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发布时间:2023-03-01 22:13

wad论文范文

对于煤的工业分析而言,它可以确定出煤的整体组成部分,下面是由我整理的煤的工业分析技术论文,谢谢你的阅读。

浅谈煤的工业分析

摘要 :文章浅谈了煤的工业分析方法的要点、原理及测定过程中的注意事项,并对测试结果在实际工作中的应用作了简单的介绍。

关键字 :水分 灰分 挥发分 固定碳

Abstract: the article briefly discusses the coal industrial analysis method, principle and the main points of the matters needing attention in the process of measurement, and its application in the practical work of the result of the test made a simple introduction.

The keyword volatile moisture ash fixed carbon

中图分类号:TQ52文献标识码:A

正文:

煤的工业分析也称煤的技术分析或实用分析,在国家标准中,煤的工业分析是指包括煤的水分(M )、灰分(A )、挥发分(V )和固定碳(Fc )四个分析项目指标的测定的总称。煤的工业分析是了解煤质特性的主要指标,也是评价煤质的基本依据。通常煤的水分、灰分、挥发分是直接测出的,而固定碳是用差减法计算出来的。广义上讲,煤的工业分析还包括煤的全硫分和发热量的测定, 又叫煤的全工业分析。工业分析是一种规范性很强的定量分析方法,是在特定条件下所测得的各项数值。

1、煤的水分

煤的水分,是煤炭计价中的一个最基本指标。煤是多孔性固体,含有一定的水分。水分是煤中的无机组分,其含量和存在状态与煤的内部结构及外界有关。一般而言,水分的存在不利于煤的加工利用。

煤的水分按照它的存在状态及物理化学性质,可分为外在水分、内外水分及化合水三种类型。

煤的水分直接影响煤的使用、运输和储存。煤的水分增加,煤中有用成分相减少,且水分在燃烧时变成蒸汽要吸热,因而降低了煤的发热量。煤的水分增加,还增加了无效运输,并给卸车带来了困难。特点是冬季寒冷地区,经常发生冻车,影响卸车,影响生产,影响车周转,加剧了运输的紧张。煤的水分也容易引起煤炭粘仓而减小煤仓容量,甚至发生堵仓事故。

煤中水分按存在形态的不同分为两类,既游离水和化合水。煤的工业分析中只测试游离水,不测结晶水。

煤的游离水分又分为外在水分和内在水分。煤的全水分,是指煤质全部的游离水分,既煤中外在水分和内在水分之和,简记符号Mt。

煤的全水分测定可采用四种方法,即通氮干燥法、空气干燥法、微波干燥法及空气干燥的一步法和两步法。在我们实际的工作中用的是空气干燥法,即称取一定量粒度小于6mm的煤样,在空气流中,于105-110℃干燥至质量恒定,然后根据煤样的质量损失计算全水分的含量。

2、煤的灰分

煤的灰分不是煤中固有的成分,而是煤在规定条件下完全燃烧后的残留物,灰分简记符号为A,也表示灰分的质量分数。即煤中矿物质在一定条件下经一系列分解、化合等复杂反应而形成的的,是煤质矿物质的衍生物。灰分全部来自矿物质,组成和质量又不同于矿物质,煤的灰分和煤中的矿物质关系密切,对煤炭利用都有直接影响,工业上常用灰分产率估算煤中矿物质的含量。

煤的灰分可用来表示煤中矿物质的含量,通过测定煤中灰分产率,可以研究煤的其他性质,如含碳量、发热量、结渣性等,用以确定煤的质量和使用价值。

中国标准GB/T212-2001规定,灰分测定方法包括缓慢灰化法和快速灰化法两种。其中缓慢灰化法为仲裁法。

缓慢灰化法测定时,称取粒度小于0.2mm的空气干燥煤样(1±0.1)g(称准至0.0002g),均匀地摊平于灰皿中,放入马弗炉中,以每分钟不大于2cm的速度把灰皿推入炉内的炽热部位,即恒温区(若煤样着火发生爆燃,则实验作废),关上炉门,在(815±10)℃温度下灼烧40min。从炉中取出灰皿,冷却5min左右,移入干燥器中冷却至室温后称量并进行检查性灼烧。如遇检查性灼烧时结果不稳定,应改用缓慢灰化法重新测定。灰分低于15.00%时,不必进行检查性灼烧。

3、煤的挥发分和固定碳

(1)煤的挥发分

挥发分的概念 煤样在规定的条件下,隔绝空气加热,并进行水分校正后的挥发物质产率称为挥发分,简记符号为V。煤的挥发分主要是由水分、碳、氢的氧化物和碳水化合物(以CH4为主)组成,但不包括物理吸附水和矿物质中的二氧化碳。可以看出,挥发分不是煤中固有的挥发性物质,而是煤在特定条件下的热分解产物,所以煤的挥发分称为挥发分产率更确切。挥发分测定结果随加热温度、加热时间、加热速度以及实验设备的形式、试样容器的材质、大小不同而有所差异。因此说挥发分的测定是一个规范性很强的实验项目,只有采用合乎一定规范的条件进行分析测定,所得挥发分的数据才有可比性。

挥发分的测定 按国家标准GB/T212-2001的规定,挥发分的测定方法要点为:称取一定量的空气干燥煤样,放在带盖的瓷坩埚中,在(900±10)℃下,隔绝空气加热7min,以减少的质量占煤样质量百分数减去该煤样的水分的质量分数(Mad)作为煤样的挥发分

(2)煤的固定碳

煤的固定碳的概念 从测定煤样挥发分后的焦渣中减去灰分后的残留物称为固定碳,简记符号为FC。固定碳和挥发分一样不是煤中固有的成分,而是热分解产物。在组成上,固定碳除含有碳元素外,还包含氢、氧、氮和硫等元素。因此,固定碳与煤中有机质的碳元素含量是两个不同的概念,绝不可混淆。一般而言,煤中固定碳含量小于碳元素含量,只有在高煤化程度的煤中两者才比较接近。

固定碳的计算 煤的工业分析中,固定碳一般不直接测定,而是通过计算获得。在空气干燥煤样测定水分、灰分和挥发分后,由下式计算没的固定碳的质量分数

Wad(FC)=100-(Mad+Aad+Vad)

式中 Wad(FC) ——空气干燥煤样的固定碳的质量分数,%

Mad ——空气干燥煤样的水分的质量分数,%

Aad ——空气干燥煤样的灰分的质量分数,%

Vad ——空气干燥煤样的挥发分的质量分数,%

结论: 随着煤的煤化程度的增加,煤中水分开始下降很快,以后变化则不大;固定碳含量逐渐增加;挥发分产率则先增加后降低。若以干燥无灰基计算,挥发分产率随煤化程度增加呈线性关系下降。

参考文献

【1】 朱银惠《 煤化学 》 化学工业出版社 2004年8月

点击下页还有更多>>>煤的工业分析技术论文

讨论金钱与爱情的英语文章

  只有生活中的弱者才会这样祈祷:“把我这满是烦恼的爱情熄灭了吧!”。下面是我带来的讨论金钱与爱情的英语 文章 ,欢迎阅读!

  讨论金钱与爱情的英语文章精选
  The Clarkson family lived in the country near Cambridge,about half a mile from the nearestvillage and about a mile from the had a big,old house with a beautiful garden,a lotof flowers and many .

  克拉克森家住在剑桥附近的乡下,离最近的村庄约有半英里路,距离河有1英里左右。他们有幢大而古老带有美丽花园的房子,花园里有许多花和许多古树。

  One Thursday morning in July,Jackie came in from the was a tall,fatwoman,thirty years was the hottest day of the year,but she wore a warm brown skirtand yellow went into the kitchen to get a drink of then the phonerang.

  7月的一个星期四早上,杰基从花园进了屋。她是个高大,肥胖,30来岁的女人。这是一年中最热的日子,而她却穿着暖色调的黄色衬衫和棕色裙子。她走进厨房去喝水,这时电话响了。

  'Cambridge 1379,'Jackie said.

  “剑桥1379号,”杰基说。

  ' is Diane.I want to talk to Mother.'

  “你好!我是黛安娜。我想和妈妈说话。”

  'Mother isn't here,'Jackie said.'She's at the doctor's.'

  “妈妈不在家,”杰基说。“她看医生去了。”

  'Why?What's Wrong?'

  “怎么了?出了什么事?”

  'Nothing's wrong,'Jackie said.'Why are you telephoning? You are going to come thisweekend? Mother wants everyone to be here.'

  “没什么,”杰基说。“你打电话干嘛?这个周末你回来吗?妈妈希望每个人都在。”

  'Yes,I want to come,'Diane said.'I'm phoning because I have no money for the train ticket."

  “是啊,我想回来,”黛安娜说。“我正因为没钱买火车票,才打电话。”

  'No money!Mother is always giving you money!'

  “没钱!妈妈总是给你钱!”

  'This phone call is very expensive,'Diane said coldly.'Tell Mother please.I need the money.'

  “电话费很贵,”黛安娜冷冷说道。“请告诉妈妈,我需要钱。”

  Jackie put the phone took a cigarette from her bag and began to feltangry because her sister al-ways asked for was twenty years old, the youngestin the lived in London,in one room of a big wanted to be sang very well but she could never get work.

  杰基放下电话,她从包里拿了枝烟抽起来。她因她的妹妹总是要钱感到生气。黛安娜20岁了,在家里最小。她住在伦敦,在一所大房子里有间屋子。她想成为一个歌唱家,她唱得很棒可是她却从来不愿找工作。
  讨论金钱与爱情的英语 文章阅读
  The internet is brimming with money tips for newlyweds — open a joint account, talk aboutyour money values, budget for date night. While sound advice, these articles ignore a simpletruth: your money relationship doesn’t begin when you walk down the aisle. It starts on yourvery first date.

  互联网为新婚夫妇提供了许多理财技巧——开设联名账户,沟通理财价值观,为约会之夜制定预算。这些都是有益的忠告,不过这些文章忽略了一条简单的真理:你和配偶之间的金钱关系并非始于步入婚姻殿堂之时,而是从第一次约会就开始了。

  Rather than discussing finances in romantic relationships, we tend to quickly and quietly adaptto our beliefs about how the other person wants to deal with the issue. So if Mr. Wonderfulpays on dates one and two, his dinner partner may assume he is happy to pay on datesthree, four and 50. But that often leads to frustration from at least one party. Maybe, likemost millennials, Mr. Wonderful can’t really afford to treat every time. Perhaps his date feelsguilty for not contributing financially.

  与其在恋爱中谈钱,我们更倾向于迅速地悄悄去适应另一半在这件事情上的看法。因此,如果说好人君(ful)头一两次约会都主动掏钱,那他的约会对象可能就会觉得第三回、第四回甚至是第50回也都该由他买单。但这通常会至少让其中一方感到沮丧失落。或许,像大多数千禧一代,好人君实际上无法每次都请客。也许他的约会对象会因为在财务上没有做出贡献而感到内疚。

  You are probably thinking, ‘just say something.’ But chances are you wouldn’t.

  你可能会想,“ 说说 清楚吧。”不过你多半开不了口。

  “We are all ‘funny’ about money, no matter how much or how little money we have, ” writes Levinson in her book Emotional Currency. If, as the oft quoted statistic says, 70% ofdivorces are due to money woes, what financial changes can couples make early on to fortifytheir long term odds?

  凯特·莱文森(Kate Levinson)博士在《情感货币》(Emotional Currency)一书中写道,“我们对待金钱的态度都很“有趣”,无论是有钱还是没钱人。”据经常引用的统计数字表明,70%的人离婚是因为经济问题,那么,夫妻可以提前在财务方面做出哪些改变,来巩固长期的婚姻关系?

  Scott Rick, a marketing professor at the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business,studies the links between money, attraction and marital happiness. In a 2011 paper, “ Fatal(Fiscal) Attraction: Spendthrifts and Tightwads in Marriage, ” Rick and his co-authors revealthat tightwads (people who tend to spend less than they would like to) often marryspendthrifts (people who spend more than they would like to).

  密歇根大学罗斯商学院(University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business) 市场营销 学教授斯科特·里克(Scott Rick)专注于研究金钱、吸引力和婚姻幸福间的联系。在2011年的论文《致命(财务)吸引力:婚姻中的败家子和吝啬鬼》(Fatal (Fiscal) Attraction: Spendthrifts and Tightwads in Marriage)中,里克与合作者们揭示了吝啬鬼(那些花钱节俭的人)通常会和败家子(那些花钱大手大脚的人)结婚的真相。

  “Generally we marry ourselves. We go out and find someone who mirrors the things we likeabout ourselves, ” says Rick, who began looking at spendthrifts and tightwads in relationshipswhen he married a tightwad. “But a tightwad doesn’t like being a tightwad. A spendthrift doesnot like being a spendthrift. It turns out they don’t want a second one of themselves in thehome.” Rick explains that the differences initially lead to attraction but eventually becomesless fun when you need to make decisions of economic consequence.

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  Around this time last year, a much talked about New York Times article reveled a trend ofyoung adults asking for their love interest’s credit score to determine if he or she is worthpursuing. In one anecdote a 31 year old flight attendant was quickly disenchanted when asuitor asked about her credit score on their very first date.

  去年大约这个时候,《纽约时报》(New York Times)刊出的一篇文章引发了热烈的讨论,文章报道美国年轻人流行打听自己心仪对象的信用评分,以衡量对方是否值得追求。有这样一段轶事,当追求者在双方第一次约会中问及她的信用评分时,一位31岁的空姐突然立刻不再抱幻想。

  Like our dating lives, a person’s relationship to money cannot be boiled down to a singlestatistic. Maybe wait a few dates to bring up nitty gritty details like credit scores and 401kbalances. Instead Levinson says you should see if the relationship “has legs” and keep an eyeout for “patterns.” Does one partner always pay? Are you are being overly generous, whileyour partner is being tightfisted? How does that make you feel?

  跟约会那样,人与金钱的关系不能简单归结为一个数字。也许等约会过几次,再打听彼此的信用评分以及401K退休金户头余额等这些具体细节吧。莱文森表示,重点要看这段恋爱关系是否“能长久”,密切注意“交往模式”。是否总是一方在付钱?你是否过于慷慨,而约会对象特别抠门?这让你有什么感觉?

  If you are unhappy with your money exchanges, Levinson recommends approaching the topicin the same way you might the dirty socks your girlfriend leaves around. ‘You always leave yoursocks on the floor and that’s irritating to me. Why don’t you put them in the hamper?’ is notso different from saying, ‘You never let me pay for dinner and that’s irritating to me. What isthat about for you?’ Don’t criticize, but instead try to come to a mutual understanding of whyyou each behave the way you do.

  如果你对你们的金钱往来不满意,莱文森建议,解决这个问题可以仿效处理女朋友乱扔脏袜子的做法。“你总是把袜子扔在地板上,这让我很恼火。为什么不把袜子放在洗衣篮里?”其实这样说没有多大不同:“你总是不让我请你吃晚餐,这让我很恼火。这是怎么回事?”不要批评对方,而是尝试相互理解,为什么你们各自会有这种行为。

  Married financial planners Scott and Bethany Palmer describe money as a laboratory, byobserving your love-interest’s spending habits you can get to know him or her. If you, forexample, notice that the girl you have gone out with a few times is careful with her pennies youcan compliment her self control. If you notice she throws spending caution to the wind youcan ask about her non-financial adventures. “When you are dating you really have theopportunity to see what you are about to get into, ” says Scott.

  婚内理财规划师斯科特·帕尔默(Scott Palmer)和贝瑟尼·帕尔默(Bethany Palmer)把金钱形容为一座实验室,通过观察心仪对象的消费习惯,可以了解对方的为人。比如说,如果你注意到,和你约会过几次的女友花钱很仔细,你可以称赞她的自我控制力。如果你发现她花钱大手大脚,也可以询问她在财务方面以外的冒险经历。斯科特说,“约会的时候,实际上是有机会看清楚对方是什么样的人的。”

  There are, however, also warnings signs to look for. You may want to rethink a relationship ifsomeone is unwilling to discuss money, lies about their finances or doesn’t pay you s your date said he left a tip for that friendly waitress on the table, but you find no cashwhen you run back to get your sunglasses. Don’t let red flags go. “Once we are in love withsomebody, ” Levinson notes, “we are vulnerable to taking care of someone in ways that arenot healthy.”

  当然也有些信号要警惕。如果对方不愿讨论金钱,对财务状况撒谎,只有索取没有付出,那么你可能就要重新考虑与之的关系。也许你的约会对象会说,他有把小费放在桌子上留给亲切友好的女服务生,但当你回去找落下的太阳眼镜时,却没有看到。不要放过这样的危险信号。莱文森指出,“一旦爱上某个人,我们就很容易用一些不健康的方式去纵容对方。”

  A psychotherapist, Levinson is currently working with a couple that has been dating for fouryears and wants to buy a house. Both partners have steady incomes, but one has additionalfamily money. Generous with small expenses, the partner with extra funds wants to split thehome 50/50 even if it means buying a lesser property. The other partner cannot understandwhy his mate isn’t willing to pay more and take a larger share of the equity so they can live ina home they love. “The work, ” says Levinson, “is really about figuring out why she needs to beso boundaried here and having her partner understand why.” Being in love (like or lust)doesn’t preclude the realities of financial inequality and assumptions. By the same token,knowing the contents of someone’s bank account doesn’t mean you understand his or herrelationship to it.

  作为一名心理治疗师,莱文森目前正为一对情侣提供咨询,他们交往了四年并想购买一栋房产。双方都有稳定收入,其中一方拥有额外的家庭财产。手头更宽裕的女方虽然在小额支出上很大方,但却希望平摊购房费用,即便这意味着他们只能买小一点的房子也在所不惜。男方不能理解为什么女友不愿意多掏点钱,多负担一点购房费用,这样他们就能住上一栋自己喜欢的房子。莱文森说,“咨询实际上是为了搞清楚,为什么她需要在买房问题上划清界限,并让男友理解其中的原因。”坠入爱河(喜欢或欲望)不能排除财务不对等的现实和假设。出于同样的原因,知道某人银行账户有多少钱,并不意味着你就理解对方的金钱观念。

paper是指论文吗

paper
英 [ˈpeɪpər] 美 [ˈpeɪpər]
n. 纸;论文;文件;报纸
adj. 纸做的
vt. 用纸糊;用纸包装
vi. 贴糊墙纸;发交通违章传票
n. (Paper)人名;(俄)帕佩尔

1.
Wad the space with paper, please.
请用报纸填塞空隙.来自《简明英汉词典》
2.
We learned the matter from an American paper.
我们从一家美国报纸上获悉此事.来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
3.
In the examination paper Qestion 2 was a gift.
考卷中第二道题是个送分题. (本句中的gift不 可换用present)来自《用法词典》
4.
I often read his column in the local paper.
我经常在当地的报纸上看到他的专栏文章.来自《简明英汉词典》
5.
He jumbled the pages in the paper.
他把纸张的顺序弄乱了.来自《简明英汉词典》
6.
Only a few students passed the exam, so you can see that the paper must have been extremely stiff.
只有几个学生通过了考试, 可见考题是很难的.来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
7.
Have your organisation issue you with an identifying paper.
由所在单位开证明.来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
8.
He quotes a few verses from Tennyson in his paper.
他在论文中引用了英国诗人丁尼生的几行诗句.来自《简明英汉词典》
9.
At the examination he peeped at his neighbour's paper.
他考试时偷看了他邻座的卷子.来自《简明英汉词典》
10.
The lawyer nib his pen, spread out his paper, and prepared to write.
那律师装上笔尖; 摊开纸张, 准备缮写.来自《简明英汉词典》

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