中西方结婚习俗对比与结合！自从汉武帝“废黜百家，独尊儒术”之后，世人的婚姻越来越重礼轻爱。为了促进社会的稳定，防止有人钻墙窥隙做出苟且的事，儒家特别提倡礼法制度，规定只有举行正式仪式的婚姻才被社会和家庭认可。所谓“婚姻之道，谓嫁娶之礼。”婚姻礼仪包括议婚、订婚和结婚等全部过程的礼仪程式，主要分为“成妻之礼”和“成妇之礼”。“成妻之礼”分为“六礼”，即纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期和亲迎。 “成妇之礼”即拜见公婆、拜谒祖庙。婚姻大事草率不得，当事人是没有自主权的，而是由媒人与父母参预或作主~中国婚礼的产生中西婚礼文化比较自古以来，婚姻是人伦之首，更重要的是人们可以透过纷繁绚丽的婚俗，更清楚地认识人类社会历史，探索人类社会发展的基本规律。随着中国加入WTO，中国和西方国家间的经济、文化交流日渐频繁，中国和西方国家人民之间的合作和往来与日俱增，这种要求更显迫切。而对西方国家文化、风俗习惯的了解仅限于课堂是远远不够的，因此开展对西方国家文化、风俗习惯的研究，所以我们选择此课题作为研究对象。几乎在每一种社会文化中，都有举办婚礼的习俗。人类似乎天生就有这么一种需要：用婚礼将丈夫和妻子之间的关系公开确定下来。但是，婚礼的形式却随着人类社会的进展不断地发生着变化，不过万变不离其宗，所有婚礼习俗中都设计了一些颇有难度的环节。西方在19世纪以前，少女们出嫁时所穿的新娘礼服没有统一颜色规格，直到1820年前后，白色才逐渐成为婚礼上广为人用的礼服颜色。这是因为英国的维多利亚女王在婚礼上穿了一身洁白雅致的婚纱。从此，白色婚纱便成为一种正式的结婚礼服。中西文化的差异表现在很多的方面，婚礼是其一。这主要是来自与中西不同的文化背景和历史背景，在不同的思想和风俗的作用下，慢慢演化而成的。但不论在哪个国家，婚礼都充满了祝福和笑声
差异：一、婚礼形式 1.中国式婚礼形式及流程 ①纳采：即男方请媒人提亲后,女方同意议婚,男方备礼去女方家求亲； ②向名：男方在求婚后托媒人问女方的出生年月,准备合婚的仪式； ③纳吉：是把问名后占卜合婚的好消息再通知女方的礼仪,这是订婚阶段的主要礼仪形式。古代的风俗要用大雁作为订婚的信物,说明双方已经订婚。后来就发展成送首饰,绸缎,甚至是羊猪； ④纳征：是纳吉后,男方将聘礼送往女方,是成婚阶段的礼仪，俗称完聘或大聘,过大礼等。聘礼的多少及物品名称多取吉祥如意的含义,数目取双忌单； ⑤请期：送完聘礼后,选择结婚日期,备礼到女方家,征得同意； ⑥亲迎：就是新婿亲往女家迎聚的仪式。这项仪式往往被看作婚礼的主要程序,而前五项则当成议婚、订婚等过渡性礼仪。 2.西方婚礼形式 ①来宾入席； ②奏结婚进行曲，亲友点上蜡烛,牧师领唱诗班进场,宣布婚礼开始，伴郎伴娘和新郎陆续进场,女方家长陪新娘进场全体起立； ③女方家长入席，新娘挽着父亲的手，步入大堂,伴娘和花童一同进入会场,全体来宾起立,父亲郑重的把女儿交给新郎,女方家长就坐,全体来宾就坐； ④牧师证婚，新人进行结婚宣誓,宣告愿意结为夫妻； ⑤新郎新娘互戴婚戒，宣誓； ⑥献诗，来宾在唱诗班的带领下,唱祝福歌； ⑦礼成，奏乐,新郎站右边,新娘站左边，两人一起走出教堂，伴郎伴娘随后,家属以及来宾随后退场； ⑧茶会或晚宴。但是整个婚礼过程却有着让人不可亵渎的神圣与庄重 。二、婚礼服饰 1.中国式服装 中国服饰强调统一而不突出个性，在中国红色象征喜庆、幸福，吉祥如意。在传统的婚礼仪式上，新郎新娘都要穿着红色的礼服，是祝愿夫妻婚后的生活能够红红火火的意思。而且衣服上的龙凤图案也是必不可少的，按照中国传统龙象征男性，风象征女性都预示着吉祥。家里到处贴着红色的喜字，门两边也要贴上红色的对联，新房里的物品也大都是红色为主的。尽管现在受到西方的影响，也会穿婚纱，但在迎娶和婚宴开始后，还是要换上红色的衣服。 2.西方服饰 西方服饰强调浪漫纯洁而有个性，因白色在西方文化中象征着吉利、平安、善意，富贵和童贞。新娘穿着白色的婚纱，代表着对新郎的忠贞和自身的圣洁，新郎则是一声笔挺的西装。新娘的捧花和周围环境的装饰都是以白色为基调的。 三、结婚礼俗 1.中国结婚礼仪 传统新娘嫁妆中要有剪刀象征蝴蝶双飞，痰盂，即子孙桶，是多子多 福的意思，铜盆及鞋意为同携到老，银包 2.西方结婚礼仪 在古代的西方社会，新娘还需准备一些“旧、新、借、蓝”的东西。“旧”是指新娘头上的白纱必须是母亲用过的旧纱，表示不忘父母的养育之恩；“新”指新娘的白色礼服必须是新的，它是纯洁童贞的象征；“借”是指新娘手里拿的手帕必须是从女朋友那借来的，表示不忘朋友的友谊之情；“蓝”是指新娘身上披的缎带必须是蓝色的，表示新娘对爱情的忠贞之情。融合 ： 1.中西方婚俗融合的方面 中式的婚礼在世界上越来越受欢迎。一些外国人举行婚礼仪式都按照中国婚礼的风格。虽然婚礼饰物比如说婚车的装饰是西式的，但他们中的一些人表示在他们的婚礼上有很多的中国元素，例如，中国结、大红灯笼、红蜡烛、对联，这样会对整体气氛做到提升，增加喜庆气氛，还有就是婚礼请柬在西方婚礼中的应用。 在中国，现在的新娘通常有两组在婚礼当天的穿的礼服。婚礼仪式上新娘会穿着白色的婚纱，可以给新娘纯洁典雅的形象，更适合神圣的婚礼。当婚宴开始时，新婚夫妇向来宾祝酒时，新娘就会换上红色的旗袍作为婚宴礼服。从此也可以看出，中西方婚礼习俗在婚礼服饰方面的融合。 2.中西方婚俗融合的原因 中国的快速发展。新世纪的中国，经济等方面的快速发展，使得中国在国际上的地位不断提高，中国五千年的传统文化也逐渐成为焦点。中国婚礼文化作为传统文化的重要组成部分，也逐渐受到世界各国人民的喜爱，比如，中式婚礼礼服。因此，许多西方人受到中国文化的影响，婚礼仪式就选择中国婚礼习俗。全球化。随着社会的发展和不断的跨文化交流，人们可以更加轻松方便地了解各国不同的文化。婚礼文化作为文化的重要组成部分，也在不断地进行融合，比如中国的西式婚礼、西方的中式婚礼等。它们丰富了婚礼习俗的形式和婚礼文化。中西方婚礼习俗的融合反映了中西方文化的融合，我们能够更好地了解西方文化，了解文化差异的原因，从而更好地进行跨文化交际。
1、婚前习俗不一样
西方订婚戒，这个传统始于15世纪，当时奥地利大公麦西米伦以钻戒向玛丽许下海誓山盟。当时，他的亲信呈文献言：“殿下，在订婚时，您必须送一枚有钻石的戒指。”麦西米伦纳言。这个仪式从此流传至今，已有数世纪之久。
中方过大礼仪式，“过大礼”的仪式，这是订婚的最隆重，也是最重要的仪式；因为这仪式过后就等如正式定立了婚约。跟“过文定”一样，男家会选择一个吉日，带同聘金和各种礼品到女家；而女家亦会准备回礼礼品。
2、结婚当日流程不一样
中方，迎亲，就是在结婚之日，新郎会与媒人和亲友一起前往女家迎娶新娘。新郎前往女家之前会先到女家的祖庙行拜见之礼，然后以花轿接新娘回到男家。新人会在男家举行拜天、地、祖先的仪式，然后送入洞房。
西方：
（1）前往教堂
新人会前往教堂，到达后婚礼就正式举行。
（2）仪式开始
一般来说，西式婚礼是由牧师或神父主持的。亦有所谓的Civil Wedding，在此情况下，婚礼并没有任何的宗教仪式，那当然亦不会由牧师或神父主持了。）当牧师或神父到来时，伴郎及伴娘就会进入会场，这时也会播放或演奏进场的乐曲。而宾客即会起立；戒子童Ring Bearer 也同时会把戒子交给该牧师或神父。
跟着就会奏出婚礼进行曲，新娘会挽着她爸爸的手进场。新娘进场后，新娘的父亲就会把新娘交到新郎的手中。跟着就是最重要的时候了，全场的宾客都会肃静，而所有的奏乐也会停止。主持人会问新郎新娘会否愿意成为夫妇，这就是说I Do 我愿意的时候了！
然后是交换戒指的仪式；当然，在现今社会中，还需要签字作实，这才可以使西式婚礼具法律的约束力。
3、婚后习俗不一样
中方有三朝回门，即归宁，三朝是指婚后的第三天，新娘由丈夫的陪同下，带备烧猪及礼品回娘家祭祖，然后再随丈夫回到夫家。
西方，“蜜月”（Honeymoon） 一词的由来起源于古欧洲的习俗。新婚夫妇在婚后的30天内，或直到月缺时，每天都要喝由蜂蜜发酵制成的饮料，以增进性生活的和谐。古时候，蜂蜜是生命、健康和生育能力的象征。“蜜月”是新婚夫妇在恢复日常生活前的单独相处。
参考资料来源；百度百科-中国婚礼
百度百科-西式婚礼
Differences Between Chinese Marriage Custom and Western Marriage Custom 中西方婚俗的差异AbstractThere are many procedures in Chinese marriage custom. The book propriety and ceremony, which records earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage includes six etiquettes, namely, proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, sending betrothal presents to the girl's family, discussing the date of marriage and meeting the bride. In western marriage, there are four procedures. They are proposal, changing surnames, choosing the day and holding the wedding. As the different religions, cultural origins, marriage concepts and geographies, there are many differences existing in the two kinds of marriage customs. In Chinese marriage custom, the matchmaker functions almost all the time and youths have no right to choose and women are not on an equal footing with men. By contrast, in western marriage custom, the priest functions and the youths have legal right to choose whom they want to marry and men and women are equal. There also exist common things in the two sides. They have been maintained for thousands of years. But in recent years (especially after the founding of modern China), people have tended to discard some of the details and advocate simplified marriage procedures and wedding ceremonies.Key WordsMarriage custom; differences; reasons摘 要中国婚俗有着许多的仪式。最早记载婚礼习俗的《仪礼》云：“婚有六礼，纳采、问名、 纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。”而在西方国家主要有4个程序，即建议，改姓，选期和举行婚礼。由于宗教、文化根源、婚姻观念以及地理环境的不同在一定程度上导致了中西方婚俗的不同。在中国婚俗中，媒人起着决定性的作用，而作为婚姻当事人的青年男女却没有选择的自由和权力，而且男女在婚姻中的不平等现象也屡有出现。 在西方，是牧师在婚姻中起作用，并且青年男女有合法的权力去选择自己的夫婿或妻子。当然中西方的婚俗也存在相同的地方。它们存在了上千年之久。近年来（特别是新中国成立之后），中西结合的婚姻屡有出现。关键词婚俗；差异；原因IntroductionMarriage is formed in a long historical evolution of the marriage custom in a nation. It is the regularity of the activities that restrains people's awareness of marriage and marriage. Marriage custom’s binding does not depend on the law, and it can not rely on science tests neither, but on the force of habit, traditional culture and national psychology. During the development of human history, the institution of marriage and family system has experienced different processes of development. Human have experienced group marriage, the dual system of marriage and individual marriage system (monogamy).As a union of a man and a woman and a family formation stage, marriage includes not only marriage, but also the preparation phase for the marriage and the performance stage after the festivities. It runs through the whole process of life. These customs, as a national symbol and cultural development, plays a very important role in ethnic studies and the history of mankind.China is a country with an ancient civilization and a long history, and many customs. Among so many customs, there is a particular marriage custom. This custom goes through various and long stages of development from ancient simple wedding ceremony to later complex ceremony, from feudal marriage custom to the modern free marriage custom. During these courses, people’s ideas are progressing, though we can not say that their ideas are up to the top of mankind’s ideas in all over the world at all over the time because there are still backward ideas existing in many places, in many people’s mind and they maybe will still exist for a long time. However, they are up to the top of mankind’s ideas in a certain stage of the uninterrupted development of ideas.Greek civilization is the base of western culture. Britain plays an important role in western history and western culture, and of course marriage custom.Comparing with each other, they are different in many aspects such as in right aspect and in freedom aspect and there are many reasons that result in these differences such as cultural reason and geographical reason. I. Chinese Marriage CustomLike other folk, marriage custom has the same development and evolving process. In the early days of humanity, the human relationship in a very long period of time still carried the irregular relations like the animal world. There was no marriage at all, if suggest some, the only "arbitrary marriage." In China, marriage has gone through for a long time. As a most grand etiquette, it has always been a high degree of attention. To control the marriage, the family and the whole society, since the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, Chinese marriage should comply with six procedures, which is the so-called "six etiquettes." And Later in Tang and Ming Dynasty in China, marriage also complied with the "six etiquettes". As time goes by, although many wedding customs experienced various changes "Six etiquettes" as the basic pattern has not changed much. It is still essential and core in marriage custom.Marriage has changed much today, but in many places, there still remains traditional marriage custom.In feudal society, a marriage would be decided not by the youths’ love, but by their parents' desires. Only after a matchmaker's introduction and when parents considered the two family conditions were similar and could be matched, would the marriage procedures went forward. Conditions that should be taken into consideration included wealth and social status. If a boy's family was well-off or an official family, his parents would never permit him to marry a girl from a poor family. Essential to the marriage process were the commonly recognized 'three Letters and six etiquettes'. The three letters were the betrothal letter, the gift letter with a gifts list and the wedding letter used on the day the bridegroom met his bride at her home. The book propriety and ceremony, which records earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage, usually, involves six necessary procedures, namely, proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, sending betrothal present to girl's family, discussing date of marriage and meeting the bride.A. Proposing:Proposing is the first etiquette in marriage and is the first meet between the members in the two families. Thus, it is very important. Using a common expression, it is making an offer of marriage to another family on behalf of the son or daughter.If the parents thought that the girl could be the daughter-in-law in old times, they would ask a matchmaker for sending the gifts and bring the son and the girl together. If the girl’s parents also agreed on the marriage, they would accept the gifts. People usually used a wild goose when sending the gifts. Because the wild gooses could fly to the south or the north according to the seasons and they would never change it which implied the woman would be punctual and also because when the wild gooses flied they were in a row and when they stopped they were in a line which implied that woman should comply with the marriage rules and arrange in order that one should not breach it.B. Asking the NameIt aims to ask for girl’s name and pray.In ancient times the girl’s name would not be known by other people until the girl was in an age of marriage. First, one must have the matchmaker and inform of the man’s family through a card. And the man’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance. Thus it can be seen that “asking the name” not only meant that the man’s family wanted to know the girl’s name, but also wrote down the woman’s birthday and Eight-characters (in four pairs denoting the time, date, month and year of a person’s birth, each pair consisting of one Heavenly Stem and one Earthly Branch, used in fortune-telling). If the birthday and Eight-characters were not harm the man, the man’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance. Sometimes the woman’s parents also wrote down the official position of the woman’s great-grandpa, grandpa and father and the dowry that could be supplied. What’s interesting is that during this progress it was the matchmaker that functioned, not the man’s family or the woman’s family. Matchmaker was also important in the other procedures. In traditional Chinese marriage, people believed “behest of the parents and proposal of a matchmaker”. That’s why many marriages in the past were arranged by parents and matchmakers. Matchmaker’s proposal was the marriage’s valid basis in Tang dynasty.It has been simplified today. Many marriage does not need this process.C. Asking for Fortune After asking the name, the bridegroom’s side had got the woman’s birthday and Eight-Characters and they went to consult a fortune-teller then which was called “asking for fortune”. It included two aspects of contents. One was consult the female virtues. Ancient people regarded female virtues as the most important one in the gospel of three obedience that were obedience to one’s father before marriage, to one’s husband after marriage, and to one’s son after one’s husband’s death and four virtues that was morality, proper speech, modest manner, and diligent work for a woman according to Confucian ethics.Zhong lichun, Zhuge Liang’s wife (Zhuge Liang was a statesman and strategist in the period of the Three Kingdoms, now a symbol of wisdom in Chinese folklore) was famous for her ugliness, wisdom and high female virtues. A man in old times always had many wives. In order to solidifying and stead in the family, people paid much attention to female virtues. Hence there was the saw “Marry wife is marrying virtues and take a concubine is marrying appearance”.The other one was consult good or bad luck. If they were not fit for each other in Eight-Characters according to the birthday and what’s more, the woman would harm the man, the result was that this marriage would not be held and would be cancelled. If the result was fit for each other and moreover the woman would make the man prosperous, the man’s side would inform the woman’s side through the matchmaker and send the betrothal gifts and exchange cards. Thus the marriage was actually decided to be held.D. Sending Betrothal Presents to the Girl’s FamilyThe book propriety and ceremony wrote by the scholars in Han dynasty regards it as sending money. If there is no receipt of gifts, there is no marriage. Hence whether receipt the gifts or not is the implication of the agreement of the marriage by the woman’s side.The significance of it includes two aspects of meaning. One is the thanks for the woman’s parents because the parents feed up her. The other is help the woman’s family prepare for dowry.E. Discussing the Date of MarriageIn the past, the bridegroom’s side decided the lucky day and sent the matchmaker to inform of the woman’s family. People paid much attention to the marriage time. They usually had a person looked at the almanac or asked for fortune. They liked having marriage in spring or autumn because spring was the time that everything comes back to life and time when spring was changing into summer and was favor to pregnant with new life; autumn was the season of harvest. After the labor for a year, people had enough money to hold the marriage.Nowadays, it is also an important event. People pay many attentions to it.F. Meeting the BrideThe marriage is finally held after the five procedures. In the past, the bridegroom wore wedding suit, riding on a horse, and guided the bridal sedan chair to marry the bride on the day. And the bride wore a red cheongsam waiting for the bridegroom. Now, the bridegroom wares western suit, and the bride wares wedding dress and usually in a car.待续
By studying the differences between Chinese and Western wedding, I understand their characteristics: Western wedding is pure romantic, and China is happy wedding; Western wedding is feeling valued, and China values the ceremony. In the West because of their different customs, have also formed their own characteristics wedding customs. Though, have different customs, but no matter where the wedding was all full of blessings and laughter. Wedding days are often considered the most important day of many people’s lives. For this reason alone, throughout the past and into modern day, numerous customs and superstitions have developed around the wedding event, in hopes of creating ‘The Perfect Day!’ A very common custom still honored today is in reference to a time-old saying, ‘Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue, and a silver sixpence inside your shoe’. So old is this that tracing it back to its origination is nearly impossible. Some contribute it to Victorian times, others say it is even older than that. The ‘old’ is believed to be the friends and family attending the wedding. The ‘new’ is represented by the couple themselves, as a ‘new’ union. The ‘borrowed’ is something from the families that is to be returned, such as the bride's wedding dress, or the veil, borrowed from her own mother. Something ‘blue’ is often interpreted to represent the bride’s virginity, as in the opposite of red, which throughout time has come to represent a woman of many men. Modern day brides often wear a bit of blue material tucked out of sight. The sixpence can be any form of money, tucked into the bride's shoe, this to bring wealth, both in monetary means and love, to the union.
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
中西方婚礼风俗差异The western wedding customs vary众所周知,当今世界正在向全球化的趋势发展,各国之间的关系也变得更为紧密了。今天无论是“借鉴”还是“拿来”西方的礼仪，或者是我们自创一套自己的礼仪系统，这在形式上都不难。难的是我们也能有一个完整而自洽的价值体系，有对自身文化的高度认同和深刻的觉悟。 As everyone knows, the world today is to the trend of globalization, the relations between various countries are also becoming more closely. Whether it is" reference" or" used" the western etiquette, or are we created a set of their own etiquette system, this form is not difficult. The difficulty is that we can have a complete and consistent value system, have to their own cultural identity and profound consciousness of height.自古以来,婚姻就是人的一生中至关重要的一项活动,几乎在每一个社会文化中,都有举办婚礼的习俗。人类似乎天生就有这么一种需要,用婚礼将丈夫和妻子的关系公开并确立下来。而最重要的是人们可以透过纷繁绚丽的风俗来更清楚的认识人类社会历史,探究人类社会的发展历程和规律,因此我门从这方面着手只到整个礼仪系统的学习。 Since ancient times, marriage is vital to people's life in an activity, in almost every culture in society, has held the wedding customs. Humans seem to be born with this kind of need, with the wedding will be husband and wife relationship public and established. And the most important thing is that people can through numerous beautiful custom to better understanding the history of human society, to explore the development of human society and the law, so me from this respect proceed only to the etiquette system study.婚礼同时也体现了中西方文化的碰撞。中国有着5000年灿烂而悠久的传统文化,这是世界各国有目共睹的,而婚礼文化在中国经历了历史的变迁后,已经有非常悠久的历史。而西方的婚礼文化也是随着社会的进步在不断地发生变化。Wedding but also reflects the western culture collision. China has a bright 5000 tradition culture, this is be obvious to people all over the world, and the wedding culture in China has experienced changes in the history, has a very long history. While the western wedding culture is also along with the progress of the society is constantly changing.现在社会上流行中式婚礼西方化,西式婚礼中国化,都在说明着婚礼的形式在不断的发生变化,这体现了婚礼文化的丰富,中西方两种文化的碰撞，以及中西方文化的交融。而文化的进一步交流也必然带动各国之间经济的合作发展,没有了文化上的冲突,政治也会变得相对稳定。 Now the popular Chinese wedding western, Western-style wedding in China, are in the form of a wedding in constant change, which reflects the rich western wedding culture, the collision of two kinds of culture, as well as the western culture blend. And cultural exchanges between countries also will promote the economic cooperation and development, no cultural conflict, political will become relatively stable.中国的婚礼形式在我门年轻人的眼中都觉得很烦琐，首先介绍个对象不说，还得各个亲戚看看是否“通过”，那我就简单说几句吧，相亲，是我们国家的俗称，大多数是男的相女的，哈哈，接下来就是“见面”、“递贴”、“换号”，后边才结婚呢，结婚当天也不是那么简单的，“通路”、“接亲”等等，就是事情比较多，也比较麻烦！现代的婚礼形式受到西方文化的影响,一般是在教堂或酒店里,男女双方在结婚公证处领取结婚证后就是喜宴,在喜宴上新娘要轮流向每位客人进酒,不管男女老少,都要喝一口新娘进的酒。有时双方的朋友会刁难新娘,新娘若回答不出他们的提问就要送一大堆的喜糖作为交换。喜宴结束后,大多数情侣会去度蜜月。 无论是古代还是现代都体现了中国婚礼的特点：隆重,热闹,喜庆。Chinese wedding in my young people feel very cumbersome, first introduced the object does not say, still have various relatives have a look whether" through", I would simply say something, to date, is our country most commonly known as, is male is female, ha ha, the next is"."," stick", pass" change", behind only wedding, wedding day is not so simple," the passage", "the kiss" and so on, is a thing more, have more trouble! Modern wedding has been the impact of western culture, is in the church or in a restaurant, both men and women in marriage notary office received a marriage certificate is the reception at the wedding reception, bride to rotate towards each guest wine, regardless of people of all ages and both sexes, to drink the bride into wine. Sometimes the friends will create difficulties for the bride, bride if you can't answer their questions was to send a lot of candy in exchange. After the wedding reception, the majority of couples take a honeymoon.Whether ancient or modern reflects the Chinese wedding features: grand, lively, happy.西方的婚礼是属于浪漫型的,整个婚礼从一开始就充满了浪漫的气息。一般有以下步骤:1来宾入席。2奏结婚进行曲。亲友点上蜡烛,牧师领唱诗班进场,宣布婚礼开始.伴郎伴娘和新郎陆续进场,女方家长陪新娘进场全体起立.3女方家长入席。新娘挽着父亲的手，步入大堂,伴娘和花童一同进入会场,全体来宾起立,父亲郑重的把女儿交给新郎,女方家长就坐,全体来宾就坐。4牧师证婚。新人进行结婚宣誓,宣告愿意结为夫妻。5新郎新娘互戴婚戒,宣誓。6献诗。来宾在唱诗班的带领下,唱祝福歌。7礼成。奏乐,新郎站右边,新娘站左边，两人一起走出教堂，伴郎伴娘随后,家属以及来宾随后退场。8茶会或晚宴。Western wedding is a romantic type, the whole wedding party from the beginning is full of romantic atmosphere. The general has the following steps: 1 guests attend. 2 played the wedding march. Friends and relatives of a candle, the priest a choir approach, announces the beginning of the wedding. And groom groomsman Bridesmaid enters the arena in succession, the wife's side parents to accompany the bride enters the standing ovation . 3 female parents sitting. The bride in her hand, stepped into the lobby, flower girl bridesmaid and they entered the hall, all the guests stood up, father solemnly put the daughter to the groom, wife's side parents sat, all the guests sitting. The 4 priest. The new marriage oath, declaring to be married. 5 the bride and groom each other wearing a wedding ring, oath. The 6 choir. Guests at the choir 's lead, sing a song. The ceremony is over 7. The bride, groom on the right, stand on the left, along with two people out of the church, a groomsman Bridesmaid subsequently, families and guests then exit. 8 party or dinner.
或者酒楼里面举行。菜式多数为中式的菜式。这样的婚礼的就有种中西混合的感觉了。 那么，新人在筹备这样的婚礼的时候知不知道中西的婚礼都有什么样的习俗，如果不知道的话就要注意了，这些都是很重要的。
By studying the differences between Chinese and Western wedding, I understand their characteristics: Western wedding is pure romantic, and China is happy wedding; Western wedding is feeling valued, and China values the ceremony. In the West because of their different customs, have also formed their own characteristics wedding customs. Though, have different customs, but no matter where the wedding was all full of blessings and laughter. Wedding days are often considered the most important day of many people’s lives. For this reason alone, throughout the past and into modern day, numerous customs and superstitions have developed around the wedding event, in hopes of creating ‘The Perfect Day!’ A very common custom still honored today is in reference to a time-old saying, ‘Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue, and a silver sixpence inside your shoe’. So old is this that tracing it back to its origination is nearly impossible. Some contribute it to Victorian times, others say it is even older than that. The ‘old’ is believed to be the friends and family attending the wedding. The ‘new’ is represented by the couple themselves, as a ‘new’ union. The ‘borrowed’ is something from the families that is to be returned, such as the bride's wedding dress, or the veil, borrowed from her own mother. Something ‘blue’ is often interpreted to represent the bride’s virginity, as in the opposite of red, which throughout time has come to represent a woman of many men. Modern day brides often wear a bit of blue material tucked out of sight. The sixpence can be any form of money, tucked into the bride's shoe, this to bring wealth, both in monetary means and love, to the union.
随着我国经济的发展和全球一体化的加速前进，中西方两种文化开始了更广泛的碰撞和交融，而对婚礼习俗的研究能反映出国家之间文化的异同, 有利于促进两国的文化交流。本文旨在通过对比中国与西方（以英国为例）在婚礼习俗上的不同来研究中西婚礼习俗的差异与文化融合，以此来帮助人们更好地理解中西方的婚俗文化,达到开阔视野的目的。中式 ：相传中国最早的婚姻关系和婚礼仪式从伏羲氏制嫁娶、女娲立媒约开始。《通鉴外纪》载：“上古男女无别，太昊始设嫁娶，以俪皮为礼。”从此，俪皮（成双的鹿皮）就成了经典的婚礼聘礼之一。之后，除了“俪皮之礼”之外，还得“必告父母”；到了夏商，又出现了“亲迎于庭”“亲迎于堂”的仪节。周代是礼仪的集大成时代，彼时逐渐形成一套完整的婚姻礼仪，《仪礼》中有详细规制，整套仪式合为“六礼”。六礼婚制作从此为华夏传统婚礼的模板，流传至今。西式： 这个传统始于15世纪，当时奥地利大公麦西米伦以钻戒向玛丽许下海誓山盟。当时，他的亲信呈文献言：“殿下，在订婚时，您必须送一枚有钻石的戒指。”麦西米伦纳言。这个仪式从此流传至今，已有数世纪之久。
绝大部分的新人在筹备广州婚礼的时候都直接吧婚礼的模式选择西式的婚礼，在西式的婚纱礼服然后在教堂里面举行自己的广州婚礼。可是对于婚宴的就会在酒店或者酒楼里面举行。菜式多数为中式的菜式。这样的婚礼的就有种中西混合的感觉了。那么，新人在筹备这样的婚礼的时候知不知道中西的婚礼都有什么样的习俗，如果不知道的话就要注意了，这些都是很重要的。1.新娘的白色婚纱穿婚纱就是西式婚礼上新娘肯定会穿的婚纱，因为从罗马时代开始，白色就象征这婚礼喜庆的意思。慢慢的就演变成象征这富裕，最后就演变成象征着纯洁的意思。所以在西方的婚礼上，首选的色调都是选择白色为主。这样就象征着新娘的美丽以及纯洁。2.新娘站在新郎的左边在西式的婚礼上，新人的站位和中式的都不一样，西式婚礼上新娘是站在新郎的左边，以为在古时候，西方的新郎为了防止自己的新娘在婚礼的时候会被情敌抢走，所以把新娘安排站在左边的位置上，一般情敌出现在婚礼上，就会拔出佩剑保护新娘。3.新娘佩戴面纱在开始的时候，新娘的面纱就是象征这新娘的青春以及纯洁的，这样在西式婚礼上的美丽新娘。不经意会站在白纱的窗帘后面，丈夫就会惊为天人，赞叹不已。所以就在婚礼上使用白纱的灵感，这样的话新娘的举动既然会引起一种带面纱的风潮。
浅谈中西方餐桌礼仪的差异论文
无论是在学习还是在工作中，大家都有写论文的经历，对论文很是熟悉吧，借助论文可以有效提高我们的写作水平。为了让您在写论文时更加简单方便，以下是我为大家收集的浅谈中西方餐桌礼仪的差异论文，欢迎大家分享。
【摘要】 本文通过对中国餐桌礼仪和西方餐桌礼仪进行比较，旨在更深了解餐桌礼仪，以便顺利的实现跨文化交际。
【关键词】 餐桌礼仪;中西方差异
引言 【现代社会礼仪无处不在，用餐不单是满足基本生理需要，也是很重要的社交经验。而中西方在餐桌礼仪方面的要求也有许多差别，了解了两者的不同以防止失礼于人。本文按照进餐的顺序，分别指出中西方不同的用餐的礼仪。】
正文
在精神文明如此发达的今天，对外交流也愈来愈密切。不管是在商业洽谈，或是朋友的聚会中，我们都意识到，了解中西方文化的差异，对我们至关重要。其中，中西方的餐桌礼仪则是一个门槛，它是我们交流与合作的前提和试金石。
第一，从邀请的提前与赴宴的守时中看差异。
一般，不管是中方还是西方，邀请别人吃饭或者赴宴都要提前预定。
中方若是大型的婚宴请客要提前几天以上，这是表达一种对客人的尊重。
而西方宴请也要提前通知，像答应对方的邀请后，如果临时有事要迟到甚至取消约会，必须事先通知对方。另外，如果宴会时间是7点，你最好是6点55就要到。赴会时稍迟是可以接受的，但若超过15分钟便会给对方不重视约会的坏印象。所以，我们一定要遵守时间，这是我们成功的第一步。
第二，从中西方座次安排上看礼仪的差异。
古代中国素有“礼仪之邦”之称，讲礼仪，循礼法，崇礼教，重礼信关于中国人的宴席座次礼仪，守礼仪，是中国人数千年的传统。“不学礼，无以立”，礼的核心是人的社会行为规范，是中国民众已经习惯和风俗化了的社会性行为准则、道德尺度与各种礼节。
我国传统作法是在排列并排的座次时，我国的传统作法是"以左为上"，即认为居左之位高于居右之位。并且先请客人入座上席，在请长者入座客人旁依次入座，入座时要从椅子左边进入。入座后不要动筷子，更不要弄出什么响声来，也不要起身走动，如果有什么事要向主人打招呼。
而国际通行作法并排排列座次时，国际上的通行作法是"以右为上"，即认为居右之位高于居左之位。他们会注意：以主人和女主人为中心，左手的位置为上，靠近主人女主人的位置为上;夫妇不应相邻，男女依次相邻，主人和主方陪客应与客人依次相邻;译员可以坐在主宾的右侧。有些大型场合，也可以在主人和主宾背后，另外安排用餐;
尽管在排列座次时，国内外的基本座位法有所不同。在涉外场合排列座次时，一般均应遵守国际惯例。
第三，从餐具的摆放中看差异。
我们知道在中国的餐具中一般只有杯子，筷子，和碗、盘子等。它的摆放就相对比较简单。餐具的摆放是这样的：大盘是离身体最近的，正对领带;餐布一角压在大盘之下，一角垂落桌沿;小盘叠在大盘之上;大盘左侧放手巾;左前侧放小碗，小瓷汤勺放在碗内;右前侧放置酒杯;右侧放筷子。
西餐中的餐具，它的用餐顺序是有外向内的，所以，他的摆放也是有外向内的。它是根据一道道不同菜的上菜顺序精心排列起来的。座位最前面放食盘(或汤盘)，左手放叉，右手放刀。汤匙也放在食盘右边。食盘上方，放着吃甜食用的匙和叉、咖啡匙，再往前略靠右放酒杯。右起依次是：葡萄酒杯、香槟酒杯、啤酒杯(水杯)。而餐巾叠放啤酒杯(水杯)里或放在食盘里。面包盘放在左手，上面的黄油刀横摆在盘里，刀刃一面要向着自已。正餐的刀叉数目要和菜的道数相等，按上菜顺序由外到里排列，刀口向内，用餐时按顺序由外向中间排着用，依次是吃开胃菜用的、吃鱼用的、吃肉用的比较正式的餐会中，餐巾是布做的。另外，要注意高档的餐厅餐巾往往叠得很漂亮，有的还系上小缎带。注意，别拿餐巾擦鼻子或擦脸。
这样看来，西餐中的餐具摆放是很有讲究的，所以我们用餐的时候绝对不能失礼。要严格按照餐具的摆放进行用餐。
第四，从进餐时的礼节看差异。
一般中国人吃饭也很有讲究。
首先在进餐时，要先请客人，若站着动筷子，夹菜时每次少一些，离自己远的菜就少吃一些，吃饭时不要出声音，喝汤时也不要出声响，喝汤用汤匙一小口，一小口地喝。
其次，不宜把碗端到嘴边喝，汤太热时凉了以后再喝，不要一边吹，一边喝，有的人吃饭喜欢用咀嚼食物，特别是使劲咀嚼脆食物，发出很清晰的声音来。这种做法是不合礼仪要求的，特别是和众人一起进餐时，就要尽量防止出现这种现象。另外，如果你口里在嚼着东西，切记，不要说话，以免喷出饭粒，造成尴尬。
相反，西方人，一般是每个人一个盘子，就不存在夹菜的问题，但是他们一般不喜欢，吃东西的时候说话，所以吃东西时尽量的不说话的，只有在吃甜点的时候，可以聊一些，轻松地话题。
只是，一般西餐的餐具很复杂，如果弄错了餐具也是件很丢人的事情。一般的餐具使用是这样的：菜盘两边如摆放了几副刀叉，应先用最外边的。第一道菜吃完，侍者会将菜盘与刀叉一同撤去，再用第二套刀叉。如果有几把不同大小的刀叉匙，则用途不同。
谨记“整齐、清洁和保持安静”三项原则便可无往而不利。
这里，总结一点小经验，如果你不是很懂的西餐的礼仪，最实际的办法就是别人做一步，你跟着学，看着别人怎么做，这样至少不会出差错。
基本上你学会了这些，一般用餐都不会太失礼。
结论 【礼仪虽有差异，但是没有高低贵贱，只有我们学好这些用餐的礼仪规则，才会让我们在人际交往中更加如鱼得水。】
聚餐成功的关键不仅取决于饭菜质量的好坏，而且取决于聚餐的气氛，在聚餐中客人们可以互相交谈，相互理解，因此就要安排合适的座次。不管是正式宴会还是家庭聚餐，安排恰当的座次都非常重要。合理安排座次要考虑性别、年龄、职业、客人的地位以及客人与主人的关系。由于文化及风俗习惯的不同，中西方餐桌礼仪的座次也存在差异。
一、中西方餐桌座次差异产生的原因
餐桌的座次反映了不同国家的文化和风俗习惯，体现出人们的社会地位及背景。不同的国家和民族有不同的文化，其影响因素有自然环境、宗教信仰、科学和经济发展状况、政治体系以及地域风俗习惯。这些因素也是中西方座次差异的主要原因。
中国自古就非常注重礼仪。各种礼仪也反映出社会成员的地位。在中国封建社会，妇女地位较低，在一些大的家庭聚餐中妇女不允许在餐桌就坐。然而在西方法律维护国家和社会的稳定，法律面前人人平等，男女社会地位也是平等的，体现在座次上也亦如此。中国的社会以家庭为基础，崇尚孝顺感恩父母，因此在中国家庭中父母拥有绝对核心地位，因此年长者或家庭地位高的人居首席。与中国家庭不同，西方推崇独立自主的家庭观念。在这种家庭观念的影响下，孩子和父母可以平等的讨论问题、交换意见。在西方餐桌座次中，位居首席的不是年长者而是主要客人，即使有时主要客人为年轻人。西方的餐桌座次可以追溯到中世纪的宫廷礼仪。那时，座次反映了人们的阶层和地位以及在宫廷从事的职务。
二、国际惯行的餐桌座次
尽管不同国家不同文化存在餐桌座次差异，国际上也有惯行的餐桌座次礼仪。男士不能先于女士入座，要等女士和老人落座后方可入座。入座时男士应照顾女士和老人入座。离主人坐得越近的客人社会地位越高，客人的座次高于亲友的座次，年长者高于年轻者，国际友人高于本国客人。
三、中西方不同场合餐桌座次的差异
年长者或主要客人不一定总是坐主位，在特定场合中，谁是核心谁位居主位。因此不同的场合有不同的`座次安排。由于文化背景及风俗习惯的差异，在不同的场合中中西方的餐桌座次也存在差异。
（一）大型家庭聚会或正式宴会中西方餐桌座次差异
在正式宴会中，最好在邀请卡或座位席上清楚的标明姓名及座次，入席时由邀请方中的一人引领，这样客人才能顺利的找到位置落座，避免尴尬，同时也会为这次宴会留下美好的印象。
西方古典的餐桌座次要求极其严格。男女客人应该一男一女交叉而坐，夫妇包括主人夫妇不能坐在一起，兄弟姐妹、母子、父女也不能邻座。已经相互认识的客人不能安排在一起。外国客人应该被安排在能用其语言沟通的客人旁边。这样安排的目的是为了使客人们更好的交流沟通，结识更多新的朋友。在西方餐桌座次中艺术家拥有较高的特权，许多邀请者会给他们安排比传统的等级座次更高的席位。总之在安排座次时要考虑客人们之间更好的相互融合，要将那些对彼此很感兴趣并且有共同话题的客人安排在一起，使宴会的气氛更加愉悦。具体的西方传统餐桌座次为：地位最高的男客人通常坐在女主人左边，地位最高的女士坐在男主人的右边，地位次之的男士居于女主人的右边，而男主人的左边坐地位次之的女士。以此按照客人的身份来安排座次，男女叉开而坐，女士的位置地位通常高于男士。
现在中国正式宴会的餐桌座次也有一些发展演变，一方面继承了一些传统礼节，另一方面也借鉴了国际的礼仪文化。中国餐桌座次主要遵从四个原则：居中为上、以右为上、面门为主、各桌同向。“居中为上”是指许多桌子摆放在一起时，位于中心的桌子居主位，主要客人应坐主位桌。“以右为上”意思是一张桌子上右边的位置地位高于左边。“面门为主”即面朝门的座位是主位，首要客人应坐于此位。“各桌同向”是指每张桌子的主位朝向相同。具体的餐桌座次为：首要客人居于主位面朝门，女主人坐其左边，男主人坐其右边。当邀请方有人地位高于首要客人，地位高者居首位，主人坐其左边，首要客人坐其右边。
（二）小型家庭聚会或非正式聚餐中西方餐桌座次差异
西方在小型家庭聚会或非正式聚餐中座次的要求不是十分严格。主要原则是便于客人相互更好的交流，认识新朋友。男士和女士通常花插坐。长方形桌子主人夫妇一般坐在朝门的桌子末端，年轻人位于桌子尾部。如果有新认识的情侣不愿分开坐，可以向主人提出。小孩子最好在有老人的监护下另外安排一桌。
中国在小型家庭聚会或非正式聚餐中座次是，年长者居于面朝门首位，其他人以家庭为单位分别坐在年长者两侧，地位越高的人离首位越近，年轻者一般位于桌子末端背对门而坐。也有一些家庭聚餐中，男士喝酒，因此男士坐一侧，女士坐一侧，分别位于首位两侧。
四、中西方餐桌座次比较
通过对不同场合中西方餐桌座次差异的分析可以得出以下三点：
（一）西方餐桌座次中女士地位较高，男士会先等女士落座后方可入座
座次以左为上，首要客人应坐在女主人左边，并照顾她落座。而在中国餐桌座次中，男士的座次地位较高于女士。
（二）首要客人在西方餐桌座次中居首位，即使有其他客人比首要客人年长
然而中国餐桌座次崇尚尊老，年龄最长者或地位最高者通常坐在首位，遵从“贵贱有等，长幼有序，贫富轻重皆有称”。
（三）中国的餐桌座次中，夫妇双方挨着坐在一起
而西方正式宴会中，夫妇不能邻座，男士和女士交叉而坐，地位高的男士位于女士左边。
随着时代的发展，现代人崇尚简单自然。一些复杂的餐桌座次也随着时间慢慢消失，而在一些场合也会有新的座次产生。随着全球一体化的推进，在跨文化交际中，为了避免尴尬和误解，人们通常会遵从国际惯例上的餐桌座次。我们应该了解中西方餐桌座次差异，掌握国际通行的餐桌座次，才能在宴会中合理安排客人，使宴会气氛更加愉悦，客人也可以更好的相互交流，才能最终达到交际目的。
一、从餐具使用上看，中餐使用筷子，西餐使用刀、叉，这是中西餐桌礼仪最基本的差异。在使用餐具时中西方均有不同的规范。吃中餐时，不可玩弄筷子，更不可以用筷子向人指指点点或打手势示意。绝对不可吸吮筷子或把筷子插在米饭中，这是大忌。吃西餐时，如手里拿着刀叉切勿指手画脚。说话或交谈时，应将刀叉放在盘子上才合乎礼仪。忌用自己的餐具为别人夹菜。餐具掉落不要弯腰捡拾。餐品不要一次性切好，尤其带汤汁的餐品，要一小块的逐一切食。
二、从座次安排上看，中西都讲究正式的宴请活动的座次安排。中国人请客时，年长者、主宾或地位高的人坐上座，男女主人或陪客者坐下座，其余客人按顺序坐偏座。西方人请客时，男女主人分坐两端，然后按男女主宾和一般客人的次序安排座位，即男女穿插安排，讲究“女士优先”的西方绅士，都会表现出对女士的殷勤。
三、从就餐氛围上看，中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静是中西餐桌礼仪最根本的差异。中国人一坐上餐桌，便滔滔不绝，相互让菜、劝酒，尽情地享受美味佳肴。这样的宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳，餐桌上的热闹反映了食客发自内心的欢快。这种“闹”能从某种程度上折射中国人家庭温馨、邻里和睦、国人团结的“一团和气”。西方人一坐到餐桌上便静静地切割自家的盘中餐。喝汤时不能发出响声，如汤菜过热，可待稍凉后再吃，不要用嘴吹。吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。进餐时可以与左右客人交谈，但不要只同几个熟人交谈。左右客人如不认识，可先自我介绍。别人讲话不可搭嘴插话。音量保持对方能听见的程度。咀嚼食物不要说话，即使有人同你讲话，也要等咽下食物后再回答。
四、从餐桌话语上看，中国人请客吃饭时，摆在桌上的菜花样繁多，至少有七、八道菜，而主人却往往要说“今天没有什么好菜招待大家”、“多多包涵”之类的话。而西方盛宴一般四至五道菜，分量以吃完或稍有剩余为最佳。如果在家里，最好是吃完所有的菜，这样女主人会很高兴，认为大家喜欢她做的菜。面对丰盛的宴席，主人会说“已经倾其所有来招待大家”的话。
世界上各种文化都是平等的，文化无优劣之分。避免用自己的文化、道德、价值观作为标准去衡量、评判，而应采用一种客观的、宽容的态度对待异国文化；同时，又要避免盲目地追随、模仿异国文化，而应坚持自己的优秀文化传统。
一：研究中西礼仪差异的原因东方文明和西方文明都是在一定的社会历史条件下产生和发展的，没有孰优孰劣的问题。就西方来说，它的历史只有短短200年，而它的人民是从各个地方移民而来的，众多不同民族和种族都融合在一起。他们信奉的誓言是：“只要我们能够梦想的我们就一定能够实现！”这是西方精神，是在英雄主义和献身精神的基础上建立起来的，以它短短200年的历史，创造了人类史上的灿烂文明，它所创造的生产力，比过去一切世代创造的全部生产力还要多，这就是西方的魅力。二：见面的礼仪西方人见面时，不一定会握手，只要笑一笑，打个招呼就行了，即使是第一次见面，而中国人则视握手为一个基本礼节。但在中国握手并没有太多的限定，而西方人握手是有一定礼节的。例如男女之间，女方先伸出手，若女方无握手之意，男子就只能点头鞠躬致意；长幼之间由长辈先伸出手；上下级之间，由上级先伸出手；宾主之间由主人先伸出手。而且握手时应注视对方，并摘下手套，否则会被视为不礼貌。在西方，人们见面时喜欢直呼其名，这是亲切友好的表示，纵使交谈之初可能互相用姓称呼，但过一会儿就改称名字。而在中国，人们很喜欢被称为某某经理，某某总裁，因为这是身份与地位的象征。但在西方，人们很少用正式的头衔称呼别人，正式的头衔只用于法官、高级政府官员，军官，医生，教授和高级宗教人士。值得注意的是，西方从来不用行政职务如局长、经理、校长等头衔来称呼别人。另外，在与人交谈时，切不可谈及个人的私事，诸如年龄、婚姻、收入、信仰等等。看到别人买的东西不可问其价格；如果看到别人回来，也不能问他去哪儿了或者从哪里来，否则就会遭人厌恶，西方人常用“鼻子伸到人家私生活里来了”这句话来表示对提问人的轻蔑。而在中国，人们对个人隐私的界限远没有这么深刻，人们并不会在意别人对自己的生活作一般了解。 一、招呼语的差异 日常打招呼，中国人大多使用“去上班呀？”“吃了吗？”“上哪呢？”等等，这体现了人与人之间的一种亲切感。可是对西方人来说，这种打招呼的方式会令对方感到突然、尴尬，甚至不快，因为西方人会把这种问话理解成为一种“盘问”，感到对方在询问他们的私生活。在西方，这种问候他们只说一声“Hello”或按时间来分，说声“早上好！”“下午好！”“晚上好！”就可以了。 西方人最常用的问候语大多有两类：第一，谈天气。如英国人见面说：“今天天气不错呵！”这是因为英国终年西风带的影响，大西洋吹来的潮温气流使得天气无常，就连天气预报也没准，因此人们最关系天气。第二，谈近况。但只局限于泛泛而谈，不涉及隐私，可以说：“最近好吗？”初次见面总要说：“认识你很高兴”之类的客套话。 二、称谓的差异 在汉语里，一般只有彼此熟悉亲密的人之间才可以“直呼其名”。但在西方，“直呼其名比在汉语里的范围要广得多。 在西方，常用“先生“和”夫人“来称呼不知其名的陌生人。在英国，对十几或二十几岁的女子可称呼“小姐”，结婚了的女性可称“女士”或“夫人”等。 西方在称谓上似乎“不拘礼节”，习惯于对等式的称呼。如家庭成员之间，不分“上下长幼尊卑”，一般可互称姓名或昵称。在家里，可以直接叫爸爸、妈妈的名字。对所有的男性长辈都可以称“叔叔”，对所有的女性长辈都可以称“阿姨”。这在我们中国是不行的，必须要分清楚辈分、老幼等关系，否则就会认为你不懂礼貌，分不清上下长幼尊卑了。 对于家庭成员以外的称呼，中国人往往尊称对方为“李老师”、“陈师傅”，有时在姓后面加上此人当时所担任的职务，如“黄局长”、“王经理”等。但英美人除了几个传统习用的称呼――博士、医生、法官、教授等之外，对“李老师”、“陈师傅”一类的称呼是不能容忍的。也很少听他们称呼别人为“黄局长”“王经理”等。因为这一类称呼还没有变为像“博士、医生、法官、教授”等一样成为传统习用的称呼。 三、告别语的差异 中西语言中有多种不同的告别语。如在和病人告别时，中国人常说“多喝点开水”、多穿点衣服“、”早点休息“之类的话，表示对病人的关怀。但西方人绝不会说“多喝水”之类的话，因为这样说会被认为有指手画脚之嫌。他们会说“多保重”或“希望你早日康复”等等。 一位美国人在和他的中国朋友告别时说：“我会保持联系。”可是这位中国朋友等了一年多也未见只言片语，便抱怨他不讲信用。其实，这句话仅仅是一种告别词语，相当于“再见”，说话人并无他意，更没有作任何许诺。此外，西方文化中如果客人想告别，通常要提前几分钟将告别的意思暗示或委婉地向主人表达，并征得同意，然后才可以离开。如果突然说“时间不早了”，随即站起来和主人告别，这在西方文化中是被认为不礼貌的。
中西方交际礼仪的差异 我国加入WTO已经三年多了，跨国交际日益增多，因中西方礼仪有着较大的差异，在交际中有可能会因不同的习惯、生活方式而产生距离，怎样才能尽量避免这些中外交际的隔阂呢？我们就得学习、解读中西方不同的礼仪，才能顺利地进行中外交流。 一、招呼语的差异 日常打招呼，中国人大多使用“去上班呀？”“吃了吗？”“上哪呢？”等等，这体现了人与人之间的一种亲切感。可是对西方人来说，这种打招呼的方式会令对方感到突然、尴尬，甚至不快，因为西方人会把这种问话理解成为一种“盘问”，感到对方在询问他们的私生活。在西方，这种问候他们只说一声“Hello”或按时间来分，说声“早上好！”“下午好！”“晚上好！”就可以了。 西方人最常用的问候语大多有两类：第一，谈天气。如英国人见面说：“今天天气不错呵！”这是因为英国终年西风带的影响，大西洋吹来的潮温气流使得天气无常，就连天气预报也没准，因此人们最关系天气。第二，谈近况。但只局限于泛泛而谈，不涉及隐私，可以说：“最近好吗？”初次见面总要说：“认识你很高兴”之类的客套话。 二、称谓的差异 在汉语里，一般只有彼此熟悉亲密的人之间才可以“直呼其名”。但在西方，“直呼其名比在汉语里的范围要广得多。 在西方，常用“先生“和”夫人“来称呼不知其名的陌生人。在英国，对十几或二十几岁的女子可称呼“小姐”，结婚了的女性可称“女士”或“夫人”等。 西方在称谓上似乎“不拘礼节”，习惯于对等式的称呼。如家庭成员之间，不分“上下长幼尊卑”，一般可互称姓名或昵称。在家里，可以直接叫爸爸、妈妈的名字。对所有的男性长辈都可以称“叔叔”，对所有的女性长辈都可以称“阿姨”。这在我们中国是不行的，必须要分清楚辈分、老幼等关系，否则就会认为你不懂礼貌，分不清上下长幼尊卑了。 对于家庭成员以外的称呼，中国人往往尊称对方为“李老师”、“陈师傅”，有时在姓后面加上此人当时所担任的职务，如“黄局长”、“王经理”等。但英美人除了几个传统习用的称呼――博士、医生、法官、教授等之外，对“李老师”、“陈师傅”一类的称呼是不能容忍的。也很少听他们称呼别人为“黄局长”“王经理”等。因为这一类称呼还没有变为像“博士、医生、法官、教授”等一样成为传统习用的称呼。 三、告别语的差异 中西语言中有多种不同的告别语。如在和病人告别时，中国人常说“多喝点开水”、多穿点衣服“、”早点休息“之类的话，表示对病人的关怀。但西方人绝不会说“多喝水”之类的话，因为这样说会被认为有指手画脚之嫌。他们会说“多保重”或“希望你早日康复”等等。 一位美国人在和他的中国朋友告别时说：“我会保持联系。”可是这位中国朋友等了一年多也未见只言片语，便抱怨他不讲信用。其实，这句话仅仅是一种告别词语，相当于“再见”，说话人并无他意，更没有作任何许诺。此外，西方文化中如果客人想告别，通常要提前几分钟将告别的意思暗示或委婉地向主人表达，并征得同意，然后才可以离开。如果突然说“时间不早了”，随即站起来和主人告别，这在西方文化中是被认为不礼貌的。
餐饮礼仪问题可谓源远流长。据文献记载可知，至少在周代，饮食礼仪已形成一套相当完善的制度，特别是经曾任鲁国祭酒的孔子的称赞推崇而成为历朝历代表现大国之貌、礼仪之邦、文明之所的重要方面。 作为汉族传统的古代宴饮礼仪，自有一套程序：主人折柬相邀，临时迎客于门外。宾客到时，互致问候，引入客厅小坐，敬以茶点。客齐后导客入席，以左为上，视为首席，相对首座为二座，首座之下为三座，二座之下为四座。客人坐定，由主人敬酒让菜，客人以礼相谢。席间斟酒上菜也有一定的讲究：应先敬长者和主宾，最后才是主人。宴饮结束，引导客人入客厅小坐，上茶，直到辞别。这种传统宴饮礼仪在我国大部分地区保留完整，如山东、香港及台湾，许多影视作品中多有体现。 清代受西餐传入的影响，一些西餐礼仪也被引进。如分菜、上汤、进酒等方式也因合理卫生的食法被引入中餐礼仪中。中西餐饮食文化的交流，使得餐饮礼仪更加科学合理。 现代较为流行的中餐宴饮礼仪是在继续传统与参考国外礼仪的基础上发展而来的。其座次借西方宴会以右为上的法则，第一主宾就坐于主人右侧，第二主宾在主人左侧或第一主宾右侧，变通处理，斟酒上菜由宾客右侧进行，先主宾，后主人，先女宾，后男宾。酒斟八分，不可过满。上菜顺序依然保持传统，先冷后热。热菜应从主宾对面席位的左侧上；上单份菜或配菜席点和小吃先宾后主，上全鸡、全鸭、全鱼等整形菜，不能头尾朝向正主位。这些程序不仅可以使整个宴饮过程和谐有序，更使主客身份和情感得以体现和交流。因此，餐桌之上的礼仪可使宴饮活动圆满周全，使主客双方的修养得到全面展示。 特别具体的英国礼仪寻找困难，可参考正规书籍 1、就座时，身体要端正，手肘不要放在桌面上，不可跷足，与 餐桌的距离以便于使用餐具为佳。餐台上已摆好的餐具不要随意摆弄。将餐巾对折轻轻放在膝上。 2、使用刀叉进餐时，从外侧往内侧取用刀叉，要左手持叉，右手持刀；切东西时左手拿叉按住食物，右手执刀将其切成小块，用叉子送入口中。使用刀时，刀刃不可向外。进餐中放下刀叉时应摆成“八”字型，分别放在餐盘边上。刀刃朝向自身，表示还要继续吃。每吃完一道菜，将刀叉并拢放在盘中。如果是谈话，可以拿着刀叉，无需放下。不用刀时，可用右手持叉，但若需要作手势时，就应放下刀叉，千万不可手执刀叉在空中挥舞摇晃，也不要一手拿刀或叉，而另一支手拿餐巾擦嘴，也不可一手拿酒杯，另一支手拿叉取菜。要记住，任何时候，都不可将刀叉的一端放在盘上，另一端放在桌上。 3、喝汤时不要啜，吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。如汤菜过热，可待稍凉后再吃，不要用嘴吹。喝汤时，用汤勺从里向外舀，汤盘中的汤快喝完时，用左手将汤盘的外侧稍稍翘起，用汤勺舀净即可。吃完汤菜时，将汤匙留在汤盘（碗）中，匙把指向自己。 4、吃鱼、肉等带刺或骨的菜肴时，不要直接外吐，可用餐巾捂嘴轻轻吐在叉上放入盘内。如盘内剩余少量菜肴时，不要用叉子刮盘底，更不要用手指相助食用，应以小块面包或叉子相助食用。吃面条时要用叉子先将面条卷起，然后送入口中。 5、面包一般掰成小块送入口中，不要拿着整块面包去咬。抹黄油和果酱时也要先将面包掰成小块再抹。 6、吃鸡时，欧美人多以鸡胸脯肉为贵。吃鸡腿时应先用力将骨去掉，不要用手拿着吃。吃鱼时不要将鱼翻身，要吃完上层后用刀叉将鱼骨剔掉后再吃下层吃肉时，要切一块吃一块，块不能切得过大，或一次将肉都切成块。 7、喝咖啡时如愿意添加牛奶或糖，添加后要用小勺搅拌均匀，将小勺放在咖啡的垫碟上。喝时应右手拿杯把，左手端垫碟，直接用嘴喝，不要用小勺一勺一勺地舀着喝。吃水果时，不要拿着水果整个去咬，应先用水果刀切成四瓣再用刀去掉皮、核、用叉子叉着吃。 8、用刀叉吃有骨头的肉吃有骨头的肉时，可以用手拿着吃。若想吃得更优雅，还是用刀较好。用叉子将整片肉固定（可将叉子朝上，用叉子背部压住肉），再用刀沿骨头插人，把肉切开。最好是边切边吃。必须用手吃时，会附上洗手水。当洗手水和带骨头的肉一起端上来时，意味着“请用手吃”。用手指拿东西吃后，将手指放在装洗手水的碗里洗净。吃一般的菜时，如果把手指弄脏，也可请侍者端洗手水来，注意洗手时要轻轻地洗。 9、吃面包可蘸调味汁吃到连调味汁都不剩，是对厨师的礼貌。注意不要把面包盘子“舔”得很干净，而要用叉子叉住已撕成小片的面包，再蘸一点调味汁来吃，是雅观的作法。
其实一样西餐吃饭要的是安静不能有声音最重要的是西餐实用的是金属刀和叉中餐就要温文尔雅其实也是安静 所以一样
由于我国与西方的生活习惯以及民族习俗的不同，中西方 文化 存在许多差异。下面是我为大家整理的中西方文化差异论文，供大家参考。
摘要： 从历史文化的角度来说，中西方文化无论从萌芽、发展到现在的格局无疑是各具特色的。一个偏重群体关系和整体作用，提倡大家庭理论;一个偏重个体能力和英雄主义，提倡自由万岁。在两个文化理念截然相反的作用下，我们必须融合两者意识上的差异，在文化层次本身找到共性，以利于整个人类文化的发展。
关键词： 差异;价值观;文化
0 引言
历史发展至今，中西方文化就像两条时而胶着、时而分离的不规则线，同样源远流长，同样博大精深。自成体系、相互交融。但，无论任何时候，两者从未有过平行的时候，因此，研究世界文化不可能单一的研究中西方某个文化，而应全面、系统的对中西方文化加以研究。
1 关于中西方文化
1.1 文化的定义 著名人类学学者泰勒(Edward Burnett Tylor)这样给文化定义：“文化或者文明就是由作为社会成员的人所获得的、包括知识、信念、艺术、道德法则、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯的复杂整体。”这个定义已经比较权威。在此，我们将文化定义为人和环境互动而产生的精神 、物质成果的总和。这个总和中可以包括生活方式、价值观、知识、技术成果，以及一切经过人的改造和理解而别具人文特色的物质对象。
1.2 中国文化定义 中国文化一般指中国 传统文化 ，它是中华民族在长期历史发展中形成的，是中国各民族集体智慧的结晶。汉族是中华民族的主干民族，对中国文化的形成和发展起了重要的作用，其他少数民族也对中国文化做出过不可抹杀的贡献。
1.3 西方文化定义 西方文化和东方文化一样，源远流长，气象万千。一般是指发源于古希腊、罗马时期,浸染了中世纪的____传统,兴盛于文艺复兴、宗教改革,经启蒙运动而最终确立,并且近几百年来大盛于西欧北美的文化系统。
2 中西方文化的特点
中西方文化均源远流长、气象万千，两种文明都经历了几千年历史的发展演化才成型。迄今，无数学者为更好的研究两种文明，划分了各种各样的时期或时代，以将历史分割成各个有机统一的整体加以研究。在此，笔者参考各权威观点，结合自己的观点，在权威学说的基础上以阶段性为前提，简单描述一下中西方文化各自的特点，以便更好的对论题加以研究。
2.1 中国文化的特点 中国文化在西周时期创造出了中华文明的母形。这一时期建立了“余一人“的专制王权思想，敬德与重民思想开始萌芽，西周时期我国宗法社会与宗法文化开始成型，并且对后世中国文化脉络和思潮的演化产生了深远影响。战国时期，平民观点开始兴起，以孔子、孟子、墨子、老子、韩非子等为杰出代表。我国出现百家争鸣的文化发展状况。以仁为核心的儒家思想成为中国文化的中心。同时法家、道家思想并立。至此在几千年的发展过程中，中国形成了以“谦、恭、信、敏、慧”为核心的文化思想观、以“学而优则仕”的文化价值观。总的来说，中国文化就是细节服务于整体、突出整体效果的文化模式。
2.2 西方文化的特点 西方文化经过中世纪____文化的长期统治，阿拉伯文化的融入，随着资本主义经济萌芽的出现，出现了影响深远的文艺复兴和宗教改革。经过17世纪的科学革命，18世纪的启蒙运动，现代西方文化到19世纪臻于成熟，并向全世界扩张。西方文化在20世纪面临着来自内外多方面的挑战。现代主义、后现代主义只反映了现代西方文化的一个方面，表现出其躁动不安的情绪，远远不能概括其全貌。在几千年的发展过程中，西方文化形成了以“争”为核心的文化思想观、以自然科学和科研为核心的文化发展观。总的来说，西方文化就是突出细节、突出个体效果的文化模式。
3 中西方文化差异
3.1 西方文化文化的发展态势不同 中国文化中整体上来看，属于一种静态文化、一种家国文化。由于中国所处地理环境较为优越，给予了人一个可以长期居住生产的环境，所以，这种长期居住在同一个地方的条件便使家族发展的很快，安居乐业、居安而不思流动，就容易促使静态的文化模式发展。家族繁衍、代代相传，家族纽带越来越复杂，尊老和祭祖现象就必然在这样的发展模式下产生，家族观念，宗法制度也就逐渐形成并根深蒂固了。所以说，中国为什么叫家国，因为，家就是国、国就是家，家和国仅仅是规模上的差别，于此，这种静态文化和家国文化直接促成了中国仁、孝、礼、信为核心的贵和尚中的中庸思想。
而西方文化则属于一种动态文化、一种斗争文化。西方文化三大起源(古希腊文明、罗马文明和____文明)均源自地中海沿岸，西方的地理环境、气候促成了流动性较强的文化。并直接促使西方人的家庭观念相对薄弱，个人主义、自由主义等价值观念得以发展传承，由此产生的竞争意识、斗争文化更是西方文化发展的原动力。
3.2 中西方文化中的伦理观念不同 中国文化主张家庭伦理本位，而西方文化主张个人本位。上点已经提到，中国以家国主义文化为核心思想文化，以家族为本位，家庭便有长幼之序，夫妻之分，家庭成员各安其分，各尽义务，即“尽伦”!孟子认为：圣人是“人伦之民”，伦的核心是“绝对服从”，幼服长，妻服夫。使家变得如此重要的原因之一就是“孝”，“百善孝为先”，“孝道”是中国的国本，国粹，中国自古就有孝的文化，有以孝治天下之说.家与孝原本有伟大的理性意义，但由于过分强调，终成了一种过分的家族意识，而忽略了个人自由的发展，“存天理，灭人欲”，以个人向群体负责为人生宗旨。
而西方的地理环境及种种社会关系导致个人主义的兴起，导致家庭、家族纽带功能相对松弛。“上帝面前人人平等”的____义充分说明了西方文化中追求人格独立的特点，骑士精神、英雄主义的盛行源自于此。个人权利任何人不得侵犯，信奉个人本位、自我中心，这种个人本位思想使即使亲人间的界限也划分得非常明确，AA制、强调子女独立生活，喜欢谈论一己之所得。伯克哈特在《意大利文艺复兴时期的文化》一书中，认为只有个人得到充分的发展才能有社会的充分发展。存在主义把这个基本观念推向了极端，鼓吹“人是绝对自由的”，“他人就是我的地狱”。 3.3 中西方文化对人与自然的基本观点不同 杜维民教授认为：“中国文化关注的对象是人”。人与人的关系是中国文化关心的核心与基础问题，战国时期，我国就形成了以“仁”为核心的儒家思想，所以政治伦理学相当发达。而西方文化较多关注的是自然，人与自然的关系是古希腊注重的中心问题，由此衍生出理智和科技。
中国的哲学是一种人生哲学。儒家强调人在社会要有所作为，道家追求长生，佛家强调人的觉悟。同时建立了君臣、父子等一套人与人之间的伦理关系，学而优则仕成为中国社会主流思想。而科学研究可发现自然规律的探究行为并未得到重视。在处理人与自然的关系上，中国文化讲究“天人合一”、“顺天应物”。把自然人格化，追求人与自然和谐发展。
从古希腊泰勒斯的自然哲学开始，探索自然奥秘，开发和利用自然资源为人类服务就成为了欧洲思想的主流。西方科学起源与对自然的探索和研究，很早就出现了毕达哥拉斯、阿基米得这样名垂千古的科学家.在人与自然的关系上,西方文化认为人与自然处于对立的斗争状态,因而产生了与中国文化不同的对自然的态度,即人可以征服,控制自然。西方人也讲人与人之间的关系,但首先关注的不是伦理而是竞争,因而出现了“优胜劣汰”的规律。
4 中西方文化的文化价值观和文化结构不同
中国文化强调“诗言志”、“文以载道”和“天人合一”的文化价值观和整体综合。中国文化讲究有利于社会、有利于教化民众，中国广大文人苦读孔孟、圣人之学，学而优则仕，为的是齐家治国平天下。“托物言志”、“诗以言志”成了中国大部分文学作品的特色。同时也是“中国式特色”。现代西方文化倡导“为艺术而艺术”和多元的文化观。从康德提出“美只是形式”开始，纯粹的美感不应渗进任何愿望、任何需要、任何意志活动的说法在西方现代美学中成为占支配地位的思潮。克罗齐主张直觉即艺术，主张衡量艺术只有一个标准，即艺术标准。西方文化中的多元文化观包括两个方面，其一是文化形成的多元性;二是文化构成的多元性。
在文化结构方面，中国以整体综合见长，强调整体的作用;而西方以细节分析见长，突出个体的作用。例如，在时间、地址的书写顺序上，中国习惯按年、月、日，国家、省、市等由整体到部分开始书写，而西方恰恰相反。在姓氏排列上，中国姓氏先是宗族、辈分然后才是名，突出的是氏族整体;而西方姓氏先是自己名字、然后才是父名、族姓，突出的是个人。
在中西方文化的重要表现形式上，西方文化主张个人荣誉、自我中心、创新精神和个性自由，而中国文化是群体文化，主张谦虚谨慎、关心他人、助人为乐、无私奉献、中庸之道和团结协作。
值得注意的是，以上所说并不是说中国文化相对与西方文化来说是不变的文化，是封闭的文化。中国文化是强调“和平、稳定”;但这不意味着就是不变与封闭。中国哲学强调“天人和一”;而要达到这种境界，必须具有“海纳百川”胸怀和“户枢不蠹”的发展性眼光看待天地;因此，在中国古代的知识分子中一直强调“兼容”与“动”的观念。久而久之，就形成了中国文化所特有的包容性与变化观点——“仁者乐水，智者乐山”便是这种观点的具体体现。
参考文献：
[1]马文·哈里斯.文化人自然—普通人类学导引[M].浙江人民出版社1992年版.
[2]谢遐龄.中国政治思想史[M].高等 教育 出版社，2003.
[3]辜正坤.中西方文化比较.博览群书，2001.2
[4]冯承柏，王中田，俞久洪.西方文化精义[M].华中理工大学出版社，1998
一个国家无论是在政治上，还是在经济贸易中，了解对方国家的礼仪习惯，将有利于各国之间的交往。一个人了解对方的礼仪民间习惯，是对对方的尊重，能够给对方留下一个好印象，以便交往的顺利进行。
随着东西方文化的不断发展，东西方的礼仪正在相互融合，西方人逐渐地接受了东方文化中重情感等合理因素，东方人也逐渐地接受了西方文化中先进文明的礼仪和交往方式。但在现实生活中，由于东西方文化的差异而对礼仪产生的影响还很多,为此 出国 留学 网我就以下几方面具体探讨东西方文化差异对礼仪所产生的影响：
一、社会交往方式的差异对礼仪的影响
东西方文化都非常重视 人际交往 ，但在交往的观念、交往的方式上都有着明显的差别。如中国人热情好客，在人际交往中饱含热情，问寒问暖，似乎没有什么可保留的，对于了解有关年龄、职业、收入、婚姻状况、子女等问题，觉得都理所当然。而在西方国家中，特别重视对方的隐私权。个人稳私主要包括：个人状况(年龄、工作、收入、婚姻、子女等)、政治观念(支持或反对何种党派)、宗教信仰(信仰什么宗教)、个人行为动向(去何种地方，与谁交往、通信)等。凡是涉及到个人隐私的都不能直接过问。西方人一般不愿意干涉别人的私生活和个人隐私，也不愿意被别人干涉。比如，很多中国人会直接询问别人所买物品的价格。因为在中国人看来，物品的贵贱只是表示该物品的质量。
而在西方人眼里，如果你直接询问别人所购物品的价格，就可能是探问对方的经济条件，因此，这也是西方人的隐私，属于不宜直接询问的问题。如果你想了解该物品的价格，只能委婉地夸耀、赞赏该物品，而这样的情况下西方人一般也只告诉你该物品的贵或贱，一般不会告诉你准确价格。中国人见面打招呼时喜欢问一句“去哪儿啊?”，这是招呼的一种形式。而在美国，你如果问朋友上哪儿去，则可能会使对方尴尬，因为这也属于对方的隐私，是你不该过问的。另外，人际交往的空间距离可以分为亲密距离、个人距离、社交距离、公共距离四种。中国人的空间距离相对较近。我们在大街上经常可以看到两个中国少女挽臂亲昵而行，而在西方则很少见到。西方人觉得中国人过于亲近，而中国人又会觉得西方人过于冷淡、傲慢，过分疏远，是不友好的表现。如果中国人发现交际对方的衣服上有根线头，他会很自然地帮助对方摘掉;而在西方人眼里，这是不礼貌之举。中国人看到朋友穿了件非常漂亮的衣服，会上前摸一摸，询问价钱或质地;而西方人则不会这样做，他们更多的是羡慕，并直接赞美。概而言之，这都是东西方文化观念差异所致。东方人非常重义、重情，西方人则崇尚个人独立。
二、个人人生观的差异对礼仪的影响
(一)个人荣誉感与谦虚谨慎 西方人崇拜个人奋斗，尤其为个人取得的成就而自豪，从来不掩饰自己的自信心、荣誉感以及在获得成就后的狂喜。而相反，中国文化却不主张炫耀个人荣誉，则提倡谦虚谨慎。一般来说，中国人大多反对或蔑视王婆卖瓜式的自吹自擂，然而中国式的自我谦虚或自我否定却常常使西方人感到不满。例如，“your English is very good,”“No,no,my English is very poor”;“you've done a nice job,”“No,I don't think so.It's the result of joint efforts.”，这在中国人看来当然是一种谦虚的说法，而在西方人看来，不仅否定了自己，还否定了赞扬者的鉴赏力。可见，这种中国式的谦虚在西方资本主义的竞争市场是行不通的。
(二)自我中心与无私奉献 西方人自我中心意识和独立意识很强，主要表现在：1.自己为自己负责。在弱肉强食的社会，每个人生存方式及生存质量都取决于自己的能力，因此，每个人都必须自我奋斗，把个人利益放在第一位;2.不习惯关心他人，帮助他人，不过问他人的事情。正由于以上两点，主动帮助别人或接受别人帮助在西方往往就成为令人难堪的事。因为接受帮助只能证明自己无能，而主动帮助别人会被认为是干涉别人私事。 中国人的行为准则是“我对他人，对社会是否有用”，个人的价值是在奉献中体现出来的。中国文化推崇一种高尚的情操———无私奉献。在中国，主动关心别人，给人以无微不至的体贴是一种美德，因此，中国人不论别人的大事小事，家事私事都愿主动关心，而这在西方则会被视为“多管闲事”。
(三)创新精神与中庸之道 西方文化鼓励人民开拓创新，做一番前人未做过的、杰出超凡的事业。而传统的中国文化则要求人们不偏不倚，走中庸之道，中国人善于预见未来的危险性，更愿意维护现状，保持和谐。当然，近年来我国也大力提倡创新改革，但务实求稳之心态仍处处体现。冒险精神仍是不能与西方人相比的。 (四)个性自由与团结协作 西方人十分珍视个人自由，喜欢随心所欲，独往独行，不愿受限制。中国文化则更多地强调集体主义，主张个人利益服从集体利益，主张同甘共苦，团结合作，步调一致。
三、法制观念的不同对礼仪的影响
东方文化以儒家思想为代表，而儒家思想重义轻利。为了兄弟朋友的情义，可以网开一面，甚至不惜一切代价，其结果往往是行为过头，丧失了更多的应得利益。比如中国人重人情，人情味浓厚。有句老话：“血浓于水”“亲不亲，故乡人，美不美，家乡水。”这些话所包含的意思是人情影响判断，人情重于道义。“水”，即使不美，但只要是家乡水，那也就美了，这就是情重于理的表现。甚至有时会情重于法，这主要是因为中国历来有情影响法的制度空间，也就是说，我们中国人先讲合情，再讲合理，然后讲合法。
若合法而不合情合理，这法就难以执行，若合情合理，有法也可以不依。 而西方人则是倒过来的。西人重法，不重人情。法在理前，理在情前。我们时常看到西方父子之间、夫妻之间、朋友之间上法庭打官司。有些事明明不合情不合理，但合法，吃亏者也只有自认倒霉，旁观者也只能容忍。但若有的事不合法，即使合情合理，西人也会争论不休，直到闹上法庭。 在情理法的中国，人情味浓厚，什么事都可以想想办法，托托人情，走走关系。这是一种自然 保险 系统，人们容易在艰苦的环境下渡过难关。因此在中国，人事关系极为重要，生活之中充满天伦之乐。但也容易产生不公正;在法理情的西方国家，人情似纸，相互之间可说是“鸡犬之声相闻，老死不相往来”。有什么矛盾，先讲理，后上法庭，简单明了。西方人虽淡薄人情，却十分讲公正、平等，即使是一介草民，只要是真正合理合法，就是同总理打官司，他也照样可以打赢。在西方国家生活，有点像广寒宫里，富裕、 清明 、漂亮，却有一般寒冷之感。尤其是老人，孤孤单单，踽踽独行，在我们中国人看来甚是可怜。
四、社会习俗的不同对礼仪的影响
在东方文化中，男士往往倍受尊重，这主要受封建礼制男尊女卑观念的影响。在现代社会，东方文化也主张男女平等，但在许多时候，男士的地位仍然较女士有优越性，女士仍有受歧视的现象。在欧美等西方国家，尊重妇女是其传统风俗，女士优先是西方国家交际中的原则之一。无论在何种公共场合，男士都要照顾女士，比如，握手时，女士先伸手，然后男士才能随之;赴宴时，男士要先让女士坐下，女士先点菜，进门时，女士先行;上下电梯，女士在前等等。现在，随着东西方文化交流的加深，西方的女士优先原则在东方国家也备受青睐。东西方文化的交融，也使东西方礼仪日趋融合、统一，更具国际化。
再如，在处理长幼关系时，以中国为代表的东方国家对待长者特别尊敬、孝敬。比如，在许多中国人看来，如果老人有子女，年老时子女把老人送到养老院或敬老院去生活，这就是不孝，过年过节儿女一般要和老人一起过。在中国农村一些地方，过年时，晚辈都要给长辈行跪拜礼。而在西方国家，由于崇尚自立，儿女成年后和父母间的来往则越来越少，致使许多老人时常感到孤独，晚年生活有一种凄凉感。
五、等级观念的差异对礼仪的影响
东方文化等级观念强烈。无论是在组织里，还是在家庭里，忽略等级、地位就是非礼。尽管传统礼制中的等级制度已被消除，但等级观念至今仍对东方文化产生影响。在中国，传统的君臣、父子等级观念在中国人的头脑中仍根深蒂固。父亲在儿子的眼中、教师在学生的眼中有着绝对的权威，家庭背景在人的成长中仍起着相当重要的作用。另外，中国式的家庭结构比较复杂，传统的幸福家庭是四代同堂。在这样的家庭中，老人帮助照看小孩，儿孙们长大后帮助扶养老人，家庭成员之间互相依赖，互相帮助，密切了亲情关系。 在西方国家，除了英国等少数国家有着世袭贵族和森严的等级制度外，大多数西方国家都倡导平等观念。
特别在美国，崇尚人人平等，很少人以自己显赫的家庭背景为荣，也很少人以自己贫寒出身为耻，因他们都知道，只要自己努力，是一定能取得成功的。正如美国一句流行的 谚语 所言：“只要努力，牛仔也能当总统。”(If working hard, even acowboy can be president.)在家庭中，美国人不讲等级，只要彼此尊重，父母与子女可直呼其名。他们的家庭观念往往比较淡薄，不愿为家庭做出太多牺牲。 当然，中西方文化的不同导致的礼仪上的差异还有很多，比如服饰礼仪、进餐礼仪等等，由于篇幅等多方面的制约，在此不能一一深入探讨。总之，中西方之间有各自的文化习惯，由此也产生了不少不同的交往习惯。因此，随着我国经济的发展和对外交流、贸易的不断增加，我们不但有必要在与外国人交往或者前往别的国家去之前，了解对方国家的礼仪习惯，而且必须加强专业礼仪人才的培养，提高全民礼仪意识，这不仅是对对方的尊重，也给我们自己带来了便利，不但能避免了不必要的麻烦与误会，还能在现代社会的多方竞争中争取主动，取得良好的结果或效益。
首先，是在传统结婚仪式上面。中国的传统婚俗有“三书六礼”“三拜九叩”这些繁俗礼节。所谓“三书”，就是指聘书、礼书、迎亲书。（聘书：订亲之书，男女双方正式缔结婚约。纳吉（过文定）时用。 礼书：过礼之书，即礼物清单，详尽列明礼物种类及数量。纳征（过大礼）时用。 迎亲书：迎娶新娘之书。结婚当日（亲迎）接新娘过门时用。）而“六礼”是指纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。（纳采：古时婚礼之首，属意女方时，延请媒人作谋，谓之纳采，今称「提亲」。 问名：男方探问女方之姓名及生日时辰，以卜吉兆，谓之问名，今称「合八字」。 纳吉：问名若属吉兆，遣媒人致赠薄礼，谓之纳吉，今称「过文定」或「小定」。 纳征：奉送礼金、礼饼、礼物及祭品等，即正式送聘礼，谓纳征，今称「过大礼」。 请期：由男家请算命先生择日，谓之请期，又称「乞日」、今称 「择日」。 亲迎：新郎乘礼车，赴女家迎接新娘，谓之亲迎。）而在这之间更有换庚谱、过文定、过大礼、安床等一系列的活动。而在这些活动中有着大量的禁忌和礼俗，比如新娘嫁妆中要有剪刀（蝴蝶双飞）、痰盂（子孙桶）、尺（良田万顷）、片糖（甜甜蜜蜜）、银包皮带（腰缠万贯）、花瓶（花开富贵）、铜盆及鞋（同偕到老）、龙凤被、床单及枕头一对、两双用红绳捆着的筷子及碗（有衣食）、七十二套衣服，用扁柏、莲子、龙眼及利是伴着（丰衣足食）等物，每样物品都有其不同的含义。同时，在婚礼进行时也有一定的顺序，按一般的情况，在整个婚礼过程中有：祭祖（男方在出门迎娶新娘之前，先祭拜祖先。）、出发（迎亲车队以双数为佳。）、燃炮（迎亲礼车行列在途中，应一路燃放鞭炮以示庆贺。）、等待新郎（礼车至女方家时，会有一男童侍持茶盘等候新郎，新郎下车后，应赏男孩红包答礼，再进入女方家。）、讨喜（新郎应持捧花给房中待嫁之新娘，此时，新娘之闺中密友要拦住新郎，不准其见到新娘，女方可提出条件要新郎答应，通过后才得进入。）、拜别（新人上香祭祖，新娘应叩拜父母道别，并由父亲盖上头纱，而新郎仅鞠躬行礼即可。）、出门（新娘应由福高德劭女性长辈持竹筛或黑伞护其走至礼车，因为新娘子在结婚当天的地位比谁都大，因此不得与天争大。）、礼车（ 在新娘上礼车后，车开动不久，女方家长应将一碗清水、白米撒在车后，代表女儿已是泼出去的水，以后的一切再也不予过问，并祝女儿事事有成，有吃有穿。）、掷扇（礼车起动后，新娘应将扇子丢到窗外，意谓不将坏性子带到婆家去，扇子由新娘的兄弟拾回，掷扇后必须哭几声，且在礼车之后盖「竹筛」以象征繁荣。）、燃炮（由女方家至男方家的途中，同样要一路燃放礼炮。）、摸橘子（迎新车队到达新郎家时，由一位拿着橘子或苹果的小孩来迎接新人，新娘要轻摸一下橘子，并赠红包答礼。这两个橘子要放到晚上，让新娘亲自剥皮，意谓招来「长寿」。）、牵新娘（新娘由礼车走出时，应由男方一位有福气之长辈持竹筛顶在新娘头上，并扶新娘进入大厅。进门时，新人绝不可踩门槛，而应横跨过去。）、喜宴（时下颇流行中西合壁式的婚礼，大都在晚上宴请客人同时举行观礼仪式，在喜宴上，新娘可褪去新娘礼服，换上晚礼服向各桌一一敬酒。）、送客（喜宴完毕后，新人立于家门口送客，须端着盛香烟、喜糖之茶盘。）、闹洞房（新人被整之灾情大小，端视新人是否曾在其他的婚礼上戏弄别人，或平素待人够不够忠厚等。）、三朝回门（在婚后第三天，新妇由夫婿陪同下，带备烧猪及礼品回娘家 祭祖，甚至小住一段日子，然后再随夫婿回家。）。有此可以见到我国文化的繁琐，但不要以为繁琐是我国婚礼的特有特征，其实，不同国家虽然有不同的婚俗，但从繁复的细节与用品的喻意，都可见对婚姻的尊重和期许无分国界。在西方国家中，婚礼时有旧（Something Old）、新（Something New）、借（Something Borrowed）、蓝（Something Blue）等习俗。旧是指母亲传下来之婚纱，头饰或首饰，代表承受美好的一切；新是指朋友送的礼物如裙子，饰物，象征新的生活；借是指可向任何人借东西回来，据说从富裕亲友借来金或银放在鞋内，象征带来财运；蓝是指新娘的一些小饰物或花束用蓝色，意味着新娘的纯洁及贞洁。而在进行婚礼时，西方亦有大量的习俗。比如，在结婚时新娘总要带着一方手帕，西方人认为白手帕象征好运。根据民俗说法，农夫认为新娘在磨擦婚当天所流下的泪能使天降甘露，滋润家作物。后来，新娘在新婚汉天流泪，就变成她将有幸福婚姻的好兆头。而在婚礼典礼时，新娘总是站在新郎的左边，据说，古时候，盎格鲁撒克逊的新郎必须保护新娘子免得被别人抢走。在结婚典礼时，新郎让新娘站在自己左边，一旦情敌出现，就可以立即挥出配带于右边的剑，吓退敌人。在进行结婚晚宴时，要特别定制结婚蛋糕，根据历史记载，自罗马时代开始，婚礼结束时，人们会在新娘头上折断一条面包的材料----小麦象征生育能力，面包屑则代表着幸运。新人必须以糖霜，就形成今天的结婚蛋糕了。由此可见，西方的婚俗并不比中方简洁。其次是在服装方面。在进行婚礼不只是有仪式习俗需要遵守，在穿着方面也有讲究。中国传统婚礼进行时新郎和新娘具着红色的礼服，象征的吉祥如意，预示在结婚后日子红红火火。而西方的新娘则穿白色的礼服。自罗马时代开始，白色象征欢庆。1850年到1900年之间，白色亦是富贵的象征。到了本世纪初，白色所代表的纯洁意义更远超其他。西方认为白色与童贞有关。古罗马的新娘穿着白色的婚纱，蒙着鲜橙黄色的面纱，象征着激情的火焰。在西方的天主教传统里，白色代表着快乐；其他一些地区，白色在他们的婚礼和葬礼里指示各种各样的通路典礼和意义。例如，在安达曼群岛（Andaman Islanders），白色代表一种地位的变化。“传统”的白色结婚礼服，在早期是贵族的特权。在多利亚女王时代，大多数的新娘只能穿传统的国家服装，只有上层阶级才能穿代表权力和身份的白色婚纱。一直到近代，贵族阶级的特权消失以后，白色的婚纱才成为普通新娘的礼服。而相对于西方白色婚纱的历史，中国婚礼中的大红色的凤袍的历史则较简单。龙凤在中国的神话中有着重要的地位。龙主阳凤主阴，而阳则代表男子，阴就表示女子。因此新娘就用凤表示。所以在红色的礼服上绣着凤也就很容易理解了。还有就是在一些小的习惯上面，中西方的婚俗有相似的地方。例如，中国古代有抛绣球迎亲的习俗；而西方的新郎新娘在教堂举行婚礼后，会把手中的鲜花抛向空中，如果有人接到的话就预示着他将很快结婚。中西方在婚俗上面有以上种种的差异，这和中西方人在思想思维的差异有直接的联系。中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。直到近代西方的文化传入以后，中国的传统文化才开始向西方转化，但在很大的程度上任有中国传统婚俗的礼仪。而中国人爱热闹的性格在中国传统婚礼中可以得到充分的体现。除了中西方都有的结婚晚宴以外，在中国的传统婚俗中，还有一个为新娘饯行的结婚午宴。其次在婚宴结束以后，新人的亲朋好友会去新房中闹洞房。认为在新房中越热闹，新人在婚后的生活越幸福。因此闹新房的成员们无不用所其极，用种种方法刁难新郎新娘。西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘手挽着父亲捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给你，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。她是今天最美的新娘。 在神圣的教堂上空，他们的誓言在回荡，带上永结同心的婚戒，只到神父说：“你可以亲吻你的新娘了…… 结婚是一生的盟约，你是要为之坚守一辈子的誓言。 主耶稣说：上帝所配合的人便不可分开。 这一生一世的爱情，因为今天而完美。”然后新郎新娘或是去晚宴地点或是去渡蜜月，并没有中国传统婚俗的种种礼节。另一个造成中西方差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。西方的婚礼是属于浪漫型的,整个婚礼从开始到结束到充满了浪漫气息。新娘的礼服一般为白色,新郎是黑色的礼服,使整个婚礼显的庄重严肃.到教堂去举行结婚仪式是整个婚礼最重要的环节.首先,随着婚礼进行曲的节奏,新娘挽她的父亲的手走到新郎面前,由她的父亲将她亲手交到新郎手中.牧师会要求新郎新娘对对方作出一辈子的承诺,这也是整个婚礼的高潮.然后他们会在牧师和众人的祝福下,交换结婚戒指并亲吻对方。而新娘手中的花球也不是一般的装饰用品.在婚礼结束时,新娘就会抛给到场的女宾客,如果谁接到花球,谁就是下一个结婚的人,这就使整个婚礼在欢声笑语中结束了。中国的婚礼就不同于西方,整个婚礼的主色调是红色,这也是中国的传统的代表喜气的颜色。这也就使婚礼变的喜气洋洋.在传统婚礼中,新娘一般穿着红色罗衣,头戴凤冠,上面还有一块红色丝巾.而新郎就穿着红色的长衫马褂,头戴红色大沿帽。新娘乘着大红花轿在后,新郎骑着马在前,随着红娘和迎亲队伍到新郎家中拜堂.双方家长坐在上堂,而新郎新娘在下堂成婚.整个婚礼由司仪主持,在他的指挥下,新郎新娘一拜天地,下拜高堂,然后夫妻对拜,送入洞房.闹洞房是婚礼的高潮,新娘先回洞房等待新郎,而新郎就在外招待客人,酒足饭饱后,新郎在一大堆人的簇拥下来到洞房.众人就开始闹洞房了,新郎新娘在大家的起哄下做各种游戏……这样整个婚礼就在一片笑声中结束了。
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