美国本科论文答辩

美国本科论文答辩

英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇）

毕业论文答辩是一种有组织、有准备、有计划、有鉴定的比较正规的审查论文的重要形式。为了搞好毕业论文答辩，在举行答辩会前，校方、答辩委员会、答辩者（撰写毕业论文的作者）三方都要作好充分的准备。下面是我整理的英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇），欢迎大家分享。

Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is . With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style.

I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !

晚上好，所有的评估委员会成员。我来自HUST，主修外国语言学和应用语言学。我是xxx，我的主管是教授。 xxx。凭着她的真诚和智慧的指导，近一年的辛苦工作，我已经完成了我的论文。最后，这是展示时间。今天晚上，我将向大家致以衷心的感谢，我衷心地欢迎您的加入。

我的论文的标题是哥特式风格的研究

我希望通过研究这个短小的故事，我们可以在某些历史和文化中更多地描述美国南方妇女，更多地要求帮助现代社会的妇女对自己有一个广泛的了解，帮助我们提高我的独立性和信心，并更多地关注我们的心理健康该

接下来，我将向您介绍。这是我演讲的大纲。他们是文学评论，哥特式传统，哥特式风格的故事和哥特风格的原因。

本文由六部分组成。第一部分提出了作者威廉·福克纳(William Faulkner)和艾米莉·艾丝丽(A Rose)的作者，指出了这项研究的目的.和意义。第二部分是文献综述，对国内外这本小说进行了相关研究，并指出了理论依据和方法。第三部分给出了小说中哥特式传统的时间表，即死亡主题，独特的人物和神秘的气氛。部分原因，详细介绍了这本小说中哥特式风格的原因：父权制的压迫，南方女士的神话和艾米莉对爱情的态度。最后，在结论中，笔者对以前的部分进行了梳理，再次强调了论文论证的意义。

好的，就是这样。现在你可以提出你的问题!我准备好了!谢谢 ！

Good morning,

Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：

I am Wu Lin. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professor Hu Anjiang, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.

My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van Winkle).

The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Thank you!

good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. i am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!

stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five r one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the r two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the r three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual r four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two r five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!

Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m xxx and come from class x. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.

The title of my paper is xxxxxxxxxxxxx. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.

Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.

Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.

Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.

For the above facts, I select this title.

Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.

The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.

The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.

The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.

The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.

The last part is the conclusion.

I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.

When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.

That’s all. Thank you.

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

论文答辩注意事项

论文答辩注意事项汇总

毕业论文答辩是一种有组织、有准备、有计划、有鉴定的比较正规的审查论文的重要形式。下面是论文答辩注意事项汇总，和我一起来看看吧。

论文答辩注意事项

(1)克服紧张、不安、焦躁的情绪，自信自己一定可以顺利通过答辩。

(2)注意自身修养，有礼有节。无论是听答辩教师提出问题，还是回答问题都要做到礼貌应对。

(3)听明白题意，抓住问题的主旨，弄清答辩教师出题的目的和意图，充分理解问题的根本所在，再作答，以免答非所问的现象。

(4)若对某一个问题确实没有搞清楚，要谦虚向教师请教。尽量争取教师的提示，巧妙应对。用积极的态度面对遇到的困难，努力思考做答，不应自暴自弃。

(5)答辩时语速要快慢适中，不能过快或过慢。过快会让答辩小组成员难以听清楚，过慢会让答辩教师感觉答辩人对这个问题不熟悉。

(6)对没有把握的观点和看法，不要在答辩中提及。

(7)不论是自述，还是回答问题，都要注意掌握分寸。强调重点，略述枝节;研究深入的地方多讲，研究不够深入的地方最好避开不讲或少讲。

(8)通常提问会依据先浅后深、先易后难的顺序。

(9)答辩人的答题时间一般会限制在一定的时间内，除非答辩教师特别强调要求展开论述，都不必要展开过细。直接回答主要内容和中心思想，去掉旁枝细节，简单干脆，切中要害。

论文答辩常见问题

在答辩时，一般是几位相关专业的老师根据学生的设计实体和论文提出一些问题，同时听取学生个人阐述，以了解学生毕业设计的真实性和对设计的熟悉性;考察学生的应变能力和知识面的宽窄;听取学生对课题发展前景的认识。

常见问题的分类如下：

(1)辨别论文真伪，检查是否为答辩人独立撰写的问题;

(2)测试答辩人掌握知识深度和广度的问题;

(3)论文中没有叙述清楚，但对于本课题来讲尤为重要的问题;

(4)关于论文中出现的错误观点的问题;

(5)课题有关背景和发展现状的问题;

(6)课题的前景和发展问题;

(7)有关论文中独特的创造性观点的问题;

(8)与课题相关的基本理论和基础知识的问题;

(9)与课题相关的扩展性问题

拓展阅读：论文答辩范文

大家上午好!

我叫XX，来自经济管理学院工程管理专业，本次论文导师是李刚老师，我选的毕业论文题目是《建筑企业工程造价信息化建设问题与对策研究》，下面我先汇报一下选择这篇论文的原因以及论文选题背景、基本写作思路、理论与实践意义。

首先来陈述一下我的写作原因，我毕业签订的工作是一家单位的预算员，然后去年我参加过一个大学生创新性实验课题是有关地方科技部门信息公开化，经过我对相关资料的查阅和一些调查，认为建筑业市场混乱，集成度提升缓慢与行业利润率低下的重要原因之一是建筑工程造价信息化困难，工程造价信息严重不透明。这样的市场环境难以形成优胜劣汰的市场竞争机制，企业间信息化集中度就难以提高，市场就会充满无序恶性竞争，因此我觉得结合我的专业与经验，就选择了《建筑企业工程造价信息化建设问题与对策研究》，一方面希望能通过论文让自己对专业知识以及国外先进理论有所提升，另一方面也希望提出一些自己的见解，为自己的未来做一些铺垫。

其次，我要陈述的是本篇论文的主要论点及结构。本文通过调查相关信息主要论点有：

1.建筑企业内部造价系统集成化程度低;

2.建筑企业之间造价信息协同度不高;

3.建筑企业造价系统的盲目国际化;

4.工程造价管理人员素质不能适应信息化要求。

从企业内部集成角度分析的时候，我总结出三点，各级软件相互独立工作，则无法形成集成体系;由于信息的计算收集统计难度大，就无法实时对系统反馈，也就无法集成系统;由于建筑业与制造业的不同，具体到实物量的数据难度大，集成化有相当难度。我的解决方案基于造价分析框架，构建出四位一体的集成系统。

从企业外部协同度分析，我总结出两点，价格信息数量大变化快，企业间信息不同步，企业间难以协调;供应商与造价方的利益冲突，造成信息准确性和透明度差，间接影响企业间信息协同。我的解决方案是从企业内部与外部两个角度，设计出两套方案来解决企业间信息化协同，同时解决信息透明化公开化的问题。

联系国外先进技术，我发现建筑企业的盲目国际性，总结为两点，通过诺兰模型反应学习技术是无法做到发展阶段的跳跃，如果不借鉴最先进的技术国际化竞争中依然处于劣势;由于只学习国外技术，而不学习信托体制，导致信息化畸形发展。我的解决方案是，学习目前国外最先进BIM4D技术在工程造价信息化的运用，跟上国际步伐;构建美国式的信托机制，促进造价信息化的健康发展。

从人员角度看，素质不高和专业技术与信息技术复合，是目前最大的问题。解决方案是，加大投资对人员的培训，市县人员网上流动管理，和会员服务方式。

在写完这篇论文的时候，自己感觉条理上还不是很严谨，对一些数据的收集还不足。但通过自己的思考，想出的解决方案有一定的意义，需要不断地实践来验证理论的正确性。同时写作期间，所学的知识与论文的结合，让我对专业有了更进一步的了解。

最后，恳请各位老师批评指正，谢谢大家!

论文答辩准备

答辩前的准备，最重要的是答辩者的准备。要保证论文答辩的质量和效果，关键在答辩者一边。论文作者要顺利通过答辩，在提交了论文之后，不要有松一口气的思想，而应抓紧时间积极准备论文答辩。答辩之前准备工作重要涉及到以下几点：

首先，要写好毕业论文的简介，主要内容应包括论文的题目，指导教师姓名，选择该题目的动机，论文的主要论点、论据和写作体会以及本议题的理论意义和实践意义。

其次，要熟悉自己所写论文的全文，尤其是要熟悉主体部分和结论部分的内容，明确论文的基本观点和主论的基本依据;弄懂弄通论文中所使用的主要概念的确切涵义，所运用的基本原理的主要内容;同时还要仔细审查、反复推敲文章中有无自相矛盾、谬误、片面或模糊不清的地方，有无与党的政策方针相冲突之处等等。如发现有上述问题，就要作好充分准备--补充、修正、解说等。只要认真设防，堵死一切漏洞，这样在答辩过程中，就可以做到心中有数、临阵不慌、沉着应战。

第三，要了解和掌握与自己所写论文相关联的`知识和材料。如自己所研究的这个论题学术界的研究已经达到了什么程度?存在着哪些争议?有几种代表性观点?各有哪些代表性着作和文章?自己倾向哪种观点及理由;重要引文的出处和版本;论证材料的来源渠道等等。这些方面的知识和材料都要在答辩前做到有比较好的了解和掌握。

第四，论文还有哪些应该涉及或解决，但因力所不及而未能接触的问题，还有哪些在论文中未涉及到或涉及到很少，而研究过程中确已接触到了并有一定的见解，只是由于觉得与论文表述的中心关联不大而没有写入等等。

第五，对于优秀论文的作者来说，还要搞清楚哪些观点是继承或借鉴了他人的研究成果，哪些是自己的创新观点，这些新观点、新见解是怎么形成的等等。

对上述内容，作者在答辩前都要很好地准备，经过思考、整理，写成提纲，记在脑中，这样在答辩时就可以做到心中有数，从容作答。

本科答辩技巧范文

1、对自己所写论文要十分熟悉。当然，通过独立思考，反复推敲，按自己的构思动手写成的论文，你一定是熟悉的。不过我们过去接触过的论文中，有的是把收集来的资料“粘贴”成论文，提交论文时，本人没有认真读一遍，交出的论文漏洞百出。比如，有的论文称“21世纪”，而后面的论述用的资料又是“1995年如何如何”。这样答辩时由于你对论文不熟悉，针对所提问题就很难回答；还有的毕业论文给人感觉写的不错，但答辩时却一问三不知，显然对这篇毕业论文你不熟悉。所以参加毕业论文答辩，首先要熟悉自己所写论文。

2、针对答辩提出问题的方向，在答辩前做些准备。

（1）、对自己所写论文中涉及的专业基本概念和原理，在答辩前最好一一整理出来。比如，论文中我的第二个论点中涉及了某个基本概念，这个基本概念的内容我参考了某“专业书”的第几页，内容是什么，整理好备用。

（2）、结合所写论文的论点，在答辩前，收集一些资料。比如，很说明问题的好案例；比如，在你实际工作中遇到的实例等等。

（3）、在当前所学专业发展中的诸多问题及热点问题方面。平时多关注所学专业当前的政策研究、热点问题的讨论。

只要同学们认真写作论文，在答辩前认真做好准备，都会顺利通过毕业论文的答辩。预祝大家获得好成绩，成为合格毕业生。

答辩技巧和准备

1、自己为什么选择这个课题？

2、研究这个课题的意义和目的是什么？

3、全文的基本框架、基本结构是如何安排的？

4、全文的各部分之间逻辑关系如何？

5、在研究本课题的过程中，发现了那些不同见解？对这些不同的意见，自己是怎样逐步认识的？又是如何处理的？

6、论文虽未论及，但与其较密切相关的问题还有哪些？

7、还有哪些问题自己还没有搞清楚，在论文中论述得不够透彻？

8、写作论文时立论的主要依据是什么？

对以上问题应仔细想一想，必要时要用笔记整理出来，写成发言提纲，在答辩时用。这样才能做到有备无患，临阵不慌。

答辩注意事项：

一，仪表： 要注重仪表，给老师的第一印象很重要。由于高会的人员会相对很专业，所以你如果穿的花里胡哨的去答辩，印象分肯定会很低。打扮的专业一点，至于妆容，画个裸妆看其来比较专业。

二，准备

1、一定要把相关资料带全、带够，别嫌沉，哪怕是沾点儿边的也带上，有备无患；

2、答辩前把论文反复看N遍，越熟越好；

3、要带上手机或者手表，掌握时间就是掌握主动，把20分钟占满，论文以外的问题就算是最简单的，在紧张的情绪下也会答错或答不全，还有可能一个字也答不出来，除非你刚过CPA.

三，控制好自己的情绪

1,答辩的评委有很大的随即性，说不定是个和蔼的，也说不定是一个很刁钻的。但是其实他们心里都有数。

不要在和蔼的面前过于放松，也不要被过于刁钻的吓破了胆。

控制住自己的情绪，掌握主动性。

2,不要过于紧张，回答问题之前给个微笑，或者深呼吸一下，也是给自己缓冲时间。

答辩态度：

1、评委都是专家，如果对自己的论文没有十足的把握请不要试水！

2、如果做实证研究，确保你的数据真实。不要犯低级错误，否则会死得很难看。

3、虚心听取意见，不要执拗和争辩。

不要急于为自己辩护，想好了有理有据才能自圆其说。

不要天真到认为评委理解不了你的论文，多数情况下都是你自己的文章有问题。

不要企图通过无谓的辩护来为你的答辩添彩，殊不知这是弄巧成拙。

4、论文题目要规范，大小标题都要符合格式要求，否则评委们会针对这种常识性错误翻来覆去地说，其直接后果是你不再有机会聆听他们关于你论文核心问题的指导性意见。

常见的错误：

论文格式问题、引言表述问题、文章结构问题、致谢中的表达问题等。

5、回答问题要简明扼要。

不要考验评委的耐心。

你只是答辩一次，而他们每天要评审十来篇论文，想想吧！

6、与自己论文相关的理论和材料要准备充分，否则答辩场上你可能会手足无措，紧张会让你失去正常的思维能力。

美国本科申请文书有哪些种类

美国本科申请文书六大种类普及。美国留学文书包括什么，同学们在进行美国本科文书写作之前是需要做好充分的准备的，在进行美国本科申请文书创作之前同学们要做好哪些准备呢，在这之前我们先一起来看看美国本科文书种类有哪些吧。
　　美国留学文书包括什么，美国本科申请文书准备包括以下几个方面，主要有CV(简历)、PS(个人陈述)，推荐信(RL)等，此外，商科还需要另外提交ESSAYS(命题短文)，文史类要求提交写作范例WS(writing simple)，一些艺术类专业往往要求学生的作品集(PORTFOLIO)。

好的文书往往可以弥补TG或者GPA略低等微小的瑕疵，下面为大家分别说一说。美国本科申请文书之简历(Curriculum Vitae,CV)CV，即个人简历，录取委员会会通过CV中学生对自己个人信息、教育背景、所获荣誉、个人重大影响事件、发表著作、参加组织及其他能力和爱好来了解申请者，给申请者打个印象分。

美国本科申请文书之个人陈述(Personal Statement,PS)
　　学生主要通过PS体现自己的申请动机此外，还需要填充自身经历、经验，表明你是一个合格的MASTER或PHD的申请者，并完全有能力胜任研究生阶段的研究工作。美国本科申请文书学校也借此来考察申请人的能力、专业认识、专业经历、学术背景及研究能力。学生在撰写时，需注意学校官网上的要求，如数量、字数、甚至部分对格式也有要求。
　　美国本科申请文书之推荐信(Recommendation Letter,RL)
　　美国本科文书好的推荐信对录取起到重要的作用。录取委员会通过第三方最熟悉申请人的(如导师、直属领导等)客观而诚实的介绍来了解申请人。美国本科申请文书从旁人角度看到申请人的性格特点、科研能力、学术水平、组织能力和领导能力等。学校也会随即抽查核实，凡是发现涉及到cheating的材料，都是要cancel掉。所以，这部分还是希望学生慎重对待。
　　美国本科申请文书之写作范例(WritingSample,WS)
　　美国本科申请文书写作范例的首要目的是考查申请者的语言能力，也反映出申请者对该专业的理解以及今后可能的研究方向，同时，这里面还包括了分析能力和逻辑性等等专业素养的要求。WS是文科生美国本科文书中的重中之重，直接体现申请人写论文的能力。在专业的区分方面，绝大部分文科专业，例如社会学、哲学等都绝度需要WS 。对于理工科申请者，在阐述理论或者进行分析的时候也起着重要作用。
　　美国本科申请文书之命题短文(ESSAYS)
　　申请论文一般只有商科，经济类，法律，本科等才会准备的一种美国本科申请文书。这是真正体现个人品质的美国本科申请文书。什么样的申请论文最吸引人?最热的写法就是谈谈在可能有违道德伦理之下面对的两难境地你会如何选择。例如在利益最大化之下面对正当和不正当竞争的看法，通过叙事来体现个人所得，这是对你价值取向的最深体现，写的越精彩越好。如果是去读MBA，如果你开过公司正好可以突出个人价值观和性格对公司的影响之类的，因为个人的特殊经历是非常吸引人的。
　　美国本科文书之作品集(Portfolio)
　　美国本科申请文书作品集一般只要求申请艺术类的申请人提供，中国学生比较热门的申请专业有艺术设计、平面设计、工业设计，服装设计等，近几年又增加了电脑动画、电视传媒等高科技尖端艺术类专业的申请人。
需提醒大家的是，申请前前大家仔细查阅官网信息，不同学校不同专业对于美国本科文书作品集的要求是不同的，比如要求光盘制作或纸板作品以及装订要求等，均有所不同。

论文答辩用英语怎么说

论文答辩”，“答辩论文”
＝
在英国大学，
也有美国的，
用的是
viva
或viva
voce,
意即口头测试。
viva
是拉丁字