英文文章中的修辞谬误实例
英文文章中的修辞谬误实例
要了解基本逻辑错误一定不能错过一篇英文小品文Love Is A Fallacy(作者Max Shulman
),这里仅列举出十种最常见的逻辑错误。它被北外的老师拿来用作精读课文,实在是不错的
一个主意,生动有趣,让人收获颇多。对于经常要参加英语考试的孩子们来说,学习一下常见
的逻辑错误,有助于你做阅读题;对于其他过了考试年级的人来说,更利于你们同他们诡辩。
1.草率前提 (Dicto Simpliciter)
例如:Women are on average not as strong as men and less able to perform well
politically. Therefore, women can't pull their weight in government work.
点评:虽然女性确实在政界担任较少工作,但这不意味着女性群体中所有的人都是这样。
偶例谬误(fallacy of accident)或偶然谬误、意外谬误、笼统概化(英语:sweeping
generalization)、简单地说(拉丁语:a dicto simpliciter[1]),是一种“通则凌驾例外
”的非形式谬误,系基于某个通则的存在,而否定例外的存在或正当性。
相反地,逆偶例谬误是基于例外的存在而否定通则。
2.过度概化 (Hasty Generalization)
例如:McDonald's and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot
expect any fast food restaurant to provide us with nutritious foods.
点评:两个个例不足以推出一个真理。
轻率概化(hasty generalization),又称不当概化(inappropriate generalization)、范
例肯证(proof by example),是一种非形式谬误,系指未充分考虑一般性的情形,只凭少数
的实例或样本就推论出一般性的结论。与之相反的谬误是拒绝承认一切一般性结论的懒于归纳
。
3.因果颠倒 (Post Hoc)
例如:Most young criminals watch violent movies before they commit their
crimes; obviously, violent movies lead to juvenile delinquency.
点评:甲事情发生在乙事情之前,这并不代表着先发生的甲事情就是后发生的乙事情的原
因。
4.矛盾前提 (Contradictory Premises)
例如:If God can do everything, can he make a stone so heavy that he can't
carry?
点评:前提条件中就有相互矛盾的地方,结论当然是错误的。
不一致的谬误(fallacy of inconsistency)是一种非形式谬误,系指论证的内容彼此不一致
,导致自我冲突、自我推翻而无效的情形。
不一致的谬误之常见表现如下:
论证的前提不能全部为真。此现象又称矛盾前提(Contradictory Premises)。如“自相矛盾
”的故事:“这支矛能刺穿全天下的盾”“这个盾能扺御全天下的矛”。
论证中提出的论点不能同时成立。(参见破釜逻辑)
对某群体的一些分子使用一套原则要求,却对某群体的另一些分子使用另一套原则。(参见特
别待遇、双重标准)
论证内容自我指涉并自我推翻。如:“我说的话都是假的”“我一句汉语都不会讲”
论证中的某个词语或句子在论证过程的不同地方有不同的意义而不一致,造成论证前后无法连
贯,而成了无效论证。(参见偷换概念)
5.感性论证 (Ad Misericordiam)
例如:Think of all the poor, starving African children! How could rich
countries be so cruel as not to help them?
点评:抒情是不能当作论证的。
诉诸怜悯(英语:appeal to pity;拉丁语:argumentum ad misericordiam)或诉诸同情,
是一种诉诸情感谬误,系透过挑起对方的同情与愧疚,以博取他人支持自己的想法。
6.错误类比 (False Analogy)
例如:Young children are like flowers——flowers should stay away from
terrible weather to grow, so children need to get rid of everything negative.
点评:孩子和花朵的区别太大。成长的过程也太复杂。最好不要用这两者来类比。
错误类比(false analogy)、不当类比、或弱类比(weak analogy)是一种非形式谬误,系
使用不恰当的类比推论而得出不恰当的结论。
7. Poisoning the Well 扣帽子
扣帽子又名贴标签、咒骂法、斗臭法、或井里下毒(英语:Poisoning the Well),是一种非
常常见的政治宣传与修辞手法,也是一种典型的人身攻击,让阅听人在还无法深入了解、思考
之前,就率先被某人身上负面的标签所影响,使阅听人对其事有种“先入为主”的负面认知与
不良印象。
专四英语中19种修辞及例句
专四英语中19种修辞及例句
引导语:专四英语中19种修辞及例句,由应届毕业生培训网整理而成,谢谢您的阅读,祝您阅读愉快
明喻
明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.
标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.
例如:
was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.
2.I wandered lonely as a cloud.
in only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.
or 隐喻,暗喻
隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.
例如:
is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.
books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
my 借喻,转喻
借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.
I.以容器代替内容,例如:
kettle boils. 水开了.
room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.
II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:
Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.
III.以作者代替作品,例如:
a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集
VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:
I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.
oche 提喻
提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.
例如:
are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体)
他的厂里约有100名工人.
is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般)
他是本世纪的牛顿.
fox goes very well with your cap.(整体代部分)
这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.
thesia 通感,联觉,移觉
这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来,借联想引起感觉转移,“以感觉写感觉”。
通感技巧的运用,能突破语言的局限,丰富表情达意的审美情趣,起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如:欣赏建筑的重复与
变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏;闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体;听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的
半透明的纱子;又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。
例如:
birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.(用视觉形容听觉,鸟落在树上,由它发出的声音联想到百合花)鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音.
the music of Mozart.(用嗅觉形容听觉)
品尝Mozart的音乐.
ification 拟人
拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.
例如:
night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.(把夜拟人化)
2.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.(把鸟拟人化)
ole 夸张
夸张是以言过其实的.说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果..
例如:
1.I beg a thousand pardons.
you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.
she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.
elism 排比, 平行
这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体.
例如:
one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.
the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately.
ism 委婉,婉辞法
婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话.
例如:
is out visiting the necessary. 他出去方便一下.
relation with his wife has not been fortunate. 他与妻子关系不融洽.
Xiaoping passed away in 1997. (去世)
ry 讽喻,比方(原意“寓言”)
建立在假借过去或别处的事例与对象之上,传达暗示,影射或者讥讽现世各种现象的含义。
英文解释:an expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances; an extended metaphor 摘自英语专业《大学英语教程》一书
这是一种源于希腊文的修辞法,意为"换个方式的说法".它是一种形象的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事.
例如:
the hay while the sun shines.
表层含义:趁着出太阳的时候晒草
真正意味:趁热打铁
's time to turn plough into sword.
表层含义:是时候把犁变成剑
反语
反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.如在指责过失.错误时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法.
例如:
would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.
早上没有时间观念还真是一件好事啊(真实含义是应该明确早上的时间观念)
2"Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you. "the waiter said to the beggar.
双关
双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义,借题发挥.作出多种解释,旁敲侧击,从而达到意想不到的幽默.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的词形.词意和谐音的方式出现.
例如:
is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise.
ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.
仿拟
这是一种模仿名言.警句.谚语,改动其中部分词语,从而使其产生新意的修辞.
例如:
was not built in a day, nor in a year.
2.A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.
you give a girl an inch nowadays she will make address of it.
ical question 修辞疑问(反问)
它与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段,取得修辞上的效果,其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的.
例如:
was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note?
we allow those untruths to go unanswered?
esis 对照,对比,对偶
这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法.
例如:
that I loved Caeser less but that I loved Romemore.
are staying; I am going.
me liberty, or give me death.
x 隽语
这是一种貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法,是一种矛盾修辞法..
例如:
haste, less speed.欲速则不达
child is the father to the man.(童年时代可决定人之未来)三岁看大,四岁看老。
on 反意法,逆喻
这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义.
例如:
light, but rather darkness visible.没有光亮,黑暗却清晰可见
state of this house is cheerless welcome.
渐进法,层进法
这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小.轻重.深浅.高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点.可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象.
例如:
1.I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.
had not seen nor ear heard, and nothing had touched his heart of stone.
imax 渐降法
与climax相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语由大到小,由强到弱地排列.
例如:
his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.
duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.
上一篇:劳动教育课论文3000字
下一篇:ieee国际会议论文水平