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维米尔研究论文

发布时间:2023-03-04 17:21

维米尔研究论文

研究生论文?其实可以买本维米尔的画册,里边都有。

你要的资料帮你找来了。

这里全都有。

《花边女工》:
The Lacemaker
c. 1669-1670
Oil on canvas transferred to panel(布面油画,转移到木板基底上)
23.9 x 20.5 cm (9 13/32 x 8 1/2 in.)
Musée du Louvre, Paris(巴黎卢浮宫)
""The Lacemaker" is another small scale painting, nearly dwarfed by its impressive wooden frame. Unlike the more contemplative figures in Vermeer's work, the subject here is very active, intensely focused on a physical activity. As opposed to the full-figure compositions, where furniture and drapery act to facilitate or deflect the viewer's visual entry, "The Lacemaker" brings the subject dramatically to the foreground. As a result, the viewer is drawn into a powerful emotional engagement with the work. Although the composition is quite shallow, there are different depths of field that draw the viewer into the canvas. The forms nearest the eye are unfocused, which encourages the viewer to pass on to the more distinctly defined middleground.

"The intimacy is accentuated by the small scale, personal subject matter, and natural composition. The lacemaker's total preoccupation with her work is indicated through her confined pose. The use of yellow, a dynamic, psychologically strong hue, reinforces the perception of intense effort. Contrasts of form serve to animate the image. For example, her hairstyle expresses her essential nature - both tightly constrained and, in the loose ringlet behind her left shoulder, rhythmically flowing. Another strong contrast exists between the tightly drawn threads she holds and the smoothly flowing red and white threads in the foreground. The precision and clearness of vision demanded by her work is expressed in the light accents that illuminate her forehead and fingers.

"The diffused ocular effect of the foreground objects, especially the threads, was definitely derived from a camera obscura image. Vermeer used the informal, close framing of the composition suggested by the camera obscura to accentuate the realistic, immediate impact of the painting. Contemporary Dutch painting portrayed industriousness as an allegory of domestic virtue, While the inclusion of the prayer book pays fealty to this theme, it is a secondary concern to the depiction of the handicraft of lacemaking, and, in the highest sense, the creative act itself. Once again, Vermeer succeeded in transforming a transitory image into one of eternal truth."

《拿天平的女子》

Woman Holding a Balance
c. 1664
Oil on canvas(布面油画)
40.3 x 35.6 cm (15 7/8 x 14 in.)
National Gallery of Art, Washington(华盛顿国家画廊)

"This painting has been known until recently as "The Goldweigher" or "Girl Weighing Pearls". Microscopic analysis, however, has revealed the pans of the balance to be empty. The highlight on the pans is not rendered with lead-tin yellow, which is used elsewhere on the canvas to depict gold. Vermeer represented pearls with a thin gray layer topped with a white highlight. The pan highlight is a single layer. In addition, there no loose pearls on the table that would indicate other pearls waiting to be weighed.

This seemingly trivial analysis as to what is being weighed actually bears importantly on the meaning of the work. For "Woman Holding a Balance" is overtly allegorical. The woman stands between a depiction of the Last Judgment hung in a heavy black frame and a table covered with jewelry representing material possessions. The empty scale stresses that she is balancing spiritual rather than material considerations. Vermeer's portrayal does not impart a sense of tension or conflict, rather the woman exudes serenity. Her self-knowledge is reflected in the mirror on the wall. Vermeer's point is that we should lead lives of moderation with full understanding of the implications of a final judgment.

The composition is designed to focus attention on the small and delicate balance being held. The woman's arms act as a frame, with the small finger of her right hand extended to echo the horizontal lever of the balance. The bottom of the painting frame is even altered to provide a partial niche for the scales. The frame ends higher in front of the woman than it does behind her. The complex interplay between verticals and horizontals, objects and negative space, and light and shadow results in a strongly balanced, yet still active composition. The scales are balanced, but dynamically asymmetrical. A cleaning in 1994 revealed previously undetectable gold trim on the black frame that provides a tonal link to the yellow of the curtain and the woman's costume.

"Vermeer has endowed "Woman Holding a Balance" with more overtly allegorical context than his other domestic scenes. As such, it loses some of the invitingly subjective interpretation of a less direct work such as "Woman in Blue Reading a Letter". Nevertheless, Vermeer's masterful composition and execution produced a powerful and moving work."

维米尔的部分作品

尽管有关维米尔声望的争论持续了一个多世纪,但他的作品却不容忽视,且备受尊重。令人困惑的是:这些大多以描绘17世纪一个有着25,000人口的荷兰小城——德尔夫特家居生活为内容的绘画,怎么会成为欧洲人关注的中心。维米尔好像是个慢工出细活的人。他一生没有画很多画,其中也很少表现什么重大的场面。很难论述到底是什么原因使这样简单而平实的画成为古往今来最伟大的杰作之一。它的神奇特点大概还能够被描述出来,不过很难解释清楚。维米尔绘画的艺术特点之一,就是他无意于情节上的引人入胜,而是着力从平凡、普通的生活场面中发掘诗意。维米尔显然没有伦勃朗的雄厚博大,也不如哈尔斯那样豪放不羁,但却颇能以朴实真挚的抒情打动人心。这位在德尔夫特土生土长、很可能从未出过国门一步的画家,画的是自己身边的生活和女性。有一幅名为《写信的女人与女佣》作品,描绘的是在房间的一个角落,光线从窗户照射进来,两位女子站在一帧大幅油画前——在桌旁写信的女子和婷立远眺的女佣。人们会注意两位女子间的差别:女主人和卖弄风情的女佣,上下两个不同的阶层。然而,维米尔也注意到穿着相似的艳俗绿色衣裙的两位女子之间既有区别又有联系的关系。女主人低头写信,而另一个并未侍侯她的主人,却抬头往别处张望。人们也许会想到:绘画的艺术促使维米尔考虑到一个女人的两面性而把她分解成两个造形来表现。但在最初的视觉印象之后,人们开始注意此画的奇妙之处。再看画中的人物,维米尔向我们展示了更多的东西:颇具魅力的女主人的袖边和她左肩上的衣饰是灰绿色的,而右肩已变白。她左肩后面的墙是令人惊异的苍白,墙上坑坑洼洼的表层与暗色的袖子形成反差。而对照右肩袖子亮白,墙上呈现一片灰朦朦的调子,从窗户射入的光线并没有对画面起什么效果。一般说来,在维米尔的作品中,人物周围的光线和显示人物轮廓的光是很杂乱的。在这些精心构思的作品中存在着混乱的说法也许让人难以接受,然而,这种光的效果在这幅画中明显地表现出来,但人物的精巧构图分散了我们注意力。各种各样的恐怖潜藏在没有光线的阴暗之中,我逐渐感到维米尔画中的人物都向往着消除恐惧的柔和光线。在《写信的女人与女佣》中,人们注意到,维米尔非常看重手指的放置,一只手臂上的手指显得特别亮,而另一只手臂的手没露出手指(尽管使人能够联想到一个拇指),这种空缺被多次发现:在没拇指的《花边女工》、《小巷》中在门边缝纫的遮没脸部的妇女的手。在《读信的蓝衣女子》、《拿水杯的少妇》、《用珍珠项链打扮自己的少妇》、《称天平的女子》作品中,人们可以看到光线都是漫射而下,每个妇女都摆着专注于某事的姿态,近处是桌子或椅子,后面的墙壁上有地图或油画。在这些作品中,有两个妇女的头部精心地包裹在头帕里,另外两个妇女的头部裸露着。她们有的在读信,双手举在胸前;有的右胳膊前伸,手扶窗框,另一只手拿着水杯的把手;有的在戴项链,双手举至喉咙附近;有的在审视天平,一手抬起拿着天平,另一只稍低的手倚在桌旁。她们的面部都是没有表情的,相比较手却有许多细微的变化。若用蒙德里安的眼光来看待维米尔,在某种意义上,可把这四个妇女的形象看作是一种不断重复的创造。这虽是部分人的观点,但却是有根据的。维米尔绘画的特点之二是作品充满神秘感。技术检查表明,《称天平的女子》中的女主角并不忙于称量她的财宝(X光检查证明,称盘里闪光的东西并不是人们猜想的金子,而是空盘)。但在后人了解这个称盘之前,维米尔已通过表现她拿着天平的紧张的小手指和压在桌面上的另一只手的手指,暗示她刚称过天平并没有可恶的虚荣心。如此一个注意力专注的画家却把原先画好的东西从画面中取出来,这似乎很奇怪。总之,人们理解了维米尔探索的目的:几乎像实验室,在特定的绘画体系下,把某种人与自然的现象作为不断研究的题材。维米尔绘画的艺术特点之三,是他的表现手法中运用漫射光线的微妙变化。维米尔在表现物体的质地、色彩和形状上达到了煞费苦心的绝对精确,却又不使画面看起来有任何费力或刺目之处。像一位摄影师有意要缓和画面的强烈对比却不使形状模糊一样,维米尔使轮廓线柔和了,然而却无损其坚实、稳定的效果。正是柔和与精确二者的奇特无比的结合使他的最佳之作如此令人难以忘怀。它们让我们以新的眼光看到了一个简单场面的静谧之美,也让我们认识到艺术家在观察光线色彩时有何感觉。维米尔画中的室内景物始终是那些:“米什兰”老屋及新居的房间;左侧的窗扇;土耳其桌毯、蓝天鹅绒靠背的椅子、镌刻着“音乐是欢乐的伙伴、是医治忧伤的良药”一语的那架古钢琴及其它几件乐器、墙上挂着的荷兰地图,以及不同质地的日用器皿等……。但是,引人注目的是每幅画的光线都不一样,都有晨昏昼夕和强弱明暗的变化。这不仅使画面充满空间感,而且给他的狭小的天地抹上一层抒情的色彩:明亮而温暖的阳光给人以宁静的愉悦之感,朦胧而晦暗的冥色使人生出惆怅、忧郁之情。维米尔的光线就有这样的妙用。他的风景画在追求光的效果上,同样达到了惊人的造诣。《德尔夫特》堪称是一件“通体发光”的作品。考虑到维米尔比印象派对光的研究要早两个世纪,这就使人不得不对他表示由衷的钦佩。除了光线与色彩之外,维米尔的造型也颇有独到之处,似可用“简洁洗练、朴实凝重”个字加以概括。他注重用大色块描绘近似于几何形的大形体,而不屑于在细枝末节上作纤毫毕露的刻画。由于他的写实功力极深,他的作非但不失之于简陋单调,反而给人以深成大气的印象。《包头帕的少女》、《读信的蓝衣女子》、《用珍珠项链打扮自己的少妇》以及其它不少作品,都是“以少胜多”的典范。维米尔也许并不能吸引后现代时期的艺术家,许多评论家认为:当今众多的艺术著作——将他奉为成功的典范,是迫于维米尔绘画的卓尔不群,甚至是神秘莫测。现今的评论家和艺术家是以同样的方式与世界相联系,报刊上随处可见艺术家表述自己作品的言论。但维米尔的绘画根本不需要语言,将这些绘画作品转变成语言是非常困难的,尽管它们已被大量的文字评论过。当人们一眼瞥见《德尔夫特》一画时,它最惹人注目的是什么?人们理解为什么普鲁斯特在《追忆似水流年》中有关作家伯戈特死于信仰的著名描写竟不能与维米尔画中一小块黄颜色的墙面(实际上是被阳光直射的屋顶)等量齐观。法国人在评论维米尔时就是这么认为的,他们将《德尔夫特》当作绘画典范加以崇拜。这种感觉是完全源自于作品的本质,而并不需要人们去经历画中表现的一切。别的绘画作品能够这样吗?维米尔在人们的遗忘中“破土而出”,仅仅是上个世纪的事情。尽管今人对维米尔肃然起敬,尽管研究者蜂起,尽管专家们在“发掘” 维米尔的工作中做出很大努力,可是,关于这位“德尔夫特的斯芬克斯”是怎样绘制油画作品《德尔夫特》的,是哪个时期、用什么技法手段完成的,至今仍是个迷。有许多文字资料称《德尔夫特》完成于1660年,并用了类似照相机的暗箱来观察物象,但最新的一些资料显示出作品的真实完成年代与先前人们认为的时间(1660)相左。美的令人屏息,头戴桂冠的女子,身着繁复的华服,拿着长长的喇叭,托着过于沉重的书,整个人在晨光中发亮,神情一如中国诗人徐志摩的意境:最是那一低头的温柔,像一多水莲花不胜凉风的娇羞。这幅名为《绘画艺术》的作品,是17世界荷兰画家维梅尔的最爱,即使是最贫困时也拒绝出售,直到死后,被拿去抵债。但维梅尔决不会料到,在20世纪,该画以165万德国马克被世界上最邪恶的买家购得,他就是希特勒。

写关于油画风景的毕业论文怎么命题?怎么写? 急急急!

思路一 写油画风景教学类的 比如 油画风景的构图 油画风景绘画手法
思路二 对风景大师绘画的分析 比如 列维坦 希施金 柯罗

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