英语主题阅读论文

英语主题阅读论文

在高中英语学习中,阅读是高中英语学习的重要组成部分,同时也是高中生英语学习成绩好坏的关键。　下文是我为大家蒐集整理的关于的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!

浅谈高中英语阅读教学优化策略

摘要：阅读是吸收，教师一定要注意要学生吸收知识，然后才能运用知识进行创新。所以，优化高中英语阅读教学要从找到适合学生学习的方法入手，因材施教，培养学生良好的阅读习惯，从阅读和写作两方面提升学生的整体素质。

关键词：高中英语;优化阅读;学习方法;阅读能力;因材施教

高中英语的学习目的一定要明确，就是要发展学生的自主学习能力和合作探究能力，在进一步发展语言综合能力的同时，着重提高高中生英语的筛选资讯和处理资讯能力，提高学生提出问题、分析问题和解决问题的能力，以提高学生用英语进行思维和表达的能力。高中英语课程应该进一步拓宽国际视野，增强其爱国主义教育，为其提供个性化的、丰富多样的选择机会和表现的空间。对于高中生的英语阅读要求是学生要能阅读一般英文原著，概括故事主要情节，了解主要人物的性格特点，能依据文字背景及上下文来猜测其不熟悉的语文现象，培养学生浓厚的学习英语的习惯和阅读英语刊物的习惯，能够利用工具书、网路等获得和处理资讯。

一、优化阅读教学一定要找到适合学生的学习方法，培养学生良好的阅读习惯

习惯成自然，阅读能力的高低取决于两大方面，一个是阅读速度的快慢，另一个是阅读理解的程度深浅。高中英语教师在进行教学或训练的时候，一定要让学生养成良好的阅读习惯，从而达到高中英语大纲提出的每分钟读不少于60个词的要求。学生在阅读英语文章时不要读出声音，最好用手带动眼球向前移动，眼睛跟着手指往下看，不要用手或笔指著所读的每行文字。默读时要逐句、逐段地扩大视距，不能逐字、逐句读下去，读的时候更不能摇头晃脑。学生在阅读的过程中要依据上下文或常识来推测词义，不能一遇到生词就去查字典。若是为了更有效地利用时间，教师可以让学生先读后面的习题，带着习题采用逆向思维法去读文章，更有助于答题速度的提升。

二、高中英语教师优化阅读可以因材施教

高中学生好奇心较强，对周围的事物非常敏感，也有了自己的人生观、价值观，他们不满足于教科书上的知识，总是想获得更多的资讯，学出乐趣来。他们不愿意死记一些知识，而是希望学以致用，把所学到的知识运用到生活中去，在运用中得到更好地提升。优化阅读教学可以满足学生的心理差异和学习的要求，促进其更好地成长。

三、高中英语教师优化阅读教学主体倾向于阅读课文的交际化与整体化

阅读是吸收，阅读课文具有很多项功能，它既能通过课文来学习高中英语的语法，扩充词汇，掌握句型，又可以学习英语阅读的技巧。教学过程的实质就是学生在教师的引导下掌握知识和技能的过程。一般的高中英语课堂按照以下三个环节来设定：汇入环节，让学生整体感知知识，对文字有个整体的把握;然后就是精读教材，边读边理解，并学习相关知识及相关技能;最后是练习，通过反复的复习巩固和运用知识，从而形成一种能力。这三步是缺一不可，密不可分的。高中英语阅读汇入环节的设定，以学生自学为主，预习知识，整体感知。如果学生的基本素质良好，能够清晰地理清文字的脉络，运用联想和想象准确地把握文章的内容。为了让学生更快、更好地进入状态，教师可以运用不同形式的汇入：如设定情景式。教师可以依据课本内容，提出一系列激发学生阅读兴趣的问题，让学生带着任务去阅读文章，从而对书面资讯的理解就会产生一定的目标性，可以更有效地提高学生的阅读质量。

高中英语教师也可以采用话题讨论或图片实物形式均可，这些直观的材料或图片可以有效地激发学生的学习兴趣，放松学习前的紧张心情。在阅读的过程中，如果学生遇到了一些生字词，可以运用联络的观点来看待，运用旧词联络用词的方式让学生去掌握不熟悉的新知识。以上种种汇入方式的最终目的都是启用学生的思维，激发学生的学习兴趣，让学生带着兴趣去学习，变被动式阅读为主动式求知，从而有利于学生阅读技巧的总解和能力的提升。高中英语精读教材环节，没有读无从谈理解，这是一个从感性认识到理性认知的过程，学生对阅读有了感性认识后，结合教材进行精读，从而为下一环节的练习打下夯实的基础。学生可以先粗读全文，找出中心句或主旨句，从而掌握文章的主要内容或中心思想，这是阅读文章的第一要务。如果课后习题有对某一细节的考查，那么学生要放开那些无关轻重的句子，选择这几个重点的句子进行理解和掌握。若所选文字是精品，教师可以让学生通过品读来分析其语言特点。

教师力求让学生从所读的内容中启用思想，创造性地对待课文所提供的知识与结论。最后，当把课后习题完成之后，可以运用逆向思维法让学生对习题进行检查，从而提高做题的正确度，掌握本节课所需掌握的基本知识和基本技能。高中英语优化阅读巩固与运用的环节。当学生理解了教材，完成了习题，掌握了相关知识点后，为了让学生掌握得更加熟练，防止遗忘，教师可以设计多种形式的训练，让学生学来的知识在训练中得到巩固提高。

众所周知，要让学生从理解原理，到掌握理论是两个层面的问题，掌握理论知识能不能运用到习题当中，又是一个知识转化为能力的关口。学生要想具备举一反三、触类旁通的能力，就一定要运用多种多样的形式进行练习，在运用知识反复练习中会逐步地掌握一些答题的技巧和能力，从而提高学习的质量，改进练习的方法。复习巩固知识的方法一般靠提问题来解决，问题的设定也可以层层递进，如教师可以先设定记忆性问题的考查，然后再进行理解性和应用性考查，最后进行创造性和评价性考查。教师为了优化阅读成果也可以让学生复述课文，可以让学生先记住提纲，再记下来关键词、关键句，最后连成文章。对于一些情境性较强的文章，教师也可以让学生来进行角色扮演，分角色朗读，让学生产生身临其境之感，从而更深刻地体会文章的内涵。

综上所述，高中英语教师优化阅读教学要做到因材施教，找到一些适合学生学习的方法，培养学生良好的阅读习惯，并让学生进行练笔，从而以读带写，以写促读，最后达到阅读能力的飞跃提升，培养成符合社会发展的全面人才!

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高中英语阅读参考论文范例

阅读教学作为整个高中英语教学的重要组成部分，在英语教学中占据着重要的地位。一直以来，在高中英语教学中，无论从高中英语课程的设定、教材的选编、还是从高中教学中阅读课所占的课时比重等方面来看，阅读教学都占据重要的位置。下文是我为大家蒐集整理的关于的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!

浅析高中英语阅读技巧

高中英语阅读的要求与初中有较大差别：文章词数增多，生词量增大，组篇方式复杂，文章资讯量较大，文章内容比较成人化，并具有一定的文化意识要求。阅读理解在高考中占据很大的比重，而且越来越注重能力的测试。因此，在高中英语学习中必须掌握最基本的三种阅读理解技巧：猜测词义、难句理解和语篇理解。

一、 猜测词义

《英语课程标准》六级阅读技能目标提出六级为高中最低目标：能利用上下文和句子结构猜测词义。猜词能力是英语阅读最基本的能力之一。高考阅读文章也允许出现2%-3%不注汉语的生词。因此，从高一起阅读文章中就铺设了适当比例的生词。碰到生词切勿惊慌，因为它们不是孤立存在的，也不是高深莫测的。只要抓住一定的线索就可以猜出，并加以理解。猜词有两个步骤：寻找线索和确定意义。线索多种多样，可依据构词法、定义解释、对比关系、因果关系和上下文暗示“顺藤摸瓜”。

1. 构词法

Shantzis believes his system could help recycled materials bee more costeffective.

初看起来，costeffective不得而知。细心观察，它是由cost和effective合成，effective是effect加字尾派生而来。既然“成本有效”，就是“划算的”。构词法线索在猜词中用得最多。2009年江苏高考阅读理解A篇中就有六个可以根据构词法猜测词义的生词：emotionally有感情地，originally原来， conditioning规定，consequently结果， sociable好交际的，respond反应。

2. 定义解释

Decision-thinking is not unlike poker...This card game has often been of considerable interest to people.

从解释的内容不难看出，poker是一种多人玩的、有趣的卡片游戏。由此猜测为“扑克”。另外还可以从发音来验证，“扑克”poker之音译。定义、解释形式多样，有定语从句、同位语、并列句，甚至用破折号引出补充说明，等等。

3. 对比关系

Thousands of people got stuck in lifts. But no one was afraid. We passed the time by telling stories.

数千人困在电梯中，应该情况不妙。But转折了人们的境况。其线索是对比转折。如果猜测为“受伤”、“窒息”、“沮丧”还不妥贴。根据下文“讲故事消磨时间”，应推断为“惊恐”。

4. 因果关系

The biggest power failure happened yesterday. All of our ice cream and frozen foods melted.

后一句承接前一句。前一句的情况导致后一句的结果。线索是因果关系。既然停电，冰淇淋、冰冻食品化冻是必然结果。猜测为“融化”。

5. 上下文暗示

We had lots of candles on the table and the waiters were carrying candles on their trays.

从上文得知静止的蜡烛放在餐桌上，侍者随身带着的蜡烛不会放在口袋里，不会放在头顶，而是放在端菜的“浅盘”中。

再看例项，猜出画线生词的含义，并说出线索依据：

1. Modern medicine began with the stethoscope, a medical tool used for listening to the movements of a person’s lungs and his heartbeats.

2. Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.

3. The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow.

4. Most of fishes have slimy skins covered with scales, so it is difficult to get firm hold of them.

5. The passengers’ belongings on the train are stored in their holdalls, boxes, baskets and netbags.

1. 听诊器，定义解释;2. 肮脏，对比关系;3. 浑浊，因果关系;4. 滑溜的，鱼鳞，上下文暗示;5. 拥有物，行李包，网袋，构词法。

二、 难句理解

文章中的难句，犹如拦路虎，让你无法理解全篇，令人望而生畏。高考趋势之一就是难句增多，型别多变，不但测试考生的阅读技能，也测试考生的智力水平和心理素质。难句一般是长句、省略句和倒装句。

长句是一些并列句、复合句，或者有多种形式的定语、状语、插入语，或者伴有分隔、倒装、省略，盘根错节，令人眼花缭乱。其实，再长的句子，只要能抓住结构中的关键词，问题就迎刃而解了。结构中的关键词是指分句、意群的引导词或起始词。找到分句的引导词，就能发现各个分句的主谓语，最后用化整为零的办法，各个击破。抓住意群的起始词就能理清各个语法成分，以及它们之间的关系。请看例句：

Decision-thinking is not unlike poker―it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think.

此句含有29个单词，语法结构复杂。从概貌上看, 破折号前是一个简单句，破折号引出一个补充说明的句子。结构关键词是not only...but also, what, what, and what。抓住引导词后，再确定各个主谓语。由此分析得知，it是形式主语，真实主语是三个主语从句，三个主语从句由not only...but also和and 连线。在第二个主语从句中带有宾语从句，第三个主语从句中，也带有宾语从句，而且宾语从句又带宾语从句，重重叠叠。全句可直译为：作出决定的思维就像打扑克，不仅你所思考的问题常常是要紧的，而且其他人认为你所考虑的问题，和你思考其他人认为你所考虑的问题也常常是要紧的。

再看怎样抓住结构关键词，并将它们化整为零：

In particular, he showed that all games fall into two classes: there are what he called games of“perfect rmation”, games like chess where the players can’t hide anything or play tricks: they don’t win by chance, but by means of logic and skills.

这是一个44个单词的松散长句。首先要找到分句和意群的关键词：that, what, games, where, not...but，另外两个冒号，一个逗号在句中也很重要，它们都表示补充说明或者同位关系。理清基本结构后，可以将长句分解为以下六句：

1. In particular, he showed that all games fall into two classes.

2. There are games which he called games of perfect rmation.

3. The games are like chess.

4. In the games the players can’t hide anything or play tricks.

5. They don’t win by chance.

6. They win by means of logic and skills.

长句就是由这些简单的分句用结构连词串连而成，一旦将它们一一拆开，就化难为易，一目了然。

难句的另一形式是省略句和倒装句，而且这类难句在高考中出现得越来越多，越来越活。在理解省略句、倒装句时使用“恢复原状”法是非常有效的。请看江苏高考任务型阅读中的省略句：So, the munication begins with the self, as defined largely by others, and involves others, as defined largely by the self.

句中含两个as省略句，如果分析省去了什么，并将它们补全就不难理解。此句as后省去it is，全句意义为“按照别人所定义，交流开始于自身;按照自己所定义，交流也涉及别人”。再请看江苏高考另一篇中的倒装句：

Under this is bedrock through which water cannot percolate.

只要将主语和表语对调位置，即恢复原状就很容易理解，意为“水不能渗透的岩层就在这一层下面”。

三、 语篇理解

语篇理解主要有两层含义：文章的整体理解和文章的深层理解。整体理解即通过阅读把握文章的结构脉络，提取、分析主要资讯，归纳概括主旨大意。深层理解即获得字里行间的隐含资讯，准确领会生词和某些活用单词的特定意义，推理判断作者的言外之意。整体理解与深层理解是密不可分，相互依存的。要想很好地进行语篇理解，必须注意三点：

1. 第一遍快速阅读时，就要有意识地找出文章的主题句和段落的主题句，从而了解文章全貌，理清层次关系，把握文脉主线。大多数主题句是段落的起始句和结束句。

2. 第一遍快速阅读中碰到难词、难句时，可以再读一遍该句，抓住要领后再往下阅读。尽量不在第一遍阅读中留下“隐患”，也避免难句的理解偏差影响下文的阅读。

3. 在做题时，有必要再次扫读、搜寻相关资讯，并谨防被词句的表面意义所迷惑。要剔除与上下文和主题思路相违背的一些表面意义，搜寻到深层的隐含资讯。

请阅读以下例子，并完成有关题目：

Olaf Stapledon wrote a book called First and Last Men, in which he looked millions of years ahead. He told of different men and of strange civilizations文明, broken up by long“dark ages”in between. In his view, what is called the present time is no more than a moment in human history and we are just the First Men. In 2,000 million years from now there will be the Eighteenth or Last Men.

However, most of our ideas about the future are really very short-sighted. Perhaps we can see some possibilities for the next fifty years. But the next hundred?The next thousand?The next million?That’s much more difficult.

When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago, how could they even begin to picture modern life?Yet to men of 50,000 years from now, we may seem as primitive原始的 in our ideas as the Stone-Age hunters do to us. Perhaps they will spend their days gollocking to make new spundels, or struggling with their ballalators through the cribe. These words, which I have just made up, have to stand for things and ideas that we simply can’t think of.

So why even bother to try imagining life far in the future?Here are two reasons. First, unless we remember how short our own lives are pared with the whole human history, we are likely to think our own interests are much more important than they really are. If we make the earth a poor place to live on because we are careless or greedy or quarrelsome, our grandchildren will not bother to think of excuses for us.

Second, by trying to escape from present interest and imagine life far in the future, we may arrive at quite fresh ideas that we can use ourselves. For example, if we imagine that in the future men may give up farming, we can think of trying it now. So set your imagination free when you think about the future.

第一遍快速阅读后，我们已知此文体裁为论说文，共五小节。第一小节介绍概貌。二、三小节是一个层次，讲现代人很难看得很远。四、五小节为一个层次，讲想象未来生活的原因。一至四小节的主题句都是第一句。第五小节有总结全文的作用，说明想象未来是为了珍惜现在，主题句是最后一句，此句也是全文的主题句。文章中虽然难句、难词较多，但脉络结构理清后，对捕捉细节和深层资讯很有帮助。

首先在主题思想和文脉主线的牵引下理解这些单词、短语：

1. picture modern life 描绘现代生活

2. short-sighted 目光短浅的

3. Stone-Age 石器时代

4. bother 麻烦

5. excuses 借口

再看字里行间暗藏着什么，寻求这种深层资讯至少要思考三点：

1. 文章主题

2. 作者主旨

3. 隐含细节

文章主题上文已经分析。作者主旨为：现代人必须极目远望，想象未来，认识自己在宇宙长河中的时间价值，从而负起当前的应尽之责。至于隐含细节，必须先抓住表层资讯，由表及里，抓住本质。例如：第一小节表面上是介绍一本书。其实，作者通过介绍这本书，提出自己的论点，展示了全文的话题，也初步表明思想观点：“现代”仅是历史长河中之一瞬，人类文明的方式因为“时间”的分隔而截然不同。把握这些隐含资讯对理解后面四个小节的详论细述有很大帮助。

有些隐含资讯必须根据题目要求再次扫读才能有针对性地搜寻出来。题目中的选项迷惑性往往很强，因此，要善于排除干扰，拨开迷雾。这时也要注意分析题目的设题型别和拟题手法。例如：

1. A particular mention made of Stapledon’s book in the opening paragraph _______.

A. serves as a description of human history

B. serves as an introduction to the discussion

C. shows a disagreement of views

D. shows the popularity of the book

通过第一遍快速阅读已经得知其段落大意，再进行扫读，以加深对语篇意义的理解，找出正确答案。先看A，虽然这一小节提到“人类历史”，但不是着重描述人类历史。再看C，表面资讯有different men, strange civilizations, 但真实内容却未说观点分歧。选项D干扰性很强。虽然作者赞同Stapledon的观点，并以此展开全文，但通篇都未提到此书是否深受人们欢迎。从语篇理解看，D仅是一个旁外的话题。再看B，表面资讯是开篇部分，应是“汇入”。隐含资讯须全篇理解，全文都是围绕第一小节的话题展开的讨论，表面资讯与隐含资讯一致。B为正确选项。

2. The text discusses men and women 50,000 years ago and 50,000 years from now in order to show that_______.

A. human history is extremely long

B. life has changed a great deal

C. it is a useless plan for the next 50 years

D. it is difficult to tell what will happen in the future

从表面词句上看，似乎读懂第三小节，就可以回答此题。其实不然，因为A、B、C三项本身都是成立的，而且迷惑性很强。再次扫读二、三小节便受启发，第三小节是第二小节意思的延伸，进一步阐述远望未来的困难之处，论古说今，举例印证，都说明之“难”。因此D才是正确答案。

3. Spundels and ballalators are used in the text to refer to_______.

A. tools used in farming B. ideas about modern life

C. unknown things in the future D. hunting skills in the Stone Age

从表面资讯看，虚构单词指工具，先排除B和D。再次扫读得知不是农具，排除A。C是一个比较保险的正确选项。它们是未来不可知的东西。

4. According to the writer of the text, imagining the future will_______.

A. serve the interests of the present and future generations

B. enable us to better understand human history

C. help us to improve farming

D. make life worth living

测试推理能力，推断作者主旨。此题较好地运用了干扰选项和“答非所问”的拟题手法。B、C、D本身都是成立的，文中确实提到“人类历史”、“认真耕作”和“生活意义”。作者主旨是由这些个体组合而成，其中心思想是由它们提炼、浓缩而来，即尽管展望未来困难重重，人们还是应该想象未来。既然“现代”仅是一瞬，何不在这段历史时期尽心尽责，何不珍惜、爱护如今的世界呢?初定A为正确答案。但A项本身又有干扰资讯。最后一小节出现escape from present interest，似乎A不能选。其实文中这一部分是说明“想象未来的同时暂且不谈目前的个人利益，这能提高思想境界”，寓意还是“想象未来”，并不是说“想象未来”与目前的利益无关。由此搜寻到文章的“画外音”――想象未来既有利于现代，又造福于未来。A为正确选项。

语篇理解是较高层次的理解，也是如今高考试题的趋向和要求。

阅读理解的技巧无论合理性程度有多高，只有在实践中才能得到掌握和完善。运用所学的技巧多阅读，多琢磨，必有提高。

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求一篇关于 “如何提高英语阅读”的英语论文

Reading is one of the four basic skills which learners are required to master if they want to learn a foreign language. English reading can improve reader’s perception so as to give a lot of help to improve listening, speaking and writing. It can increase knowledge, widen their visions, and enhance their interest in English. However, in China, in foreign language learning, many learners seem to have difficulty in reading accurately and efficiently. To help the learner become a more efficient reader, it is crucial to improve their reading ability. This paper clearly states how we should improve reading ability by adopting the following methods: improving language knowledge, enlarging the reader’s schema, forming a good habit of reading, applying reading skills, be confident and active in reading. [Key words] reading ability; language knowledge; reading schema knowledge; reading skills 1. Introduction These days the influence of the English language is increasing. Today no matter you like it or not, English is the closet thing to a lingua franca around the globe; English is very widely used for business. Between different countries, most business letters around the world are written in English, and three quarters of the world’s books and newspapers are made in English. Reading is one of the four basic skills which learners are required to master if they want to learn a foreign language. English reading can improve reader’s perception so as to give a lot of help to improve listening, speaking and writing. It can increase knowledge, widen their visions, and enhance their interest in English. So it is clear that it’s very important to do a lot of English reading. But the problem is that many English learners seem to have difficulty in reading accurately and efficiently. Moreover, in various international and domestic examinations, English reading has taken larger and larger part. In this situation, how to improve English reading draws more and more attention. This paper tries to state some points as how to help English reader improve their reading ability. 2. Improve your language knowledge The language knowledge here mainly refers to vocabulary and grammar. Your language knowledge can help you read both fast and with high comprehension. 2.1 Vocabulary The English language has about 750, 000 words, and more new words are coming into use daily. Also, words are constantly being redefined. Each word takes additional meanings as time passes until it has many meanings. It has been proved that the readers with small store of vocabulary will find it very difficult in reading comprehension. How to solve this problem? According to the study of Hatch and Brown，learners' strategies for 1earning vocabulary fall into five essential steps: 1) having sources for encountering new words; 2) getting the forms of the new words; 3) learning the meanings of the words; 4)making a strong memory of the words; and 5) using the words. This word acquisition theory not only manifests the inner rule or vocabulary learning but also reveals the three important aspects of vocabulary learning: word form, word meaning and word use.[1] Therefore, we can build up our vocabulary from the following aspects: Firstly, learn about word formation. You can enlarge your vocabulary by using the rules of word formation, Many words in the English language are made up of word parts called roots, prefixes, and suffixes, like“ sad ”, “sadly”, “sadness”, and so on. Therefore, this method is used to help readers get the meaning of an unknown word by analyzing the word structure, which is by dividing words into usable parts such as roots, prefixes and suffixes. If you know a number of commonly used prefixes, roots and suffixes, they will be of use in unlocking the meanings of unknown words that you find in your reading. For example, when you know the word “courage”, “ encourage，discourage，courageous” will not be new to you.[2] Secondly, collect the new words you often meet in reading. That doesn’t mean encouraging you to consult the dictionary whenever you meet a new word in reading. The appropriate way is to try to guess the word meanings from context clues, from the words around it, and then you will gradually know the clear meaning of the word after meeting it often. And now, if you look it up in the dictionary, you will have a good memory of it. Thirdly, learn a certain number of new words by heart every day. Young students have good memories. It is possible for you to memorize some words every day without much difficulty. You can choose some words for yourself, which is very helpfu1. When you meet these words in your reading，you will feel easy, “Aha, I’ve known their meanings. ” You will feel confident and more interested in reading. 2.2 Grammar Language is composed of words and grammatical structures. The accurate rate of comprehension is based on the mastering degree of the words and grammar. In case of learning a language, for instance, a child or a beginner who learns a foreign language, learns some words first, then begins to get in touch with the regulation of sentence --grammar, then he can use words to make sentences himself. Only by understanding the rules of the game, you can win the game. Sometimes, we find some learners recite a large number of words and they can say the meaning of them as they see them, but when these words are arranged into a sentence, these learners cannot make sense of them. Why? That is because they are not familiar with grammar. Grammar is the skeleton, which produces the variety of different words combinations. We know that if you thread coins with a cord, you can carry away many coins at a time easily; if the coins scatter on the floor, it is hard to pick up every one. Grammar is like the cord to give life to the combination of words and make the expression diversified. It makes us know the approval, interrogatory or surprising tone and the like. Mastering grammar is the basic step to make progress on English reading. More exercises on grammar are all too good and no harm can come of it. Sometimes, in the reading, you will find that comprehension of an entire passage depends on your ability to understand a single sentence. Sentences, which are very long, sentences, which have more than one meaning, or sentences, which contain difficult grammatical patterns often, cause comprehension problems. In this case, readers should keep the following points in mind. (1) If the sentence is long, try to break it up into small parts: The general then added, “The only reasonable solution to the sort of problems caused by the current unstable political situation is one of diplomacy and economic measures and not the use of military force.” You should read the sentence like this:” The only reasonable solution to the sort of problems/caused by the current unstable political situation/is one of the diplomacy and economic measures/and not the use of military force.” (2) Look for key words that tell you the relationship within a sentence. “The West had sent armies to capture and hold Jerusalem; instead they themselves fell victim to new ideas and subtle influences,” “ Instead ”indicates that something happened contrary to expectations. 3. Enlarge your schema about various topics and things “The importance of reader’s knowledge of the world has been long emphasized in the reading processes. The role of this previously acquired knowledge in language comprehension has been formalized as schema theory.”[3] According to schema theory, comprehending a text is an interactive process between the reader’s background knowledge and the text. The more you already know, the less you need to find out. A good reader does not read passively only for the prepositional meaning of each sentence, but more importantly, he reads for the meaning at the pragmatic level. He can understand not only its surface meaning decided by vocabulary and grammar, but also the real purpose of the writer in using a particular piece of language. He does this by creating an effective discourse between himself and the writer to negotiate meaning. 4. Form a good habit of reading If you are reading for meaning，try to read fast. Some people read very slowly. They think that reading slowly helps them understand better. That is not right. As a mater of fact, the faster you read, the better you understand. The expression“haste makes waste” does not apply to reading. Remember, nothing hurts concentration more than reading too slowly. Your mind will keep up with your reading speed if you ask it to. By always reading at your top speed, you challenge your understanding and make it easier for your mind to concentrate on the materia1. To improve your reading speed, you must get rid of the following bad habits: a．Point at words or hold a pen or a pencil or ruler under the line while reading; b．Mumble the words to yourself or say the words in your mind，though other people cannot hear you reading; c．Read back from time to time; d．Stop reading at occurrence of the unknown words to look them up in the dictionary.[4] A good reader should develop a correct method of reading. That is to train himself to read attentively ( not to read back) and silently (not to read aloud), sentence by sentence, not word by word. Whenever meeting a new word, try to guess the meaning from the context. Consulting the dictionary from time to time not only affects one’s reading speed and the comprehension of the reading material, but also gets the reader frustrated. 5. Apply various reading skills 5.1 Prediction

怎么做英语阅读议论文？

英语议论文的构思思路很清晰。一般每段的第一句（有时候不止一句，可能是1~3句）或最后一句都是作者所要阐述的论点，只要你抓住它的意思，理解它，就很容易回答出问题的。读文章时主要抓住1-2段和倒数1-2段，就能很容易了解它在讲什么。议论文后的大多都是选择题。如果你要提高做题效率，你就先去看题目，然后根据题目去文章中找答案，看文章的时候你可以用笔把跟题目有关的句子划出来，当然主要还是看每段的1-3句，但是首先你的词汇必须过关（教材上的单词你必须掌握）。每篇阅读的题目都是按顺序出的，顺着文章的段落走，不会乱来。只要顺着题目走就行了。有些题你可以根据读题目就可以排除答案，因为它是一般常识性的问题，只要理解了题目意思就可以做出来。

英语阅读的认知观论文

英语阅读的认知观论文

摘要： 英语阅读过程中陈述性知识和程序性知识相互依赖、相互作用，对意义理解具有重要作用。文章指出，知识是构成英语阅读能力的认知元素，是学习者解读意义的媒介、技能和策略。信息的编码与解码是学习者运用知识准确理解语言、文化和情感意义的能动的认知过程。

关键词： 知识；意义；英语阅读；理解

引言

哲学家赖尔（Ryle G.）于1949年将知识区分为陈述性知识（declarative knowledge）和程序性知识（procedural knowledge）[1]。后来认知心理学家加涅（Gagne RM.）和安德森（Anderson JR.）等把它们应用于人类的学习理论和认知理论研究。我国学者皮连生教授通过多年研究，提出了广义知识理论。[2]他认为，知识分狭义知识和广义知识。狭义知识仅指陈述性知识；而广义知识包括陈述性知识和程序性知识。程序性知识是技能，是人们运用规则对外办事的程序性知识，（即认知技能，cognitive skills和动作技能，motor skills）以及运用规则对内调控的程序性知识（即策略性知识strategic knowledge），是有关“如何做”的知识。

阅读是一个信息加工过程。人们为研究这些问题进行了大量而富有成效的研究，提出了不同的阅读理论与模式：自下而上模式（the bottom-up model）、自上而下模式（the top-down model）、互动模式（interactive model）和图式理论（schema theory）。[3]本文运用当代认知心理学广义知识理论，从英语阅读过程分析与讨论陈述性知识和程序性知识对学习者理解语言意义、文化意义以及情感意义的认知作用。

1 陈述性知识

阅读是通过视觉感知语言符号后大脑处理、加工与理解信息意义的心理过程。[4]阅读材料一般承载着三方面的信息：语言信息（词汇、语法等语言结构）、文化信息（历史、政治等）和情感信息（作者的观点、态度等）。因此，成功的阅读意味着学习者能正确解读阅读材料中的语言意义、文化意义和情感意义。那么，在英语阅读认知活动中，陈述性知识对语言、文化和情感信息的编码和译码究竟起到了怎样作用？

陈述性知识是人有意识掌握的、以命题（proposition）方式储存在大脑中的事实、概念、或观念构成的信息，是有关世界“是什么”的知识。而命题是人们从事物的知觉信息中抽取出主要意义而忽略其细节特征的一种表征方式[5]。它具有抽象性和概括性。因此，学习者所获取有关英语的陈述性知识反映出他们对英语语言及其文化规律性的认知结果。在英语阅读认知活动中，学习者要理解阅读材料的语言意义，必须提取头脑中储存的英语词汇知识和语法知识（陈述性知识）。心理学的研究表明，在理解某一词语时，学习者会自动检索自己陈述性记忆中的“心理词典”（ mental dictionary ），即首先激活陈述性记忆中的有关该词的知觉以及该词的所有含义，然后根据上下文做出选择。比如：要准确理解“He lost the match and also lost the chance to play in the finals.”句中 “finals”的词义时，学习者会自动激活该词的所有含义：“最后的”、“决赛”、“期末考试”和“报纸每日发行的最后一版”，并能根据语境迅速确定“final”是“决赛”，而不是其他含义。可见，理解词义首先需要具备词汇知识。学习者的心理词典内容越丰富，其提取词义的速度就越快。同理，分析句子结构、理顺词句间复杂的`语法和逻辑关系离不开语法知识。要准确理解“He has built a mansion overlooking Lake Washington that he’s packed with high-tech gadgetry and TV monitors” （徐小贞，《新世纪职高高专英语》，上海外语教育出版社，2005）这个句子，必须对这个结构较复杂的句子进行语法分析，理顺“overlooking Lake Washington”和 “that he’s packed with high-tech gadgetry and TV monitors”与“mansion”之间的语法关系，即现在分词短语和定语从句分别作名词“mansion”的定语。

解读语言意义需要语言知识；理解文化意义必须依赖文化背景知识。陈述性知识作为世界知识，它涉及英语语言知识和英语文化背景知识。认知心理学的研究发现，图式（schema）是陈述性知识的综合表征形式，是对范畴（category）中的规律性进行编码的一种形式（nderson R.C. & D. P. Pearson，1984）[6] 。图式既是一种知识表征形式，又是相互关联的知识构成的完整的信息系统，它是建立在个体经验基础上的、有层次的动态结构。比如，“打电话”的行为图式包括摘机、拨号、问好、交谈、告别和挂机一系列的动作程序。即便电话内容有所不同，但打电话的动作程序是大致相同的。图式的这种结构性与程式性为读者加工新信息提供了认知模式（cognitive model）和理解框架。安德森（Anderson，A.）和利恩奇（Lynch，T.）的听力理解研究表明，听者的意义建构是通过更广泛的信息资源所获得的，这种信息资源既包括图式（schematic）知识又包括情境（contextual）知识[7]。这表明我们并不仅仅依赖于传入耳中的语音性质来获得意义，还必须运用大脑中储存的图式知识对输入信息进行加工和意义建构。此外，图式还可以解释话语中词汇的多义（polysemy）现象（Lehnert W.G.）。读者读到 “ The royal proclamation was finished. The king sent for his seal.” 这个句子时，之所以不会将句中的“seal ”（印章）误解为 “海豹 ”；是因为句中的“seal ”、“the royal proclamation”和“king ”属于同一图式。可见，图式能帮助读者消除歧义（ambiguity）、准确地提取词义。就文体图式而言，论说文有论说文的文体图式；记叙文有记叙文的文体图式，等等。英语新闻的编辑图式（who、when、where、 what、why、how）无疑有助于学习者更迅速、准确地理解新闻的内容。安德森（Anderson .R. C.）认为，在阅读理解中，图式具有为同化新信息提供信息框架的作用。[8]让我们看一段文字材料：

The procedure is quite simple. First，you arrange things into different groups. Of course，one pile may be sufficient depending on how much there is to do. If you have to go somewhere else due to lack of facilities that is the next step，otherwise youare pretty well set. It is important not to overdo things. That is，it is better to do too few things at once than too many. In the short run this may not seem important but complications can easily arise. A mistake can be expensive as well. At first，the whole procedure will seem complicated. Soon，however，it will become just another facet of life. It is difficult to foresee any end to the necessity for this task in the immediate future，but then one can never tell. After the procedure is completed one arranges the materials into groups again. Then they can be put into their appropriate places. Eventually they will be used once more and the whole cycle will have to be completed. However，this is part of life.[9]

一般读者看完后会觉得这段文字难以理解。为什么会这样呢？这主要是因为读者没有将新信息与自己头脑中的图式知识建立起有机联系。如果将这段文字加上标题“Washing Clothes”， 这时读者有关“洗衣服”的图式就被激活，理解起来也就更容易、更准确。

另一方面，文化背景知识有助于学习者更好地理解阅读材料的内容，准确把握阅读材料的文化意义。不同的阅读材料涉及不同的内容，如政治、哲学、历史、地理、教育、体育，民俗，等等。因此，我们难以想象一个对哲学知之甚微的读者能看懂有关哲学的文章或书籍。从认知意义上说，学习者获取的陈述性知识越丰富，在认知英语的过程中形成的英语语言与文化图式就越多，其理解事物的能力就越强。语言学家努南（Nunan D.的研究也发现，在阅读理解中，背景知识比语法知识起的作用更大。[10]

在解读文本情感意义的过程中，陈述性知识以语言形式所承载的概念、命题的方式为学习者提供了分析、概括、综合和推理的文字依据。学习者通过运用这些概念和命题来分析与理解作者的观点或态度。比如，阅读 “Two Kinds of Football”（李观仪.《新编英语教程》上海外语教育出版社，1999）这篇文章后，要求学生分析作者对足球运动的态度，并作出正确评价。要理解作者的态度，学生必须从文章的字里行间找出作者对足球运动态度方面的信息，如“American football … is the American national sport”，“It excites tremendous enthusiasm”，“American football has a reputation of being a brutal and dangerous game. This reputation is not really deserved”，“Soccer games can now draw crowds of over 70 thousand in cities where baseball attracts a mere 20 thousand spectators”，“Soccer is being brilliantly promoted，like any other promising American product”；然后进行分析、整合、概括和推断；最终对作者的态度作出客观、正确的评价：作者对足球运动持“赞成”态度。

综上所述，在阅读理解中，陈述性知识对学习者理解阅读材料中的语言意义、文化意义和情感意义都起着重要的媒介或“桥梁”作用。然而，在意义理解的过程中，学习者仅有陈述性知识是不够的，还需运用必要的阅读技能与策略。

2 程序性知识

程序性知识对学习者阅读技能与策略的形成与发展具有重要意义。程序性知识是运用规则做事的技能。就英语阅读而言，这些“规则”主要指阅读技能和阅读策略（策略性知识）。程序性知识的产生式“条件---行为”规则告诉我们，“规则支配行为”。只有满足用规则做事的条件，才能实施与之相符合的行为。这说明在阅读理解过程中，陈述性知识和程序性知识是相互依赖、相互作用的。要充分理解文本意义，学习者必须掌握有关英语阅读技能与策略方面的陈述性知识，并能根据词、句、篇不同层面的信息加工的需要灵活选择与运用与之相符合的词义提取技能、语句理解技能、篇章理解技能。如理解段落大意通常使用“主题句”（topic sentence）阅读技能。就英语阅读词义理解技能来说，有构词法、同义词、反义词、上下义、上下文、定义、解释、重述、识别指代关系等。英语教学实践证明，经过大量实际练习，这些技能不仅会日趋熟练，而且能有效地促进学习者对词义的理解。

另一方面，作为阅读策略，程序性知识的作用主要体现在帮助学习者有效地设定阅读目标、选择阅读技能等，以调节与监控他们分析、综合、判断、概括思维活动，提高意义理解的速度与质量。学习者知道英语阅读技能方面的陈述性知识，但如果不能根据阅读材料的性质和阅读目标的需要灵活选择合适的阅读技能，这无疑会影响其阅读理解。假如学习者的阅读目标只是了解文章大意，那么应选择略读（skimming）策略，然后对自己的略读过程进行监控，即有意识地按照略读的三个步骤进行阅读——首先通读文章的起始段和结尾段；然后细读其他段落的主题句；最后浏览与主题句相关的信息词。[11

通过以上分析我们可以看出，英语阅读能力是由陈述性知识、程序性知识和策略性知识构成的（这里的‘能力’指学习者通过获取和运用知识所形成的能力，不包括能力的先天因素）。陈述性知识、程序性知识和策略性知识在阅读认知活动中扮演着不同的“角色”，但它们互相依赖、互相作用，共同促进学习者对语言、文化和情感意义的理解。

3 结语

本文运用广义知识理论阐明了英语阅读的认知观：英语阅读能力是由陈述性、程序性和策略性知识构成的。意义理解是一个互动的过程。词义的理解离不开句子；语篇理解又以词句的理解为支撑。意义理解的过程既有自下而上（bottom-up）的信息加工，又有自上而下（top-down）的信息加工。在英语阅读认知活动中，知识既各司其职，又相互联系、相互作用，对学习者解读文本意义起到了媒介、技能与策略的作用。广义知识理论认为，英语阅读理解不仅是学习者接受信息的过程，而且是他们运用知识主动加工信息、准确解读文本的语言、文化和情感意义的认知过程。

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