文页边距按以下标准设置：上边距为30mm，下边距为25mm，左边距和右边距为25mm；装订线为10mm，页眉16mm，页脚15mm。 页眉：页眉从摘要页开始到论文最后一页，均需设置。页眉内容：浙江广播电视大学汉语言文学类本科毕业论文，居中，打印字号为5号宋体，页眉之下有一条下划线。 页脚：从论文主体部分（引言或绪论）开始，用阿拉伯数字连续编页，页码编写方法为：第×页共×页，居中，打印字号为小五号宋体。 前置部分从中文题名页起单独编页。 字体与间距：毕业论文字体为小四号宋体，字间距设置为标准字间距，行间距设置为固定值20磅。
一.开头句型 1. As far as...is concerned就……而言 2. It goes without saying that...不言而喻，...... 3. It can be said with certainty that...可以肯定地说...... 4. As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的， 5. It has to be noticed that...必须注意到，...... 6. It's generally recognized that...普遍认为...... 7. What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是...... 8. There's no denying the fact that...不可否认...... 9. Nothing is more important than the fact that...没有什么比......更重要 , ..., which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ... Second, ... What makes things worse is that...现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是…… 二.衔接句型 1. A case in point is ...一个典型的例子是...... 2. As is often the case，... 正如通常情况下，...... 3. As stated in the previous paragraph， 如前段所述， 4. But the problem is not so simple. Therefore，... 但是问题并非如此简单，所以，…… 5. But it's a pity that...但遗憾的是…... 6. For all that...对于这一切...... In spite of the fact that...尽管事实...... 7. Further, we hold opinion that...此外，我们坚持认为...... 8. However , the difficulty lies in...然而，困难在于...… 9. Similarly, we should pay attention to...同样，我们要注意...... 10. In view of the present station， 鉴于目前形势， 11. As has been mentioned above， 正如上面所提到的， 12. In this respect, we may as well say...从这个角度上我们可以说...... 13. However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is...然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即 …... 三.结尾句型 1. I will conclude by saying...最后我要说…... 2. Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信…... 3. All things considered,总而言之， 4. Therefore, in my opinion, it's more advisable...因此，在我看来，更可取的是…... 5. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that… 通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论...… data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that… 通过数据我们得到的结论是...... 7. It can be concluded from the discussion that...从讨论中可以得出......的结论 8. From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来，如果……也许更好 四.举例句型 1. Let's take...to illustrate this.让我们用......来阐明这一点。 2. let's take the above chart as an example to illustrate this.让我们用以上图标做例子来阐明这一点。 3. Here is one more example.还有一个例子。 … for example. 以......为例。 offers a typical instance of…. 这为......提供了一个典型的例子。 6. We may quote a common example of…. 我们可以引用一个关于......的常见例子。 五.常用于引言段的句型 1. Some people think that…. 有些人认为…... 2. To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below.坦率地说，我不能同意他们的意见，理由如下。 3. For years,… has been seen as …, but things are quite different now. 多年来，……一直被视为……，但现在的情况有很大的不同。 4. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that… 我无法完全同意这一观点的…... 5. My argument for this view goes as follows.我对这个问题的看法如下。 6. Along with the development of…, more and more…随着……的发展，越来越多…... 7. There is a long-running debate as to whether...关于是否......有着个长期的辩论。 8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that…. 普遍/广泛认为…... 9. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.就我而言，我完全同意前者/后者。 10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides.在给出我的观点之前，我想有必要看看双方的论据。 六.表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法 1. A is completely / totally / entirely different from B. A和B完全不同。 2. A and B are different in every way / respect / 和B在每方面都不同。 3. A and B differ in… A和B在......方面不同。 4. A differs from B in... A在......方面和B不同。 5. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in… A和B的区别在于...... 6. Compared with/In contrast to A, B…. 和A比起来，B...... 7. While it is generally believed that A…, I believe B… 虽然普遍认为A......，但是我认为B...... 8. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different.尽管它们有相似性，但是A和B也是不同的。 9. Both A and B…. However, A…; on the other hand, B… A和B都......然而，A......；另一方面，B...... 10. The most striking difference is that A…, while B…. 最显著的区别是A......，然而B...... 七.演绎法常用的句型 1. There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones. 对于......有几个原因，但一般地，他们可以归结为三个主要原因。 2. There are many factors that can account for…, but the following are the most typical ones. 有许多因素能够解释......，但以下是最典型的因素。 3. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.有很多方法可以解决这个问题，但下面的可能是最有效的。 4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.一般来说，这些优势可以列举如下。 5. The reasons are as follows.原因如下。 八.因果推理法常用句型 1. Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot.因为我们读过这本书，所以我们学到很多。 2. If we read the book, we will learn a lot.如果我们读这本书，我们会学到很多。 3. We read the book；as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, we've learned a lot. 我们读了这本书，因此我们学了很多。 4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, we've learned a lot.由于读了这本书，我们已经学到了很多。 5. The cause of/reason for/overweight is eating too much.超重的原因是吃得太多。 is caused by/due to/because of eating too much.超重是由于吃得太多。 7. The effect/consequence/result of eating too much is overweight.吃太多的结果是超重。 8. Eating too much causes/results in/leads to overweight.吃太多导致超重。 早检测论文查重系统我祝大家顺利通过~~~