bus研究的论文

bus研究的论文

第一篇

【中文摘要】 公共交通系统中乘客的到达和乘客的运送都是复杂的随机过程,因此,公共交通系统是一个典型的提供成批服务的随机服务系统。本文在分析有关城市交通可持续发展理论的背景下,运用随机理论,对城市公共交通系统的运营进行了优化研究。乘客在站台排队等候上车是公交系统服务的重要一环,是整个公交系统的重要组成部分,故需要对公交车停靠站时间消耗进行研究。公交排队系统的随机性很大程度上表现在其输入过程——交通流的随机性上。因此首先对公交车交通流情况进行统计分析,并用x2拟合检验法验证了乘客到达时间服从的分布规律。对每一个站台的排队系统用典型的随机服务系统模型M|M|n进行描述,并进行计算,求取M|M|n队列的平均队长,平均等待时间,乘客平均数等系统指标。根据随机理论,建立了一般排队系统优化模型与公交系统排队系统模型,通过调整和控制排队系统使其处于最佳的运营状态,通过实例运用证实了本模型的合理性,运用此模型,可找到公交公司与乘客需求的平衡点,并制定相应的行车计划。最后运用生灭过程理论,建立公共交通系统发展控制模型,并对其进行分析,得出在一定的乘客需求下,系统中空闲车辆和服务车辆之比,为合理规划公交运营系统以及评价城市公交车的发展规模是否合理提供可靠的理论依据。总之,本文基于排队理论建立公交系统的排队模型,并将此模型应用于公交系统的优化调度与公交系统资源配置中,通过仿真验证,既验证了该模型的有效性,又取得了良好的效果。

【英文摘要】 In public traffic systems, passengers' arrival and passengers' transport are very complicated stochastic process. Therefore, public traffic system is a greatly typical bulk-service queuing system. Under analysis related municipal traffic continuable development theory background, by using stochastic theory,the urban public traffic system's operation is conducted the optimized gers waiting in line in platform is an important part in public traffic systems, so we need to analyze the bus anchors the platform time consumption. The randomicity of the public traffic queuing system is mainly expressed by the randomicity of its input process:passenger traffic paper first analyzes the situation of the public traffic flow. x2 hypothesis testing method is used to estimate what distribution passenger arrival time subject bing each platform's queuing system with model stochastic service system model M|M|n, and account it.,we acquire the system target like average

第二篇
基于排队论的高速公路收费系统的数学模型及应用

英文标题：Be based on the freeway that queues up to talk to collect fees mathematical model of the system and application
梗概： 以排队理论为基础,建立了高速公路收费站汽车排队新问题的数学模型。给出了京津塘廊坊立交收费站的正常及繁忙时的性能参数,最后以收费系统社会总费用最小为目标建立车道优化模型。

英文梗概： It is a foundation in order to queue up theoretically, built a freeway to collect fees the mathematical model of station car problem queueing up. Gave out Langfang of Beijing ferry pond stands hand in collect fees of the station reach normally busy the performance data when, finally in order to collect fees systematic society total cost is the smallest build driveway to optimize a model for the target.

这些够了吗

求一篇英语研究性学习的论文

了解文化差异，走出交际误区
文化，作为一个专门术语，富有弹性。有人把文化说成是一种复杂的社会现 象，19世纪英国人类学家泰勒 （Edward Tylor）在《原始文化》一书中，给文 化下了一个比较经典的定义："文化是一个复合体，其中包括 知识、信仰、艺 术、法律、道德、风俗以及人作为社会成员而获得的任何其他能力和习惯。"交 际的过程是人 们运用语言知识和社会文化知识传递信息的过程，所以学习语言 与了解语言所反映的文化背景知识是分不开的 。了解英语文化知识，有助于交 际畅通并有效地进行。相反，缺乏了解英语文化背景知识必然导致交际障碍， 冲 突和误解，也就是我们所说的"语用失误（Pragmatic Failure）。 "本文所谈 的不是因为语法结构出错而 导致的词不达意，而且指说话方式的不妥，或不符 合表达的习惯，或说得不合时宜。说话人未能按照英美人的 社会风俗习惯来交 谈所造成的失误，本文试图谈谈日常交际中出现的误区。

一、打招呼

中国人之间彼此较为熟悉的人见面问候时，一般采用下列用语："上哪 去？"、 "吃过了吗？ "如果把 这些问候的话直译成英语（即：Where are you going? Have you eaten yet?"）。 英美人可能会茫然，困惑 ，有时也可能引起 误解。不了解汉文化习俗的外国人并不会认为这是一种起交际作用的问候语， 比 如：问对方 ："Have you eatenyet?"对方可能认为这不是单纯的见面问候的 话，而会误认为你可能发出对他／（她） 的邀请。又如"Where are you going?" 很可能引起对方的不快， 所以他／（她）对这一问话的反应极有 可能是： "It'snone of your business.（你管得着吗？"）。英美人的问候一般用"Good morning／aftern oon／evening（早上好、下午好、晚上好）""How do you do? （您好！）""Nice to meet you. （见到你 很高兴）""How are you doing? （你最近好吗？ ）。 在关系亲密者之间可用"Hello"或"Hi"

二、称呼

在英美国家，人们相互间称呼与我国的习惯相差极大。有些称呼在中国人看 来有悖情理，不礼貌，没教养 。比如：小孩子不把爷爷奶奶称作grandpa和 grandma，而是直呼其名，却是得体，亲切的，年轻人称老年人， 可在其姓氏前 加Mr、Mrs或Miss。比如：Mr Smith、Mrs Smith、Miss Alice等。在汉语里， 我们可以用"老师 、书记、经理、工程师、厂长"等词与姓氏连用作称呼语， 而 在英语中却不能， 我们不能说"teacher Zhan g（张老师），"engineer Wu（吴 工程师）等。正确的说法是应按照英美人的习惯把Mr、Mrs、Miss 与姓（名 ） 连用表示尊敬或礼貌。

中国人称呼家庭成员、亲戚或邻居时，往往用"大哥"、"二姐"、"大嫂"、 "李大伯"之类，这些称 呼不可用于英语。用英语称呼时不论男人还是女人， 一般直呼其名就行了。

三、寒暄

中国人见面寒暄通常是："你多大年纪？""你能挣多少钱？""结婚了 吗？"。在英语文化中，年龄、 地址、工作单位、收入、婚姻、家庭情况、信 仰等话题属个人隐私范畴，忌讳别人问及。英美人寒暄最频繁的 话题是天气的 状况或预测。如"It's fine isn't it? "或"It's raining hard， isn't it?""Your d ress is so nice!"等等。汉语里的寒暄有时还表示对对方的关 心。如："你今天气色不好，生病了？”“好 久不见，你又长胖了。""你又瘦 了，要注意身体啊。"人们不会为此生气。 英美人如果听到你说："You are fat "或"You are so thin."即使彼此间较熟悉，也会感到尴尬，难以回答， 因为这是不礼貌的。

另外，在思维方式上，中国学生习惯用汉语的语义结构来套用英语。如：打 电话时，中国学生习惯说：" Hello who are you please? "而英美人的习惯 是接到电话先报自己的号码或单位、公司的名称。如：

A:Hello 8403229

B:Hello, thisis Tom. Could I speak to Jim,please? 打电话的套话，必 须这样用。

四、赞扬与祝贺

当英美国家的人向我们中国人表示赞扬或祝贺时，我们即使心里高兴，嘴上 难免要谦虚一番。这大概是我 们中国人认为"谦虚"是一种美德的缘故，认为 不这样，就是对别人的不敬。例如：一位外国旅游者对导游小 姐说："Your English is quite fluent. （你英语说得很流利） 。"这位导游小姐谦虚地回 答："No,no M y English is very poor.（不，不，我的英语讲得不好）。"对 于中国人的谦虚回答， 英美人会误解为对方 对自己的判断力表示怀疑。又如： 在一次舞会上，一位美国人赞扬一位中国女士说："You look beautiful t oday （你今天很漂亮）。"这位中国女士谦虚地说："Where（哪里）、Where（哪里）。" 幸亏这位美国人懂 一点汉语习惯，非常巧妙地说了一句："Every-where （到 处）。"根据英美人的习惯，当他们赞扬别人时， 总希望别人以道谢或爽快接受 的方式作答，而不希望以谦虚、客气的方式作答。对于上面两位的赞扬，恭维话 ， 英美人的回答是："Thank you! ""Thank you for saying so."

五、道别

英汉语言中告别的使用语言或方式也不大相同。中国人道别时，把客人送到 门口或楼下大门口，甚至马路 上，客人对主人说："请留步"，主人最后要说： "走好"、"慢走"、"再来啊"等等。这些话都不能直译 成英语，如果说Stay here，Go slowly，Walk slowly. Comeagain听起来不顺耳，也不符合英美人的 习惯， 其实， 微微一笑并作个表示再见的手势或说：“Good-bye（再见），See you later （回头见）、So long. Take care（再见，保重）就可以了。

六、比喻用语

比喻是一种修辞手段。日常生活中，常借用动物或颜色的特征来形容人之特 性的词语，但这类比喻往往因 语言、文化背景的不同而具有不同的含义。在英 语中dog （狗）的形象一般不差， 常可泛指人， 如：You ar e a lucky dog （你可真是个幸运儿）。Everyone has his day（每人在一生中皆有得意之日）。 在汉语里， 用狗比喻人多带贬意，如"zou gou"、"赖皮狗"、"狗东西"、"狗 咬吕洞宾、不识好人心"等。另外，由于 环境、历史和文化的不同，在表示相 似的比喻或象征意义时，英语和汉语会使用完全不同的颜色词，例如：bl ue pictures （huangse电影）、the blue-eye boy（红人）、to be green-eyed（眼红、 嫉妒）。green hand （ 没有经验的人）、in the black（不欠债）、 grey mare （母老虎）、white harvest（晚秋时节的收获）等。

七、其他社会礼节

中国人使用"谢谢你"远不及英美人那样频繁。中国只有在别人提供了大量 的帮助时，才说："谢谢"， 而且是真正表示谢意。英美人无论是家庭成员之 间，还是上下级之间，上下辈之间，为了一件小事，甚至是份 内之事都需说： "Thank you "这里"谢谢你"只是习惯性的回答，并不表示多大的谢意。例如： 在给英美人 上对外汉语课时，每次上完课后，英美学生习惯说："Thank you"。 如果回答"Thank you"，中国人往往说 ："这是我应该做的。"把这句话直译 成"It's my duty"，就不会让英美学生听起来那么愉快，因为“It's my duty"的含意是：我本不想做，但这是我的职责，所以不得不做。"这 与汉语表达的原意有很大出入，适 当的回答应是"It's a pleasure（我很乐意）， Don't mentien it（没什么）或You're welcome（不用谢）。 "

英语中的"Please"并不完全相当于汉语中的"请"，在某些场合表示 "请"不宜用英语"please"。比 如：让别人先进门或先上下车时，一般都说 "After you（你先请）"。在餐桌上请人吃饭吃菜， 喝酒或请人 吸烟时，一 般用Help yourself，而不用please。如果生病， 到医院看病应说"Go to see the doctor（看病 ）。"

因此，我们在学习英语时，应了解它的文化背景知识以及社会风俗习惯，随 时将它与我们的母语进行对比 ，使自己自觉意识到不规范语言产生的根源和避 免方法，进而增强使用规范语言的意识。

寻求毕业论文外文文献翻译（汽车或交通方面）

On the improvement of the current status of urban bus transport

Paper Keywords: organization; planning
Abstract: Urban traffic system is the urban system is an important subsystem, the city depends on the survival and development of transport, the rapid development of urban traffic and promote development. The bus transport in urban traffic is an important part of the city, it should speed up the development of urban bus transport in order to promote the rapid development of cities.

Passenger traffic from the city traffic can be classified as public transport and private transport system of the two. At present, China's urban public transport characteristics are: the city public transport lanes with low coverage and low levels due to management, and other vehicles occupied by frequent public transport bus lanes caused by the low operating efficiency. Urban road unreasonable, so that local public transportation system utilization rate. Aging of the city bus a high degree of scheduling and organization of the unreasonable.
Should speed up the development of urban transport system, the full development of urban transportation convenient, fast, large capacity. Therefore the following aspects should be the improvement of the urban bus transportation available.

1 city bus transport lines
Urban public transport routes should be in line the city's main traffic flow, public transport in cities should be divided into the main lines and feeder lines. The main line linking the main passenger terminal and transportation hub, more than millions of people in big cities, the focus on passenger traffic hub should be set up quickly direct public transport routes. Generally by means of surveys to obtain data on a straight-line access to integrated planning and overall planning should be coordinated with the City to carry out. The use of lanes, the best rationale for a dedicated lane so that other lane segregation, isolation can be used with dedicated lanes and is equipped with monitoring systems.

2 urban public traffic density lines
Urban public transport motor vehicles are usually lines of planning density, in the city center 3 ~ 4km/km2, peri-urban areas of 2 ~ 2.5km/km2, the distance between the Route 600 ~ 1000m, walking no more than 4 ~ 6min appropriate, the Town urban bus to the length of line should be advised as to the length of 8 ~ 12km. Would cause long lines of passengers waiting a long time and bus time arrival rate of a series of drawbacks such as poor.

3 bus scheduling and organization
Vehicle Scheduling optimization is to determine the normal and efficient public transport operation of the important factors. Changes based on passenger flow and the specific operating conditions and other regulations, various models of vehicles and road traffic organization, such as passenger flow during peak hours to focus on the trunk of the vehicle with high-capacity organizations Station or shuttle bus from the train, in the flow large and narrow streets, small turning radius and the flow concentration of the body block with short bus. In addition, they can employ intelligent management tool. For example: public transport vehicle automatic threshold control system (collectively referred to international AVMcautomatic vehicle monitoring system), it can dispatch room in between efficient information access, effective communication links between the two (GIS). The main vehicles used by the GPS scheduling, dynamic target tracking and data collection on traffic flow, GIS geographic information used in traffic management and visualization of dynamic traffic information display. In addition, you can use variable message board information, broadcasting, on-street public phone, public computer network terminal, which has been in the way of public transport users on the roadside, bus stations or bus stops and on the platform, access to real-time information on bus travel services.
4 Coordination of bus and taxi operations management
Door-to-door taxi service for passengers with a higher level of public transport. Utilization rate of its high energy consumption and less than a bus, air pollution is serious, complete the volume occupied by units of time and space resources, such as road defects, it should be based on the level of urban development and the actual needs of the taxi industry to strengthen the management and operation management, so that the coordinated development of the bus.

5 vehicle technologies to improve
China's passenger capacity by bus at a small (60-90 passenger), and medium-sized (90-130 passengers) and large articulated vehicles (130-180 passengers) should be based on actual passenger traffic to the deployment of appropriate models to resources to reduce the rate of empty vehicles. It shall also meet the passenger demand on the city bus traveling comfort and convenience of passengers getting on or off request. The development of an independent suspension type, dedicated low-floor bus chassis and city buses, so bus and channel height of the pedal in order to reduce the vehicle center of gravity high over the estate to the requirements of comfort. It should also be a timely replacement of vehicles, the general public the best service life of 5 to 6 years. Extended active duty bus noise, and exhaust, and mechanical failure more than a series of shortcomings, with the scientific and technological development, many countries have also developed a number of the outcome of the application of modern high-tech bus. For example: the invention of the next generation of Japan's "middle-distance inter-city bus transport system of unmanned." Germany developed a city with public passenger transport vehicles, new cars can be run along the fixed-line and the traditional advantages of the bus and tram combination.

6 Public Transport Priority Development Strategy
Urban public transport as the road space point with the demand, low environmental pollution, energy consumption should be small, giving priority to the development of traffic, in addition to China's cities are mostly intensive, therefore, to public transport systems and other forms of secondary form of transport in our country the structure of urban passenger transport natural direction of development.
Commonly used way of public transportation there are two types of priority:
Set according to the actual situation dedicated bus lane or bus lane roads. Intersection of the first; junction bus priority measures on the main bus phase-specific, dedicated bus lane entrance, as well as other special bus priority measures in line with the movement.
City bus transportation is the main urban transport system is to communicate all aspects of the social production of an important part of urban development is the decision an important foundation for the development of one, so to speed up the development of the city bus.
【【题目你可以翻译为论改善我国目前城市公共汽车交通现状，希望可以帮助你】】