首页 > 论文发表知识库 > 物流配送外文论文文献综述

物流配送外文论文文献综述

发布时间:

物流配送外文论文文献综述

E-business environment under the logistics and distributionAbstract: e-commerce under the logistics and distribution will help reduce production business inventories and accelerate capital turnover, enhance logistics efficiency and reduce logistics costs, and stimulate the social needs and is conducive to the whole community's macro-control and promote the healthy operation of the market economy and electronic Business to develop in depth. Key words: e-commerce distributionFirst, China's development of logistics distribution E-commerce logistics entity is the core issue of the distribution items. China, as a developing country, the logistics industry to its late start, low level, the introduction of e-commerce, e-commerce did not have to support the activities of the modern logistics level. However, since e-commerce in China to settle down, people did not stop distribution of the discussion. At present, China mainly three types of e-commerce distribution model, is a full distribution system, that is, the domestic Internet-based, to various regions of the country's logistics system has been linked by agreement, a comprehensive distribution network for the entire process straight . The second category is a regional system of a single business model. Partial to the original business of a single regional distribution site for the base and be integrated, similar to a single business to business services, computer networking, the entire system of networking, and automated management. The third category is professional distribution system of the model. Such as postal communications, railway transport, air, water, Qiyun and other departments have been the perfect use of the national transport network resources to carry out specialized distribution. From across the country, China has long been subject to the impact of the planned economy, low levels of social logistics, logistics management system confusion, the existing three categories of e-commerce distribution model is not yet ripe, efficiency is not high, but in the red. Therefore, the need for China's economic development, enterprise reform and development of e-commerce logistics and distribution, learn from developed countries through the road and experience from China in 1992 began a logistics distribution center of the experimental work. In 1996 the Internal Trade issued "on strengthening the commercial development of logistics distribution center construction work of the notice," pointed out the development and construction of logistics distribution center the importance of the proposed development and construction of the guiding ideology and principle, put forward the "mechanisms and intensive Management, improve the function of the development of the logistics and enhance strength "of the reform and development principles, to establish modern logistics distribution center to change the social construction of logistics distribution centers, the development of modern network as the main direction. Second, China's logistics and distribution patterns and problems of At present, China's increased the number of e-commerce sites, transactions involving goods of daily necessities and other non-consumables, and on its e-commerce distribution model, can be divided into three types, namely operating BtoB (business to business) business model, BtoC (Business to consumers) model and the virtual logistics company model, in practice, although these three models get the recognition and application of common, but in e-commerce and distribution of convergence and optimal operation, there are still many problems, reflected in concrete : China's current social low level of information networks, network infrastructure is relatively weak, especially as e-commerce platform for the delivery and billing infrastructure lags behind, the computer penetration rate low rate of Internet users only about 8 percent and are mainly concentrated in major cities , The use of Internet users in the real rate of online shopping less than percent, electronic shopping credit has not been widely recognized. The understanding of the importance of e-commerce logistics enough. Availability of the overall level of enterprise network low ratio of less than Internet companies, logistics enterprise information construction lagged behind, logistics and distribution of specialization, social, electronic, modern low level. There have been serious problems of poor business reputation, late delivery, delivery or do not send the wrong frequent phenomenon. E-commerce logistics infrastructure is not yet perfect, logistics systems theory is not enough, the logistics technology is still very backward, China's logistics workers and practice the theory of modern logistics of the new theories, new technologies, such as integrated supply chain management, third party logistics, automation Warehouse, automatic sorting system, global positioning system (GPS), and so has just contacted. Jidong of the lack of e-commerce and e-commerce technology has practical experience in human resources, in particular the lack of Jidong e-commerce and logistics distribution to understand the innovative spirit of the compound talents. Third, logistics and healthy development of the countermeasure 1. Enhance the degree of information. Distribution of information for performance: the logistics of the database of information collection and code, the logistics of the electronic information processing and computer, the transmission of information and the standardization of real-time logistics information such as the digital storage. Therefore, the bar-code technology, database technology, electronic ordering system, electronic data exchange, radio frequency technology, management information systems, enterprise resource planning, and other advanced management strategy should be in China's logistics and distribution enterprises to promote use. Information is all modern technology and management tools of the foundation, only to achieve distribution of information can take up to the era of e-commerce distribution industry and historic task. 2. Improve the logistics management system, improve service quality. Internet shopping for the delivery time is too long and has yet to supply the phenomenon as e-commerce company in order to better serve customers, suppliers and customers should be strengthened between the exchange of information and feedback. This will save users to order processing fees, users can also save time and gradually raise awareness of online shopping sense of trust, making good steady development of e-commerce. 3. Distribution lower prices. China's large-scale development of e-commerce online shopping has been difficult, logistics and distribution costs high, especially in the type of Internet transactions, for each client to achieve door-to-door is the high cost, we must work hard to reduce costs, e-commerce solution Logistics and distribution companies and distribution services among enterprises in the prices of contradictions. 4. Perfect laws and policies. E-commerce for the logistics and distribution problems, the relevant government departments should actively study the characteristics of e-commerce, the rapid development of targeted laws, regulations and policies to regulate e-commerce activities, enterprises and consumers in general to increase the confidence of e-commerce Flu. 5. Actively developing third-party logistics enterprises. "TPL" refers to the logistics business from the supply side and demand-side beyond the completion of a third party, in a sense that it is a form of logistics professionalism, "third-party logistics" in logistics management experience, Talent, technology, philosophy and other areas have certain advantages, the e-commerce transactions in both supply and demand of all the logistics activities of agent credentials, well-funded third-party logistics, the logistics can take full advantage of modern technology, is built on the foundation of modern information network technology On the logistics management software to ensure that customers at any time and any place check of goods and provision of supporting services, e-commerce transactions between the parties involved in the logistics can be entrusted to professional logistics enterprises, concentrate on developing the electronics market and business efficiency of the e-commerce BtoB transactions. The establishment of a national logistics public information platform, the development of 4PL. 4PL is a supply chain integrator, mobilization and management organizations and their complementarity of the service provider's resources, capacity and technology to provide an integrated supply chain solutions. Clearly, 4PL must meet three conditions: not the interests of the logistics side, to achieve information sharing, the ability to integrate all the logistics resources. And really meet these conditions, only a virtual network of platforms, and this is the logistics and public information platform. It provides comprehensive supply chain solutions to social integration of logistics resources, enhance the country's logistics industry integrated collaborative capabilities.电子商务环境下的物流配送摘要:电子商务下的物流配送既有利于减少生产企业库存,加速资金周转,提高物流效率,降低物流成本,又刺激了社会需求,有利于整个社会的宏观调控,促进市场经济的健康运行及电子商务向纵深发展。关键词:电子商务 物流 配送一、我国物流配送发展概况 电子商务物流的核心问题是实体物品的配送。我国作为一个发展中国家,物流业起步较晚,水平低,在引进电子商务时,并不具备能够支持电子商务活动的现代化物流水平。但自从电子商务在中国落户,人们就没有停止对物流配送问题的讨论。目前,我国主要有三类电子商务物流配送模式,一类是全程物流配送系统,即以国内互联网为基础,把全国各地区已有的物流系统通过协议联系起来,形成全方位的全程直投配送网。第二类是区域性单一业务系统改造模式。以原有局部区域性单一业务的配送站点为基础,并加以集成,把单一业务改为同类业务服务,通过计算机联网,实现整个系统的网络化、自动化管理。第三类是专业化配送系统改造模式。如邮政通讯、铁运、空运、水运、汽运等部门利用已有的完善的全国性运输网络资源进行专业化配送。从全国范围来看,我国长期以来受计划经济的影响,物流社会化程度低,物流管理体制混乱,已有的三类电子商务物流配送模式还不成熟,效率不高,而且处于亏损状态。因此,针对我国经济发展需要、企业改革及电子商务物流配送发展现状,借鉴发达国家走过的道路和经验,我国从1992年起开始了物流配送中心的试点工作。1996年原国内贸易部发出了《关于加强商业物流配送中心发展建设工作的通知》,指出了发展建设物流配送中心的重要意义,提出发展建设的指导思想和原则,同时提出了“转换机制、集约经营、完善功能、发展物流、增强实力”的改革与发展方针,确定以向现代化物流配送中心转变,建设社会化的物流配送中心,发展现代化网络为主要方向。 二、我国物流配送模式及存在的问题 目前我国电子商务网站数量大增,交易商品涉及日用品及其他非易耗品等,就其电子商务物流配送模式而言,可分为三种类型,分别是经营BtoB(商家对商家)业务的模式、BtoC(商家对消费者)的模式以及虚拟物流公司模式,在实践中这三种模式虽然得到共同的认同与应用,但在电子商务与物流配送的接轨和优化运行上还存在许多问题,具体体现在: 中国目前的社会信息网络化水平低,网络基础设施相对薄弱,特别是作为电子商务平台的传递和结算基础设施滞后,计算机普及率低,网民比率只有8%左右,并主要集中在各大中城市,网民中真正采用网上购物的比率不到,电子购物的信用没有得到广泛认同。 对电子商务物流的重要性认识不够。供货企业网络化整体水平低,上网企业比率不足,物流企业信息化建设滞后,物流配送的专业化、社会化、电子化、现代化程度低。 存在严重的商业信誉差的问题,迟送、送错或不送现象时有发生。 电子商务物流基础尚不完善,物流理论还不够系统,物流技术还很落后,我国物流理论工作者和实践者对现代物流的新理论、新技术,如集成化供应链管理、第三方物流、自动化立体仓库、全自动分拣系统、全球定位系统(GPS)等才刚刚接触。 缺乏既懂电子商务理论和技术又有电子商务实践经验人才,尤其缺乏既懂电子商务又懂物流配送的有创新精神的复合型人才。三、物流配送健康发展的对策 1.提高信息化程度。物流配送信息化表现为:物流信息收集的数据库化和代码化、物流信息处理的电子化和计算机化、信息传递的标准化和实时化、物流信息存储的数字化等。因此,条码技术、数据库技术、电子订货系统、电子数据交换、射频技术、管理信息系统、企业资源计划等先进的管理策略,应在我国的物流配送企业大力推广运用。信息化是一切现代技术和管理手段的基础,只有实现物流配送信息化,才能承担起电子商务时代赋予物流配送业的历史任务。 2.完善物流管理系统功能,提高售后服务质量。针对网上购物出现的送货时间过长以及迟迟没有货源的现象,作为电子商务公司为了能更好的服务于顾客,应加强顾客和供货商之间信息的交流与反馈。这样可以给用户节约订单处理费用,又可以节约用户的时间,逐渐提高人们对网上购物的信任感,使得电子商务良性稳步发展。 3.降低配送服务价格。我国发展电子商务实现大规模的网上购物一直困难重重,物流配送费用偏高,特别是零售型的网上交易,为每个客户实现送货上门是高成本的,必须努力降低成本,解决电子商务公司与物流配送企业之间在配送服务价格方面的矛盾。 4.完善法律政策。针对电子商务物流配送出现的种种问题,政府有关部门应该积极研究电子商务的特点,迅速制定有针对性地法律、法规和政策,以规范电子商务活动,增加企业和广大消费者对电子商务的信任感。 5.积极发展第三方物流企业。“第三方物流”是指物流由商务的供方、需方之外的第三方完成,从某种意义上说它是物流专业化的一种形式,“第三方物流”一般在物流管理经验、人才、技术、理念等方面都具有一定的优势,对电子商务交易中供求双方的所有物流活动进行全权代理,同时第三方物流资金雄厚,可以充分利用现代物流技术,具有建立在现代信息网络技术基础上的物流管理软件,保证客户在任何时间、任何地点查看货物及提供配套的服务,参与电子商务交易的双方可以把物流委托给专业物流企业,专心于电子市场的开拓和商务效率的提高电子商务BtoB交易模式。 建立全国物流公共信息平台,发展第四方物流。第四方物流是一个供应链集成商,它调集和管理组织自己的以及具有互补性的服务提供商的资源、能力和技术,以提供一个综合的供应链解决方案。显然,第四方物流必须满足三个条件:不是物流的利益方、能实现信息共享、有能力整合所有的物流资源。而真正满足这些条件的只有一种虚拟的物流网平台,这就是全国物流公共信息平台。它能提供综合的供应链解决方案,以整合社会物流资源,提高我国物流产业的综合协同能力。

基于汽车供应链战略的第三方物流模式研究【摘要】随着经济全球化的愈演愈烈和合作竞争时代的到来,竞争无国界与企业相互渗透的趋势越来越明显,市场竞争实质上已不是单个企业之间的较量,而是供应链与供应链之间的竞争。面对日益激烈的竞争环境,制造企业越来越感到“专注于核心竞争力”的必要性和迫切性,同时基于资源、成本和服务等方面的考虑,物流服务外包需求日趋强烈,第三方物流(Thirdpartylogistics,TPL)得到长足发展,如何使供应链与第三方物流关系获得成功已经成为实业界和学术界共同关注的研究领域。论文通过文献综述和对汽车物流的分析,提出了基于汽车供应链战略的第三方物流模式研究这一重要研究问题,阐述了汽车供应链战略的类别,主要包括精细供应链战略、敏捷供应链战略与混合供应链战略,比较分析了三种战略的特征;重点讨论了供应链与第三方物流的关系以及汽车供应链战略对第三方物流模式的内在要求。在此基础上,建立了汽车供应链战略与第三方物流模式的匹配模型,并着重分析了精细物流、敏捷物流和定制物流三种物流模式的内涵、结构特征及其实施策略。最后,对三种物流模式从战略匹配、管理理念、竞争战略等六个方面进行了比较分析。论文的创新点在于,在汽车供应链战略特点分析、供应链与第三方物流关系讨论的基础上,构建了汽车供应链战略与第三方物流的匹配模型,设计了三种物流模式的实施策略,从战略的角度为供应链管理者选择第三方物流提供商提供了一定的参考与借鉴。关键词:供应链战略第三方物流匹配模型精细物流敏捷物流定制物流你好,我有相关论文资料(博士硕士论文、期刊论文等)可以对你提供相关帮助,需要的话请加我,761399457(抠q),谢谢。

物流治理会计与物流企业降低本钱的基本途径 摘要:物流本钱研究的目的是以一定的物流本钱实现最高的物流服务水平。物流本钱是企业参与市场竞争的重要战略资源。从物流本钱的现状看主要症结在于对物流本钱的构成熟悉不清,以及对物流本钱的计算和控制分散,缺乏相对权威的行业数据。现有会计核算体系与物流本钱治理的现实之间存在着技术冲突,客观上需要有一种新的会计方法能够为企业决策机构提供详尽的物流信息、明确物流责任、考核物流业绩、控制物流本钱,这就是物流治理会计。为此,确立了物流治理会计为主导,以探讨寻求物流企业降低本钱的基本途径,来实现物流活动的最优化和企业效益的最大化。关键词:物流;物流本钱;物流治理会计Abstract: The goal of logistics cost study is to achieve the highest service level at certain logistics cost. Logistics cost is an important resource for enterprises to participate in the market competition, but the present study of it has such major problems as unclear knowledge of the logistics cost components, incomplete calculation of and slack control on the cost, and a lack of authoritative data in the industry. The technical conflict between the existing financial accounting system and the operation of logistics cost management requires a new accounting method that can provide detailed logistics information for the decision-makers of enterprises, clarify logistics responsibilities, assess logistics performances and control logistics costs. That method is called logistics management accounting. Therefore, the *** establishes logistics management accounting as dominant methodology and points out some basic approaches to lower logistics cost so as to optimize logistics activities and maximize the benefits of logistics words: logistics; logistics cost; logistics management accounting1物流及物流本钱物流就是对处于运动和静止过程中的存货的治理。物流本钱是指产品在实物运动过程中,如包装、装卸、储存、流通加工等各个环节所支出的人、财、物的总和。通常由运输本钱、存货持有本钱和物流行政治理本钱三部分构成。物流本钱的分类方式大致有三种:(1)按物流活动可划分为:情报流通本钱、物流环节本钱、物流治理本钱。(2)按物流范围可划分为:供给物流本钱、生产物流本钱、销售物流本钱、回收物流本钱、废弃物物流本钱。(3)按用度支出形式可划分为:直接物流本钱和委托物流本钱。直接物流本钱包括人工费、燃料动力费、治理费、折旧费、利息支出及其它。委托物流本钱包括运输费、仓储费、保管费及其它。2物流本钱研究的目的及现状现代物流研究的核心围绕着物流本钱展开,所有物流公道化手段的终极目的都是:以最少的物流本钱实现预期的物流服务水平,或者以一定的物流本钱实现最高的物流服务水平。对于企业而言,要实施现代化的物流治理,关键在于全面、正确地把握企业内外发生的所有物流本钱。由于物流本钱是企业参与市场竞争的重要战略资源。纵观我国物流本钱的现状,主要症结在于对物流本钱的构成熟悉不清,以及对物流本钱的计算和控制分散,缺乏相对权威的行业数据。在现有的会计制度下,本钱按照人工和产品来分摊,不设单独的物流本钱会计科目,相关本钱都列在用度栏中,所以在企业的财务报表中并无物流本钱的直接记录,较难对企业发生的各项物流用度作出明确、全面的计算和分析。在财务预、决算表中,物流用度核算的是企业对外部运输业者所支付

你好啊.请问下.你的论文写完了吗?还有没有底呀.发一份给我好吗?我现在也在写这个题目,到处找不到资料,可否借参考下呢?我的邮箱是

沃尔玛物流配送论文文献综述

题目不错我帮你Q我吧

沃尔玛连锁超市物流配送现状及对策探讨一、企业概括;沃尔玛属于美国典型企业~~无论是到世界各地的任何一间沃尔玛连锁店中,你都会感受到一种强烈的与众不同。第一,尊重个人沃尔玛企业文化中崇尚的三个基本原则的第一条是“尊重个人”。沃尔玛不只强调尊重顾客,提供一流的服务,而且还强调尊重公司的每一个人第二,加强团队合作精神,鼓励员工与领导者以及员工之间的沟通在连锁经营中,老板不可能事事亲力亲为,沃尔顿这位零售业巨子总是把事业的成功归功于公司的同仁,他把员工看作是公司成功的最重要因素。第三,沃尔玛建立良好的培训机制。培训不仅是员工提高的途径,也是他们了解公司的一种方法。二、企业内容1. 连锁超市发展的基本现状2.先进的经营理念指导企业运作3.连锁超市物流运作管理模式4.自营配送模式5 第三方物流模式6共同化配送模式7自营配送模式三、连锁超市物流配送的优点1、统购分销,形成经济规模,降低流通费用2、减少分店的库存,提高商品流通效率3、密切了连锁超市与供应商的关系4、可以促进连锁超市业务的发展和扩散四、连锁超市物流配送的缺点以及遇到的问题1 统一采购、统一配送率不高2 经营理念落后,缺乏有效的合作机制3 管理信息系统建设落后,未能实现4 硬件设施落后、自动化水平偏低五、连锁超市物流配送的如何改进1 强化对连锁零售企业物流的认识2 对配送中心的建设加大力度3 多方面培养高素质的物流人才4 发展共同配送模式六、结论连锁零售业正在我国商业流通领域扮演越来越重要的角色。连锁零售业经营效率的高低在很大程度上取决于其产品配送效率的高低。

文献综述范文

文献是指有历史意义或研究价值的图书、期刊、典章。下面是我整理的文献综述范文,希望大家喜欢!

一、序言

伴随我国成功加入世界贸易组织,市场更加开放,竞争日益激烈。相关领域(产业)不同程度、有条件、分步骤地放宽市场准入,大批外资企业涌入我国市场,参与市场竞争。

竞争力是市场竞争的产物。我国走市场竞争的道路不过20来年,企业竞争力的研究远远落后于西方发达国家,但是伴随市场竞争程度的不断深入,有关企业竞争力方面的研究愈发重要。企业竞争力研究对企业良性成长壮大至关重要,也是培育与提升企业综合实力的重要途径之一。

迄今为止,国内外众多学者和相关组织对企业竞争力的研究颇多,从不同的角度和假设前提出发,在研究对象、评价方法等方面重塑竞争力内涵,构建竞争力评价指标及体系,分析企业的优劣势,提升企业竞争优势。

本文浏览、搜集有限的文献资料,通过综合、归纳、分析,去伪存真、去粗取精,以求达到引导论文写作的目的。

二、关于竞争力的不同定义

从目前看,企业竞争力的概念(定义)各式各样,众说纷纭。研究方法、内容及侧重点也不尽相同。

刘晓斌在《零售企业竞争力定量评价分析》一文里通过综合能力论、生命论、功能论、状态论、机制论、素质论这不同研究角度和假设前提下的六方面得出零售企业竞争力的初步概念可以简单明了地归纳为:零售企业竞争力是零售企业在竞争过程中表现出来的综合能力。包括在服务、品牌和市场营销体现出来的外显竞争力,在经营能力、信息技术体现出来的内在竞争力,以及在企业文化、企业制度等方面体现出来的核心竞争力。

贾玉花在《企业竞争力评价研究》一文中通过美国《产业竞争力总统委员会报告》,世界经济论坛(WEF)1985、1994年《关于竞争力的报告》和日欧学者的比较研究等对企业竞争力归纳为:企业竞争力是指企业在竞争的市场环境中,通过配置或创造企业资源,在企业持续生存和发展方面所形成的比较能力。

这一概念体现了以下特征:

①企业竞争力最终体现在持续生存和发展能力上,即体现在企业的目标上。

②企业竞争力是个多层次含义的综合性范畴,不仅涉及到了企业内部要素结构和经营管理过程,而且涉及到企业的外部环境;不仅关系到了企业自身的市场占有率和盈利能力,还关系到国家福利的多寡;不仅仅是静态的比较能力,更是动态的进化的发展能力。

③企业竞争力是在生产经营过程中形成的,即它是动态的产物,不是静态的结果。企业只有通过各种资源的配置,在战略规划,产品设计,市场营销,采购,生产,销售及管理过程中逐渐形成企业的竞争力。

④企业竞争力是一种比较能力。这种比较能力是以厂商的竞争为前提的。它存在三种类型:强势竞争力,均衡竞争力和弱势竞争力,是被评价企业与竞争对手之间竞争力的对比关系。

⑤企业竞争力是一个系统性概念。它是由市场指标来表征,由企业内部素质(信息、知识、创新能力、人力资本、企业文化等)来决定的。竞争力的强弱用单一指标是无法衡量的,需设计一套综合性指标体系,对其进行科学评价。

同时该文还比较得出:“企业竞争力”是从经济学角度进行研究的,特指企业在竞争的市场环境中,通过配置或创造企业资源,在企业持续生存和发展方面所形成的比较能力;“企业核心能力”更多地是从管理学的角度进行研究的,强调企业组织内部的学习、协调、凝聚功能。

从字面上来看,“企业竞争力”应当是较“企业核心能力”或“企业核心竞争力”含义更宽的概念,因为它不仅包括内部能力,还包括企业外部的'产品性能、价格或成本等方面的比较及由此形成的市场份额的重新划定能力。基于以上理由,可以用“企业竞争力”的概念统一“企业核心能力”和“企业核心竞争力”的概念,或者把“企业核心能力”作为“企业竞争力”的一个组成部分,意在消除概念之争和促进理论研究的深化。

刘忠敏《企业竞争力评价及其应用研究》一文中对比狄昂照、吴明录、波特、钱德勒、普拉哈拉德等国内外学者和相关组织的研究成果认为,企业具备强势竞争力或竞争优势的根源在于企业的核心能力,同时认为企业竞争力是竞争力的形态之一,是指企业在竞争的市场环境中,通过配置或创造企业资源,能够持续地、有效地向市场提供产品或服务的能力,主要体现占有市场、创造价值、持续发展等方面与其他企业在市场竞争中的比较能力。

这一定义包括以下几层涵义:

①企业竞争力是以企业之间的竞争为前提的。

②企业竞争力概念本身并不能表明竞争力的强弱,因为竞争力是一种比较中的能力。

③企业竞争力主要体现在占有市场的能力、创造价值和利润的能力,以及创新发展的能力。

④企业竞争力是在生产经营过程中形成的。

⑤企业竞争力受外界环境的影响。

张晓文等在《企业竞争力的定量评价方法》中认为:企业竞争力是指在市场经济条件下,企业作为竞争主体,在生产经营过程中,通过能力资源、制度与机制及与外部环境的交互作用,使其内外资源有效整合与优化配置,呈现比竞争对手更具优势的良性循环态势,以实现可持续发展的能力。

张东风、杜纲的《现代零售企业竞争力评价研究》中认为:现代零售企业竞争力是指零售企业在不断整合供应链资源,提高效率,使服务水平不断提升的同时达到市场份额的扩展和成本被有效降低的能力。其主要体现在零售企业的内部经营管理、顾客服务、关系营销、供应链管理、零售物流等方面。

三、关于企业竞争力的评价方法及其体系构建

刘晓斌在《零售企业竞争力定量评价分析》一文中运用层次分析法,把零售企业竞争力的评价因素和分析因素分成三部分,也即:

①基本要素(由外显竞争力、内在竞争力和制度竞争力组成),

②评价要素,即在基本要素的基础上,依据零售企业的特点,选取表示三个层次企业竞争力的要素,

③指标层,把各种评价要素的状态进一步细化,用评价指标来表现。

由此建立的企业竞争力评价指标体系由10个评价要素,31项评价指标构成。最后从整体、全局出发,对竞争力进行综合评价。其中,对竞争力指标体系中的定性与定量采用不同的赋值方法,建立模型,归属数据权重,比较分析所研究零售企业的竞争力状况。

张晓文等的《企业竞争力的定量评价方法》从系统理论的观点出发,构建了企业竞争力的函数关系式以及企业竞争力综合评价指标体系和数学模型。从能力资源、能力制度与机制和能力状态三大方面外加环境因素构建竞争力体系。通过层次分析法结合定量与定性分析建立企业竞争力评价指标体系11个评价要素,21项评价指标。

邵一明、钱敏《零售企业竞争力指标与评价模型》一文中以市场占有能力、营运能力、获利能力、信息技术水平、人力资本这五大方面内容来设计竞争力评价体系,运用层次分析法确定以上及细分评价指标的权重,建立递阶层次结构,根据零售企业竞争力系统中各因素之间的关系,建立系统的递阶层次结构图。通过比较判别法确定及计算各项评价指标的相对权重。并且运用综合模糊评价的思想将各指标转换成相应的分值,然后加权平均,得出总分,以此确定零售企业竞争力高低。从而转换成具体的公式,进而建立模型,结合数据,最终计算得到零售企业竞争力的综合得分。即得出零售企业核心竞争力的强弱,为零售企业改善经营,抵制外资零售企业的强烈冲击,确立竞争的优势,缩短世界先进水平的差距提供了强有力的依据。

黄河在《企业竞争力的评价及提升研究》一文中建立了以财务报表数据为主要依据的评价指标体系,对企业的显在争竞力进行评价,同时力图反映企业未来竞争能力的真实状况。该评价指标体系分12大类,包括企业规模、营运能力、经营安全能力、盈利能力、市场控制力、技术创新能力、组织管理能力、人力资本、企业文化、资本运营能力、跨国经营能力、环境协调能力。各大类下又有若干小指标,共58项。

黄河在设计的企业竞争力评价指标体系在指标设置、评价准则,尤其是度量方法上遵循指数化原则。根据资产类和过程类的分类处理原则将58项指标分为六类,且按上述六类指标将各企业的每类指标内所含的具体指标的数值进行加总并求出平均值,从而便利相互间比较。再通过将每类指标各个被评企业的平均值加总然后再求出行业的平均值,以行业平均值作为标准参数同各企业的数值进行比较。最后分别用各个标准参数与各企业相对应的综合指标平均值相除,得出各企业六类指标相应的竞争力指数。评价体系建立及方法的运用关键在于权数的合理分配及方程的准确建立。

李飞、刘明葳的《中外大型零售企业竞争能力比较研究》将零售企业竞争力的内容分为作为竞争资源的核心层、作为核心能力的中间层以及作为竞争优势的表现层,而文中着重强调中间层竞争能力的比较,也是该文的一大核心支出,文中提及的中间层比较包括业态创新能力、店铺扩张能力、营销管理能力、成本控制能力、财务运作能力。

祝波、吕文俊的《商业零售企业竞争力评价体系及模糊综合判断》把对商业零售企业的评价指标重点放在财务指标的数据上,通过企业的财务数据,计算企业的财务状况,从表面反映企业的竞争力状况。

祝波、吕文俊从企业的基本资源状况、经营能力、学习能力、创新能力和文化亲和力等主因素方面入手,衍生出包含人力资源状况、经营管理能力、营销服务能力、市场创新、管理创新等多项评价的零售企业竞争力的子因素,从而构建了零售企业竞争力的综合评价体系,最后运用AHP方法,确定各层级评价指标的权重,对零售企业竞争力进行模糊判断,建立零售企业竞争力模糊综合判断模型,并运用层次分析法求解模型。

王桂根在《我国零售企业竞争力研究》一文中认为国内外的竞争力研究文献中,对零售企业竞争力测评的研究主要集中在对企业总体层面上,大多偏重于定性分析,没有做出定量分析,缺乏直观性和实际应用意义,也很难为企业提升竞争力提供依据。

因而作者采用量化的财务指标体系(选取了4个财务指标体系,即盈利能力、营运能力、偿债能力和增长能力),运用因子分析法对企业竞争力进行实证分析研究。

张东风、杜纲的《现代零售企业竞争力评价研究》中独辟溪径地吸收“供应链”理论和“平衡计分卡”原理来设计现代零售企业的竞争力评价体系,作者认为完整的零售企业竞争力评价体系由2部分构成,即服务绩效(顾客服务绩效+供应链服务绩效)和内部绩效,同时从从财务、客户、流程、学习、成长4个角度形成了同样是4个角度的现代零售企业竞争力评价的“四流评价体系,依据四流评价体系,构建了现代零售企业竞争力评价指标体系。

对定性和定量评价指标分别采用多指标的综合评价(数据标准化)和语义差别隶属度赋值方法进行竞争力评价。

四、内外资企业的选取及相关竞争力指标比较

刘晓斌在《零售企业竞争力定量评价分析》认为,销售额排名第一的零售巨头沃尔玛,它的发展运营策略、顾客策略、人力资源策略创造其骄人的业绩。天天平价,始终如一、自有品牌全新感受、物流配送世界第一、营销互补共生共容等是沃尔玛成功的关键。沃尔玛的竞争优势在于后勤物流配送(存货补充)能力和吸引客户忠诚的经营能力,由沃尔玛的例子得出竞争力具有时间性,难于评价,受影响的因素很多。进一步讲,对竞争力指标体系设计,要理论与实践相结合。

李飞、刘明葳的《中外大型零售企业竞争能力比较研究》选取了10家进入中国的世界零售50强公司和10家中国本土最具竞争力的零售公司,着重在中间层的竞争力的五方面(创新能力、店铺扩张能力、营销管理能力、成本控制能力、财务运作能力)进行差别比较研究。最终得出中外零售企业的均值和最优值。

刘星原的《零售企业核心竞争力研究_兼析中外零售企业的竞争力》从中外零售企业出发,对这两大团体在拥有良好的商业门店地理位置、拥有经营管理人才以及员工学习与培训体系、掌握能满足顾客需求的、具有异质性特点、其他企业难以模仿的经营内容或经营模式、具备对企业运行环节全过程的管理、成本控制、销售能力、资金筹集能力与利润率水平、企业的利润率、销售额、资本积累与资金筹集能力这些方面进行了定性的陈述。

王桂根在《我国零售企业竞争力研究》选取30个零售业上市公司作为评价对象,结合统计因子分析法的原理和挑选出的30个零售业上市公司2005年的数据资料,进行零售企业竞争力评价分析。选取分析变量,计算相关系数矩阵以及各特征向量,确定主成分,然后分析出各个因子及其贡献率后,构造出F函数。计算各个样本在每个因子上的得分并得出其F值,以F值为标准进行判别。

五、企业竞争力研究的普遍意义

刘忠敏的《企业竞争力评价及其应用研究》认为对企业竞争力进行评价,具有以下几方面的意义:

①进行企业竞争力的定量评价,可以从定量角度科学、准确地描述和把握企业竞争力的状况及其变化趋势。

②企业可以根据综合评价的结果,进行竞争力的综合排序(特别是行业内部排序)及分布状况研究,从而激励企业发挥优势,弥补不足,全面提高竞争力。

③开展企业竞争力综合评价,便于企业对影响竞争能力的内部因素进行分析,为企业提供自我诊断的有效方法。

④企业竞争力综合评价方法研究可以为形成长期评价制度奠定基础。

⑤企业竞争力评价有助于优化社会资源配置,提高一国的综合国力,并为政府政策及宏观决策提供依据。

六、小结

近年来,中外学者对企业竞争力的研究方兴未艾,企业竞争力也愈发受到有关人士特别是企业管理者的注意。虽然研究成果较多,成果也较丰富,但是作为核心力本身是一个矛盾的集合体。一方面,不同的学者可以从不同的角度、不同的方法来研究、诠释有关竞争力的不同方面;另一方面,关于企业核心竞争力的指标体系的构建及评价向来纷繁复杂,也由于竞争力评价的定性与定量比例不当(后者较难,前者较空洞),此外,对于内外资企业的数据对比分析实例由于种种原因往往涉及较少。正因为如此,也为论文的写作选取了不错的突破口。

相信通过本文的概述能够为论文写作指路。

1、前言

我通过登陆中国期刊网全文数据库和查找有关文献,共搜集有关社会体育指导员的文献资料二十几篇,其中大部分都集中在04、05年。现将有关的资料归纳如下:

2、社会体育指导员的培养

不同类型社会体育指导的培养

刘平江、赵立《浅谈社会体育专业人才的培养》(2002年)一文中提出:“要培养一专多能的社会体育专业的学生。”在邓星华《论我国社会体育指导员的培养》(2001年)一文中提出:“我国社会体育的特点和锻炼群众的需要,可以将社会指导员分为健身健美类、医疗保健类、竞技运动类、休息娱乐类等四类。”从上述文献资料可以看出,培养各个层次类别的体育指导员,可以全方位地为社会体育指导服务。

加大高校培养社会体育指导员的力度

廖军在《充分发挥高校优势培养社会体育指导员》(2003年)一文中表明:“高校体育专业担负着为国家培养高层次体育专业人才的任务,根据社会对个类体育人员的客观要求,其培养目标应主要是适应面广一专多能的复合型人才。”因此高校应该把培养和培训社会体育指导员列入其职责范围。

3、社会体育指导员的管理

管理社会体育指导员应更加细化

倪同云、白云、陈琳等在《完善我国社会体育指导员的管理体制的研究》(2002年)一文中明确指出:“对我国社会体育指导员进行具有国情特色的较细分类,如在大类上可分为管理型、经济型、技术型等,再在每个大类上分细,如技术型可分为:青少年指导员、老年指导员、妇女指导员等。”

建立健全的我国社会体育组织管理体制

早在1987年,日本由文部省公布了《关于社会体育指导员知识,技能审核事业来认定规程》。在《邓星华我国社会体育指导员的培养》(2001年)一文中指出:“完善社会体育指导员管理法规,从社会体育指导员的申报、培训、考核、授予称号、上岗经营、年审注册、晋级权利和义务以及法律责任等方面都做出了明确规定。”从上可以看出,建立完善的社会体育组织管理体制的重要性。

4、我国社会体育指导员的现状

社会体育指导员总体数量情况及分布

如付明、李飞杰在《武汉社会体育指导员现状调查与研究》(2005年)一文中归纳出:“武汉三镇社会体育指导员队伍表现出第一总体数量偏少,第二等级结构失调,国家级一级所占比例太少,而三级比例过大。”何敏学、都晓鹃在我《国社会体育指导员的特点研究》(2005年)一文中指出:“我国人均社会体育指导员约为1:3994,京津沪辽江浙等市处于领先地位。”

社会体育指导员的性别构成

李小燕在《宜昌市城区社会体育指导员现状调查与分析》(2002年)一文中指出:“女性社会体育指导员大多为职业女性和离退休人员,这一分布是与女性工作生活生理结构以及对体育的价值观念相应的。”在武笑玲、马美荣等《城市社会体育指导员队伍现状调查及对策研究》(2004年)一文中指出:“目前洛阳市城区社会体育指导员性别结构与国家1998年的统计基本吻合,性别结构基本合理,男性高于女性,调查还发现女性社会体育指导员多为职业女性如文艺工作和离退休人员。”

社会体育指导员的年龄结构

孙培初年《龄结构偏大文化层次偏低---社会体育指导员队伍现象调查》(2005年)一文中明确指出:“以上海为例:70%以上的社会体育指导员由街道社区聘请专业教师授课培训各区省自己发证,除少量街道社区文教干部外,绝大部分是离退休人员和下岗职工,其中年龄最大的78,岁最小的34岁,平均57岁。”

社会体育指导员的文化素质状况

庄永达在《我国社会体育指导员的问题研究》(2004年)一文中提到:“我国已经拥有各级社会体育指导员约20万人,这样的发展速度和规律应该来说是来之不易的,说明我国的各级体育部门对社会体育指导员的发展给予了高度的重视,但我们也应该清楚地认识到如此高速度大规律地发展背后的质量保证问题。”

社会体育指导员的职业分布状况

付明李、飞杰在《武汉市社会体育指导员现状调查和研究》(2005年)一文中表明:“武汉市社会体育指导员的职业分布中专业社会体育指导员占,兼职的人员最多达到,其次是离退休人员占26%,体育教师所占的比例最少为,其他的为。我们可以看出体育教师所占的比例过少,说明体育教师的积极性还没充分的调动起来。专职的社会体育指导员所占的比例不大,说明社会体育指导员在先阶段还不能作为一种主要的谋生手段。”

5、总结

通过以上的文献资料可以了解到,我国社会体育指导员的培养管理等方面的理论以及它的一些现状。荆州地处我国中南部,社会环境经济实力体育发展水平和体育人口与东部沿海发达地区相比还处于落后状态。社会体育指导员队伍建设虽然要顺应我国这个大环境,但也必须体现指导员鲜明的地方特色,因时、因地制宜建立适合本地区的社会体育指导员队伍。

沃尔玛配送中心的基本流程是:供应商将商品送到配送中心后,经过核对采购计划、进行商品检验等程序,分别送到货架的不同位置存放。提出要货计划后,电脑系统将所需商品的存放位置查出,并打印有商店代号的标签。整包装的商品直接由货架上送往传送带,零散的商品由工作台人员取出后也送到传送带上。一般情况下,商店要货的当天就可以将商品送出。沃尔玛物流配送模式(1)沃尔玛配送中心建立的模式沃尔玛配送中心建立模式是一种先修建配送中心,再围绕配送中心开设商店的配送模式,是一种优先发展配送中心的战略。在开始阶段,沃尔玛进行大规模的投资,兴建现代化的配送中心;然后再在配送中心周围开设分店。沃尔玛之所以采取这种模式,其原因就在于初期建设需要巨额资金,配送中心建成以后,能够发挥强大作用。沃尔玛这种配送模式不仅节约了比其他竞争者从缺货到补货的成本,而且方便了从配送中心迅速了解各个商店的供货消息,在很大程度上降低了交易成本。(2)沃尔玛配送中心采用的作业方式沃尔玛配送中心一端为装货月台,另一端为卸货月台,两项作业分开。看似与装卸一起的方式没有什么区别,但是运作效率由此提高很多。配送中心就是一个大型的仓库,但是概念上与仓库有所区别。沃尔玛采取的交叉配送作业方式非常独特,而且效率极高,进货时直接装车出货,没有入库储存与分拣作业,降低了成本,加速了流通。它可以同时停放135辆大卡车,每个配送中心有600-800名员工,24小时连续装卸搬运配送作业;每天有160辆货车开来卸货,150辆车装好货物开出,商品在配送中心停留不超过48小时。沃尔玛要卖的产品有几万个品种,吃、穿、住、用、行各方面都有,尤其像食品、快速消费品这些商品的停留时间直接影响到使用。(3)沃尔玛配送中心的组织结构沃尔玛的每家店每天送1次货,而同业态下的竞争对手则是每5天送1次。至少一天送货一次意味着可以减少商店或者零售店里的库存。这就使得零售场地和人力管理成本都大大降低。沃尔玛作为世界500强企业,到现在为止它只在几个国家运作,只在它看准有发展的地区经营,沃尔玛在经营方面十分谨慎,在这样的情况下发展到70个,说明它的物流配送中心的组织结构调整做得比较到位。配送成本占销售额2%, 是竞争对手的50%,而竞争者只有50%货物是集中配送。沃尔玛的配送成本占它销售额的2%,而一般来说物流成本占整个销售额一般都要达到10%左右,有些食品行业甚至达到20%或者30%。沃尔玛始终如一的思想就是要把最好的东西用最低的价格卖给消费者,这也是它成功的所在。另外竞争对手一般只有50%的货物进行集中配送,而沃尔玛百分之九十几是进行集中配送的,只有少数可以从加工厂直接送到店里去,这样成本与对手就相差很多了。

物流配送论文英文文献

国家重要的零售业态的连锁超市,同时也是全球零售趋势。连锁超市经历了快速的发展在20世纪80年代初在中国因为超市出生,在最近几年,中国零售百强连锁超市已经占据了半壁江山,成为最重要的格式。物流系统的神经中心,连锁超市采购及分销的这种竞争优势,实现统一采购,统一存储,统一配送,分散销售的操作,大大降低了流通成本,促进高效,平稳运行的供应链,提高企业的竞争力。 连锁超市能够实现高效率,高效率的供应链管理,各地的物流系统。商品配送系统结合先进的信息技术和物流管理的核心是分析沃尔玛,家乐福,麦德龙,以及大量的世界级零售连锁店运营商的成功,并不难找到。通过物流系统的运作,连锁超市企业集中决策的决策权,以连锁企业的总部,物流活动的商品集中在基本的物流配送体系。集资金,股票,多个存储采摘活动的集中采购,从而降低物流成本,创造价格优势,赢得了客户和市场。 超市连锁经营在中国的分销行业与发达国家相比,起步较晚,中国连锁经营协会,成立于1997年,于2001年开始编辑一本书“中国连锁经营年鉴”相对100年美国的物流及分销行业在中国的历史,在20世纪80年代开始至今,只有20岁。二十多年来,中国的分销行业已经取得了很大的成就,但是,由于基础设施差,在国内历史上长期重生产轻流通,重商主义的流量情况,轻物流的思想影响,物流配送在这个阶段仍然是不成熟的,有很多的物流配送体系是原来的批发企业,储存和运输公司转变现代化水平低,设备陈旧,连锁超市在中国的年平均增长率自1994年以来的快速发展步伐,连锁超市(约70%),物流系统的建设和发展明显落后于超市的发展链。

这个有3000吧! 自从二十世纪八十年代开始,现代物流率先出现于欧美等工业国家,并以其独特的魅力受到全球工商界企业的青睐,得到了迅猛的发展,被誉为企业发展的“加速器”和二十一世纪的“黄金产业”,成为新兴的经济增长点。现在,在世界各国,越来越多的企业不惜巨资投向现代物流企业,同时现代物流企业也成为了全球金融投资家关注的重点行业之一。现代物流,炙手可热。 在钢铁产品流通领域内,现代物流意味着包括钢材在内的生产资料和生活资料等所有物质资料从供给者到需求者的物理性活动,是为了满足消费者需求而进行的对原材料、中间库存、最终产品及相关信息从起始地到消费地的有效流动及存储的计划、实施与控制的过程。现代物流强调的是这个过程的有效流动与存储,以及信息及管理在物流中的作用。 我国钢铁行业物流现状 我国钢材流通领域的物流产业与欧美等发达国家相比,从总体来说,还是处于比较落后的状态,主要是存在以下五个方面的不足: 物流产业起步较晚 各自为战,尚未建立全国范围内的物流体系 基础配套设施等硬件条件差 经营管理理念和方法不先进 现代物流的认识和理论研究还有待提高 在看到我国钢铁流通领域内物流产业的不足之处的同时,我们也要看到经过各个方面不懈努力取得的进步和成绩。现在,我国钢铁行业及钢材流通领域的现代物流基本上是处于良性循环的蓬勃发展趋势之中。 大型钢铁企业纷纷兴办物流公司,利用自身雄厚的人力、物力资源,打造出享誉我国钢铁流通领域内的物流企业品牌。从1982年开始,鞍钢就设计并实施了众多的大型技改项目的物流解决方案,累计运输和管理进出口物资总值高达300多亿元人民币,积累了丰富的现代物流经验。鞍钢物流业的发展是立足在其自身的四大优势基础之上的:一是在许多港口的费率是同类企业中最低的;二是与许多船舶公司、航空公司已经建立了良好的伙伴关系;三是与海关、商检部门有良好的合作,通关能力十分强;四是具有良好的品牌和信誉,这也是鞍钢发展物流业的最大资本。目前,辽宁省内许多企业已表示出浓厚的与鞍钢物流企业合作的愿望,其中三家企业已通过鞍钢国贸国际货运有限公司做成了生意。 中小型钢铁企业也不甘心失去发展现代物流的有利契机,同时希望通过现代物流的强力推动,缩短与大型钢铁企业间的距离。莱钢根据企业物流的现状,在物流优化和整合上大做文章,以便降低企业物流成本,提高企业的综合竞争能力。为此,莱钢专门成立了“现代物流管理部”,负责莱钢物流的优化与整合工作;聘请物流专家对莱钢的物流进行诊断,制定物流优化整合方案,指导企业进行现代物流管理创新;建立物流优化与整合的数字模型,将各个生产企业的原燃料采购、生产过程的半成品转移及产品销售至用户的全过程进行系统优化,以从更大范围内优化企业生产成本,实现莱钢物流管理的整体创新。 网上招标与采购,是钢铁产品与钢材流通领域内迈向现代物流的实质性一步。“中国钢铁联合采购招标系统”自2001年10月在国内冶金行业正式推出后,发展势头十分强劲。这一系统可以提供全程进行网上发标、加密投标、截标、网上解密开标的招标采购平台,并且采用了用户IC卡系统和先进的复合数字加密技术。如今,通过“中国钢铁联合采购招标系统”已累计实现网上采购额亿元。2002年1月,北京首钢新钢有限责任公司通过“中国钢铁联合采购招标系统”网上发布9大类48个标书,采购品种规格共有200多个,价值达到8258万元,之后举行网上开标,实施采购,参加网上投标的供应商有76家。现在,越来越多的供应商以钢铁企业网上招标采购为契机,积极参加网上供应行列,进入这一网上大市场。 相比国外企业差距明显 在我国,钢铁系统物流产业的发展毕竟还才起步,从整体上看,还不能适应钢铁生产和钢材贸易发展的需要,物流企业在规模、效益、物流技术和管理水平等方面与国外物流企业相比,还存在很大的差距,面临着许多亟待解决的问解,主要表现在以下八个方面: 钢铁行业的物流缺乏整体规划,各环节没有理顺,物流布局不合理,物流成本很高,物流方式单一,物流市场无序竞争,导致物流业整体效益不佳。 专业化程度不高,业态发展不平衡,企业“大而全”、“小而全”的现象较为普遍,专业化程度低,物流运输、仓储的现代水平较低,物流中心和配送中心的建设在规模和发展速度上都还不适应现代物流的要求。 物流系统效率低下,物流成本居高不下,主要表现在运输时间、储存时间、基础设施劳动生产率等三个方面。 物流基础设施不匹配,物流技术装备水平低,物流中心和配送中心的建设规模和发展速度都不适应现代物流的要求。我国的钢铁企业多数都是计划经济下的产物,条块分割、多头管理的传统经营管理模式的影响根深蒂固,导致各种物流基础设施的规划和建设缺乏必要的协调,因而配套性、兼容性差,导致系统功能不强。 物流系统一般技术水平低,装备落后。在仓储设施方面,第三方物流企业拥有的仓库70%是普通平房仓库,现代化立体自动化仓储设施比例较低,具有冷藏、保鲜、气调的仓库更少。在使用的搬运工具中,人工搬运车、手推叉车和普通起重设备占到70%以上,而可视屏叉车等现代化的搬运工具却很少采用。第三方物流企业拥有的运输车辆中,普通车辆占到70%以上,现代化的箱式货柜和集装箱拖头及特种运输车辆却很少。 物流专业人才短缺。物流人才是钢铁系统的物流业发展的关键,也是物流企业成长的保障。而我们钢铁企业或钢材流通领域的物流管理和人才培养,都还相当滞后,没有形成适应我国现状的物流理论和现代物流管理体系,物流人才培育比较困难。 标准化建设滞后。物流是跨地区、跨行业的运作系统,标准化程度的高低不仅关系到各种物流功能、要素之间的有效衔接和协调发展,也在很大程度上影响着物流效率的提高。物流器具标准不配套,托盘标准化没有推行,严重影响了物流的效率。 信息化程度低,现代营销和经营水平不高。目前不少从事钢材贸易的经营企业,大多还处于电话联系、手工操作、人工装卸较低层次的运作阶段。而在现代物流系统中,物流信息并不局限于单个企业的内部,需要在相关企业进行广泛的交换。在相关交易者之间进行网络连接,零售企业向批发企业或厂商发出的订货信息会同时发往物流企业,从而实现即时交货。但现在绝大多数的钢材贸易商是依*纸媒体的信息传递,这显然是无法实现钢材的现代物流。 尽管我国刚刚起步的钢铁流通领域内的物流企业还存在诸多问题,然而其发展的前景十分广阔,有着巨大的发展潜力和成长空间。随着我国经济的持续发展、市场经济的逐渐成熟、全球经济结构调整及产业的不断升级,这都将使我国钢铁行业的物流业的地位和作用发生深刻的变化,物流业必须成为促进我国钢铁工业和钢材贸易蓬勃发展的重要载体。 Since the 20th century, the beginning of the 1980s, modern logistics first appeared in Europe and the United States and other industrial countries, and its unique charm by the global business enterprises favored by the rapid development Hailed as the development of enterprises "accelerator" and the 21st century "gold industry," and become a new point of economic growth. Now, the nations of the world, more and more enterprises at Juzidouxiang modern logistics enterprises Meanwhile modern logistics enterprises have become the global financial investors concerned about one of the key sectors. Modern logistics, hot. In the circulation of steel products, Modern logistics means including steel, means of production and means of subsistence all material information from supplier to the demand - Rational activities, in order to meet consumer demand for the right raw materials, intermediate stock, the final product and related information from the consumer to start to the effective flow and storage of the planning, implementation and control of the process. Modern logistics emphasis of this process is efficient, effective flow and storage, and information management and logistics in the role. China's steel industry logistics situation of China's steel domain to the logistics industry and Europe and the United States and other developed nations, Generally speaking, or at a relatively backward state, is primarily the following five aspects of the inadequate : Logistics Industry late start fighting each other, yet to establish a nationwide system of logistics supporting infrastructure such as hardware poor management philosophy and methods are not advanced modern Logistics understanding and theoretical research remains to be seen in the increase in China's steel circulation within the logistics industry shortcomings in the meantime, We have to see that through all aspects of the unremitting efforts made progress and achievements. Now, China's iron and steel industry and steel circulation of modern logistics is basically a benign cycle in the vigorous development trends. Large iron and steel enterprises have set up logistics companies, using its abundant human and material resources, The building of China's steel circulation reputation in the field of logistics enterprises brand. From the beginning in 1982, when the volume on the design and implementation of a large number of major technology projects logistics solutions, total transport and import and export goods and materials management worth more than 300 billion yuan, has accumulated a wealth of experience of modern logistics. Angang development of the logistics industry is based on its own foundation of the four major advantages : First, in many ports rate is the lowest among similar enterprises; Second, with many shipping companies. Airlines have established a good partnership; Third, customs, commodity inspection departments have good cooperation. clearance capacity is very strong; 4 is a good brand and reputation, it is also Angang development of the logistics industry in the largest capital. Currently, many enterprises in Liaoning province have expressed strong with Angang logistics enterprises desire to cooperate these three enterprises have adopted international cargo Angang ITC Ltd. made a business. Small and medium-sized iron and steel enterprises have not reconciled to losing the development of modern logistics of the favorable opportunity, also hope that through modern logistics of promoting strong, with large steel shorten the distance between enterprises. Laigang logistics enterprises under the current situation, the logistics optimization and integration of a big fuss about the logistics enterprises in order to reduce costs, enhance the comprehensive competitiveness. To this end, Laiwu Steel established the "Modern Logistics Management," responsible for the logistics of Laigang optimization and integration; hire experts on the logistics of the logistics Laigang diagnosis, develop integrated logistics optimization program, direct enterprises in modern logistics management innovation; the establishment of logistics optimization and integration of numerical models, all of the original production enterprises fuel procurement, production process and the transfer of semi-finished products to the customer sales process for system optimization, from the greater scope to optimize production costs and achieve Laigang the overall logistics management innovation. Online bidding and procurement, steel products and steel circulation towards modern logistics substantive step. "China's steel joint procurement tender system" since October 2001 in the domestic metallurgical industry following the formal launch of development momentum is very strong. The system can provide full Internet Hair, encryption tender, the tender closing, the online decryption opening a tender for the procurement platform, and the use of IC card system and advanced composite digital encryption technology. Today, the "Chinese steel joint procurement tender system" has realized a total online purchases 450 million yuan. January 2002. Beijing Shougang Steel new limited liability company through "Chinese steel joint procurement tender system," published online September 48 largest category of bids , procurement specifications varieties were more than 200, the value of million yuan, to be held after the opening of the Internet, implementation of the procurement, participate in the online bidding vendors are 76. Now, an increasing number of suppliers to the steel business online bidding for the opportunity to actively participate in the ranks of online suppliers, Internet access to the big market. Compared with foreign enterprises, an obvious gap in our steel logistics system, after all, the development of the industry will also start from the overall perspective, still unable to meet steel production and steel trade development needs of logistics enterprises in terms of scale, efficiency, logistics technology and management standards with respect to foreign logistics enterprises, there is a wide gap between faced many pressing to resolve the question of solutions, mainly in the following eight areas : the iron and steel industry, logistics lack of overall planning, the segment did not straighten out, the logistics of irrational arrangement, the high cost of logistics, logistics means of a single, disordered competition in the logistics market, logistics industry as a whole led to poor efficiency. The degree of specialization is not high, Business uneven development, enterprises, "large and all-embracing", "dumbbell" of a common phenomenon, and Low degree of specialization, transport and logistics, warehousing modern low level. logistics centers and distribution centers in the construction scale and the pace of development has not yet adapted to the demands of modern logistics. Inefficient logistics system, the high cost of logistics, mainly in the transport, storage time, infrastructure such as labor productivity in three aspects. Logistics infrastructure does not match, the logistics technology and equipment, the low level logistics center and distribution center of the scale and speed of development of modern logistics do not meet the requirements. China's iron and steel enterprises are mostly under the planned economy product fragmentation, overlapping management and the traditional management patterns of deep-rooted, led to various logistics infrastructure planning and construction of a lack of the necessary coordination, thus compatibility and coordination poor, lead to the system function is not strong. Logistics systems generally low level of technology, equipment behind. Storage and warehousing facilities, the third party logistics warehouse owned 70% ordinary cottage warehouse, Stereo modern automated storage facilities a lower proportion is frozen, refrigeration, air conditioning fewer warehouses. In the use of the removal tool, manual handling car, pushing a forklift and the general lifting equipment accounted for more than 70%, and can screen forklift handling and other modern tools has been rarely used. Third-party logistics enterprises owned transport vehicles, ordinary vehicles accounted for more than 70%, modern box-type containers and container tractors and special transport vehicles were few. Shortage of logistics professionals. Steel logistics personnel system is the development of the logistics industry is seen as a key logistics enterprises grow protection. Our steel or steel circulation field of logistics management and personnel training, are also considerable lag, not suitable to the status of China's logistics theory and modern logistics management systems, logistics personnel training more difficult. Standardization lag. Logistics is a trans-regional and cross-sectoral operating system, the level of standardization is not only related to various logistics functions, elements of an effective interface between the development and coordination, has also significantly influenced the logistics efficiency. Logistics support equipment standards, standardization tray is not implemented, a serious impact on the efficiency of logistics. A low degree of information technology, modern marketing and operating level is not high. Many in the steel trade enterprises, are still in the telephone links by hand. Artificial handling low-level operational phase. In modern logistics system, the Logistics Information is not confined to a single enterprise's internal, In related businesses need a wide-ranging exchange. In related transactions between network connectivity, Retail enterprises to manufacturers and wholesale enterprises or orders issued by the information will also be sent to the logistics businesses, thereby achieving prompt delivery. But now, the majority of the steel traders according * permits the transmission of information to the media, it is impossible to achieve the steel of modern logistics. Although China has just started the flow of steel in the field of logistics enterprises still have many problems, However, its development prospects are very broad and has tremendous potential for development and growth space. With China's sustained economic development, the market economy gradually mature, the global economic structural adjustment and the industry has been escalating and This will make China's iron and steel industry, the status of the logistics industry and the role undergoing profound changes, logistics industry must be the promotion of China's iron and steel industry and steel trade to flourish the major carriers.

楼上这位的英文文献是google华文文献而来的,很不通顺。。。电子商务环境下物流配送Logistics Distribution under E-business Environment 楼上译成了E-business environment under the logistics and distribution 电子商务环境下的物流配送摘要:本文从阐述电子商务与物流配送的相互关系出发,就如何建立与我国国情发展相适应的物流配送模式,降低物流成本,提高配送效率,解决配送问题进行探讨。 关键词:电子商务;物流配送;第三方物流 在互联网技术的不断发展及全球电子商务大环境的引导下,跨国物流和跨区域物流更加频繁,对物流的需求也更加强烈。但电子商务在我国的发展却具有其不成熟性的特点,物流基础设施及技术水平落后,供应商(或制造商)以及客户之间没有形成供应链,配送效率低下,所以电子商务要在中国继续发展必须解决——"物流瓶颈"。 一、电子商务与物流配送 电子商务是在Internet开放的网络环境下,基于浏览器/服务器的应用方式,实现消费者的网上购物、企业之间的网上交易和在线电子支付的一种新型的交易方式。电子商务与传统商务本质区别,就是它以数字化网络为基础进行商品、货币和服务交易,目的在于减少信息社会的商业中间环节,缩短周期,降低成本,提高经营效率,提高服务质量,使企业有效地参与竞争。 物流配送定位在为电子商务的客户提供服务,根据电子商务的特点,对整个物流配送体系实行统一的信息管理和调度,按照用户订货要求,在物流基地进行理货工作,并将配好的货物送交收货人的一种物流方式。这一先进的、优化的流通方式对流通企业提高服务质量、降低物流成本、优化社会库存配置,从而提高企业的经济效益及社会效益具有重要意义。 二、电子商务环境下的物流配送模式 发展现代物流配送,是转变经济增长方式,促进经济增长由粗放型向集约型转变的需要。过去我国长期实行计划经济体制,几乎每个工业企业都建立了仓库、车队负责包装、运输等业务,大而全、小而全、粗放管理问题比较突出,造成企业原材料和产成品库存过大,占压大量资金;自备仓储和自备运输利用率低,成本过高;销售配送体系不健全,产品实体分配效率不能满足售后和服务要求。市场经济条件下,企业要在激烈的竞争中站稳脚跟,必须集中精力发展其核心业务,对传统的物流管理模式进行改革,提高物流管理的社会化和组织程度,变粗放管理为集约经营,才能使企业真正适应市场经济的发展。 发展现代物流配送,是适应加入WTO,提高企业市场竞争能力的需要。目前世界上大多数地区,约1/3的物流运作是承包给第三方的,发达国家甚至达5-8成。而我国的物流服务行业竞争力很弱,没有形成一定的规模优势和资本优势,服务质量与国外企业相比也存在着很大差距。加入WTO后,根据协议,我国将进一步开放物流服务行业,国外成熟的物流企业会大举进入我国,因此,面对经济全球化趋势和我国加入WTO的挑战,实施物流改造,发展现代物流配送是企业参与竞争,赢得竞争优势的必然选择。 在电子商务条件下,构建我国物流配送体系,可以有以下三种模式:一是电子商务与传统商务共用一套物流系统;二是由电子商务企业组建自己的物流系统;三是电子商务企业将所有的物流业务以外包的形式委托第三方物流企业运作。所谓第三方物流是指根据供应商或销售商的委托,由供应商和销售商以外的第三方负责对物流的中间环节进行有效管理,提供从货源供应到最终商品销售之间的全方位物流服务。鉴于发达国家的成功经验和目前我国物流业的发展状况,我认为,委托第三方物流企业运作是我国电子商务企业最理想的物流模式。其理由如下: (1)物流通常不是大多数的电子商务企业的核心业务,电子商务企业把物流业务运作外包于第三方物流企业,可以把资源集中在自身的核心竞争力业务上,以获取最大的投资回报。 (2)第三方物流企业拥有发达的物流网络和针对不同物流市场的专业能力,包括运输、仓储和其它增值服务,同时第三方物流企业还拥有信息技术,他们与独立的软件供应商结盟或者开发了内部信息系统,这使其能够最大限度地利用运输和分销网络,有效进行跨运输方式的货物追踪。 (3)第三方物流企业具有规模经济优势。由于其可以从运输商那里大批量购买运输能力,然后集中配载许多客户的货物,大幅度降低单位运输成本。 (4)通过“共享租用”模型,多个电子商务企业可以共享分发和售后服务。外包也缓和了内部物流执行并减少建造和装备仓库。内部完成电子物流费用高,耗时多,并且由于不具备第三方的专业技术,许多公司会严重损害花很多时间建立的客户关系。 诚然,第三方物流企业的运作不仅要针对生产厂家能否合理经营并优化库存结构,还要针对客户,保证商品来源于最佳路线,以切实降低物流成本,提高产品附加值,同时真正使客户省钱,省力,省时。 三、我国发展第三方物流应注意的问题 (1)物流业务的范围不断扩大。商业机构和各大公司面对日趋激烈的竞争不得不将主要经理放在核心业务,将运输、仓储等相关业务环节交由更专业的物流企业进行操作,以求节约和高效;同时,物流企业为提高服务质量,也在不断拓宽业务范围,提供配套服务。 (2)提供客户定制的物流服务。很多成功的物流企业根据第一方、第二方的谈判条款,分析比较自理的操作成本和代理费用,灵活运用自理和代理两种方式。 (3)物流产业的发展潜力巨大,具有广阔的发展前景。长期以来,由于受计划经济的影响,我国物流社会化程度低,物流管理混乱,机构多元化,物资、商业、经贸、交通、建设等部门均有各自的物流系统。这种分散的多元化物流格局,导致社会化大生产、专业化流通的集约化经营优势难以发挥,规模经营、规模效益难以实现,设施利用率低,布局不合理,重复建设,资金浪费严重。由于利益冲突及信息不通畅等原因,造成余缺物资不能及时调配,大量物资滞留在流通领域,造成资金沉淀,产生大量库存费用。另外,我国物流企业与物流组织的总体水平低,设备陈旧,损失率大,效率低,运输能力严重不足,形成了瓶颈,制约了物流的发展。 在电子商务飞速发展的21世纪,谁掌握了物流和配送,谁就掌握了市场。建立电子商务模式下的物流配送体系,客观上需要那种放网全国,点指世界超强的物流服务企业。当前,我国的一些传统物流企业(如,中远,中外运等)应积极加大市场调研和开拓力度,加大与跨国公司、大型制造商等行业企业以及与连锁、超市零售行业等的合作,与其建立伙伴关系,为其提供一体化的物流配送服务,并尽快发展电子商务,从而提供高质量的、高水平的电子商务环境下的现代物流配送服务,为我国建立良好的现代配送机制贡献自身的一份力量。 参考文献: 《中国物流与采购》 《我国物流企业如何迎接电子商务》 张铎 《电子商务配送问题浅析》 关洪杰、

自己去sciencedirect,springerlink等外文数据库下载啊或者到知网,维普等中文数据库下载很多的,校园网内免费获取校园网外可以利用google学术搜索,有部分能免费下载仅供参考~

物流论文配送服务文献

物流管理论拉拉

一、我国物流配送中心的发展现状长期以来,由于受计划经济的影响,我国物流社会化程度低,物流管理体制混乱,机构多元化, 导致社会化大生产、专业化流通的集约化经营优势难以发挥,规模经营、规模效益难以实现,设施利用率低,布局不合理,重复建设,资金浪费严重。由于利益冲突及信息不通畅等原因,造成余缺物资不能及时调配,大量物资滞留在流通领域,造成资金沉淀,发生大量库存费用。另外,我国物流企业与物流组织的总体水平低,设备陈旧,损失率大、效率低,运输能力严重不足,形成了“瓶颈”,制约了物流的发展,物流配送明显滞后。商流与物流分割,严重影响了商品经营和规模效益。实践证明,市场经济需要更高程度的组织化、规模化和系统化,迫切需要尽快加强建设具有信息功能的物流配送中心。发展信息化、现代化、社会化的新型物流配送中心是建立和健全社会主义市场经济条件下新型流通体系的重要内容。我国是发展中国家,要借鉴发达国家的经验和利用现代化的设施,但目前还不可能达到发达国家物流配送中心的现代化程度,只能从国情、地区情况、企业情况出发,发展有中国特色的新型物流配送中心。随着电子商务的日益普及,中国的物流配送业一定会按照新型物流配送中心的方向发展。据国家有关部门预测,未来10年全国还计划兴建100个物流中心,以及7个主要交易中心,由此看来,物流业在我国的发展前景将是十分广阔的。2001年3月,国家经贸委、铁道部、交通部、信息产业部、外经贸部和民航总局六部委局联合印发了《关于加快我国现代物流发展的若干意见》。国家计委、国家经贸委联合发布的《当前国家重点鼓励发展的产业、产品和技术目录》中,已把发展物流配送中心列为重点鼓励发展的项目。在中国政府大力发展现代物流业的宏观政策引导下,各地纷纷出台了自己的物流发展规划,把发展现代物流列入了重要议事日程。二、现阶段我国物流配送中心发展的主要问题1.配送中心设施利用率低,发展缓慢长期以来,我国物流配送的基础设施投入较少,发展比较缓慢,尽管近几年也新建了一些较先进的仓储物流设施,但总体上看,我国物流仓储设施仍较陈旧落后,上世纪五六十年代建造的仓库还有较多仍在使用,而且仓储物流设施结构不合理,货场、低档通用库多,适合当前社会要求的冷藏、调温等专用库少。应当加快我国物流配送基础设施的建设和技术改造,鼓励和吸引社会各方投资物流行业,国家也应增加这方面的投入,对物流配送设施的建设给予一些低息或贴息贷款支持。2.配送中心总体配送比率较低,采购成本难以降低从我国现有商业零售企业来看,除了一些中大型、知名的商业企业以外,一般的商业“连锁”企业大多没有建立自己的物流配送中心或利用第三方物流中心。这些企业虽然也建立了一些自己的“连锁”分店,但实际上商店经营的商品并没有做到“统一采购、统一配送、统一结算”,这使得部分商业零售企业的“连锁经营”显得有名无实!而在其他已经建立自己的物流配送中心或利用第三方物流中心实现商品配送的商业企业中,配送中心的效用也未能得到有效发挥,这进而影响到了连锁企业综合采购成本优势的发挥,导致配送中心配送的比率非常低,采购成本难以降低。3.物流的社会化、组织化、专业化程度不高我国物流配送业的发展水平低,还表现在物流配送企业的小和散,社会化、组织化程度低,在物流配送的各环节上衔接配套差,服务功能不完善,能做到“一站式”服务的企业少。生产企业、流通企业和物流储运企业中的“大而全”、“小而全”现象仍然存在。物流企业大多数规模较小,缺乏覆盖面较广的物流配送服务网络。4.现代化程度低、信息化水平不高随着信息技术的快速发展,国际、国内各种商业物流配送中心利用信息技术提升管理水平的企业已经越来越多。例如目前采用较多的信息管理技术包括产品识别条码(BC)、企业资源计划系统(ERP)、管理信息系统(MIS)、电子数据交换系统(EDI)、地理信息系统(GIS)、自动分拣系统(ASS)、柔性物流系统(AGV)、全球定位系统(GPS)、仓库管理系统(WMS)等。从国际国内商业物流配送中心的信息化程度来看,美国的连锁商业配送中心普遍采用了机械化、自动化配合信息系统的整合作业模式,例如电动叉车、传送带、装卸搬运、吊车等机械设施配合各种信息系统的使用,就大大提高了管理效率、节约了人员成本。美国立体化的商业物流中心很多都建有专业通讯网,货物的入库、移动、配装等都通过计算机控制托盘、货架铲车和吊车进行。日本采用的计算机机器人进行物流作业的模式已经广泛存在。相比而言,我国商业物流中心的现代化程度就相对落后了。据零点研究集团的一项调查显示,目前我国实行物流配送的商业企业中,有超过58%的企业至今几乎没有采用过信息技术或信息系统来进行物流作业,而在已经采用信息技术进行物流管理的企业中,72%的企业仍然以传统手工作业为主,信息技术只作为其辅助性的管理手段,例如配送中心内部基本上是手工辅以叉车和托盘作业;到货分拣、商品组配、商品盘点等无专业电子扫描装置;计算机应用仅限于配送中心的事务性管理(例如商品进、销、存、配、送信息的记录与存档等);商业物流信息技术的采用仍然以互联网、仓库管理系统(WMS)、管理信息系统(MIS)等为主,对于供应链管理、企业资源计划的应用还处于起步阶段。三、我国商业物流配送中心发展的基本对策1、加快现代物流基础设施建设,提高整体物流配送能力国家实施“八五”、“九五”计划以来,我国的物流基础设施开始得到显著的发展,例如政府对铁路、公路建设投资力度的加强;各地物流园区建设数量和规模的增加;中重型卡车产销量的上升;现代化物流营运设备的逐渐采用等,这些都标志着我国的物流配送业进入了快速发展期,但相对于我国商业物流配送中心的发展要求来说,目前这些基础设施建设还显得相对滞后。主要表现为区域物流基础设施建设的不平衡,例如我国当前进行西部大开发,这对于我国以及外资商业零售企业来说都是一大发展契机,而西部地区目前的物流基础设施建设显然不能满足连锁企业在当地的物流配送,因此从完善物流基础设施、提高物流配送能力的角度出发,当前需要进一步加快发展主要是西部地区以及其它物流业发展相对缓慢地区的高速公路建设、高速铁路建设;提高城市内部交通的通畅性,减少交通“堵塞”现象;同时加快开发和引进高科技的物流设备,例如集装箱、散装专用船、各种装卸器具、移动运输器具等的进口或生产等,提高商业企业本身物流现代化管理水平,进而从外部发展环境和内部运营硬件方面为我国商业物流配送中心的发展创造条件。2、 大力推动“共同配送中心”的发展目前我国商业物流配送中心的发展,多集中在百货公司、超级市场、大型卖场、折扣店等业态领域。每个商业连锁企业由于各自的主营业态差异较大,因此他们建设配送中心的思路也不完全相同。一般而言,百货公司由于自营商品比重较低,采用第三方物流的可能性较大;超级市场以企业经销或代销商品为主,因此它们选择自建配送中心的可能性较大;当然其它不同业态的物流配送模式都会存在一定差异,但不管是何种零售业态,随着企业门店的不断增加,他们必须考虑的一个问题是:建立自己的物流配送中心、利用第三方物流还是与其它零售企业共建配送中心?在进行配送中心规划决策中,企业往往会遇到这样的问题,企业的连锁门店数量较少,如果自建配送中心投资成本太大,资金流量出现困难;如果利用第三方物流,对于企业长期发展来看也并非一种特别有效的战略,而且会分流企业的利润。从这两个层面进行分析,共建配送中心便是一种既经济能实现利润共享的选择思路!共同配送中心不仅能有效解决企业资金不足的问题,同时也能通过不同零售企业之间的联合增强企业联盟的集团竞争力,对于中小型投资主体而言都是非常有利的一种物流配送模式。3.提高物流配送的社会化、网络化程度。一是大力发展社会化物流服务体系,支持社会化物流企业的发展,提高物流配送的规模化效益。二是提高物流网络化、组织化程度,通过适当方式将物流相关企业组织起来,形成较为完善的物流服务网络。物流企业更要注意网络建设,不断完善网络服务功能。三是充分利用全社会物流配送设施资源,鼓励兼并、重组、联合,优先进行技术改造,尽量避免物流设施的重复建设和资源浪费。4、更新传统观念,为我国物流配送中心发展提供人才保障在推动我国物流配送中心的发展方面,由于受传统观念的影响,人们对于物流配送中心不够重视,因此,多年来我国物流尤其是物流配送中心的理论研究和实践探索都发展较慢。人才已经成为我国物流配送中心建设发展的瓶颈,为改变这种现状,我们首先要从观念上进行更新,同时也要通过具体的行动来引起社会各界对物流配送中心的重视,鼓励社会化物流管理培训工作的开展和推进,学习国际先进的物流管理经验和管理方法;行业协会可以组织国内中大型物流配送企业、商业连锁企业的有关人员进行集中培训和实地考察等,各地区政府部门应投入一定的人力、物力、财力,不断增强全民物流配送中心信息化意识,提高劳动者素质,充分利用各种手段和各种教育途径,建立高素质、专业配套、层次合理的物流配送中心信息化人才队伍。通过高素质物流人才的培养,加快对我国物流配送中心深入研究和实践经验的探索,从而为我国物流配送中心的发展奠定基础。 参考文献:

物流管理论文精选参考文献

物流管理论文参考文献一:

[1]Hotelling H. Stability in competition[J]. Economic Journal, 1929,39( 1 ):41 -57

[2]钟娜娜.竞争选址与非竞争选址比较研究[J].管理观察:2012(477):191-196.

[3] new facilities in a competitive environment. European Journal of Operational Research 1983(12): 29-35.

[4]张同全.具有距离限制的最大竞争能力选址问题[J]?云南民族大学学报2011,20(5):438-440.

[5]于宏涛,高立群,李丽霞.基于多消费群体的竞争选址模型与求解算法[J].计算机应用研究2013,30(7):2024-2028.

[6]杨丰梅,华国伟,黎建强.一个竞争选址问题的新模型及其求解算法[J].系统工程理论与实践.2006(7):18-24.

[7]李江华,王金亭.具有二次多选择服务的M/G/1可修重试排队系统[J].北京交通大学学报.2007,31(6):93-95.

[8]程凤,霍佳震.水平穿越发在带有不耐烦顾客的呼叫中心中的建模及应用[J].系统工程理论与实践.2013,33(5):1247-1254.

[9]彭懿,杨向群,吴锦标.带负顾客和不耐烦顾客的离散时间Geo/G/1重试排队[J].系统工程理论与实践.2011,31(12):2373-2379.

[10]李娜,贾博,江志斌,谢梦德.考虑顾客体验的排队系统研究[J]工业工程与管.2012,17(3):36-46.

[11]张曦,杨超,胡丹丹.考虑市场扩张和吞并的新设施竞争选址模型[J].工业工程与管理.2009(2):43-47.

[12]尹小玲,邓永禄,刘国柱.具有第二次多选择服务的M[x]/G/1排队系统[J].应用数学与计算数学学报.2003,17⑴:41-53.

物流管理论文参考文献二:

[1]鲍卫东:《上市物流企业成长因素分析》[J],《物流参术[装备版]》,2013年第6卷第4期,82-85页.

[2]李晨、王璐:《我国上市航运企业经营效率影响因素分析:泰于Tobit模型》[J],《经营管理》,2014年第28卷第1期,21-24页.

[3]李大元:《企业动态能力及其功效:环境不确定性的.影响》[J],《南开管理评论》,2009年第17卷第6期,60-68页.

[4]李晓蓉:《西方不同流派学者论企业多元化经营》[J],《外国经济与管理》,2003年第25卷第12期,7-11页.

[5]梁剑、丁洁:《宏观经济发展对上市公司.企耸经营绩效影响的实证分析》[J],《经济体制改革》,2011年第29卷第6期,16-19页.

[6]邓新明:《我国民营企业政治关联、多元化战略与公司绩效》》[J],《南开管理评论》,2011年第11卷第4期,4-15页.

[7]傅俊元、丁慧平:《物流企业成长能力的逻辑演进研究》[J],《物流技术》,2008年第27卷第1期,28-30页

[8]刘丹、印曼:《我国物流业上市公司成长性评价》[J],《技术经济》,2012年第31卷第11期,104-109页.

物流管理论文参考文献三:

[1]中国连锁经营协会.《2013年中国零售连锁企业统计年鉴》[M].2013

[2]中国连锁经营协会.《屮国连锁零售企业经营状况分析报告》[R].2013

[3]汝宜红,宋伯慧.《配送管理》[M].机械工业出版社.

[4]罗纳德科斯.《企业的性质》[M].经济出版社.2007

[5]曾中文.配送中心的库存控制系统研究[J].商场现代化,2007(10)

[6]周涛,程钧谟,乔忠.多品种配送的库存优化模型研究[J].系统工程.2003,9,19-23

[7]黄丽珍,李旭,王其藩.超市配送中心订货策略优化研宄[J].同济大学学报.2006(2)278-279

[8]Koulamas. Single-item and multi-item inventory system with deterministic, continuous,time-dependent demand [J]. Computer and Industrial Engineering, (1):57-68.

[9]Ben-Daya. Inventory models involving lead time as a decision variable [J]. Operational Research Society, (4):579-582.

[10]Rao. Properties of the periodic review (R,T) inventory control policy for stationary, stochastic demand[J]. Manufacturing and Service Operations Management,(1):37-53.

[11]Silver, Robb. Some insights regarding the optimal reorder period in periodic review inventory systems [J]. International Journal of Production Economics,2008,112(1): 354-366

物流外文论文文献综述

电子商务与现代物流摘要电子商务的优势之一就是能大大简化业务流程,降低企业运作成本。而电子商务下企业成本优势的建立和保持必须以可靠和高效的物流运作为保证。现代企业要在竞争中取胜,不仅需要生产适销对路的产品、采取正确的营销策略、以及强有力的资金支持,更需要加强“品质经营”,即强调“时效性”,其核心在于服务的及时性、产品的及时性、信息的及时性和决策反馈的及时性。这些都必须以强有力的物流能力作为保证。目录第一章 概论................................................11.1 什么是物流...........................................11.2 传统物流和现代物流...................................21.3 现代物流的特点.......................................21.4 发展现代物流的意义...................................3第二章 电子商务对物流及其管理的影响.....................42.1 电子商务与物流的关系.................................42.2 电子商务对物流的影响.................................5第三章 电子商务下的物流模式..............................73.1 物流一体化... ..............................73.2 第三方物流..........................................73.3 物流一体化和第三方物流..............................8第四章 我国物流现状及发展对策..........................104.1 我国物流发展存在的问题..............................104.2 物流发展的对策......................................114.3 电子商务化物流......................................124.4 “戴尔”的物流电子商务化案例分析....................13第五章 电子商务环境下物流发展趋势.......................185.1 电子商务的特点......................................185.2 基本Internet的综合物流代理系统....................19结束语......................................................20谢辞.........................................................21参考文献....................................................22

[1]李宝珠,王颖. 基于ANP的企业物流外包服务评价研究[J]. 中国农机化,2010,(2). [2]彭本红,罗明,周叶. 物流外包中的最优契约分析[J]. 软科学,2007,(1). [3]刘福华,陶杰,黄秀娟. 企业物流外包的风险与防范[J]. 物流科技,2005,(7). [4]黄玉华. 基于资源基础理论的物流外包决策研究[D]. 兰州理工大学: 兰州理工大学,2009. [5]黄赪. 金恒利公司物流外包服务水平提升策略研究[D]. 华南理工大学: 华南理工大学,2010. [6]徐娟,刘志学. 基于实物期权的物流外包成本风险[J]. 系统工程,2007,(12). [7]熊吉陵,雷霆. 中小企业物流外包的动因及策略简析[J]. 中国市场,2008,(2). [8]李桂艳. 物流外包风险的防范策略[J]. 经济与管理,2008,(5). [9]杨淼,邵鲁宁. 浅析物流外包[J]. 上海管理科学,2004,(3). [10]涂筱兰. 生态坊化妆品有限公司物流外包研究[D]. 华中科技大学: 华中科技大学,2004. [11]陈文粤. 成都可口可乐饮料有限公司物流外包研究[D]. 西南交通大学: 西南交通大学,2007. [12]戴一兵. 广州地铁运营物资采购物流外包研究[D]. 华南理工大学: 华南理工大学,2009. [13]宗涛. 外包关系对制造企业物流外包绩效的影响[D]. 西安理工大学: 西安理工大学,2009. [14]田宠. 家具企业物流外包的策略研究[D]. 南京林业大学: 南京林业大学,2010. [15]张洁. 基于WNN的企业物流外包风险预测研究[D]. 河北工程大学: 河北工程大学,2009. [16]刘健. 基于委托代理理论的物流外包激励机制研究[D]. 清华大学: 清华大学,2009. [17]姚卓顺,鲁雅萍. 基于企业物流外包的第三方物流选择[J]. 科技和产业,2010,(8). [18]田宇. 从物流外包到物流联盟:契约机制体系与模型[J]. 国际贸易问题,2007,(2). [19]罗勇,卿海锋. 物流外包和自营物流的比较分析——以新一佳超市有限公司为例[J]. 物流技术,2007,(5). [20]赵卫华. 物流外包——烟草商业物流的方向[J]. 贵州工业大学学报(社会科学版),2008,(5). [21]袁志锋. 企业物流外包与物流企业博弈探析[J]. 中国市场,2008,(10). [22]洪怡恬,李晓青. 企业物流外包风险预警指标体系的构建及外包风险分析与评价[J]. 物流技术,2008,(9). [23]顾睿. 生产企业物流外包中甄选最佳第三方物流供应商模型研究[D]. 武汉科技大学: 武汉科技大学,2008. [24]曾叶. 物流外包及物流绩效评价研究[D]. 浙江工业大学: 浙江工业大学,2006. [25]陈志. 制造业物流成本核算及物流外包决策研究[D]. 大连海事大学: 大连海事大学,2007. [26]马鹏,刘斌,徐国强,李秋香. 企业物流业务外包的双向选择模型[J]. 华北水利水电学院学报,2006,(1). [27]招莉莉. 供应链管理环境下的港口企业物流服务外包[D]. 中南大学: 中南大学,2009. [28]记者 阮栩. 物流外包好看不好吃?[N]. 信息时报,2003-01-23(C04). [29]程凯媛. 企业物流业务外包中存在的问题及解决方法[J]. 物流科技,2009,(2). [30]田宇,阎琦. 物流外包关系中物流服务需求方信任的影响因素研究[J]. 国际贸易问题,2007,(5). [31]胡从旭. 基于价值链的企业物流业务外包问题探讨[J]. 物流科技,2008,(11). [32]刘联辉,王坚强. 企业物流外包风险分析及其防范[J]. 湖南工程学院学报(社会科学版),2005,(4). [33]王淑云. 物流外包的效益及外包区域分析[J]. 公路交通科技,2004,(8). [34]记者 鲁松实习生 时琪. 淮矿物流大市场“第三方物流外包”成功运作[N]. 淮南日报,2008-08-10(001). [35]杨树果. 物流外包决策的模糊综合评价[J]. 黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2010,(4). [36]俞仲秋. 当代物流外包中企业战略关系矩阵的探索与研究[J]. 物流科技,2011,(4). [37]俞仲秋. 当代物流外包中有效沟通系统模型研究[J]. 物流技术,2011,(3). [38]杨涛,孙军伟. 物流外包风险管理研究现状述评[J]. 价值工程,2011,(13). [39]虞上尚,刘丹. 基于承包商视角的物流外包风险分析与对策研究[J]. 物流技术,2011,(7). [40]王宇楠. 基于企业生命周期的物流外包策略研究[J]. 辽宁工业大学学报(自然科学版),2011,(2). [41]周立军. 企业物流外包风险分析与控制研究[J]. 物流技术,2010,(21). [42]郑平,何雪君. 物流外包业务的风险矩阵模型[J]. 上海海事大学学报,2011,(1). [43]李朝敏. 浙江省制造企业物流外包程度影响因素及对策研究[J]. 嘉兴学院学报,2011,(2). [44]陈兰芳,吴刚. 基于委托-代理理论的逆向物流外包模式研究[J]. 数学的实践与认识,2010,(7). [45]公彦德,李帮义. 三级CLSC物流外包与废品回收的临界条件整合研究[J]. 管理工程学报,2010,(2). [46]周湘峰. 生产企业物流外包决策行为分析[J]. 华东经济管理,2010,(5). [47]刘艳锐,孙福田,索瑞霞,孙玉凤. 基于效益最优的企业物流外包决策的量化研究[J]. 数学的实践与认识,2010,(10). [48]怀劲梅,颜慧. 基于供应链环境的物流外包风险研究[J]. 物流工程与管理,2010,(6). [49]余泳泽,马欣. 物流外包中专用性资产投资不足的治理模式研究[J]. 物流技术,2010,(12). [50]包祖琦,杨斌. 非对称信息下企业的物流外包服务商数量选择模型[J]. 物流技术,2010,(12).

论文国外文献综述怎么写内容如下:

外文综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后,经过理解、整理、融会贯通,综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。而外文综述则是用汉语以外的语言来完成综述的写作。

1、首先根据你的论文主题想出5个关键词,依次输入谷歌学术搜索引擎(或者其他学校资源论文库)

2、在电脑里准备两个参考文献文件夹,一 个文件名写useful (有用),另一个文件名写maybe useful(可能有用)。

3、接下来浏览搜索到的文献的标题,看到和自己研究方向相关的题目就点进去, -目十行扫视文献,其中最主要看Abstract , Introduction和Conclusion三部分,也就是头和尾。

4、把扫视后觉得和自己的论文主题相关度高的,保存放进useful文件夹,如果看完觉得emmm(这个语气词是我导师给我讲的时候的原话,哈哈哈这种感觉只可意会不可言传)大概就是觉得有那么点关系,但又不舍得pass的文献,就放进maybe useful文件夹。

Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, wharehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may both be used for interchange of passengers and cargo, and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on these networks include vehicles of appropriate types such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks people, helocopters and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but has a deteriorizing impact on the environment. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl. Mode Main article: Mode of transport A mode of transport is a technological solution that used a fundamentally different vehicle, infrastructure and operations. The transport of a person or cargo may be by one or more modes, the latter called intermodal transport. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip depended on the nature of the purpose, cargo and destination. While there transport in air and on water has their own mode, land transport has several modes. Human-powered transport remains common in developing countries [edit] Human-powered Main article: Human-powered transport Human-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle-power. Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-power. Many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise and environmentalism. Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions. It is considered an ideal form of sustainable transportation. Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for highly encumbering environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowings and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft. [edit] Animal-powered Main article: Animal-powered transport Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Animals are superior to people in their speed, endurance and carrying capacity; prior to the Industrial Revolution they were used for all land transport impracticable for people, and they remain an important mode of transport in less developed areas of the world. [edit] Air Main article: Aviation Scandinavian Airlines System MD-80 airliner at Kiruna Airport, SwedenA fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft. Two necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water. The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 875 kilometres per hour (544 mph), single-engine aircraft 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be used.[1] InterCityExpress, a German high-speed passenger train [edit] Rail Main article: Rail transport Rail transport is where train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. They rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev. A train consists of one or more connected vehicle that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by a trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships. Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[2] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially-built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominentsolution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains. [edit] Road Main article: Road transport Interstate 80 near Berkeley, United StatesA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.[3] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[4] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.[5] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.[6] The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide. Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.[7] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport. [edit] Water Main article: Ship transport Automobile ferry in CroatiaWater transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance. In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans. Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continental shipping;[8] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.[9][10] Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil [edit] Other Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can send solid capsules using compressed air. Any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas. Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport. Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been send to all the planets of the Solar System. [edit] Elements Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water [edit] Infrastructure Main article: Infrastructure Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of both a way, terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals. Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations were passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operates from simple stops.[11] For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of use. The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can involve large spendings, and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles. A Peugeot 206 participating in the World Rally Championship [edit] Vehicles Main article: Vehicle A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Vehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called crafts. Unless being pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure. Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver. [edit] Operation Incheon International Airport, South KoreaPrivate transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation,[12] but ports can be public owned.[13] [edit] Function Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai, India [edit] Passenger Main article: Travel Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or migration. Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway station. International travel may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa requirements. [edit] Freight Main article: Shipping Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing.[14] With increased specialization and globalization, production is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport.[15] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.[16] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of information.[17] Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk during transport.[18] Freight train with containers in the United KingdomContainerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering huge reduction in transshipment costs. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.[19] Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, coal, cereals and petroleum. Because of the uniformity of the product, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid products with sufficient volume may also be transported by pipeline. Air freight has become more common for products of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio.[20] In addition to mail, common items send by air include electronics and fashion clothing. [edit] History Main article: History of transport Bullock team hauling wool in AustraliaHumans first means of transport was walking and swimming. The domestication of animals introduces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and duration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial Revolution. The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were first built by the Roman Empire, to allow armies to travel quicky; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities, that grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, ofter at the intersection of two bodies of water. Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption were located as close to each other as feasible.

  • 索引序列
  • 物流配送外文论文文献综述
  • 沃尔玛物流配送论文文献综述
  • 物流配送论文英文文献
  • 物流论文配送服务文献
  • 物流外文论文文献综述
  • 返回顶部