提供一些物流管理专业毕业论文的题目，供参考。1、xx物流改进方案(某行业或某物流企业)2、xxx供应链的改进策略3、XX公司的物流成本控制4、论XXX公司物流发展对策5、XXX公司物流采购的改进策略6、XXX公司公路运输服务的改进策略7、XXX公司货运业务改进方案8、条形码技术在连锁超市中的应用---XX应用条形码技术分析9、条形码技术在XX管理中的应用10、XX仓储与运输服务及改进策略11、XX物流管理中存在的问题和对策12、第三方物流改进建议---以ＸＸ公司为例13、ＸＸＸ厂库存管理的解决方案14、ＸＸＸ物流配送方案15、ＸＸＸ公司的仓储管理及改进对策 16、Ｘ公司物料与仓储管理的解决方案17、商品条码在ＸＸＸ连锁超市中的应用18、ＸＸＸＸ配送服务的调查分析19、二维条码在ＸＸＸ中的应用20、ＸＸＸ公司仓储管理系统改进策略21、ＸＸＸ公司货物运输改进策略22、EAN储运单元码在ＸＸＸ中的应用23、ＸＸＸ应用供应链管理的探讨24、条码技术在ＸＸＸ超市中的应用25、ＸＸＸ的物流改进方案26、ＸＸＸ的业务流程改进27、汉信码在ＸＸＸ中的应用28、关于ＸＸＸ公司物流配送的探讨29、ＸＸＸ公司物流发展策略30、ＸＸＸ公司加工配送优化31、ＸＸＸ公司仓库管理的流程优化32、JIT采购理论及其应用---以ＸＸＸ为例33、ＸＸＸ公司仓库现状与解决方案34、ＸＸＸ仓储现状及改进措施35、ＸＸＸ物流外包方案设计36、ＸＸＸ公司仓库部流程分析37、ＸＸＸ公司物流加工配送解决方案ＸＸＸ公司仓储管理的流程优化38、ＸＸＸ公司物流解决方案39、ＸＸＸＸ公司信息化建设的探讨40、ＸＸ公司运输流程优化的建议41、ＸＸＸＸ公司仓储管理优化42、ＸＸＸＸ仓储管理中存在的问题及改进对策43、浅析ＸＸＸ公司散户库的发展状况44、ＸＸＸ物流配送管理中存在的问题及改进对策45、传统ＸＸ行业仓储模式向现代物流业转型的思考---以ＸＸＸ公司为例46、ＸＸＸ产品追踪作业方案设计47、ＸＸＸＸ公司在物流业务上的优化48、如何有效地提高ＸＸＸＸ公司物流的运输合理性49、ＸＸ公司运输管理中存在的问题及改进对策50、ＸＸＸＸ产品在物流作业流程上的优化
提高港口物流增值服务能力的策略研究港口物流竞争力评价方法研究洋山港港口物流的定位和发展研究基于服务供应链的港口服务供应商选择评价研究港口民营化改革的理论和政策研究构建港口服务供应链提高港口物流效率研究
物联网+形势下的物流 物流生态链
提供一些物流管理专业的毕业论文题目，供参考。1. 企业供应链管理策略研究 2. 网络时代供应链管理模式的研究 3. 供应链风险形成机理分析 4. 构建我国企业间供应链的对策初探 5. 供应链管理下企业采购管理的发展趋势 6. 基于供应链管理的库存管理模式比较 7. 企业内部供应链流程中的时间分析 8. 某商品供应链各环节的时间分析 9. 供应链的风险防范对策研究 10. 供应链运作对企业的影响研究 11. 供应链管理中的信息共享问题研究 12. 供应链管理的发展及运行机制探讨 13. 供应链企业间的委托代理问题研究 14. 供应链管理环境下的运输问题研究 15. 供应链管理环境下的物流成本研究 16. 条码技术在物流中的应用研究 17. 物流信息技术应用研究 18. 配送中心仓储管理信息系统设计 19. 采购管理信息系统设计 20. 国内ERP应用状况分析 21. 物流企业物流信息化建设案例分析 22. RFID应用案例研究 23. EPC应用案例研究 24. 某企业ERP实施方案分析 25. 电子产品代码(EPC)在物流中的应用 26. 物流技术的经济性研究 27. 货物运输方案优化研究 28. 物流配送中货物装载问题研究 29. 货物运输系统优化分析 30. 车船配载理论与方法研究 31. 城市建材配送中心选址研究 32. 城市日用品配送中心选址研究 33. 配送中心作业计划优化方法研究 34. 物流设施选址问题研究 35. 随机需求的最优库存策略研究 36. 逆向物流网络中的选址问题研究 37. 试论某地区回收物流网络的形成与发展 38. 试论废弃物物流体系的建立 39. 某企业物流规划案例分析 40. 某地区物流发展规划研究 41. 信息时代物流企业网络化发展模式探讨 42. 物流网络化运营模式的探讨 43. 物流网络化中的风险分析 44. 虚拟库存案例分析 45. 仓储企业向现代物流转型研究 46. 企业生产物料的合理采购及存储 47. 制造企业原料库存量的控制研究 48. 企业仓库管理流程中的时间分析 49. 物流成本核算研究 50. 运用物流成本进行企业物流决策 51. 商业企业物流成本分析 52. 企业物流作业环节费用的比较分析 53. 物流行业客户满意度研究 54. 物流客户服务策略的制定 55. 某企业物流业务流程分析 56. 企业物流作业流程的再造与控制 57. 医药品储备应急物流研究 58. 医药储备问题研究 59. 农业供应物流研究 60. 农产品物流发展现状和对策 61. 我国农产品物流与发达国家的差距分析 62. 农业销售物流研究 63. 建设项目物流管理模式的比较 64．图书物流合理化研究 65．印刷行业物流发展战略 66．汽车企业供应物流研究 67．出版物物流标准化研究 68．企业销售物流研究 69．企业供应物流研究 70．敏捷制造与精益制造中的物流管理比较 71．市场营销渠道组合与物流模式分析 72．企业物流资产经营模式分析 73．我国物流企业上市公司现状分析 74．物流外包决策分析 75．物流企业综合竞争力评价的探讨 76．第四方物流对中国物流产业发展战略的影响研究 77．我国物流企业策略创新研究 78. 某地区物流发展史研究 79．物流产业发展初探 80．第三物流的发展现状及趋势研究 81．城市物流需求分析 82．城市居民消费结构与物流需求研究 83．物流服务的价格问题分析 84．物流设施投资风险管理研究 85. 区域经济与物流产业发展研究 86．循环经济条件下逆向物流体系的建立 87．废弃集装箱的收集、加工与再生 88．绿色包装在物流企业中的应用 89．政府行为在物流业发展中的地位与作用 90．运输路径优化问题研究 91．试论企业降低物流成本的途径 92．物流企业提高物流服务质量的探讨 93．试论提高物流设施（设备）利用率的途径 94．市场经济条件下合理运输的探讨 95．生产企业内部物流合理化探讨 96．试论流通加工对物流合理化的影响 97．试论电子商务环境下的物流对策 98．我国发展第三方物流面临的挑战与对策研究
本科毕业论文的标准格式 ⑴ 题名.是以最恰当,最简明的语词反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合,应避免使用的不常见的省略词,首字母缩写字,字符,代号和公式,字数一般不宜超过20个题名用语. ⑵ 作者姓名和单位,两人以上,一般按贡献大小排列名次. ① 文责自负;②记录成果;③便于检索 ⑶ 摘要:是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,中文摘要一般不会超过300字,不阅读全文,即可从中获得重要信息.外文250实词. 包括:①本研究重要性;②主要研究内容,使用方法;③总研究成果,突出的新见解,阐明最终结论.重点是结果和结论. ⑷ 关键词.是从论文中选取出以表示全文主题内容信息款目的单词或术语,一般3-7个,有专用《主题词表》. ⑸ 引言.回来说明研究工作的目的,范围,相关领域的前,人工作和知识布局,理论基础和分析,研究设想,研究方法,预期结果和意义. ⑹ 正文 ⑺ 结论:是指全文最终的,总体的结论,而不是正文中各段小结的简单重复.要求准确,完整,明晰,精练. ⑻ 致谢:是对论文写作有过帮助的人表示谢意,要求态度诚恳,文字简洁. ⑼ 参考文献表(注释),文中直接引用过的各种参考文献,均应开列,格式包括作者,题目和出版事项(出版地,出版社,出版年,起始页码)连续出版物依次注明出版物名称,出版日期和期数,起止页码. ⑽ 附录:在论文中注明附后的文字图表等. 资料来源：
一、加强两岸经贸合作有着深厚的经济基础 二、加强两岸经贸合作是两岸经济发展的必然要求 三、两岸经贸合作有着广阔的发展前景 四、两岸经贸合作中的平台建设：经济区 五、两岸经贸合作中的平台建设：中心城市 六、共同建立和完善加强两岸经贸合作的政策机制 七、在加强两岸经贸合作中台湾大有作为 八、共同抵御和规避两岸经贸合作中的风险
在采集城市轨道交通乘客进站、出站、换乘、候乘等交通特性数据基础上,从乘客个体和客流群体的角度,分别研究了乘客的微观特性和宏观特性,并建立了相应的模型。在乘客微观交通特性分析方面,采用数据挖掘的方法,探寻城市轨道交通乘客个体在不同坡度的通道内及楼梯上的步频、步幅、步速特性,建立了乘客个体的步频、步幅、步速基本特性间的关系模型,以及乘客密度对乘客的步频、步幅、步速的影响关系模型;在分析不同属性的乘客对楼梯与自动扶梯的选择特性基础上,采用逐步回归分析方法,提取影响乘客选择的关键因素,建立了乘客对楼梯与自动扶梯的选择模型;根据观测的无中央分隔措施条件下通道内双向乘客的走行特性,提出了反映乘客微观交通特性的元胞更新规则,建立了基于蚁群算法的元胞自动机模型,对通道内双向乘客进行了仿真研究。在乘客宏观交通特性研究方面,在大量观测的乘客流量、速度、密度数据的基础上,分析了城市轨道交通乘客流在通道内及楼梯上的流量、速度、密度交通特性,建立了水平通道内及楼梯上的乘客流量、速度、密度关系模型;根据乘客在站台上的宏观分布数据。分析了乘客在站台上的分布规律,探究影响乘客选择站台候乘位置的主要因素,建立了乘客候乘位置选择模型;根据乘客的上下车时间特性数据,分析了乘客的上下车特性,建立了基于乘客流分层特性的乘客上下车时间模型;根据出站乘客在楼梯出口处拥挤产生及演化规律,研究了乘客在出站楼梯处的排队机理;基于表明偏好的调查理念,采用乘客感知的问卷调查方法,对城市轨道交通站台的服务水平进行调查,根据调查结果,给出不同等级服务水平的隶属度曲线,用线性插值的方法计算得到城市轨道交通站台服务水平的划分标准。
学术堂最新整理了20个物流管理专业的论文题目，供大家进行参考：1.企业运输计划设计2.制造企业生产物流合理化研究3.绿色物流管理研究4.讨论现代采购管理以提高企业竞争力5.第三方物流企业资源整合研究6.中小物流企业竞争力研究7.公路运输业发展物流服务的研究8.企业物流模式决策分析9.制约中国第三方物流发展的因素研究10.如何将传统的存储和运输转移到现代物流11.商业连锁企业配送中心运作研究50个多个物流论文主题，总有一个适合您12.企业物流外包的战略决策与关系管理13. XX市物流业发展现状调查14.企业分配制度建设15.配送中心的位置和计划16.中国物流现状与发展趋势17.中国物流业发展战略分析18.西部第六产业发展规划19.西安市场流通园建设分析20.企业生产过程中的物流效率分析
Development [Abstract] of modern logistics industry, is closely related with the world economic growth. Port is an important part of modern logistics chain, with its unique advantage of location and infrastructure advantages, is playing an increasingly important role in the modern comprehensive logistics system. Modern port logistics efficiency has become an important support for the upgrading of regional economic development and industrial structure, the port logistics has become the focus of the study on the nature of each country, region. Xiamen port is an important port in China, should play a leading role in the west of the port, play radiation and focusing function of the port, on both sides of the Strait and the national service. This paper hopes to become the hub port in Xiamen port construction of research and analysis of this direction, finds the main problems existing with Xiamen port, port logistics knowledge, combined with the data for quantitative analysis, put forward the strategic target and development strategy for the future development of Xiamen port construction.
厦门港未来 天成论的 文网建 写文章设提出发展战略目标及发展策略。
[abstract] the development of modern logistics industry, is closely related to the economic growth of the world. Port as an important link in modern logistics chain, with its unique location advantage and the advantage of infrastructure, in the modern comprehensive logistics system plays an increasingly important role. Efficient modern logistics has become a key support to regional economic development and industrial structure upgrade, port logistics can also become a focus in the study of different countries and regions. Xiamen as one of the important port in our country, should play a leading port of the west coast of Taiwan strait, give play to the port of radiation and is focused on the function, and national service on both sides of the strait. This article hopes to build xiamen into a container hub port of investigation and analysis, this paper discusses the direction ?很高兴为您解答，祝你学习进步！【语数英科】团队为您答题。有不明白的可以追问！如果您认可我的回答。请点击下面的【选为满意回答】按钮，谢谢！如果有其他问题请另发或点击向我求助，答题不易，请谅解，谢谢！你可以随时加入我团队，我随时恭候。
厦门港是我国东南沿海重要的天然深水良港，自然条件优越。港湾外围大小金门等岛屿形成一道天然屏障，港内水域宽阔、水深浪小、不冻不淤。岸线总线 154 公里 ，适于建港的岸线 31 . 6 公里 ；现有锚地面各 18 . 99 平方公里，规划锚地面积 52 平方公里。进港航道全长约 公里 ，水深达到 -14 米 ， 10 万吨级船舶可乘潮出港。新加入的漳州4个港区，如东山、古雷港区，不仅水深条件好，且后方空间极大，特别适合规划深水码头，并发展大型临港企业。整合对于厦门港来说，突破了发展的瓶颈。整合来的4个港区，将直接从“地方军”升级为中央“主力部队”，建设和规划都面临全新机遇，比如大型临港工业的引进，厦门港“金字招牌”更有优势。经济腹地 厦门港有厦门市和闽南三角地区为依托，该地区工农业总产值年平均递增率为 ％，腹地外向型经济发展迅速，未来 10 年将面向国际市场，逐步形成“贸一工一农”一体的外向型产业结构。
以下若干题目可供参考：1、我国物流业发展的现状及未来 2、长江三角洲港口的竞争与合作战略 3、论ERP下的物流管理 4、浅谈第四方物流 5、浅析物流成本管理 6、浅谈电子商务对物流的影响 7、浅谈中国的第三方物流 8、电子商务下的第三方物流 9、论如何提高我国物流企业的竞争能力 10、供应链核心企业形成条件分析 11、论现代物流发展的国际趋势 12、新经济时代物流企业的经营思路 13、电子商务对物流企业的价值分析 14、港口物流发展方案 15、浅谈第三方物流 16、论物流发展新思路－绿色物流 17、物流服务与企业竞争力的关系 18、电子商务在物流业中的应用 19、浅谈库存管理控制 20、浅谈企业的逆向物流 21、浅谈集装箱运输 22、金融风暴下物流的发展方向 23、运输企业/货运代理企业发展现代物流的策略 24、我国第三方物流发展现状及其制约因素分析 25、第三方物流与第四方物流对比分析 26、如何降低企业物流运作成本 27、第三方物流企业物流运作探讨 28、第三方物流在供应链整合中的作用 29、企业物流外包的评估与实施 30、制造企业物流运作探讨 31、商业企业物流运作探讨 32、XX地区物流业的现状与发展 33、XX港口集装箱运输发展研究 34、供应链管理与企业竞争力 35、物流信息系统（MIS）应用研究 36、集装箱运输如何向多式联运方向发展 37、集装箱运输一体化研究 38、港口物流保税区发展探索 39、VMI原理及其应用研究 40、我国保税区国际物流发展现状及对策 41、某企业供应商关系管理问题研究 42、企业销售物流合理化的途径分析 43、物流（配送）中心选址问题理论与方法 44、关于社会大物流合理化之探讨 45、论我国企业的物流外包问题 46、某企业采购管理问题分析及改进 47、某企业仓储合理化途径与改进策略 48、某企业库存管理问题分析与改进 49、货运代理企业发展第三方物流的经营战略 50、XX企业物流管理信息系统的设计 51、车辆优化调度理论与方法 52、我国中小物流企业的发展前景分析及对策研究 53、物流配送网络优化方法分析 54、物流企业的资源整合策略研究 55、物流企业EDI系统建设问题研究 56、戴尔公司和IBM的供应链分析及比较 57、某物流节点的选址探讨 58、牛鞭效应的成因及治理 59、中国邮政如何迎接联邦快递和DHL的挑战？ 60、现代物流中不合理运输分析及相关措施
关于港口物流的毕业论文题目太大，估计没有人会替你写的，在网上这方面的内容多得是，自己打上中文搜索一下啦。相信会有收获。
论集装箱配送工艺流程重点找出科学的流程，分析，并提出疑问，改进
提高港口物流增值服务能力的策略研究港口物流竞争力评价方法研究洋山港港口物流的定位和发展研究基于服务供应链的港口服务供应商选择评价研究港口民营化改革的理论和政策研究构建港口服务供应链提高港口物流效率研究
基于汽车供应链战略的第三方物流模式研究【摘要】随着经济全球化的愈演愈烈和合作竞争时代的到来，竞争无国界与企业相互渗透的趋势越来越明显，市场竞争实质上已不是单个企业之间的较量，而是供应链与供应链之间的竞争。面对日益激烈的竞争环境，制造企业越来越感到“专注于核心竞争力”的必要性和迫切性，同时基于资源、成本和服务等方面的考虑，物流服务外包需求日趋强烈，第三方物流（Thirdpartylogistics，TPL）得到长足发展，如何使供应链与第三方物流关系获得成功已经成为实业界和学术界共同关注的研究领域。论文通过文献综述和对汽车物流的分析，提出了基于汽车供应链战略的第三方物流模式研究这一重要研究问题，阐述了汽车供应链战略的类别，主要包括精细供应链战略、敏捷供应链战略与混合供应链战略，比较分析了三种战略的特征；重点讨论了供应链与第三方物流的关系以及汽车供应链战略对第三方物流模式的内在要求。在此基础上，建立了汽车供应链战略与第三方物流模式的匹配模型，并着重分析了精细物流、敏捷物流和定制物流三种物流模式的内涵、结构特征及其实施策略。最后，对三种物流模式从战略匹配、管理理念、竞争战略等六个方面进行了比较分析。论文的创新点在于，在汽车供应链战略特点分析、供应链与第三方物流关系讨论的基础上，构建了汽车供应链战略与第三方物流的匹配模型，设计了三种物流模式的实施策略，从战略的角度为供应链管理者选择第三方物流提供商提供了一定的参考与借鉴。关键词：供应链战略第三方物流匹配模型精细物流敏捷物流定制物流你好，我有相关论文资料（博士硕士论文、期刊论文等）可以对你提供相关帮助，需要的话请加我，761399457（抠q），谢谢。
先到百度文库，找一篇此类文档中文的，然后用有道翻译，或是谷歌在线翻译翻成英 文，然后把英文放上面，中文放下面。希望可以帮到你。如果要找标准的PDF格式外文文 献，可以在谷歌，用英文文献名+空格+PDF 这样比较容易找到。 第一是Google搜索，主要是英文，尤其是其学术搜索，意义大。第二，通过各大学图书馆系统，进入几个主流的出版发行集团。第三，利用网络免费储存、电子书系统。尤其是国外多。1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文：（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：a.提出-论点；b.分析问题-论据和论证；c.解决问题-论证与步骤；d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。一，选题要新颖。这次我的论文的成功，和高分，得到导师的赞许，都是因为我论文的选题新颖所给我带来的好处。最好涉及护理新领域，以及新进展，这样会给人耳目一新的感觉。二，大量文献做基础仔细查阅和你论文题目和研究范围相关的文献，大量的文献查阅会你的论文写作铺垫，借鉴别人的思路，和好的语言。而且在写作过程不会觉得语言平乏，当然也要自己一定的语言功底做基矗三，一气呵成做好充分的准备，不要每天写一些，每天改一些，这样会打断自己的思路，影响文章的连贯。四，尽量采用多的专业术语可能口语化的表达会给人带来亲切感，但论文是比较专业的形式，是有可能做为文献来查阅和检索的，所以论文语言的专业化，术语化会提升自己论文的水平。五，用正规格式书写参考正规的论文文献，论文格式。不要因为格式问题，而影响到你论文的质量。六，最好在计算机上完成写作过程如果有条件最好利用电脑来完成写作过程，好处以下几点：1，节省时间，无论打字的速度慢到什么程度，肯定要比手写的快。2，方便，大量的文献放在手边，一个一个查阅是很不方便的，文献都是用数据库编辑，所以都是在电脑上完成。提前先在电脑上摘要出重点，写出提纲，随时翻阅，方便写作。3，修改编辑，在电脑随时对文章进行修改编辑都是非常的方便。4，随时存档，写一段，存一段，防止突然停电，或者电脑当机。本人就是吃了这个大亏，一个晚上的劳动，差点就全没了，幸亏男友是电脑高手，帮我找回。否则就恨着电脑，哭死算了。七，成稿打印好交给导师无论你的字写的多么优美，还是按照惯例来，打印出的文字显的正规，而且交流不存在任何的问题，不会让导师因为看不懂你的龙飞凤舞，而低估你的论文。而且干净整洁，女孩子不仅注意自己的形象问题，书面的东西也反映你的修养和气质。八，听取导师意见，仔细修改导师会给你一些关于你论文建设性的意见，仔细参考，认真修改。毕竟导师是发表过多篇论文，有颇多的经验。
Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, wharehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may both be used for interchange of passengers and cargo, and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on these networks include vehicles of appropriate types such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks people, helocopters and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but has a deteriorizing impact on the environment. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl. Mode Main article: Mode of transport A mode of transport is a technological solution that used a fundamentally different vehicle, infrastructure and operations. The transport of a person or cargo may be by one or more modes, the latter called intermodal transport. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip depended on the nature of the purpose, cargo and destination. While there transport in air and on water has their own mode, land transport has several modes. Human-powered transport remains common in developing countries [edit] Human-powered Main article: Human-powered transport Human-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle-power. Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-power. Many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise and environmentalism. Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions. It is considered an ideal form of sustainable transportation. Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for highly encumbering environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowings and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft. [edit] Animal-powered Main article: Animal-powered transport Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Animals are superior to people in their speed, endurance and carrying capacity; prior to the Industrial Revolution they were used for all land transport impracticable for people, and they remain an important mode of transport in less developed areas of the world. [edit] Air Main article: Aviation Scandinavian Airlines System MD-80 airliner at Kiruna Airport, SwedenA fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft. Two necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water. The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 875 kilometres per hour (544 mph), single-engine aircraft 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be used.[1] InterCityExpress, a German high-speed passenger train [edit] Rail Main article: Rail transport Rail transport is where train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. They rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev. A train consists of one or more connected vehicle that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by a trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships. Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[2] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially-built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominentsolution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains. [edit] Road Main article: Road transport Interstate 80 near Berkeley, United StatesA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.[3] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[4] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.[5] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.[6] The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide. Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.[7] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport. [edit] Water Main article: Ship transport Automobile ferry in CroatiaWater transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance. In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans. Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continental shipping;[8] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.[9][10] Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil [edit] Other Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can send solid capsules using compressed air. Any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas. Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport. Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been send to all the planets of the Solar System. [edit] Elements Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water [edit] Infrastructure Main article: Infrastructure Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of both a way, terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals. Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations were passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operates from simple stops.[11] For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of use. The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can involve large spendings, and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles. A Peugeot 206 participating in the World Rally Championship [edit] Vehicles Main article: Vehicle A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Vehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called crafts. Unless being pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure. Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver. [edit] Operation Incheon International Airport, South KoreaPrivate transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation,[12] but ports can be public owned.[13] [edit] Function Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai, India [edit] Passenger Main article: Travel Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or migration. Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway station. International travel may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa requirements. [edit] Freight Main article: Shipping Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing.[14] With increased specialization and globalization, production is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport.[15] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.[16] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of information.[17] Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk during transport.[18] Freight train with containers in the United KingdomContainerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering huge reduction in transshipment costs. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.[19] Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, coal, cereals and petroleum. Because of the uniformity of the product, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid products with sufficient volume may also be transported by pipeline. Air freight has become more common for products of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio.[20] In addition to mail, common items send by air include electronics and fashion clothing. [edit] History Main article: History of transport Bullock team hauling wool in AustraliaHumans first means of transport was walking and swimming. The domestication of animals introduces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and duration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial Revolution. The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were first built by the Roman Empire, to allow armies to travel quicky; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities, that grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, ofter at the intersection of two bodies of water. Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption were located as close to each other as feasible.
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