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谁帮我毕业论文

发布时间:2023-03-11 18:43

谁帮我毕业论文

应导师的要求,让我向学弟学妹们介绍一下如何撰写论文,加之,近来有不少学弟学妹问及关于论文或实习报告之事,故将自己写学年论文及毕业论文的一些经验和心得与大家分享,希望能帮到大家。先申明这里大部分是我个人的经验之谈,有些是我在写作学年论文、毕业论文过程中我导师对我的指导,对于个别专业或个别同学可能并不一定适用。
另外,这篇文章篇幅较长,如果你只是想顺利通过答辩那么没有必要花时间阅读,有点浪费时间,如果你想取得一个较好的成绩,本文或许可以为你提供一些参考意见,当然决定权在于读者自己。
一、选题
一篇优秀的论文首先要有一个新颖、专业、科学的选题,能够让各种角色的读者,不论是导师、答辩老师、同学或是专家学者,都能眼前一亮,并带着十分浓厚的兴趣去深入了解你的文章。
选题这一步十分重要,首先要对自己的选题有兴趣,不能为了毕业而写论文,更不能为了学分而完成任务,只有自己有兴趣的选题,才能激发去深入研究的热情,才能有探索的动力。才不至于在漫长的写作过程中出现反胃或疲劳情绪。
其次,选题一定要与自己的专业有关,即使看似关联度不大,也要通过四年所学知识的应用将选题与所学专业联系在一起。例如,一个普通的塑料袋,看似与政府无关,但是却可以通过限塑令,将其与财政支出支持环保节能相联系。
再次,选题最好符合导师的研究方向,或者说,在选导师的时候就开始关注每个导师的研究领域,根据自己的发展方向去选择导师。专业课的老师虽然对于本专业领域内的知识都有所涉及,但是每个老师也都有重点研究的领域。如果所选的研究方向并不在导师的主要研究领域只内,那么在指导过程中,难免出现导师也不甚理解的尴尬局面,届时导师的指导热情大打折扣。
在考虑选题时,可以多列出几个选择,及时主动同导师联系,请教导师是否可行,在请教导师之前,最好能深思熟虑,以免与导师讨论过程中一问三不知,如此一来,导师对学生的印象难免受到影响,建议与导师联系之前,能将自己所选选题的意义与相关研究都考虑清楚。一旦选题通过,也大大节约了写开题报告的时间。假如选题被导师驳回,那就可以再从列出的备选选题中选取,以免赶不上进度。做好两手准备,以备不时之需。
选题尽量接近热点,不要选一些老掉牙的东西,专业性要强,最好不要选一些各个专业都能研究的选题。例如“中小企业融资难问题”,这个选题伴随着上个世纪八十年代江浙沿海地区中小企业的出现开始一直谈到现在,已有近30年的历史了,另外个人认为这个选题是偏向金融领域的,但是往往会计、财务管理、企业管理、经济学等等很多专业都会选择该选题,不外乎现成的资料容易获得,参考文献比较容易收集。
选题之前最好考虑一下你的实际能力,如果你仅有研究本校学生就业情况的能力,就不要以全市全省或者全国的大学生为研究对象,要综合考虑到自身的切实能力,才能在写作时最大限度的发挥自己的主观能动性,而不是在写作时一味的“借鉴”、“参考”、“引用”他人的观点和研究成果。
此外,选题尽量要小,不要泛泛而谈,毕竟只是本科生,研究全国领域内的东西难度当然比仅仅研究省内的东西的难度要大,而研究省内的东西难度往往会比研究某一个县市区领域或某一特定行业的难度要大。例如,《如何解决我国中小企业融资难问题》和《如何解决温州地区中小企业融资难问题——以电器行业为例》两个选题,看似都是在讲述中小企业融资难的问题,但是两者在范围上就存在明显的差异,我个人认为前者比较适合博士生们去研究,而后者却完全在我们的能力范围之内,先通过“温州”限定了我们的研究地点,再通过破折号后面的小标题来限定特定的行业,可以通过实地考察、问卷调查等等方式获得最有说服力的第一手资料,而这些资料运用得好就是你论文的闪光点。
一个经认真思考后所选择的选题,能够让经验丰富的老师们一眼就看出你在论文上所花的心思,老师最看重的是学生的学习态度,一个优秀的选题可以增加印象分。
在选题与确定研究方向的过程中一定要加强与导师的联系,至少可以在这个过程中加深导师对你的印象,现在一些导师原本就很忙,而且还带了十几个学生,不仅要来学校上课,还要兼顾自己在校外的第二职业,还要承担学校或者相关科研机构或者政府所安排的研究课题,在这个阶段一定要让导师记住你的名字和你的选题及你的设想,这样便于导师日后的指导。
二、开题报告
开题报告其实就是一个可行性分析。如果选题过程中的前期工作做得好,那么这个完全不存在难度,只要分析一下选题的原因、意义、国内外研究趋势、研究方法、时间进度安排、参考过的书目即可。
学校会有专门的一本册子,如果导师要求用那本册子的话,则需要手写,建议多花点时间,就算做不到规范的行书、楷书,也至少要做到工整。如果导师要求用电子版,那么可以在学校教务网上下载专门的开题报告,按要求填写,关于标题、分级,最好严格按照学校的标准格式进行,以免日后多次反复修改和打印。既浪费时间又浪费金钱。
一般字数不需要太多,2000-3000左右即可。
三、文献综述(学年论文不做此要求)
由综述二字可知,这是一个“你说,我说,大家说”的东西。的确,在文献综述的撰写之前,一定要有广泛的相关学术研究的阅读。老师之所以让我们写文献综述目的在于要把大家手头所持有的他人的关于该选题的资料都汇总到其中,这样才能保证在论文正文写作时,能够尽量使用自己的东西。
文献综述的题目可以是《关于XXXXXX的综述》、《关于XXXXX的分析》等,这中间的XXXXX当然是指你所选的选题。
文献综述的结构可以包括:前沿、提出问题、分析问题、解决问题、结束语几部分,也可以根据选题需要进行增减。
以“中小企业融资难”这一选题为例,前言部分可以是大背景大前提的阐述,在提出问题部分,可以是某某某在其研究中发现中小企业正面临十分严峻的融资难问题……,某某某认为现阶段中小企业融资难问题已经成为其发展瓶颈……,如果字数不够,可以加上笔者认为……。同样,在分析问题部分也是:某某某认为造成中小企业融资难的原因是全球的金融危机……,然而某某某则更倾向于是中小企业缺乏市场竞争力……,笔者认为则是政策扶持力度不大……。在解决问题部分可以是某某某认为政府应加大政策扶持力度,促进中小企业融资……,某某某提倡提升中小企业经营者管理者自身素质,提升企业竞争力……,某某某认为应加大产学研结合的力度,引导中小企业正确融资……,某某某指出亟需建设完善信贷体系,完善信用管理、征信体系建设……,笔者还认为应引导中小企业多渠道融资……。最后的结束语可以是对该问题解决后效果的预见和未来发展趋势的预测。
建议写作之前,先打好框架,然后再从原先收集的材料中筛选出有价值的东西,一点点的添加到框架上去,这样不仅可以节约大量的时间,还可以减少修改,使整篇文献综述结构清晰、条理清楚,不至于在写作过程中乱了思路。
文献综述的字数一般可以在2000上下,如果字数不足,可以增加作者自己的观点。文献综述学校有严格的格式要求,字体、标题级数、行间距、封面等等,都有要求。可以在教务网下载专门的文件,严格按照文件规定的要求去写,否则可能影响答辩和学位证书的发放。
四、外文翻译(学年论文不做此要求)
建议外文翻译与正文同步进行。
先解释一下什么叫外文翻译,就是找一篇和选题相关的外语论文,将其翻译成中文,字数要求两千以上。
寻找外文文献有一下几个方法:一是去学校机房上学校图书馆的数据库找,有很多网站可以提供有价值的资料;二是去学校图书馆的外文书库找,有很多原版的文献或者教材;三是去浙江图书馆找,浙图一楼大厅可以直接复印。
找一篇好的外文文献是比较麻烦的,很难找到合适的,我曾让我美国的朋友帮忙找,但是资源稀缺啊,因为我们要求的学术型文章很难找,美国人一般不会写这种类型的,他们的学术论文一般是研究一个 Topic/issue/question,然后做调查,分析,得出结论,最后提出解决访案。
鉴于寻找好的文献存在一定的难度,且和机遇相关,所以建议及时开始论文正文的写作,正文写作中疲劳时可以把寻找外文作为调节休息的方式,十分有效,比如写论文累了,可以坐车去浙图逛逛,既可以放松又可以收集有用的信息。
至于中文翻译,建议千万别用翻译软件,那种翻译结果时常让人哭笑不得。如果自己英语水平不是很好的话,可以找一些英语专业或者英语成绩较好的同学帮忙,但是至少自己要有一个大致的翻译框架,专业的学术性词汇要知道。
五、正文写作
这是整个论文写作过程中最最重要的环节。
在开始动笔之前,建议首先要能够充分阅读所拥有的大量信息资料和他人的学术研究。在前期准阶段,我花了整整三天的时间在机房数据库下载相关学术论文,在写开题报告和文献综述时就阅读了300多篇相关学术论文,精心挑选出最有价值的58篇论文反复阅读研究对比。
第二项准备工作就是要充分分析你所拥有的一些数据资料,不管这些数据资料是怎么获得的,都还只是原始资料,需要你的加工和整理。例如,读者在阅读过程中需要话一定的时间去关注每一个数据值,然后分析起变动性和相关性,如果数据要求不是很精确,建议可以将表格用excel制作成图表的方式,折线图、扇形图、柱形图等,在这时候就能体现其一目了然的功效。当时为了整理我论文所需要的数据,我花了整整一个星期的时间在图书馆制作图表。保证了每一张图表的精确、美观以及与全文整体结构的协调性。
第三项工作就是拟好框架,即要明确自己为什么写论文,你的论文是阐述怎么样的问题,该问题产生的原因是什么,通过你的研究你认为该如何去解决该问题,最后还可以加上你对该问题解决后的效果预期和未来展望。这几个问题都得出答案之后,串联起来就是一篇论文的框架了。为什么写该篇论文经过扩充修饰之后就可以成为论文的前沿部分,阐述问题现状就是第一步——提出问题,分析原因就是第二步——分析问题,解决的办法就是第三步——解决问题,至此一篇论文的常见的“三步走”——提出问题、分析问题、解决问题,已经一目了然了,最后还可以加上预期效果和未来展望作为结束语,论文就可以收尾了。当然这个框架并不是固定的一尘不变的,在写作的过程中,如果有更好的想法或者完成一稿后导师看后有更好的建议的,可以及时的进行调整。
文章框架结构明确之后就可以开始写作了,写作的过程所需要做的就必要综合了,个人认为学术论文不需要文笔和语文功底,只要有能力把一个问题阐述清楚即可,故很多人认为自己语文水平不够,论文肯定写不好的观点是不太正确的。
还有一个小建议,最好不要直接在电脑上写,还是用最原始的手写办法比较好,因为电脑上写的话,当出现不满意的一部分,我们肯定是直接删除掉的,但是如果时候发现原先那段比较好,还是可以用得上的话,也许就找不回来了,所以建议用手写的,这样及时涂改,还是大致留下了痕迹,可以重新添加回去。在写作过程中有时候会突发灵感,有一些有价值的想法,也可以直接记录在旁边,适时填充进去,这样避免了good idea的遗失。
六、温馨提示
(一)建立好印象
老师都喜欢用功的学生,你的努力老师一定会看得见,所以你要及时与导师保持联系,要让老师了解你的进度、想法,让导师感觉你是一个有思想有主见的学生。即使论文写的不怎么样,但是频繁的联系会加深导师对你和对你的论文的印象,导师一般都很忙,很少有主动联系学生的导师,当导师主动联系你的时候,说明你做的还不到位,需要导师催促,可以说导师对这样的学生都是比较反感的,一旦让导师反感,那么导师对你的指导质量也许会随之下降。和导师成为了朋友,导师才会更加积极的对你的论文进行指导。
(二)充分利用资源
学校图书馆、期刊网、省市图书馆都是找资料的好地方,要充分合理的安排和利用。还要充分利用自己的社会关系,例如可以请其他同学、朋友帮忙。此外,导师还是重要的信息来源,导师在专业领域内有一定的基础,他所拥有的学术资料很多,例如我的导师就赠送过我专业书籍,导师在该学术领域内有很多的学生、朋友、同事、同学,有一些导师还会提供相关的联系方式,这样就走了很多捷径,例如我论文中很多的数据来源就是我导师以前的一位学生,那位学长现在在一个学术机构任职,他为我提供了相当权威有价值的研究资料,包括行业内部数据、红头文件等,这些都为我的论文写作提供了十分有价值的启发和引导。此外,对于一些特殊的有地方特色、行业特色的数据,还可以采取实地调研的形式获得,这样获取的资料才是真正的第一手资料,最真实可靠。
(三)注重细节
在开始写论文之前,学校会发一本论文指导手册,其中连格式字体之类的,都做出了相当细致的规范,个人认为,即使只是一稿,也要严格按照论文的规范格式来写,这样导师才能看出你的写作态度。不管你的一稿质量如何,在导师看来态度决定一切。
还建议在给导师看论文之前,最好自己能看几遍,自己看不出问题的,也可以请同学、朋友帮忙检查检查,保证到了导师手上不会出现错别字之类的低级错误。在同学相互交流论文的过程中,也受益良多。

谁帮我指导下毕业论文 写什么 怎么写 关于现代文学的

您的现代文学方面论文具体准备往哪个方向写呢,题目定了没?
有什么要求呢
论文是需要多少字呢
开题报告 任务书 都搞定了不
你可以告诉我具体的排版格式要求,论文想写好,先要找好相关资料,列好大纲,确定好题目,老师同意后在下笔,还有什么不了解的可以直接问我,希望可以帮到你,祝写作过程顺利。

1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
002、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)
003、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。
004、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。
00主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。
005、论文正文:
00(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。
00〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容:
00a.提出-论点;
00b.分析问题-论据和论证;
00c.解决问题-论证与步骤;
00d.结论。
006、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。
00中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是:
00(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。
00(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

毕业设计(论文)是学生毕业前最后一个重要学习环节,是学习深化与升华的重要过程。它既是学生学习、研究与实践成果的全面总结,又是对学生素质与能力的一次全面检验,而且还是对学生的毕业资格及学位资格认证的重要依据。为了保证我校本科生毕业设计(论文)质量,特制定“同济大学本科生毕业设计(论文)撰写规范”。
  一、毕业设计(论文)资料的组成  A.毕业设计(论文)任务书;B.毕业设计(论文)成绩评定书;C.毕业论文或毕业设计说明书(包括:封面、中外文摘要或设计总说明(包括关键词)、目录、正文、谢辞、参考文献、附录);D.译文及原文复印件;E.图纸、软盘等。
  二、毕业设计(论文)资料的填写及有关资料的装订  毕业设计(论文)统一使用学校印制的毕业设计(论文)资料袋、毕业设计(论文)任务书、毕业设计(论文)成绩评定书、毕业设计(论文)封面、稿纸(在教务处网上下载用,学校统一纸面格式,使用A4打印纸)。
  毕业设计(论文)资料按要求认真填写,字体要工整,卷面要整洁,手写一律用黑或蓝黑墨水;任务书由指导教师填写并签字,经院长(系主任)签字后发出。  毕业论文或设计说明书要按顺序装订:封面、中外文摘要或设计总说明(包括关键词)、目录、正文、谢辞、参考文献、附录装订在一起,然后与毕业设计(论文)任务书、毕业设计(论文)成绩评定书、译文及原文复印件(订在一起)、工程图纸(按国家标准折叠装订)、软盘等一起放入填写好的资料袋内交指导教师查收,经审阅评定后归档。
  三、毕业设计说明书(论文)撰写的内容与要求  一份完整的毕业设计(论文)应包括以下几个方面:
  1.标题
  标题应该简短、明确、有概括性。标题字数要适当,不宜超过20个字,如果有些细节必须放进标题,可以分成主标题和副标题。
  2.论文摘要或设计总说明  论文摘要以浓缩的形式概括研究课题的内容,中文摘要在300字左右,外文摘要以250个左右实词为宜,关键词一般以3~5个为妥。
  设计总说明主要介绍设计任务来源、设计标准、设计原则及主要技术资料,中文字数要在1500~2000字以内,外文字数以1000个左右实词为宜,关键词一般以5个左右为妥。
  3.目录
  目录按三级标题编写(即:1……、1.1……、1.1.1……),要求标题层次清晰。目录中的标题应与正文中的标题一致,附录也应依次列入目录。
  4.正文
  毕业设计说明书(论文)正文包括绪论、正文主体与结论,其内容分别如下:  绪论应说明本课题的意义、目的、研究范围及要达到的技术要求;简述本课题在国内外的发展概况及存在的问题;说明本课题的指导思想;阐述本课题应解决的主要问题,在文字量上要比摘要多。
  正文主体是对研究工作的详细表述,其内容包括:问题的提出,研究工作的基本前提、假设和条件;模型的建立,实验方案的拟定;基本概念和理论基础;设计计算的主要方法和内容;实验方法、内容及其分析;理论论证,理论在课题中的应用,课题得出的结果,以及对结果的讨论等。学生根据毕业设计(论文)课题的性质,一般仅涉及上述一部分内容。
  结论是对整个研究工作进行归纳和综合而得出的总结,对所得结果与已有结果的比较和课题尚存在的问题,以及进一步开展研究的见解与建议。结论要写得概括、简短。
  5.谢辞
  谢辞应以简短的文字对在课题研究和设计说明书(论文)撰写过程中曾直接给予帮助的人员(例如指导教师、答疑教师及其他人员)表示自己的谢意,这不仅是一种礼貌,也是对他人劳动的尊重,是治学者应有的思想作风。
  6.参考文献与附录
  参考文献是毕业设计(论文)不可缺少的组成部分,它反映毕业设计(论文)的取材来源、材料的广博程度和材料的可靠程度,也是作者对他人知识成果的承认和尊重。一份完整的参考文献可向读者提供一份有价值的信息资料。一般做毕业设计(论文)的参考文献不宜过多,但应列入主要的文献可10篇以上,其中外文文献在2篇以上。
  附录是对于一些不宜放在正文中,但有参考价值的内容,可编入毕业设计(论文)的附录中,例如公式的推演、编写的程序等;如果文章中引用的符号较多时,便于读者查阅,可以编写一个符号说明,注明符号代表的意义。一般附录的篇幅不宜过大,若附录篇幅超过正文,会让人产生头轻脚重的感觉。
  四、毕业设计(论文)要求
  我校毕业设计(论文)大致有设计类、理论研究类(理科)、实验研究类、计算机软件设计类、经济、管理及文科类、综合类等,具体要求如下:
  1.设计类(包括机械、建筑、土建工程等):学生必须独立绘制完成一定数量的图纸,工程图除了用计算机绘图外必须要有1~2张(2号以上含2号图)是手工绘图;一份15000字以上的设计说明书(包括计算书、调研报告);参考文献不低于10篇,其中外文文献要在2篇以上。
  2.理论研究类(理科):对该类课题工科学生一般不提倡,各院系要慎重选题,除非题目确实有实际意义。该毕业设计报告或论文字数要在20000字以上;根据课题提出问题、分析问题,提出方案、并进行建模、仿真和设计计算等;参考文献不低于15篇,其中外文文献要在4篇以上。
  3.实验研究类:学生要独立完成一个完整的实验,取得足够的实验数据,实验要有探索性,而不是简单重复已有的工作;要完成15000字以上的论文,其包括文献综述,实验部分的讨论与结论等内容;参考文献不少于10篇,包括2篇以上外文文献。
  4.计算机软件类:学生要独立完成一个软件或较大软件中的一个模块,要有足够的工作量;要写出10000字以上的软件说明书和论文;毕业设计(论文)中如涉及到有关电路方面的内容时,必须完成调试工作,要有完整的测试结果和给出各种参数指标;当涉及到有关计算机软件方面的内容时,要进行计算机演示程序运行和给出运行结果。
  5.经济、管理及文科类:学生在教师的指导下完成开题报告;撰写一篇20000字以上的有一定水平的专题论文(外国语专业论文篇幅为5000个词以上。);参考文献不少于10篇,包括1-2篇外文文献。

谁能帮我写个毕业论文(英语翻译)可以的话2000分酬谢

Market Research and Export Promotion
Export Marketing Plan
The marking plan is the basis on which all the overseas promotion is formulated. To devise the marketing plan involves reconciling the export strategies and objectives of the manufacturer into marketing marketing plan embraces many elements including market research project, promotion/advertising details, products involved and their quantity available, distribution arrangements and total volume/value of goods Where relevant, various costing information should be included, particularly the research and advertising budget. Overall; the plan must be realistic and should have a clear sense of purpose and direction
Export Market Research
Before making goods for a new overseas market, as in the home trade, it is necessary to discover first of all if the goods can be sold profitably in that market. To answer that question is one of the objects of market research. Export market research, in particular, is a study of a given market abroad to determine the needs of that market and the methods by which the products; can best be supplied. It may be carried out to determine:
1. If a new product likely to find a market.
2. Whether an established product is likely to meet with a good demand in a new market. sales of a product have declined, either generally or in a certain area Here, in this chapter is laid on the first point: Market research is vital to success in overseas Markets To look for a suitable market an exporter must consider, for example:
cal and Economic Conditions Countries with different political and economic systems take different attitudes toward foreign
trade policies and regulations concerning import and export,foreign exchange control,customs, duties and other tariffs will greatly affect the suitability for a new market.
al and Climatic Conditions The suitability of his products: heavy clothing is not worn in hot climates; mountaineering equipment would not be in demand in a flat country.
3. Social Conditions
If there is a low standard.of living with poor wage levels, there nay be no market for television sets or cars or luxury products. It may be desirable, even necessary,for price lists and sales promotion literature to be translated into a local language,with local units of measurement

5

and of the survey questionnaire and in the interviewing process. Surveys may be very expensive,

and they are time--consuming: Another key weakness is that respondents often cannot or will not

give true answers.

The interviewing in the survey may be done by the researcher in person, by telephone, or by

mail.

al Interviews

Personal interviews are more flexible than the other two types because interviews can alter

the questions to fit-the situation as they see it: They

are able to probe snore deeply if an answer is not satisfactory. Ordinarily, it is possible to

obtain more information by personal interview .than by telephone: or mail. Also, the interview

can by observation; obtain data regarding the respondents'socioeconomic status-their

home ,neighborhood, and apparent standard of living.

The major limitations of this method of interviewing are its relative high cost, the length of

time needed to conduct the survey, and the chance of introducing ,errors during the interviewing.

2. Telephone Survey

In a telephone survey, the respondent, is approached by telephone, and

interview is

completed at that time. Telephone surveys can usually be conducted more rapidly and at less cost

than either personal or mail surveys. Tele: phone surveys are lees flexible than personal

Interviews, but more flexible than mail survey. Another significant advantage is that a

telephone. survey -may be timely. For instance, people may be asked whether they are watching

television at the moment and; if so, the name of the program and the sponsor. One limitation of

the telephone survey is that interviews must be short: Lengthy interviews cannot be conducted

satisfactorily over the phone.

iewing by Mail

Interviewing by mail involves mailing a questionnaire to potential respondents and having

them return the completed form by mail. Mailed questionnaires ape more economical than

personal interviews and are particularly useful in national surveys,Also, if the respondents

remain anonymous, they are more likely to give true answers because they do not feel the need

to impress the interviewer.

A major problem with mail' questionnaires is the Compilation of a good mailing list,

especially for a broad-scale survey. If the sample can be drawn from a limited list, such as

property taxpayers in certain counties or subscribers to a magazine, the list presents no

r significant limitation concerns the reliability of the questionnaire returns,

Particularly when the returns are-anonymous. If the respondents have characteristics that

6

differentiate them from nonrespondents, the survey results will be invalid. Further,the

questionnaire must be reasonably shorted the questions very simple; there is no to explain in a

puzzling question. Ideally

:Yes.'' or“No" or pre

choice type of :produces the best results.

Here is an example:

Questionnaire for Market

_

Research on

Smoking

A. Do you smoke cigarettes? Yes/No (If No,terminate)

B How. many do you smoke a day?

C. What size of cigarette do you smoke ? Mini ,Standard ,Large

D. Do you smoke filter tips.? Yes/No

E. Do you smoke menthol cigarettes?



Yes/No

Observational Method

In

the

observational

method,

the

data

are

collected

by

observing

some

action

of

the

respondent: No interviews are involved, although an interview may be used as a follow-up to-get

additional

information.

For

instance,if

customers

are

observed

buying

beer

in

cans

instead

of

bottles; they may be asked; why they prefer that one form of packaging to the other.

Information

may

be

gathered

by

personal

or

mechanical

observation.

In

one

form

of

personal observation the researcher poses as a customer in a store. This technique is useful in

getting information about the caliber of the -sales people



or in determining what brands they

push.

Mechanical

observation

is

illustrated

by

an

electric

cord

stretched

across

a

high

way

to

count the

number



of cars that pass during a certain time period

The observation method has several merits. It can be highly accurate



Often it removes a11

doubt about what the customer does in: a given, situation. The consumers are unaware that they

are being observed; so presumably they action theft usual fashion.

The observation technique reduces interviewer bias. However, the possibility of bias is not-

completely eliminated as long as people are used as :observers. Another disadvantage is that the

technique is limited in its application. Observation tells what happened; but it cannot tell why. It

cannot delve into motives, attitudes,or opinions.

Experimental Method

The experimental method of gathering primary data involves the establishment of a

controlled experiment that stimulates the real market situation as much as possible. The theory is

that' the small-scale experiment will furnish valuable information f tar designing a large scale

marketing program.

7

The experimental method may be used in several different ways. In one instance, a firm

may manufacture a few units of a product and give them to employees or consumers to try out:

Probably the major application of the experimental method has been in market testing. This

technique consist establishing a control market, in which all factors remain constant and one or

more test markets,in which one factor is varied. A firm may be trying to determine whether to

change the color of its city A, the product is marketed in its traditional color. In each

of cities B, C, and D, a different color is used. All other factor are kept constant. By measuring

sales in the four market over a period of time;



the manufacturer, hopes to determine which color

is most effective.

The outstanding merit of the experimental method is it realism. It is the only one of the

three methods of gathering primary data that stimulate an actual maket situation. The problem is

that it is requires long periods of careful planning and administration.

Analyze the Data and Prepare a Report

The final steps in market research project are to analyze the data and interpret the findings.

Information gathered from market research is a guide to the invention



production and sales of

the products for which there is a market. Today sophisticated electronic data processing

equipment enables a researcher to tabulate and analyze masses of data quickly, and

inexpensively.

The end product of the investigation is the researcher's conclusion and recommendations,

submitted, in written form on which the company's policy and proceedings concerning export

promotion are based.

Export Promotion-Advertising

After deciding there are good prospects, for his goods abroad through the study of the

market research investigation, the maker or the exporter will, of course; take measures to

promote, exporting of the goods to that market. A most important measure in this respect is to

advertise; the aid to trade that deals with the problem of giving information about the goods and

0helps to put

buyers and sellers in touch with one another.

By means of advertisements a supplier, tells

people what goods he has for sale and emphasizes their good points in the hope that people will

buy them. Advertising can, be undertaken by the company's sales or publicity department; or an

advertising agcy is to be



engaged as an adviser.

Purpose of Advertising

Inform

8

Advertising can be used to place facts before public. An advertisement for a car may

include some technical details, so that part of the advertisement is informative. Another

advertisement may be .entirely informative,such as the

announcement of the opening of a new

shop.2 To Persuade although the advertisement for the car may give some facts, its over-all

objective is to persuade people to buy the car. To do this various subtle methods may be used.

The illustration, for instance; may give an exaggerated impression of

the car's power The

wording and the lay-out

may be designed to appeal to the emotion rather than the mind: If you

study some advertisement for practical products, you will find that they contain little or no

technical information. One would not expect to find a .scientific analysis in an' advertisement for

a cake of toilet soap, of course, but an examination of advertisement for. medicinal goods will

show that the appeal is mainly to the emotions.3: To Remind Some advertisements aim merely to

keep the name of :the product before the public. A newspaper advertisement may consist of only

a picture of a packet of cigarettes; a bus may carry,the name of an insurance company; a poster

may display a well-known advertising phrase. They say nothing but serve a useful. purpose in

constantly reminding the public of, the, name of the product

Advertising Media

The term "media" means the forms used 'to carry advertisement. The choice of media

depends upon the product and the audience the advertisement is aimed at For example, very few

people are interested in coins. A coin dealer would want to appeal to that small number of people

and to no one else. He would therefore advertise in a magazine which most coin enthusiasts

read.

The cost of advertising in newspapers large depends upon the circulation of each

a newspaper sells a million copies, it is possible (although not probable) that a

million people will read an advertisement in it. Some

pages in a newspaper are more expensive

to advertise in than are others, because most people will read the general news pages but only

some will

the pages devoted to sport, fashion, the arts; etc. Different



types of people read

different newspapers, so an advertiser will use those papers whose readers are likely to be

possible buyers of his products. For example, an art gallery would not advertise in a "popular"

news paper because few of its readers would be likely to be visitors to art galleries.

2 Magazines

The same principles about which media to use also apply to magazines. There are

magazines which men read, those which women read and those which both read. Within each

9

group there is specialization, so that one magazine will be read by one "social group" and not by

another.

3. Radio and Television

These are the most



expensive of advertising media. A broadcast at a "peak time"will be

heard or seen by millions of people: If only a tiny fraction of them respond, the huge cost twill

have been justified. One reason for the success of such advertising is that it is difficult to ignore.

A broadcast will be heard: or seen by everyone using a radio or television set; even if only

subconsciously, it will make an impression. On the other hand, when you read a newspaper or a

magazine you will not even notice most of the advertisements

A radio or television advertisement must make an instant appeal. There may be only 30

seconds to get the message across; so its impacts

must be immediate.

4 Outdoor Advertising

This includes posters, advertisements on vans and buses and in trains. The message must be

simple and short, perhaps with an immediately recognizable illustration.

Selection of Customers-Credit information

Once the overseas' market has been found, the next step is to look for suitable customers

with whom the maker or exporter expects to establish good business relationships. Undoubtedly,

he wishes to deal with those customers of high credit standing, and that is one of the chief factors

to consider at the tune of setting up new business information about the credit

or financial standing of an overseas trader can be obtained from various sources. They are

chiefly banks, trade associations professional credit information services, and consulates abroad.

Upon application for or on receipt of letters asking for the credit standing of the foreign trader in

question these organizations are willing to provide,

without any responsibility on their part,a credit or financial report on the trader, which is

usually considered as private and confidential. The report is based on the relative references,

files, and records they have kept or on the result of an investigation made accordingly. In view of

the financial or credit status stated or recommended in the report alongside of other factors the

maker .or manufacturer may freely consider the intended customer acceptable or not.

你们的硕士研究生毕业论文都是找谁帮写的啊?

现在都是找机构发表的,文章写的一般就可以了,没什么太大的要求的。不过只有一点,找机构的时候小心骗子。得找个可靠的。我以前在人民论文网发过。你可以先去看看。

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