ice论文范文

ice论文范文

阅读教学作为整个高中英语教学的重要组成部分，在英语教学中占据着重要的地位。一直以来，在高中英语教学中，无论从高中英语课程的设定、教材的选编、还是从高中教学中阅读课所占的课时比重等方面来看，阅读教学都占据重要的位置。下文是我为大家蒐集整理的关于的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!

浅析高中英语阅读技巧

高中英语阅读的要求与初中有较大差别：文章词数增多，生词量增大，组篇方式复杂，文章资讯量较大，文章内容比较成人化，并具有一定的文化意识要求。阅读理解在高考中占据很大的比重，而且越来越注重能力的测试。因此，在高中英语学习中必须掌握最基本的三种阅读理解技巧：猜测词义、难句理解和语篇理解。

一、 猜测词义

《英语课程标准》六级阅读技能目标提出六级为高中最低目标：能利用上下文和句子结构猜测词义。猜词能力是英语阅读最基本的能力之一。高考阅读文章也允许出现2%-3%不注汉语的生词。因此，从高一起阅读文章中就铺设了适当比例的生词。碰到生词切勿惊慌，因为它们不是孤立存在的，也不是高深莫测的。只要抓住一定的线索就可以猜出，并加以理解。猜词有两个步骤：寻找线索和确定意义。线索多种多样，可依据构词法、定义解释、对比关系、因果关系和上下文暗示“顺藤摸瓜”。

1. 构词法

Shantzis believes his system could help recycled materials bee more costeffective.

初看起来，costeffective不得而知。细心观察，它是由cost和effective合成，effective是effect加字尾派生而来。既然“成本有效”，就是“划算的”。构词法线索在猜词中用得最多。2009年江苏高考阅读理解A篇中就有六个可以根据构词法猜测词义的生词：emotionally有感情地，originally原来， conditioning规定，consequently结果， sociable好交际的，respond反应。

2. 定义解释

Decision-thinking is not unlike poker...This card game has often been of considerable interest to people.

从解释的内容不难看出，poker是一种多人玩的、有趣的卡片游戏。由此猜测为“扑克”。另外还可以从发音来验证，“扑克”poker之音译。定义、解释形式多样，有定语从句、同位语、并列句，甚至用破折号引出补充说明，等等。

3. 对比关系

Thousands of people got stuck in lifts. But no one was afraid. We passed the time by telling stories.

数千人困在电梯中，应该情况不妙。But转折了人们的境况。其线索是对比转折。如果猜测为“受伤”、“窒息”、“沮丧”还不妥贴。根据下文“讲故事消磨时间”，应推断为“惊恐”。

4. 因果关系

The biggest power failure happened yesterday. All of our ice cream and frozen foods melted.

后一句承接前一句。前一句的情况导致后一句的结果。线索是因果关系。既然停电，冰淇淋、冰冻食品化冻是必然结果。猜测为“融化”。

5. 上下文暗示

We had lots of candles on the table and the waiters were carrying candles on their trays.

从上文得知静止的蜡烛放在餐桌上，侍者随身带着的蜡烛不会放在口袋里，不会放在头顶，而是放在端菜的“浅盘”中。

再看例项，猜出画线生词的含义，并说出线索依据：

1. Modern medicine began with the stethoscope, a medical tool used for listening to the movements of a person’s lungs and his heartbeats.

2. Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.

3. The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow.

4. Most of fishes have slimy skins covered with scales, so it is difficult to get firm hold of them.

5. The passengers’ belongings on the train are stored in their holdalls, boxes, baskets and netbags.

1. 听诊器，定义解释;2. 肮脏，对比关系;3. 浑浊，因果关系;4. 滑溜的，鱼鳞，上下文暗示;5. 拥有物，行李包，网袋，构词法。

二、 难句理解

文章中的难句，犹如拦路虎，让你无法理解全篇，令人望而生畏。高考趋势之一就是难句增多，型别多变，不但测试考生的阅读技能，也测试考生的智力水平和心理素质。难句一般是长句、省略句和倒装句。

长句是一些并列句、复合句，或者有多种形式的定语、状语、插入语，或者伴有分隔、倒装、省略，盘根错节，令人眼花缭乱。其实，再长的句子，只要能抓住结构中的关键词，问题就迎刃而解了。结构中的关键词是指分句、意群的引导词或起始词。找到分句的引导词，就能发现各个分句的主谓语，最后用化整为零的办法，各个击破。抓住意群的起始词就能理清各个语法成分，以及它们之间的关系。请看例句：

Decision-thinking is not unlike poker―it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think.

此句含有29个单词，语法结构复杂。从概貌上看, 破折号前是一个简单句，破折号引出一个补充说明的句子。结构关键词是not only...but also, what, what, and what。抓住引导词后，再确定各个主谓语。由此分析得知，it是形式主语，真实主语是三个主语从句，三个主语从句由not only...but also和and 连线。在第二个主语从句中带有宾语从句，第三个主语从句中，也带有宾语从句，而且宾语从句又带宾语从句，重重叠叠。全句可直译为：作出决定的思维就像打扑克，不仅你所思考的问题常常是要紧的，而且其他人认为你所考虑的问题，和你思考其他人认为你所考虑的问题也常常是要紧的。

再看怎样抓住结构关键词，并将它们化整为零：

In particular, he showed that all games fall into two classes: there are what he called games of“perfect rmation”, games like chess where the players can’t hide anything or play tricks: they don’t win by chance, but by means of logic and skills.

这是一个44个单词的松散长句。首先要找到分句和意群的关键词：that, what, games, where, not...but，另外两个冒号，一个逗号在句中也很重要，它们都表示补充说明或者同位关系。理清基本结构后，可以将长句分解为以下六句：

1. In particular, he showed that all games fall into two classes.

2. There are games which he called games of perfect rmation.

3. The games are like chess.

4. In the games the players can’t hide anything or play tricks.

5. They don’t win by chance.

6. They win by means of logic and skills.

长句就是由这些简单的分句用结构连词串连而成，一旦将它们一一拆开，就化难为易，一目了然。

难句的另一形式是省略句和倒装句，而且这类难句在高考中出现得越来越多，越来越活。在理解省略句、倒装句时使用“恢复原状”法是非常有效的。请看江苏高考任务型阅读中的省略句：So, the munication begins with the self, as defined largely by others, and involves others, as defined largely by the self.

句中含两个as省略句，如果分析省去了什么，并将它们补全就不难理解。此句as后省去it is，全句意义为“按照别人所定义，交流开始于自身;按照自己所定义，交流也涉及别人”。再请看江苏高考另一篇中的倒装句：

Under this is bedrock through which water cannot percolate.

只要将主语和表语对调位置，即恢复原状就很容易理解，意为“水不能渗透的岩层就在这一层下面”。

三、 语篇理解

语篇理解主要有两层含义：文章的整体理解和文章的深层理解。整体理解即通过阅读把握文章的结构脉络，提取、分析主要资讯，归纳概括主旨大意。深层理解即获得字里行间的隐含资讯，准确领会生词和某些活用单词的特定意义，推理判断作者的言外之意。整体理解与深层理解是密不可分，相互依存的。要想很好地进行语篇理解，必须注意三点：

1. 第一遍快速阅读时，就要有意识地找出文章的主题句和段落的主题句，从而了解文章全貌，理清层次关系，把握文脉主线。大多数主题句是段落的起始句和结束句。

2. 第一遍快速阅读中碰到难词、难句时，可以再读一遍该句，抓住要领后再往下阅读。尽量不在第一遍阅读中留下“隐患”，也避免难句的理解偏差影响下文的阅读。

3. 在做题时，有必要再次扫读、搜寻相关资讯，并谨防被词句的表面意义所迷惑。要剔除与上下文和主题思路相违背的一些表面意义，搜寻到深层的隐含资讯。

请阅读以下例子，并完成有关题目：

Olaf Stapledon wrote a book called First and Last Men, in which he looked millions of years ahead. He told of different men and of strange civilizations文明, broken up by long“dark ages”in between. In his view, what is called the present time is no more than a moment in human history and we are just the First Men. In 2,000 million years from now there will be the Eighteenth or Last Men.

However, most of our ideas about the future are really very short-sighted. Perhaps we can see some possibilities for the next fifty years. But the next hundred?The next thousand?The next million?That’s much more difficult.

When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago, how could they even begin to picture modern life?Yet to men of 50,000 years from now, we may seem as primitive原始的 in our ideas as the Stone-Age hunters do to us. Perhaps they will spend their days gollocking to make new spundels, or struggling with their ballalators through the cribe. These words, which I have just made up, have to stand for things and ideas that we simply can’t think of.

So why even bother to try imagining life far in the future?Here are two reasons. First, unless we remember how short our own lives are pared with the whole human history, we are likely to think our own interests are much more important than they really are. If we make the earth a poor place to live on because we are careless or greedy or quarrelsome, our grandchildren will not bother to think of excuses for us.

Second, by trying to escape from present interest and imagine life far in the future, we may arrive at quite fresh ideas that we can use ourselves. For example, if we imagine that in the future men may give up farming, we can think of trying it now. So set your imagination free when you think about the future.

第一遍快速阅读后，我们已知此文体裁为论说文，共五小节。第一小节介绍概貌。二、三小节是一个层次，讲现代人很难看得很远。四、五小节为一个层次，讲想象未来生活的原因。一至四小节的主题句都是第一句。第五小节有总结全文的作用，说明想象未来是为了珍惜现在，主题句是最后一句，此句也是全文的主题句。文章中虽然难句、难词较多，但脉络结构理清后，对捕捉细节和深层资讯很有帮助。

首先在主题思想和文脉主线的牵引下理解这些单词、短语：

1. picture modern life 描绘现代生活

2. short-sighted 目光短浅的

3. Stone-Age 石器时代

4. bother 麻烦

5. excuses 借口

再看字里行间暗藏着什么，寻求这种深层资讯至少要思考三点：

1. 文章主题

2. 作者主旨

3. 隐含细节

文章主题上文已经分析。作者主旨为：现代人必须极目远望，想象未来，认识自己在宇宙长河中的时间价值，从而负起当前的应尽之责。至于隐含细节，必须先抓住表层资讯，由表及里，抓住本质。例如：第一小节表面上是介绍一本书。其实，作者通过介绍这本书，提出自己的论点，展示了全文的话题，也初步表明思想观点：“现代”仅是历史长河中之一瞬，人类文明的方式因为“时间”的分隔而截然不同。把握这些隐含资讯对理解后面四个小节的详论细述有很大帮助。

有些隐含资讯必须根据题目要求再次扫读才能有针对性地搜寻出来。题目中的选项迷惑性往往很强，因此，要善于排除干扰，拨开迷雾。这时也要注意分析题目的设题型别和拟题手法。例如：

1. A particular mention made of Stapledon’s book in the opening paragraph _______.

A. serves as a description of human history

B. serves as an introduction to the discussion

C. shows a disagreement of views

D. shows the popularity of the book

通过第一遍快速阅读已经得知其段落大意，再进行扫读，以加深对语篇意义的理解，找出正确答案。先看A，虽然这一小节提到“人类历史”，但不是着重描述人类历史。再看C，表面资讯有different men, strange civilizations, 但真实内容却未说观点分歧。选项D干扰性很强。虽然作者赞同Stapledon的观点，并以此展开全文，但通篇都未提到此书是否深受人们欢迎。从语篇理解看，D仅是一个旁外的话题。再看B，表面资讯是开篇部分，应是“汇入”。隐含资讯须全篇理解，全文都是围绕第一小节的话题展开的讨论，表面资讯与隐含资讯一致。B为正确选项。

2. The text discusses men and women 50,000 years ago and 50,000 years from now in order to show that_______.

A. human history is extremely long

B. life has changed a great deal

C. it is a useless plan for the next 50 years

D. it is difficult to tell what will happen in the future

从表面词句上看，似乎读懂第三小节，就可以回答此题。其实不然，因为A、B、C三项本身都是成立的，而且迷惑性很强。再次扫读二、三小节便受启发，第三小节是第二小节意思的延伸，进一步阐述远望未来的困难之处，论古说今，举例印证，都说明之“难”。因此D才是正确答案。

3. Spundels and ballalators are used in the text to refer to_______.

A. tools used in farming B. ideas about modern life

C. unknown things in the future D. hunting skills in the Stone Age

从表面资讯看，虚构单词指工具，先排除B和D。再次扫读得知不是农具，排除A。C是一个比较保险的正确选项。它们是未来不可知的东西。

4. According to the writer of the text, imagining the future will_______.

A. serve the interests of the present and future generations

B. enable us to better understand human history

C. help us to improve farming

D. make life worth living

测试推理能力，推断作者主旨。此题较好地运用了干扰选项和“答非所问”的拟题手法。B、C、D本身都是成立的，文中确实提到“人类历史”、“认真耕作”和“生活意义”。作者主旨是由这些个体组合而成，其中心思想是由它们提炼、浓缩而来，即尽管展望未来困难重重，人们还是应该想象未来。既然“现代”仅是一瞬，何不在这段历史时期尽心尽责，何不珍惜、爱护如今的世界呢?初定A为正确答案。但A项本身又有干扰资讯。最后一小节出现escape from present interest，似乎A不能选。其实文中这一部分是说明“想象未来的同时暂且不谈目前的个人利益，这能提高思想境界”，寓意还是“想象未来”，并不是说“想象未来”与目前的利益无关。由此搜寻到文章的“画外音”――想象未来既有利于现代，又造福于未来。A为正确选项。

语篇理解是较高层次的理解，也是如今高考试题的趋向和要求。

阅读理解的技巧无论合理性程度有多高，只有在实践中才能得到掌握和完善。运用所学的技巧多阅读，多琢磨，必有提高。

<<<下页带来更多的

关于冰岛的英文作文

范文：Dettifoss is a waterfall in the northeast of the Republic of Iceland and near the Myvatn Lake area of J ö kuls á rglj ú fur National Park.

It is located in the J ö kuls á FJ ö llum River and flows into the J ö kuls á rglj ú fur canyon; Its origin is the watner ice sheet. Dai Ti waterfall is about 100 meters wide and 44 meters high. It is considered to be the waterfall with the largest drop and flow in Europe.

黛提瀑布（Dettifoss）是冰岛共和国东北方、Jökulsárgljúfur国家公园米湖（Myvatn）湖区附近的瀑布，坐落于Jökulsá á Fjöllum河，流入Jökulsárgljúfur峡谷；其源流是瓦特纳冰原。黛提瀑布宽度约100米，高度有44米，被认为是欧洲落差最大、流量最大的瀑布。

话题英语作文

无论是身处学校还是步入社会，大家总免不了要接触或使用作文吧，作文根据体裁的不同可以分为记叙文、说明文、应用文、议论文。那么你知道一篇好的作文该怎么写吗？以下是我收集整理的话题英语作文7篇，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

我想告诉你一些关于我的童年。当我六岁的时候，我是一个可爱的女孩！

一天，爸爸在河里看见了一些鱼，他问我：“为什么鱼只能活在水里？“我想了一下，我就给了他答案，”银行里有一些猫，“我爸爸听到那个时候就笑了。”。然后他说：“你是聪明的！“我很高兴听到这个。

也许你会说，“这是一个有趣的答案。”现在，我想，它是非常有趣的.。现在我很聪明。我的父母非常爱我。我很高兴能有这样的童年。

if you want to be healthy, you must have a healthy lifestyle. you should do exercise every day. you must go to bed early and get up early. and drink milk every day. you should not eat junk food and drink coffee. you must sleep nine hours every night.

you must try to eat lots of vegetables and drink milk every day. your healthy lifestyle helps you get good grades. good food and exercise help you to study better.

do you want to know how to keep in good healthy? let me tell you something about keeping healthy. you should exercise every day and have good eating habits. you should try to eat a lot of vegetables. you should eat fruits and drink milk every day.

you shouldn’t drink coffee. you shouldn’t eat too much junk food, like chocolate. good rest is also good for your health. so you should sleep nine hours every night. healthy lifestyle helps you to get good grades. good food and good rest help you to study better.

i hope you all have a healthy lifestyle.

I love eating ice-lolly, no matter in the hot summer or the cold winter. The feelings are so different eating ice-lolly in the two seasons. In summer, the weather is so hot that I don't want to eat anything, except for the ice-lolly. I often buy a lot of ice-lollies in the refrigerater and I usually eat ten bars a day. When the ice water flow into the throat, I feel my whole world is icy and I feel that I am rescured from the hot day. However, in the cold winter, it's so different. Eating ice-lolly in the cold winter will make you feel colder. When you eating, you would shake because of the coldness. It seems that you are frozen. But it's the exciting feeling I like.

不管冬天夏天，我都喜欢吃冰棒，这两个季节吃感觉很不一样。夏天的时候，天气非常热，除了冰棒，我没胃口吃其他东西。我经常买很多放在冰箱里，一天吃十根。当冰水从喉咙流过，我感觉整个世界都冰凉了，我从大热天里解放出来了。而在冬天时，感觉就不同了，大冬天吃冰棒让你感觉更冷了，好像整个人都冰冻了，但这种刺激的感觉正是我喜欢的。

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to the university president. You should write at least 120 words based on the outline given below in Chinese:

1. 学校教学应该注重学生学习方法的培养。

2. 学校应该丰富学生的校园生活

【范文】

A Letter to the University President

Dear Sir,

I am writing to put up some suggestions concerning our teaching and campus life.

As a sophomore from the Math Department, I am quite satisfied with the present condition of my university, but I like to say that there is still some room for improvement.

First, I believe that more attention should be paid to the guidance of our study methods. To some extent, university students are capable of studying by themselves, but more often than never, we find ourselves at a loss as to choose good books to read and appropriate topics for our research. It is clear that we need some advice from our teachers. If our teachers can lecture more on how to learn by yourself for us, especially for the freshmen, our skills will be further improved.

Second, more activities should be conducted to make our campus life more colorful. I m sorry to say that the present life on campus is quite boring. Every day we have classes, read in the library, or stay in the dormitory. Life here is routine. We need more meaningful activities organized to enrich our college life and enable us to study more efficiently.

Today is the lunar December eighth day - the laba festival. The laba festival in China has a long tradition and history, on this day drink the laba laba rice porridge, do is the most traditional people all over the country, is also the most pay attention to the customs.

At night, dad with red jujube, lotus seeds, beans, peanuts, black beans, wheat berry, lily, eight kinds of material such as rice stayed up the whole pot of delicious rice porridge.

Mom put porridge is good, in the table. I use the spoon gently drew a few times in a bowl, good let it cool faster. Then, scoop a spoonful of their mouth. Porridge boil rotten rotten, quickly melted in your mouth. I said to my father: "dad, you can endure to laba rice porridge is really nice." The father said, "you drink a bowl of laba porridge, you will happy auspicious." Listen to father said these words, I feel very warm and happiness.

It’s beyond reproach that we will come across all kinds of difficulties and challenges in our life time .Some will be subjected to frequent sadness .Some will lose their way to move on .Thus,only when we equip ourselves with hope and courage can we finally succeed in the uncertain future.

Forrest Gump showed so great courage in the movie that he touched me a lot . For one thing,no matter when and where Jenny got into trouble ,Forrest Gump would bring her out of it without thinking how dangerous the situation would be .Maybe we should all fell ashamed that we love ourselves more than we love love ,but Forrest showed great courage in love .For another,Forrest gump risked his life to save Bubba in the ’s courage that helped Forrest gain a series of honor after war .Forrest Gump is beautiful for his perseverance and touches others with his courage.

A person can’t do without courage in terms of love and friendship ,let alone life . A weak person may avoid the difficulties ,but a person with courage will face up to it head-on. Therefore,let’equip ourselves with great courage.

【参考译文】

我们一生中遇到各种困难和挑战是无可指责的，有些人会经常悲伤，有些人将失去前进的道路，只有当我们有希望和勇气时，我们才能在不确定的将来取得成功。

阿甘在电影中表现出如此大的勇气，他深深地打动了我。对于一件事，无论何时何地，詹妮陷入了麻烦，阿甘会带她出来不思考如何危险的情况会。也许我们都应该感到惭愧，我们爱自己比我们更爱的爱，但福雷斯特表现出了巨大的勇气的爱。另一方面，阿甘冒着生命危险去救Bubba在战争中，它的勇气使福雷斯特战争后获得一系列荣誉。阿甘是美丽的他的毅力和触动别人的勇气。

在爱情和友谊方面，一个人不能没有勇气，更不用说生活了。弱者可以逃避困难，但有勇气的人会勇敢地面对困难。因此，让我们以极大的勇气武装自己。

When we were children, we often say that I want to grow up, or I want to be an adult. As children, we cannot do many things, while after we grow up, we can. However, we often complain that I don’t want to grow up when we become adults actually.

当我们还是小孩子的时候，我们常说，我要长大，或者我想成为大人。作为孩子，有很多事情我们都不能做，但是长大后，却可以做。然而，当我们真的长大之后，我们却常常抱怨不想长大。

Firstly, growing up means more responsibilities. We should make a living by ourselves or we should support our parents when they can’t earn enough money to make a living. Secondly, after graduation, we need to work instead of accomplishing nothing. We should have a target and work for it, so we have pressure on jobs. After that, when we meet with the right person, we will get marry with him or her to build a family. That is to say, we have heavier burden because of our family. Building a family and keeping it harmonious is not easy. In a word, there are many problems waiting for us once we grow up.

首先，成长意味着更多的责任。我们要自己谋生，或者在我们父母无法养活自己的时候，要赡养父母。其次，大学毕业后，我们需要工作而不是什么都不做。我们应该有目标，并朝着它工作，因此我们有了工作的压力。之后，当我们会遇到合适的人，我们会和他或她结婚并一起建立一个家庭。也就是说，因为我们自己的家庭，我们的负担加重了。组建一个和谐的家庭并不容易。总之，一旦我们长大了就会有很多问题在等着我们。

Every coin has two sides. Grow up can also broaden our horizon, offer us an opportunity to know more about our world, love and protect the important person in our life. Don’t be afraid of growing up, just be a better person and enjoy our life.

每个硬币都有两面性。长大了可以拓宽我们的视野，使我们有更多的机会地了解我们的世界，爱和保护我们生命中重要的人。不要害怕长大，那只是让你成为一个更好的人，并享受生活。

纯干货｜英语专业学生这样练写作（以议论文和说明文为例）

正如个人页面所显示的那样，本人英语专业毕业，获英语专业八级证书，现从事英语文案工作。在校期间，曾参加过“外研社杯”全国英语写作大赛（浙江赛区）三等奖。说实话，这样的成绩并不令人骄傲，但过去的学术经历让我形成自己关于英语写作的一些心得和想法，此时此刻将它们整理出来，以大学生英语学习阶段较为常见的议论文和说明文为例，总结一些干货与你们分享。

【第一部分：议论文】

回想当年“外研社杯”全国英语写作大赛学校海选阶段，复赛名单出来之后老师与我们分享了他们当时改作文时的体验：许多同学的文章没有一个明确的框架结构，或者结构比较散落，影响了文章的质量。而所有进入复赛的同学，文章结构相对合理清晰，能够得到改卷老师的认可。可见，一个好的文章结构对于一篇文章来说尤为重要。

说实话，在很少背模板结构或句型的大前提下，我始终恪守着自己的议论文结构。在我看来，这样的结构赶紧利落，明确清晰，可适用于几乎所有的议论文，这个结构如下图。

那么就以“冰桶挑战”这个曾经的热门话题为例吧，之所以想选这个话题是因为不管是当年的写作比赛复赛试题还是专八考试的作文题，都以这个为背景出现。虽然具体题目有所差异，但本质还是不变的。简单来说，我们假设题目是Should Ice Bucket Challenge be Advocated?

在作答两份试题的时候，我均持否定意见，于是我的文章大概结构是这样的：

Paragraph One：

描述冰桶挑战的背景。这里需要指出的是往往试题中会有一段文字介绍的就是相关背景，而部分学生往往不乐意自己思考而选择照搬照抄，这是写作的大忌。批卷的老师是绝对不会愿意给一个缺乏自己思考的学生以高分的。在这种情况下，必须要以自己的语言来进行描述，至少也是对于题目中已给背景作出paraphrase.此过程中需牢记一个原则：简明扼要。在第一段最后，提出自己的观点：From my perspective, the action of Ice Bucket Challenge should't be advocated.

Paragraph Two：

第二段开头需要一句话来进行上下文的过渡，类似于：There are three reasons to support my point of view. / Three reasons will be provided in the following paragraphs to support my opinion.紧接着直截了当放上自己的第一个论据: In the first place, due to the reality that the physical conditions of different people vary, Ice Bucket Challenge can be a threat to some people's health. 接下来举相关的例子或理由来说明，比如某某某因为进行冰桶挑战而感冒了指出冰桶挑战并不值得提倡。

Paragraph Three/ Four:

三四两段的结构同第二段，只是不再需要过渡的语句可直接提出论据，比如：That some people tend to pay more attention to the stars who take the challenge and therefore ignore the real significance of the challenge is the second reason why I am not in favor of it./ To some extent, Ice Bucket Challenge is a waste of water, which servers as the third reason for my negative attitude towards Ice Bucket Challenge.然后同样，举出相关的例子或理由加以证明。

Paragraph Five:

进行对上文的总结，比如：Taking  into consideration what has been mentioned above, I firmly hold that it is not wise to advocate Ice Bucket Challenge.总结往往要多于一句话，因此可以再次总结一下上文的内容以不一样的语言展现出来。但需要注意的是：结尾不应该出现新的话题和内容，因为往往新的内容没有经过论述或证明，缺乏说服性。

一篇好的文章，定是以丰富的词汇以及句型表达构成的。词汇部分，不一定要使用多么高级的表达，但尽量避免出现初高中生的高频单词，比如many，make me sad之类的，试着用新的词汇去代替那些烂大街的词。比如用“plenty of”"tons of"代替“many”，比如用“A sense of sorrow came to my mind when...”代替原来想要表达的“...make me sad.”以及还有最最经典的，用“an increasing number of”代替“more and more.”

句型部分，在涉及到议论文的时候，很频繁地会运用到“我认为...”“我的观点是...”，可怕的是，部分学生通篇文章下来，到处可见的只有"I think...",最多偶尔加个“I believe...”使得文章显得索然无味，其实，用以表达观点的句式并不少，只要稍微变换一下句型即可，比如：I hold the view that…； From my perspective,+内容;  As far as I am concerned, +内容; My firm belief locates in that…等等。

此外，既然是formal writing，句式就不宜过于简单。过于重复的简单句叠加会让批卷的老师形成该学生英语水平不高的印象。适当使用从句、分句，简单句和复杂句交替使用，方能写成一篇好文章。

在已经具备良好结构和多样词汇句型的前提下，清晰的逻辑关系就显得尤为重要。在我看来，逻辑关系在议论文中主要体现在两个方面。一是提出的论据和论点的关系，二是论据与加以支持的例子和理由的关系。只有这两层逻辑关系清晰，论据能充分证明论点，理由和例子能完全支持论据，才能使自己笔下的这篇议论文站住脚。

【第二部分：说明文】

说明文和议论文在许多方面的要求可以通用，尤其是词汇和句型的多样表达。逻辑关系上，对于说明文的要求就在于整篇文章均能充分说明自己想要表达的话题即可。结构方面，我最提倡的说明文的结构还是总-分-总，做到收尾呼应。第一段简明扼要指出自己想要说明的事物/事情，第二到第四段从不同的方面加以说明，最后一段总结陈词。

以我当时写作比赛的说明文为例，题目要求大概是几位来自国外的同学来你校交换，请从不同方面介绍你的学校，并对他们表示欢迎。在文章的第一段，我就写明本篇文章的目的，不仅对于他们的到来表示了欢迎，同时指出在本篇文章中会简要介绍我们学校以便他们能更好地适应这里的生活。第二段到第四段，我分别从学习（课程，老师和同学），生活（宿舍条件，基本设备）以及课外活动三个方面加以论述，最后一段进行总结。最终的成绩告诉我，我的文章在一定程度上得到了认可。

英语写作水平的提高绝非是一朝一夕就能完成的事，需要持之以恒的积累和练习。在这里，想提出五点建议，相信对于写作水平的提高有所帮助。

英语写作考察的是formal writing.然而作为native language是中文的我们，很容易就写成了中式英语。多读英语原著，熟悉地道的英语表达会对英语写作有不少帮助。此外，说不定无意中记住的原著中的句子就成了自己英语文章中出彩的加分句，这也会是意外的收获。

无疑，英语语法的学习是枯燥和乏味的，但不可否认，如果一篇文章语法错误连篇，其他部分无论写的多么精彩也无法成为一名佳作。所以在平时的时候多翻翻语法书，把其当作是工具书，随时随地查漏补缺自己的语法漏洞，掌握正确的句型表达方法。

正如前面提到过的那样，出彩丰富的词汇和句型能为自己的文章增光添彩。所以无论是是平时课堂学习，还是做课外延伸阅读，需要培养自己记录佳词佳句的好习惯，然后把它们以合适的方式运用到自己的文章中。

现在大学生阶段的作文越来越与社会接轨，比如我在前面提到的“冰桶挑战”，就是某一个时间段的热点。尽管文章的要求里基本会涉及某事件的发生背景及主要概况，但是事先对于相关事件的知识储备无疑会增强我们写作的信心并提供有力的帮助，这就要求我们在平时保持关注时事热点的好习惯。

俗话说，“光说不练假把式，”勤于练习能帮助发现自己的不足，以明确今后自己努力方向。麻烦有经验的老师指正修改是提高自己写作水平的有效方式之一。通过老师的指导，我们能获得更多的灵感，拓宽自己的思维，从而取得更大的进步。

最后，愿每个努力的人都能被温柔以待，愿辛勤的汗水能浇灌出写作水平提升的花朵，也愿这篇文章能给予你哪怕一丝的灵感。