英文论文研究目标
英文论文研究目标
易智编译除了SCI论文润色、论文翻译以及基金标书服务等定制化服务以外,还提供SCI全程协助发表服务。这篇文章中易智编译对英文论文中各个部分的内容进行了介绍,有针对性的概括了每部分的写作重点,帮助大家去更好的完成自己的论文。
一、Abstract
标准摘要五句话,包含五个层次的内容:Introduction:为什么要进行本项研究,现状中本项研究的缺失或者做了但是存在不足。 Method:用什么方法做这个研究。Data:用什么样的数据来验证你的方法。Results:从研究中得出什么结论。Implication:得出的结论对研究领域和实践有什么意义(理论与实践意义)。
二、Introduction
1.研究背景:目的是证实该研究问题的重要性。
2.研究问题:在上述的这一大研究背景下,要做什么问题(或者方面)的研究。在上述的这一大研究背景下,这一研究可以在哪些方面解决现存的实际问题。
3.研究现状:别人已经做了哪些东西,别人已经做过什么,发现了什么样的问题?
4.现存的研究有什么问题与不足:别人有什么没有做过?为什么别人没有做得更好?并说明这些研究不足会带来严重后果。
5.本研究的目标和研究范围:本研究弥补这些问题中(这些没做过或者做过没做好的问题中)的哪些不足,采用什么研究方法去弥补不足。陈述本项研究的范围局限,并高度概括本论文研究结论。注意研究目的与研究范围的区别。
6.文章结构:本论文的后续部分的基本内容架构。
三、Literature review
Literature review是说明两件事情:一是研究目标的设定是有意义的。
二是你在本研究中采用的方法是可靠的、有效的。
包括三个层次的内容:1.对选题(你找到的研究问题)的解读。即对做过没做好或者没做过的研究问题,在这个研究领域,针对研究问题而言,让读者明白本项研究是有意义的。2.现存文献中对本文值得参考并可借鉴的东西(包括分析工具和成果);3.非相关或者相邻研究领域值得借鉴的东西,侧重于可借鉴的研究方法。这样就可以把研究方法给确定下来。
文献综述不是综述文献,而是去找到问题,不是为了综述而述。并不在于对所有的相关文献作详尽描述和总结,应该是对相关研究现状的高度概括。
至此,已经把研究问题、研究目标、研究方法明确了,并且对它们已经证明了、辩护了。
四、Method
此部分主要是对方法的描述。
该部分包含三个方面的内容:
1.研究策略(Research strategy)
总概研究过程。要做这样的一个研究采用一个什么样的研究策略:即所采用的研究思路。
2.数据采集的方法
建立在对研究问题深入认识的基础上,需要采集什么样的数据(变量)。
这里的数据的概念是泛泛的,不是指具体的数据,而包括数据结构、变量(考虑的因素)。
3.数据的分析方法
如数学分析、逻辑分析(推理)、统计模型等数据分析方法。统计模型(模型的建立、模型校验(模型计算)、模型推断(在算的过程中所推断出的一些结果)、模型评价与对比)。
五、Data
主要围绕data,对你所收集的数据做一个简要的描述,描述所收集的数据的特点。如从哪个机构得到一个数据,有什么样的特征、变量的期望值、方差、中位数、最大与最小值等。
包含两个层次的内容:1.数据的来源、采集数据的时间周期、描述性的统计值。2.对所收集的数据的初步的处理方法。
六、Results
运用所采用的数据分析方法(即模型的建立、模型校验(模型计算)、模型推断(在算的过程中所推断出的一些结果)、模型评价与对比)得到的模型分析结果。应该着重对所得出的重要结果进行描述,不需要对所有的结果进行描述。
七、Discussion
Discussion就是针对所得出的结果做横向或者纵向的对比和讨论,包括自己的结果之间的比较、自己结果与别人结果之间的比较。
如果结果存在差异性,并对结果之间的差异性的成因作讨论分析。这样的差异性分析进一步加强了本研究的重要性。可以进一步地验证:对所提出的观点做数据方面的支持。
Results强调清楚地陈述研究结果,受制于数据分析方法(模型建立、模型校验、模型推断、模型评价)的框架制约。而Discussion强调把结果打乱,提出最值得讨论和有意义的结果,是对本项研究所得出结果(results)高度抽象的产物。
八、Conclusion
conclusion实际包含四个内容:
1.研究过程:对研究过程的综述。在期刊论文中可以不写,但是在学位论文中一定要写。
2.该研究得出的结论:这个研究成果不是Results和Discussion的复述,而是对Results和Discussion的更进一步的抽象和概括。
ation:从研究结论中所反映出来的对该研究领域的贡献以及启示,更侧重于启示。
tion:所得出的研究结果(该研究结果)的局限性。
Limitation与scope是两回事,但两者相关,有差异性,其差异性体现在scope针对的是研究范围,在该研究范围内,你的研究结论是成立的,有效的,在scope内是绝对不能被人家挑毛病的。limitation要承认即使在scope内,由于数据的有限性和方法的不完备性所导致的局限性。
总之,limitation的成因包括两个方面,一是scope所造成的limitation;另一方面是由于数据、方法所造成的limitation。
九、References
在文献部分,最重要的就是要保持一致。保持文献列表和标注的一致性。同时应该与刊物格式要求一致,不同journal格式要求不一样。更为重要的是自己论文格式前后要一致,包括标点符号等。
经过以上的写作过程后,一篇完整的论文基本就完成了。接下来就是进行投稿,如果大家之前没有投稿经验,或者在投稿过程中遇到了无法解决的问题,都可以来易智编译进行咨询了解,易智编译的编辑团队拥有多年SCI论文润色经验,可全程指导和修改论文,大大提高论文命中率。
英文论文开题报告写作技巧
论文开题报告基本要素
各部分撰写内容
论文标题应该简洁,且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。
摘要是对论文提纲的总结,通常不超过1或2页,摘要包含以下内容:
目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题, 副标题应缩进。
这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景,缩小研究问题的范围,适当列出相关的参考文献。
这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要,而是必须对其进行批判性评论,并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。
这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下,主要研究问题应该足够广泛,而次要研究问题和假设则更具体,每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。
英文论文开题报告写作技巧
英文论文开题报告写作技巧
导语:一篇优秀的英语论文离不开开题报告的撰写。那么,如何写好开题报告成为同学们非常苦恼的问题。下面是我分享的英文论文开题报告的写作技巧,欢迎阅读!
开题报告的一般内容
课题来源、开题依据和背景情况,课题研究目的以及理论意义和实际应用价值。
文献综述。在阅读规定文献量(不少于50篇,其中外文文献占40%以上)的基础上,着重阐述该研究课题国内外的研究现状及发展动态,同时介绍查阅文献的范围以及查阅方式、手段。
主要研究内容。包括学术构思、研究方法、关键技术、技术路线、实施方案、可行性分析、研究中可能遇到的难点、解决的方法和措施以及预期目标。
拟采用的实验手段,所需科研和实验条件,估计课题工作量和所需经费,研究工作进度计划。
主要参考文献,列出至少10篇所查阅参考的文献。
写好开题报告的技巧
提出问题注意“层次”
在提出问题时,要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。
选题来源包括:与自己实际工作或科研工作相关的、较为熟悉的问题;自己从事的专业。
问题发展迅速,需要综合评价;反映本学科的新理论、新技术或新动向的题目。
所选题目不宜过大,越具体越容易收集资料,从某一个侧面入手,容易深入。
瞄准主流文献,随时整理
文献资料是撰写好学术论文的基础。选择文献时应选择本学科的核心期刊、经典著作等,要注意所选文献的代表性、可靠性及科学性;选择文献应先看近期的(近3~5年),后看远期的,广泛阅读资料,有必要时还应找到有关文献所引用的原文阅读,在阅读时,注意做好读书卡片或读书笔记。
整理资料时,要注意按照问题来组织文献资料,写文献综述时不是将看过的资料都罗列和陈述出来,而是要按照一定的'思路将其提炼出来。只有这样,才能写出好的文献综述,也才能写出好的开题报告,进而为写出好的论文打下基础。
研究目标具体而不死板
一般开题报告都要求明确学位论文的研究目标,但笔者认为,研究目标不宜规定得太死板,这是因为,即使条件一定,目标是偏高还是偏低,往往难于准确判断,研究工作本身,涉及求知因素,各个实验室条件不同,具体研究时条件也不同。学位论文选题和研究目标体现了研究工作的价值特征。
搜索技能篇
google学术搜索
google学术搜索的功能可以说是相当强大,这里先介绍了几个实用的小技能~
查找图书馆试用资源
试试搜索栏里输入:"intitle:试用数据库 inurl:lib" 便可以快速找到各高校图书馆的免费资源了。这些密码虽然持久不了,但是足够解燃眉之急。这是一个密码页。你可以保存起来,说不定今后你会用到它们。
需要说明的是:百度查找中文的期刊还是很管用,因为百度中文页面更新很快,而google在中文方面就不是很在行了,但是英文网页,google则是一个星期更新一次,频率较快,优先采用检索国外数据!
站内直接搜索
谷歌对于一些流量大户,比如知乎,直接在搜索结果页面呈现了站内搜索框,很是方便。
InfoSeek
提供全文检索功能,并有较细致的分类目录,还可搜索图像。网页收录极其丰富,以西文为主,支持简体和繁体中文检索,但中文网页收录较少。查询时能够识别大小写和成语,且支持逻辑条件限制查询(AND、OR、NOT等)。高级检索功能较强,另有字典、事件查询、黄页、股票报价等多种服务。
Wolfram Alpha
图表数据伸手可得的神器!
Wolfram Alpha是一个绘图计算器、在线图书馆、和搜寻引擎的综合体。它不像Google一样给出零碎的混杂的内容,而是直接将每一帧信息拼接成有效的影像,更直观地呈现结果。
举个例子,想要了解中国人口数量变化,Wolfram Alpha会直接给出折线图;相当的方便、直观。
英文论文开题报告是一篇高质量论文的开始,只有良好的开端,才可以给你的论文奠定坚实的基础。
最新英语论文的开题报告范文
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
2 outline
2.1 development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 methodolgy
i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
英语论文开题报告怎么写
开题报告,老师一般会给模板,还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告,你参考一下吧。
课题名称
An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese
试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异
课题来源
Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor
一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义)
Research Background:
A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture.
When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life.
Research Significance:
As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures.
二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 (课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向)
Research Status:
Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance..
Research Tendency:
21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality.
三、研究内容及研究目标 (对研究的内容进行说明,并阐明要达到的目标)
Research Contents:
A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms
1.Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
1.1 Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified
1.2 Black Is Associated With Profit
1.3 Black Is Associated With the Black People
2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
2.1 Black Is Associated With the Death
2.2 Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate
2.3 Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful
2.4 Black Is Associated With Anger
B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms
1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
1.1 White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky
1.2 White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty
2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms
2.1 White Is Associated With Death and Poor
2.2 White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid
C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms
1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
1.1 Red Is Associated With Honor and Love
2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
2.1 Red is Associated with the Obscenity
2.2 Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism.
2.3 Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss
D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms
1.Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
1.1 Yellow Is Associated With the Noble
1.2 Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing
2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
2.1 Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative
2.2 Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease
Research Objectives:
I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture.
四、预计的研究难点 (课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点)
With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related.
五、创新点 (选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点)
The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords.
六、进度计划 (根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排)
1. Nov.16th — Nov.22nd , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing
2. Nov.23rd — Dec.20th , 2008 Data gathering
3. Dec.21st — Jan.10th , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline
4. Jan.11th — Feb.8th, 2009 Literature review
5. Feb.9th — Mar.14th, 2009 First draft
6. Mar.15th — Apr.10th, 2009 Second draft
7. Apr.11th — Apr.20th, 2009 Final version
8. Apr.27th — May 14th, 2009 Printing
9. May 17th — May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate
七、资料来源 (指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料)
[1] Baugh, A.C. & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
[2] Eckersley, C.E. Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979.
[3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985.
[4] Hornby, A.S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974.
[5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. U.S.A.: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997.
[6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. U.S.A.: Edward Arnold, 1989.
[7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981.
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