除了部分大佬文章,已经拒稿重投的,基本上能接收的文章都是先大修的。正常而已。北京译顶科技做的不错,可以联系他们一下 统一查下。
本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式
论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章,简称之为论文。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段,又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。以下是我精心整理的本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。
本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式
一、要求
1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。
2、两篇文献。
二、基本格式
1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主(Journals from English speaking countries)。
2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的,其中应该包括题目、作者(可以不翻译)、译文的出处(杂志的名称)(5号宋体、写在文稿左上角)、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。
3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。
4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去,但在文献翻译的末页标注:图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)(空一行,字体同正文)。
5、原文中出现的'专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译,并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。
三、毕业论文设计外文翻译的内容要求
外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关,外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。
外文翻译要求:
1、外文资料与毕业设计(论文)选题密切相关,译文准确、质量好。
2、阅读2篇幅以上(10000字符左右)的外文资料,完成2篇不同文章的共2000汉字以上的英译汉翻译
3、外文资料可以由指导教师提供,外文资料原则上应是外国作者。严禁采用专业外语教材文章。
4、排序:“一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文、一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文”。插图内文字及图名也译成中文。
5、标题与译文格式(字体、字号、行距、页边距等)与论文格式要求相同。
下页附:外文翻译与原文参考格式
英文翻译 (黑体、四号、顶格)
外文原文出处:(译文前列出外文原文出处、作者、国籍,译文后附上外文原文)
10页的论文,一般4000多字,最多要求5000字。按现在word软件的文档,一般一页400多字,10页的论文只有4000多字。其它的文字软件,如wps等都是一样的。
写论文,如果你是用手写,在信笺纸上字写得又小又密的话,10页则写不了4000字,字数会少得多的。现在人们一般是用电脑打字了。
英文论文简介:
英语论文的写作,主要用于参加国际学术研讨会,促进中外学术文化交流;在国际学术刊物上发表,在国际上共享科研成果,英语论文也是达到学术交流的目的,另外英语论文还包括英语相关专业人员必要地用英语撰写学术报告或毕业论文等等。
不同的学科或专业领域、不同的刊物对英语论文的内容、格式等有不同的要求,不同领域的研究论文在文体和语言特点上既有许多共性,也不乏各自特点。
呵呵,说真的,这要看学校要求啦!因为学校的有不同的等级之分,所以国家对学校所培养的学生毕业论文的要求也是不一样的!一般来说地方院校的外语系论文是3000字左右,省一级的学校的话要求大概是4000到5000左右,而且论文的要求是大不一样的!所以建议你最好咨询一下系里或学校!
学位论文的语言与字数要求英语专业研究生的硕士毕业论文要求用英语撰写;硕士毕业论文的字数正文不少于万字。
关于英国硕士论文的字数要求
英国的硕士论文的字数要求一般是多少,才能达标。是不是觉得在众多种类的论文面前是不是觉得写作英文论文真的好难,其实论文也是分等级的。不同阶段的.论文的字数也是不同的。
英国硕士论文字数一般来说,1000字以下的是一些小作业,硕士生也会做一些课堂小作业,课件等,essay,assignment一般1000-3000字,本科毕业论文3000-5000字,硕士毕业论文一般5000字到两三万字,dissertation一般万字以上,有的属于博士级别的论文。
关于英国硕士论文的字数,每个学校每个专业都有不同的要求与规划。大多是一个学术要求的范畴。
另外一个问题,写这多字,何时能完成?如何能完成?
譬如有留学生提问:Ed硕士毕业要15000英文,我算了下相当于30000左右的中文, 一年能行吗?
那个我要写的是硕士论文 只从一个角度切入字数会不够吧绩效管理庞大到一些就写出3万字左右吗?
笔者觉得这个问题的答案因人而异。论文的写作字数其实也是因人而异的,因为有的人写作的很好,写了很少的字数老师也给了高分,但是有些人写作了很多的字数却还是低分,其实主要还是看质量,所以在写作英国硕士论文的时候一定要注意写作质量。
我就觉得奇怪了,就我们学校要求那么低?!我们学校也是211,有英语博士点的啊,但我们只要求硕士写一万五。虽然要交交电子文稿,但是老师真的只是大致看一下页数而已,有个50页就差不多了。其实第一届也好说,一般主要看导师自己把握咯,只要导师同意答辩,一般字数就不是太大问题了
一般来说,一个英文字母算一个字符,因此英文文献中的两个字母就可以算作一个汉字。不过通常来说,英文文献是不能算到论文正文字数的,这只是论文的必要组成部分之一,因此还是需要把精力放到论文本身的质量上,不要总是想着用这种方法来凑字数。检测系统计算的总字数是word计算里的字符(计空格),并不是单纯的word统计你的字数。每篇论文基本上都会有英文摘要或者是英文参考文献。这也会占到字符数。一个字母就是一个字符。而word统计的时候是一个单词算一个字。因此检测英文论文时,大家要注意一下论文的字符数。避免超过检测字符数限制。
每个学校的要求不一样,英文算不算字数,这个要看学校的要求。本科毕业论文的文章正文一般要求8000字,但是只计算正文部分,不包括摘要、前言、致谢。毕业论文(graduationstudy),按一门课程计,是普通中等专业学校、高等专科学校、本科院校、高等教育自学考试本科及研究生学历专业教育学业的最后一个环节,为对本专业学生集中进行科学研究训练而要求学生在毕业前总结性独立作业、撰写的论文。从文体而言,它也是对某一专业领域的现实问题或理论问题进行科学研究探索的具有一定意义的论文。一般安排在修业的最后一学年(学期)进行。学生须在教师指导下,选定课题进行研究,撰写并提交论文。目的在于培养学生的科学研究能力;加强综合运用所学知识、理论和技能解决实际问题的训练;从总体上考查学生学习所达到的学业水平。
算。论文的字数是按照正文部分进行计算的,包括标点符号。分析的文本属于正文部分所以应该记在里面,但论文摘翻译是不算字数的。
摘要:为了提取确定性部分 从趋势非平稳时间序列,回归分析 由赤池信息准则(国际慈善协会)的市场规模 和平均粒径的蚕茧丝介绍和 确定性部分是从一系列的大小 蚕茧丝的分析结果。实验 模拟确定性成分on9cocoon类 进行,与实验结果进行了分析。 通过分析和试验,众所周知,选择 该命令和系数的回归方程的汽车工业是 有利于准确地描述之间的关系 部分价值和平均值。这项研究也是有益的 预处理的非平稳时间序列。 导言 在分析尺寸系列(或大小曲线)蚕茧 长丝,还存在着一些有趣的统计问题, 吸收专家研究[ 1,2 ] 。经过测量和 调查长丝规模一些茧类别,大小 这一系列数据茧类可以得到。这些 数据可以被视为家庭的时间序列与 不同长度,这是从非平稳趋势 和自协[ 3 ] 。统一后的一系列长度,我们 能获得家庭的非平稳时间序列的 同样长度[ 4,5 ] 。为了进一步研究这种类型的时间 系列,有必要提取确定性(或趋势) 和随机成分。 对于数学描述,在第一,大小系列 蚕茧丝介绍了回归方程in4 - 为了与论点的长度。因为这项研究并没有 分析了随机组成部分系列, the4th 为了回归方程不能完全说明 纤度的一些茧类和无法使用 模拟系列。此后,方法,时间序列 分析用来研究系列,确定性和 随机成分提取系列, 阶梯自回归模型已提议。那个 随机组成部分进行了分析和模拟的时间 一系列有限长度,相当不错仿真结果 实现[ 6,7 ] 。有两种方法提取 确定性部分的系列,一个是倒退 线性的系列长度参数,另一个是向 回归线性部分尺寸的一系列的论点
摘要:在命令按照Akaike信息标准(AIC)为部分大小摘取决定论成分从倾向非固定时间序列,回归分析和意味着茧细丝的大小被提出,和决定论成分被摘取从大小串联的茧细丝在附近分析随之发生.试验模仿决定论构成的on9cocoon范畴被实行, 和实验结果被分析.通过分析和试验,选择回归方程在附近AIC的次序和协同因素是有益准确描绘部分价值和平均数间的关系是闻名的.这研究是也非固定时间序列串联的有用对于预处理.引入在分析方面按尺寸排列茧细丝的串联((金色大小弯曲),那里一些吸引专家的研究[12]有趣的统计的问题存在.在测量和调查一些茧范畴的细丝大小之后,这个茧范畴的大小串联数据能被得到.这些数据能被认为是随着不同长度按照倾向和 autocovariance[[3]是非固定的时间序列串联的家庭.在使串联长度统一之后,我们能随着同样的长度[[45]得到非固定时间序列串联的家庭.为了更远学习这类型的时间序列,是对摘取决定论(金色倾向)和有可能的成分必要的.为数学描绘,起初,大小系列的茧细丝被回归方程in4-次序有的争辩的长度描绘.因为那研究还没有分析串联的有可能的成分,the4th次序回归方程不能一些茧范畴的完全描绘细丝大小和不能被用来模仿串联.在那以后 ,时间序列分析的方法被用来学习串联,决定论和有可能的成分被从串联摘取,梯子汽车-返回的模范已经被建议.有可能的成分是分析和模拟的某样的人随着有限长度和很好仿真结果是时间序列取得[67].有从系列摘取决定论成分两方法,一是要线地使系列有的长度争辩回归,用争辩的和其他的是要线地使系列的部分大小回归对不起,我已经把我能翻译的都翻译了!大概是这个意思!sorry!
In logic, things are opposite, two-way consideration question, be helpful for thinking of the strict and rationality. While the math on the requirements more stringent strict and rationality. Mathematics reflection ability in mathematics reflection is show activity process a stable personality. Analyzing the basic mathematical reflection ability definition, characteristics, development characteristics and the relationship with other mathematical ability is accurately grasp the essence of mathematics reflection ability, is to improve students' mathematical reflection ability important guarantee to improve teaching efficiency, mathematics curriculum reform, promote also has important realistic significance. Reverse thinking helps to close our mathematical thinking, helps improve mathematical and scientific development. Reverse thinking to the person's thinking ability, especially the logic and the cultivation of thinking ability, training and development has great, irreplaceable role. Therefore, in the later teaching should take the initiative to cultivate students' reverse thinking. Reverse thinking is a kind of creative thinking, it is necessary KaiTaXing talents thought quality, good at reverse thinking is a sign of thinking agile. Thinking direction, carrying designated exploration, reverse thinking is retrorse thinking characteristics. The correct reverse thinking, will the essential attribute of master of problems more clearly, still can form the habit of thinking for problem. Two-way In mathematics competition, the importance of reverse thinking, particularly prominent counter-evidence method, analysis the basic methods are important. In addition, the tectonic counterexample, pour extrapolation and elimination method also are all derived from the reverse thinking. Reverse thinking broke the previous immobilized thinking mode, for innovation, creative thinking lay the foundation. Encourage students to use reverse thinking, helps cultivate students' logical thinking ability, help mathematical science development and : logic reverse thinking ability of thinking characteristics
文摘:为了提取随机性成分 从非平稳时间序列的趋势,回归分析 通过Akaike AIC准则)信息尺码。段 和平均直径茧丝出发,介绍 随机性成分提取的大小系列 通过分析结果茧丝。实验, on9cocoon确定性成分进行分类 进行了分析,从理论和实验。 通过理论分析和实验,众所周知,选择 这个顺序系数的回归方程,通过AIC 有利于正确的描述之间的关系 部分价值和平均值。本研究也很有用 预处理的非平稳时间序列。 介绍 在分析系列(或尺寸大小的曲线) 纤维存在的一些有趣的统计问题, 专家研究可以吸收[1,2]。测试后, 调查的灯丝尺寸大小茧范畴 这类数据的茧系列可得到。这些 数据可以被看作是家庭的时间序列 不同的长度,非平稳的趋势 和autocovariance[3]。合并后的长度,我们系列产品 能得到家庭的非平稳时间序列的 [5]的长度相同。为了进一步研究这种类型的时间 系列时,有必要对提取确定性(或趋势)。 与随机组件。 对于数学描述,起初,大小系列 茧丝的回归方程,并检查- 订货参数的长度。因为学习 分析了随机组成的系列,the4th 不完全的顺序回归方程描述 有些蚕茧丝大小的范畴,不得使用 模拟系列。此后,时间序列的方法 分析研究了系列、确定和 随机部件的系列、提取 自回归模型的基础上,提出了梯子。这个 随机成分进行了分析,提出了时间 用有限的长度,系列相当不错的仿真结果 [6,7)实现。有两种方法提取 从这个系列的确定性成分,一是退步 这个系列的长度参数线性,另一个是 线性回归的系列段的观点
毕业论文中英文翻译没有3000字需补足3000字。外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
In the 20th century, bridge construction technology evolved and was fueled by the Industrial Revolution. At the turn of the century, steel bridges were riveted together, not bolted; concrete bridges were cast in place, not precast; and large bridge members were built from lacing bars and smaller sections, not rolled in one piece. Plastic had not yet been invented. Construction techniques such as post-tensioning, slurry walls, soil freezing, and reinforced earth walls had not yet been conceived. Surveying was performed mechanically since infrared, optical technology was still 75 years away. Bridge construction is changing as the new millennium begins. New construction techniques and new materials are emerging. There are also new issues facing the bridge building industry relative to the research needs associated with these new techniques and materials. LONG-SPAN BRIDGES Suspension Bridges While suspension bridge building was conducted at a modest pace throughout the 20th century, an unprecedented number of spans of remarkable record lengths were built in the Far East and Denmark. Both the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan and the Great Belt Bridge in Denmark were completed in 1998. The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge is the largest suspension bridge in the world, with a span of 1991 m, and the Great Belt Bridge is the second largest, with a span of 1624 m. While spans lengths have increased nearly fivefold during the course of this century, they may have reached their physical limits with today’s materials. Research will be necessary to develop the new, ultra-high-strength steel wire or carbon fiber wire required to build the longer main suspension cables that will make it possible to increase span lengths to beyond 2000 m. As we enter the new millennium, rehabilitation and ongoing maintenance of the existing suspension bridges must continue as well. Recent rehabilitation measures for the main cables and suspension systems of these bridges have uncovered degradation through corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. Research is needed to determine the remaining useful service life of suspension bridge cables and what measures can be taken to slow or halt the degradation process. Transportation in the New Millennium 2 Other components of long-span bridges, existing and new, are being revolutionized as technology moves forward. Advances in deck technology are producing stronger, lighter decks. Orthotropic and exodermic decks are becoming increasingly popular on long-span structures as a means of reducing dead load. Bearings, joint systems, and seismic retrofitting components are becoming increasingly efficient as more large-scale testing facilities are built.在20世纪,桥梁施工技术,是由进化而来的 工业革命。随着新世纪的到来,钢桥受到铆接在一起,而不是 螺栓、混凝土桥梁被扔在的地方,不是预制、大型桥梁成员 从系酒吧和小的部分,不卷在一块。塑料尚未 发明了。制作等施工工艺、浆墙、土壤冻结, 加筋土墙尚未怀了孕。测量进行机械 自从红外、光学技术仍然是75年。 大桥建设是新千年开始转变。新建筑 技术和新材料正在浮出水面。也有新的解决面临的桥 建筑行业的相关研究的需要,这些新技术 材料。 大跨度桥梁 悬挂的桥梁 虽然悬索桥建设进行了整个20速度不快 世纪,前所未有的跨越了卓越的长度是建在记录 远东和丹麦。双方在日本明石海峡大桥正式通车,伟大的带桥 在丹麦是在一九九八年完成。这个明石海峡大桥正式通车是世界上最大的悬架 在这个世界上,与桥梁的m,1991年是中国的第二大带桥, 用一段1624)。 虽然已经增加了近5倍长度的跨世纪的过程中, 他们已经达到了他们的物理极限与今天的材料。研究将 必须发展新的、ultra-high-strength钢丝、碳纤维丝要求 建立了悬索,将不再主要可能增加到跨度的长度 超出2000米。 当我们进入新千年、康复和持续的维护现有的 悬索桥必须继续。最近的戒毒措施为主要 电缆悬架系统与这些桥梁发现退化 氢脆腐蚀,。研究还剩下的 寿命悬索桥电缆和什么措施可以减缓或 停止退化的过程。 在新千年的运输 其他组件的大跨度桥梁,现有的和新的,正在发生了革命性的变化 技术的进步。提出了在甲板上技术生产强的,更轻的 甲板。正交各向异性和exodermic牌是大跨度越来越受欢迎 作为一种手段,降低结构自重荷载。轴承、联合系统和抗震能力 越来越多的有效成分是更大规模的测试设备 建造。 50分!!~~谢谢 参考资料:我的大脑
A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (around 1940 - 1945), although the computer concept and various machines similar to computers existed earlier. Early electronic computers were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers.[1] Modern computers are based on tiny integrated circuits and are millions to billions of times more capable while occupying a fraction of the space.[2] Today, simple computers may be made small enough to fit into a wristwatch and be powered from a watch battery. Personal computers, in various forms, are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "a computer"; however, the most common form of computer in use today is the embedded computer. Embedded computers are small, simple devices that are used to control other devices — for example, they may be found in machines ranging from fighter aircraft to industrial robots, digital cameras, and children's ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile and distinguishes them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a certain minimum capability is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore, computers with capability and complexity ranging from that of a personal digital assistant to a supercomputer are all able to perform the same computational tasks given enough time and storage is difficult to identify any one device as the earliest computer, partly because the term "computer" has been subject to varying interpretations over time. Originally, the term "computer" referred to a person who performed numerical calculations (a human computer), often with the aid of a mechanical calculating history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies - that of automated calculation and that of of early mechanical calculating devices included the abacus, the slide rule and arguably the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism (which dates from about 150-100 BC). The end of the Middle Ages saw a re-invigoration of European mathematics and engineering, and Wilhelm Schickard's 1623 device was the first of a number of mechanical calculators constructed by European engineers. However, none of those devices fit the modern definition of a computer because they could not be of Alexandria (c. 10 – 70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions - and when.[3] This is the essence of programmability. In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard made an improvement to the textile loom that used a series of punched paper cards as a template to allow his loom to weave intricate patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the development of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of was the fusion of automatic calculation with programmability that produced the first recognizable computers. In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to conceptualize and design a fully programmable mechanical computer that he called "The Analytical Engine".[4] Due to limited finances, and an inability to resist tinkering with the design, Babbage never actually built his Analytical automated data processing of punched cards was performed for the . Census in 1890 by tabulating machines designed by Herman Hollerith and manufactured by the Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation, which later became IBM. By the end of the 19th century a number of technologies that would later prove useful in the realization of practical computers had begun to appear: the punched card, Boolean algebra, the vacuum tube (thermionic valve) and the the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers, which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital succession of steadily more powerful and flexible computing devices were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, gradually adding the key features that are seen in modern computers. The use of digital electronics (largely invented by Claude Shannon in 1937) and more flexible programmability were vitally important steps, but defining one point along this road as "the first digital electronic computer" is difficult (Shannon 1940). Notable achievements include:华文版本字数超限了。。。
一下是比较好写的论文题目,希望能帮助你!1. 论商务英语与文化的关系2. 论商务英语广告语言的特征与表达3 试论商务英语交际中的文化因素4. 论沟通语言在商务英语谈判中的作用与功能5. 试论中西文化习惯在商务英语谈判中的作用6. 论文化差异对商务英语谈判的影响7. 论 商务英语翻译中的不对等性8 论撰写商务英语信函的礼貌原则9. 论商务英语写作中的语气分析10 论商务合同英语的文体特征分析11. 论礼貌与商务英语信函中礼貌的表现12. 论商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译13. 论商标名称的翻译与策略14. 论产品中文商标的翻译英语商务传真话语类型分析初探1 论外贸英语函电的语言特点2 论商务场合中的汉英跨文化交际3 论商标英译中的“信”4 论商标英译中的“雅”5 论商务英语信函及翻译特点6 论模糊语言在商务英语写作中的运用7 论商务英语翻译中的”忠实”与”变通”8 论商务英语合同及其翻译特点9 论英语俚语的汉译10 论英语委婉语的差异和翻译对策