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不动点毕业论文

发布时间:2023-03-02 16:27

不动点毕业论文

In mathematics, a fixed point theorem is a result saying that a function F will have at least one fixed point (a point x for which F(x) = x), under some conditions on F that can be stated in general terms. Results of this kind are amongst the most generally useful in mathematics.

Fixed point theorem in analysis
The Banach fixed point theorem gives a general criterion guaranteeing that, if it is satisfied, the procedure of iterating a function yields a fixed point.

By contrast, the Brouwer fixed point theorem is a non-constructive result: it says that any continuous function from the closed unit ball in n-dimensional Euclidean space to itself must have a fixed point, but it doesn't describe how to find the fixed point (See also Sperner's lemma).

For example, the cosine function is continuous in [-1,1] and maps it into [-1, 1], and thus must have a fixed point. This is clear when examining a sketched graph of the cosine function; the fixed point occurs where the cosine curve y = cos(x) intersects the line y = x. Numerically, the fixed point is approximately x = 0.73908513321516 (thus x = cos(x)).

The Lefschetz fixed-point theorem (and the Nielsen fixed-point theorem) from algebraic topology is notable because it gives, in some sense, a way to count fixed points.

There are a number of generalisations to Banach spaces and further; these are applied in PDE theory. See fixed point theorems in infinite-dimensional spaces.

The collage theorem in fractal compression proves that, for many images, there exists a relatively small description of a function that, when iteratively applied to any starting image, rapidly converges on the desired image.

Fixed point theorems in discrete mathematics and theoretical computer science
The Knaster-Tarski theorem is somewhat removed from analysis and does not deal with continuous functions. It states that any order-preserving function on a complete lattice has a fixed point, and indeed a smallest fixed point. See also Bourbaki-Witt theorem.

A common theme in lambda calculus is to find fixed points of given lambda expressions. Every lambda expression has a fixed point, and a fixed point combinator is a "function" which takes as input a lambda expression and produces as output a fixed point of that expression. An important fixed point combinator is the Y combinator used to give recursive definitions.

In denotational semantics of programming languages, a special case of the Knaster-Tarski theorem is used to establish the semantics of recursive definitions. While the fixed point theorem is applied to the "same" function (from a logical point of view), the development of the theory is quite different.

The same definition of recursive function can be given, in computability theory, by applying Kleene's recursion theorem. These results are not equivalent theorems; the Knaster-Tarski theorem is a much stronger result than what is used in denotational semantics.[1] However, in light of the Church-Turing thesis their intuitive meaning is the same: a recursive function can be described as the least fixed point of a certain functional, mapping functions to functions.

The above technique of iterating a function to find a fixed point can also be used in set theory; the fixed-point lemma for normal functions states that any continuous strictly increasing function from ordinals to ordinals has one (and indeed many) fixed points.

Every closure operator on a poset has many fixed points; these are the "closed elements" with respect to the closure operator, and they are the main reason the closure operator was defined in the first place.

张建军的已毕业博士生学位论文选题

2001级杨渝玲:《经济学、科学与情境: 当代西方经济学方法论论争的哲学审视》(研究方向:科学逻辑与科学方法论)李树军:《复杂性、范式与科技创新系统:科技发展观新探》(研究方向:科学逻辑与科学方法论)2002级顿新国:《归纳悖论研究》(研究方向:现代逻辑与逻辑哲学)李秀敏:《亚相容逻辑的历史考察和哲学审思》(研究方向:逻辑与辩证法)贾丹:《当代西方正义、平等观念的历史考察与方法论反思》(研究方向:社会科学方法论)2003级王习胜:《逻辑悖论与科学理论创新》(研究方向:科学逻辑与科学方法论)夏素敏:《道义悖论研究》(研究方向:现代逻辑与逻辑哲学)2004级贾国恒:《情境语义学及其解悖方案研究》(研究方向:现代逻辑与逻辑哲学)曾庆福:《必然、可能与矛盾:乔恩·爱尔斯特<逻辑与社会>解析》(研究方向:逻辑应用研究)2005级陈晓华:《逻辑全能问题研究》(研究方向:现代逻辑与逻辑哲学)张高荣:《普特南意义与真理理论研究》(研究方向:逻辑哲学)2006级付敏:《“真矛盾论”与悖论:普利斯特亚相容解悖方案研究》(研究方向:现代逻辑与逻辑哲学)李莉:《合理行动悖论研究》(研究方向:现代逻辑与逻辑哲学)2007级雒自新:《认知悖论研究》(研究方向:现代逻辑与逻辑哲学)夏卫国:《非单调司法论证模式研究》(研究方向:法律逻辑)2008级刘张华:《大卫·刘易斯模态哲学思想研究》(研究方向:逻辑哲学)付玉成:《约翰·塞尔意义理论研究》(研究方向:逻辑哲学)2009级冯立荣:《亚里士多德偶然模态理论研究》(研究方向:西方逻辑史)2010级朱敏:《集合论公理的选择与证立研究》(研究方向:现代逻辑与逻辑哲学)陈吉胜:《“金三角”的断裂与重建——查莫斯型二维语义学的批判性考察》(研究方向:逻辑哲学)2011级谢佛荣:《戴维森和达米特关于意义和真理理论之争研究》(研究方向:逻辑哲学)王洪光:《真与悖论:从减缩论与双真论的观点看》(研究方向:现代逻辑与逻辑哲学)2012级张亮:《不动点方法与动态真理论研究》(研究方向:逻辑哲学)

数学专业毕业论文选题怎么选

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