中西方看毕业论文

中西方看毕业论文

二、轴心时代的变革 轴心时代是二十年代带哲学家雅斯贝尔斯在他的《历史的起源与目标》里提出的概念。他说，从公元前600年左右一直到公元之交的600年时间以内，在旧大陆的三个文明地区，不约而同地出现了一批伟大的人物。三大文明就是指西方、印度和中国。而这些伟大的人物对自己的文明所产生的影响，是其后没有任何人可以望其项背的，他们基本奠定了这三种文化的精神脊梁。比如说西方的苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里斯多德一直到后来的耶酥都出现在这段时间，印度的佛教创始人释迦摹尼，中国的孔子孟子老子庄子等诸子百家全部都是出现在这个时代。所以这个时代被称为“轴心时代”。 我认为，就这个概念的提出来说，是雅斯贝尔斯的一个伟大的创举，但是比较遗憾的是有两个问题他没有阐述清楚。第一是为什么会出现这种近乎奇迹的情况？第二是在这个时代中西方文化究竟发生了怎样的变化？ 关于这两个问题，我在一本书里谈到：首先看中国，它的变革是经历了一个三步曲的过程。轴心时代来临之前的商代，中国和其他原始文明一样，都是一种亲代文化，都带有很浓郁的迷信色彩。我们最早的甲骨文就是一种专门用于占卜的宗教文字，为祭祀所用。西方学术界有一种观点，就是文明最早产生于寺庙之中，庙就是最早的城市中心。“尊神祀鬼”是殷商人的特点。帝是他们崇拜的最高神，帝在甲骨文里是代表一种花蕊，象征着生生不息的本根，也就是对生殖的崇拜。 周朝取代商代，不仅仅是政权的更替，更为主要是宗教的变化。周人不再相信自然神，天成为至高神，天和周人没有任何的血缘关系，他是一个普遍意义上的神。那么他根据什么来保佑人们呢？是根据德，“皇天无亲，唯德是辅”所以，周代呢就把德看作是取得天命的一个核心。而周代的“德”还不是指内心的道德，而是指外在的礼仪。“遵礼守法”是为德，“非礼枉法则无德”，所以周朝是一个非常讲究礼仪的朝代。“遵礼敬德”是周人的一个显著特点，所以从这一点上可以看到他们的精神内核的变化。 接下去是先秦的孔子孟子们所进行的儒家思想的变革。变革的最重要的就是把外在的礼仪规范转化成为一种内心的道德自觉——仁。这个变化是中国轴心时代发生的最重要的变化。所以孔子一生当中都在谈一个字“仁”，这是儒家思想的一个核心概念。“仁”是“礼”的基础，人首先要有内在之仁，才会有外在之礼。所以“礼蹦乐坏”的实质是人心不古，人心不仁。所以，表面上看孔子好像是一个守旧派，面对“礼蹦乐坏”感到很悲哀，而事实上他是一个革新派，他不是要恢复周礼，而是要把周礼的外在之礼建立在内心之仁的基础上。尽管对“仁”有很多种理解，我们认为最为经典的就是“仁者爱人”，就是爱人之心。后来，我们又把它进一步理解为“忠恕之道”也就是“己所不欲，勿施于人”，“己欲欲欲人，己欲达达人”啊！说到底也就是仁爱之心。 到了孟子，对此又有了系统化的解释，他认为“仁”就是“亲亲”嘛。就是每个人都爱自己的亲人。所谓“老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼”，由此推出一个社会的泛爱关系，然后，他提出“恻隐之心，仁也；羞恶之心，义也；恭敬之心，礼也；是非之心，智也；”“仁义礼智“之心是与生俱来的。因此，一个人只要去向自己本性发掘，就一定能把自己本性中的美好善良的东西发掘出来，成为一个善人和圣人。因此，只要每个人都“修身、齐家”就能“治国、平天下”，最后达到一个大同的理想世界。 这就是轴心时代，中国文化完成的一个重大变革，这个变革决定了中国文化的基本精神，是注重现世的人自我的道德修养，而不太关注外在的上帝鬼神之类的东西。也就是说，中国儒家把大同社会的理想最后落实到每个人的修身养性的工夫之上。 同样，西方文化在这个时候也发生了很大的变化，通过希腊文化、到罗马文化以及基督教文化，它是一个超越的过程，而不是内敛的过程。到最后，中国文化强调一切从内心做起，西方文化强调一切由外在的上帝决定即上帝决定论。中世纪有一句名言：没有任何一只麻雀从树上掉下来，不是出于上帝的特殊意志。（笑）中国文化强调内心的修炼，“内盛外王，成己成物 ”，由内向外。所以，这就是中西方文化在“轴心时代”发生的根本变化。 三、中西文化的基本精神 中国完成了由外向内的收敛的过程以后，所有的知识分子就开始在内心的道德上下工夫了。因此，从这个时候开始，中国人特别是儒家的知识分子对外在的宗教逐渐淡漠起来，他们更多是注重自己内心的道德自觉，而不是外在的上帝决定论。所以从这个角度讲，中国文化比西方文化更具有人文主义的色彩，而不是神本主义。 但是，中国人对六合之外的东西是不太谈的，采取“存而不论”的态度。儒家知识分子对鬼神一贯采取“敬而远之”的态度。推崇父母在世的时候尽孝，君主在世的时候尽忠，讲究的是现世的人与人之间的关系的道德标准，而不讲究彼岸的那些东西。其实这个思想在周公旦的时候就说的非常清楚了：“圣人以神道设教，而天下归”，也就是说，说的是鬼神，其实是用鬼神来推行道德教化，是劝告你此生此世好好的做善事。孔子也始终对鬼神之事不感兴趣，“子不语怪力乱神”之事，“六合之外，存而不论”。孔子的很多话语都表明了他是一个彻底的无神论者。一次他的一个弟子问他“人死后，有知也？无知也？”，孔子的回答可谓充分表现了他的大智慧：“吾欲言有知，又恐孝子贤孙妨生送死；吾欲言无知，又恐不孝子孙弃而不葬；至于死后有知无知，死后自知之”。（大笑）也就是说，论鬼神的目的是为了起到教化人从善的，无论多么高深玄奥的东西，都必须以现实的行为准则为落脚点，从善、积德，方能“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”，这就是中国文化的基本内涵，是一种协调的现实精神。在西方，学术界称它是一种伦理文化。 西方文化主要是以基督教文化为主，它是一种超越的浪漫精神。它不断地超越现实，对六合之外的事情更为关注。这个问题前面已经讲了很多，在此只是做一个总结。下面讲第四个问题

中西方文化差异毕业论文怎么写？

中西方文化差异毕业论文最好多写创新的题目，我当初也是找的莫文网，自己写起来太痛苦，还是有高手方便

　　人格结构的中西方差异与中国人的人格特点

　　文化遗产旅游价值认知的中西方差异研究——以旅西安游客为例

　　中西方人格结构差异的理论与实证分析——以中国人人格量表(QZPS)和西方五因素人格量表(NEOPI-R)为例

　　心理社会行为的中西方差异:“性善-性恶文化”假设

　　家庭本位与个人本位——中西方文化差异探究

　　中西方文化的价值观差异探析

　　浅析颜色词在中西方文化中的差异

　　中西方交际文化差异浅谈

　　中西方文化差异对体育新闻报道的影响研究

　　论中西方人格观念的深层差异

　　法律文化的观念之维及其中西方差异除魅

　　中西方休闲体育之差异

　　人格的定义及中西方差异

　　中西方思维方式的文化差异研究——二元对立与连续统合的视角

　　技术恐惧文化形成的中西方差异探析

　　休闲文化的中西方差异

　　鸦片战争前夕中西方的差异与互动

　　中西方社会文化差异在跨文化交际中的表现

　　论中西方人性观的差异

　　关于中西方管理差异分析的文献综述

　　浅论中西方文化的差异与外语语言习得的融合

　　中西方商务交际礼俗文化差异研究

　　也谈数学文化与数学教育的关系——兼与张楚廷先生、黄秦安先生商榷

　　中西方管理思想的文化差异分析

　　中西方文化差异对日常交际的影响

　　论学术自由的中西方差异

　　从中西方绘画特点分析中西方意识形态差异

　　中西方人格差异的实质及其整合策略

　　浅论中西方文化差异与商标汉英翻译
　　

帮忙写（找）一篇关于研究中西方文化差异的论文。1000~2000字，用英语写

隐喻的中西方文化差异

Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.
Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation.

1. Preamble
Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation.
2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies
In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. "

2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures
2.1.1 relationship
Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience.

2.1.2 non-correspondence
English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories:
2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to
English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum).
2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to
English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao.
2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to
Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor .
2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor
Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience.
2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures
As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences.
2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence
Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse.
2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict
Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures
"Dragon" to give a different connotation.
2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor
In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society.
2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor
Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on.
It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange.
3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation
The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences.
American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange.
3.1 Literal Translation
The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method.
(1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine.
: You are my sun, my only sunshine.
In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation.

(1) He is another Shylock.
: He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business
People. )
(2) To carry coals to Newcastle.
: Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.)

4. Conclusion
Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

毕业论文想写从电影中看东西方文化差异，可不知道从哪个角度去写啊，各位帮帮忙，多提提建议吧 谢谢啦~

师弟哦呵呵
给我再写的话我会从传统文化，跟时尚文化两方面结合来表现出差异,再从中以自己作为第一视觉去表达,最后以第3方面切入评审差异.
自己感觉吧,反正教授们主要看的是从文章中找到你个人的思想表现,主要的是观点

我的毕业论文是中西方体育文化的差异，请问怎样能够写得深入和有新意啊？先谢谢啦！

中西方传统体育文化在体育于人的价值上，对体育活动方式的认识和理解上，以及对待竞技的态度和胜负观上都有着不同的强调和侧重