光电论文英文文献

光电论文英文文献

photoelectric sensor

Photoelectric sensor From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search A photoelectric sensor, or photo eye, is a device used to detect the distance, absence, or presence of an object by using a light transmitter, often infrared , and a photoelectric receiver. They are used extensively in industrial manufacturing. There are three different functional types: opposed (through beam), retro-reflective, and proximity-sensing (diffused).
File:Photoelectric cell (PSF)ping Conceptual through-beam system to detect unauthorized access to a secure door. If the beam is broken, the detector triggers some remote alerting device. Contents [hide ] 1 Types 2 Sensing modes 3 See also 4 References [edit ] Types A self-contained photoelectric sensor contains the optics , along with the electronics . It requires only a power source. The sensor performs its own modulation , demodulation, amplification , and output switching. Some self-contained sensors provide such options as built-in control timers or counters. Because of technological progress, self-contained photoelectric sensors have become increasingly smaller.
Remote photoelectric sensors used for remote sensing contain only the optical components of a sensor. The circuitry for power input, amplification, and output switching are located elsewhere, typically in a control panel. This allows the sensor, itself, to be very small. Also, the controls for the sensor are more accessible, since they may be bigger.
When space is restricted or the environment too hostile even for remote sensors, fiber optics may be used. Fiber optics are passive mechanical sensing components. They may be used with either remote or self-contained sensors. They have no electrical circuitry and no moving parts, and can safely pipe light into and out of hostile environments.[1]
[edit ] Sensing modes An opposed (through beam) arrangement consists of a receiver located within the line-of-sight of the transmitter. In this mode, an object is detected when the light beam is blocked from getting to the receiver from the transmitter.
A retroreflective arrangement places the transmitter and receiver at the same location and uses a reflector to bounce the light beam back from the transmitter to the receiver. An object is sensed when the beam is interrupted and fails to reach the receiver.
A proximity-sensing (diffused) arrangement is one in which the transmitted radiation must reflect off the object in order to reach the receiver. In this mode, an object is detected when the receiver sees the transmitted source rather than when it fails to see it.
Some photo eyes have two different operational types, light operate and dark operate. Light operate photo eyes become operational when the receiver "receives" the transmitter signal. Dark operate photo eyes become operational when the receiver "does not receive" the transmitter signal.
The detecting range of a photoelectric sensor is its "field of view", or the maximum distance the sensor can retrieve information from, minus the minimum distance. A minimum detectable object is the smallest object the sensor can detect. More accurate sensors can often have minimum detectable objects of minuscule size.
File:Heim auchmelder.jpg Certain types of smoke detector use a photoelectric sensor to warn of smoldering fires. [edit ] See also .

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CCD image sensor and their application study。
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Promptness accompanying semiconductor and the photoelectricity technology develops , the solid state image sensor also arises at the historic moment , the productive technology technology can't develop swift and violent. The solid state image sensor is compared with average image sensor , have volume lacking fidelity for a short time, for a short time, sensitiveness is high , resist to vibrate , is able to bear moistness , a lot of merit of cost low grade, therefore can broad apply to industry measurement, is that meticulous of our country processes , development of robot technology and industrial automation field gets the significant effect under the control of, especially waiting for a field in pattern recognition, and with the branch who seeps through each that the industry and agriculture in our country produces broadly. At the same time, computer soft hardware technology never-ending changes and improvements, application that can give a solid state image a sensor also brings about vast vistas. The principle the main body of a book is complied with analysing the solid state image sensor starts off , emphasizes analysis and investigation and discussion being in progress to it in test control and the pattern recognition field.

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Harnessing the Power of the Sun

With rising fuel costs, climate change concerns and a growing demand for electricity, renewable energy resources such as solar power are becoming an increasingly valuable part of the world's energy mix. Around the globe, businesses and homeowners are harnessing the power of the earth's most abundant natural resource - sunlight - to provide energy using solar power.

GE's solar electric power systems and products offer high quality, reliable power generation for residential, commercial and industrial applications. By partnering with the sun, solar energy can supply local power for on-and off-grid applications with zero noise pollution and air emissions.
掌握太阳

与不断上涨的燃料成本，气候变化的关注和对电力的需求日益增加，可再生能源资源，如太阳能发电正在成为越来越有价值的一部分，世界上能源结构。全球各地的企业和业主都掌握了地球上最丰富的天然资源-阳光-提供能源利用太阳能发电。

The sun light in the semiconductor pn junction, the formation of a new hole - electron pairs in the pn junction of the role of the electric field, the hole flow from the n area p areas, electronic flow n by p zone area, connected to the circuit after the current form. This is the photoelectric effect of the working principle of solar cells.
First, the way solar power generation solar power in two ways, one is light - heat - electricity conversion mode, and the other is light - electric direct conversion approach.
(1) light - heat - electricity conversion of solar radiation through the use of thermal energy generated by power generation, is normally provided by solar collectors to heat absorbed by refrigerant into steam, and steam turbine-driven power generation. A process before it is light - heat conversion process; after a process of heat - electricity conversion process, as with an ordinary power. Drawback of solar thermal power generation is highly inefficient and costly, it is estimated that at least its investment than the average fire Power your 5 to 10 times. a 1000MW of solar thermal power plants need to invest 20 to 25 billion U.S. dollars, an average of 1kW of investment from 2000 to 2500 U.S. dollars. Therefore, at present, can only be applied to small-scale special occasions, and large-scale use in the economy is very uneconomical, but also with ordinary competing power plant or nuclear power plants.
(2) Optical - Electric direct conversion approach is the use of the photoelectric effect, solar radiation will be directly converted into electrical energy, light - the basic power conversion is the solar cell device. Solar cell is a kind of volts due to the effects of photovoltaic solar energy will be directly converted into electrical energy device is a semiconductor photodiode, when the sun's light to the photodiode, the photodiode will be the sun's light energy into power, resulting in current. When many cells are connected in series or parallel can be up to become a relatively large output power of a square solar cells. Solar cells is a promising new type of power supply, with a permanent, clean and flexibility of the three major advantages. Solar battery life long, as long as there is sun, solar cells can be an investment in long-term use; and thermal power, nuclear power generation compared to solar cells will not cause environmental pollution; Xinhuanet both solar cells can be as large as one million kilowatts of medium-sized power plants, small enough to only use a solar battery, which is unmatched by other power

通用电气公司的太阳能电力系统和产品提供高品质，可靠发电的住宅，商业和工业应用。通过与太阳，太阳能可以提供当地的电力，供市民和离网应用与零噪音污染和废气排放
太阳光照在半导体p-n结上，形成新的空穴-电子对，在p-n结电场的作用下，空穴由n区流向p区，电子由p区流向n区，接通电路后就形成电流。这就是光电效应太阳能电池的工作原理。
一、太阳能发电方式太阳能发电有两种方式，一种是光—热—电转换方式，另一种是光—电直接转换方式。
（1） 光—热—电转换方式通过利用太阳辐射产生的热能发电，一般是由太阳能集热器将所吸收的热能转换成工质的蒸气，再驱动汽轮机发电。前一个过程是光—热转换过程；后一个过程是热—电转换过程，与普通的火力发电一样.太阳能热发电的缺点是效率很低而成本很高，估计它的投资至少要比普通火电站贵5～10倍.一座1000MW的太阳能热电站需要投资20～25亿美元，平均1kW的投资为2000～2500美元。因此，目前只能小规模地应用于特殊的场合，而大规模利用在经济上很不合算，还不能与普通的火电站或核电站相竞争。
（2） 光—电直接转换方式该方式是利用光电效应，将太阳辐射能直接转换成电能，光—电转换的基本装置就是太阳能电池。太阳能电池是一种由于光生伏特效应而将太阳光能直接转化为电能的器件，是一个半导体光电二极管，当太阳光照到光电二极管上时，光电二极管就会把太阳的光能变成电能，产生电流。当许多个电池串联或并联起来就可以成为有比较大的输出功率的太阳能电池方阵了。太阳能电池是一种大有前途的新型电源，具有永久性、清洁性和灵活性三大优点.太阳能电池寿命长，只要太阳存在，太阳能电池就可以一次投资而长期使用；与火力发电、核能发电相比，太阳能电池不会引起环境污染；太阳能电池可以大中小并举，大到百万千瓦的中型电站，小到只供一户用的太阳能电池组，这是其它电源无法比拟的

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三元共混体异质结太阳能电池（BH J）含有作为供体聚合物2 P3 HT的类似物，high-band-gap聚（3-hexylthiophene-co-3 -（2 -乙基己基）噻吩）（p3ht75-co-eht25）和low-bandgappoly（3己基噻吩噻吩−−diketopyrrolopyrrole）（p3htt-dpp-10 %），与phenyl-c61-butyric酸甲酯（pc61bm）为受体进行了研究。当比三元件的开路电压是不同的，（挥发性有机化合物）增加的数额p3ht75-co-eht25增加。依赖的挥发性有机化合物的聚合物组成的三元共混体系的线性聚合物：富勒烯比当整体优化每个聚合物：聚合物比。此外，短路电流密度（中心）的三元共混比那些因为互补二元共混物