英语科普论文范文

英语科普论文范文

科普 教育 对我国小康社会、和谐社会的建设有着重要的意义。下面是我带来的英语科普类 文章 ，欢迎阅读!

英语科普类文章1

听点小音乐 轻松学分数

Stuck on a tricky math problem? Start clapping. Grade school kids who learned about fractions through a rhythm-and-music-based curriculum outperformed their peers in traditional math classes. The work is inEducational Studies in Mathematics.

被一条数学题难住了?拍拍手试试吧。研究表明，小学生在有节奏感的音乐背景下学习分数知识的效果会好于传统课堂(具体研究发表在《数学教育研究》上的《学术性音乐：如何用音乐辅助三年级小学生学习基础分数》一文，作者：苏珊·科瑞等)。

Fractions let you divide up a measure of music into notes of varying length. For example, one four-beat measure could contain a single whole note held for all four beats, two half notes of two beats apiece, four quarter notes of a beat each, and so on. In the Academic Music program, based on the Kodaly method of musical education, students clap, drum and chant to memorize the lengths of musical notes—then solve problems in which fractional notes must add up to a full measure of music.

根据分数的概念，一节音乐可分成长短不一的几串音符。例如，一节四拍子的调子可包含一个代表四拍子的全音符，两个各代表一个二拍子的二分音符，四个各代表一个一拍子的四分音符……以此类推。在“学术性音乐”项目中，研究人员以科达伊的音乐教育 方法 为基础，让学生通过打拍子、敲鼓、合唱记住各音符的长度，学生必须把这些片段加起来，才能得到一节完整的音乐——如此实践可解决学生对分数的疑惑。

Sixty-seven students participated in the study. Half did math problems using the Academic Music system. And after six weeks, the students in the music program averaged 50 percent higher on tests than did the kids in regular math class. Fractions create a solid foundation for further math education—so mastering them is music to educators' ears.

有67名学生作为实验对象参与了本次研究，其中有一半在“学术性音乐”体系下解决数学问题。六周后，他们在测试中的得分要比普通班级中的学生平均高50%。分数是进一步进行数学知识教学的基础——如此看来，这还多亏了教育者的耳朵。

英语科普类文章3

十万年前的颜料工作室

Archeologists have discovered a paint production studio in an ancient South African cave A new archaeological find may signify one of the great leaps in human cultural and cognitive history. Because researchers have discovered a 100,000-year-old art studio. It was known that ochre—rock with red or yellow pigments—was used for paint even that far back in history. But there was scant evidence for how it was prepared and handled. Then, in 2008, researchers uncovered an ochre mixing kit in a South African cave. They found two abalone shells, most likely used for paint mixing and storage. They also found ochre, bone, charcoal, grindstones and hammerstones. The researchers say the ochre was probably rubbed on quartzite slabs to create a fine powder. It was then mixed and heated with other crushed substances, including other stones or mammal-bone. Microscopic striations on the inner abalone surface likely are likely scrape marks left during paint mixing. The research was published in the journal Science. The paint may have been used for body adornment or for long-gone artwork. And the presence of this paint-production laboratory indicates that the early humans knew basic chemistry and could plan for the future.

考古学家在南非的一个古老洞穴中发现了一个油漆制作工作室。这个新的考古发现可能是人类 文化 和认知历史的最伟大的跨越之一。因为研究人员发现的这个工作室产生于十万年前。众所周知，拥有红色或黄色色素的赭石岩一直被广泛运用于绘画中，但却少有证据显示它是如何制作并运用的。2008年，研究人员 在南非的山洞中发现了赭石混合工具， 两个可能用于调漆和储存的鲍鱼壳，除此之外他们还发现了赭石，骨头，炭笔和石锤。研究人员称，这些赭石很有可能经过在石英岩板上仔细研磨后，得到上等的粉末，然后再与 其他石头或者是哺乳动物的粉末混合并加热。用显微镜观察鲍鱼壳的内表面，你可以发现一些刮痕，这些都有可能是在混合颜料的过程中留下来的。这个发现已经被刊登在科学期刊上。这些颜料可能一直被运用在人体 彩绘 和长久失传的艺术品上。而且这些颜料制作工作室的存在表明了早期人类对化学已有了基本的了解并具有了规划未来的能力。颜料工具的一小步，人类历史的一大步——辛西亚莫。

英语科普类文章3

你知道发烧的妙处吗?

Fever can play a variety of roles, such as inhibiting pathogen replication. It also apparently increases the population of killer T cells of the immune system. Christopher Intagliata reports.

发烧有多种不同的作用，如抑制病菌复制。它还可以显著增加免疫系统中杀伤性T细胞的数量。

I've always thought that when I get a fever, it's my body trying to make things uncomfortable for the invading pathogen. And that's often true—higher temperatures can inhibit the bad guys' ability to replicate. But my fever may actually be a one-two-punch. In addition to slowing down the invader, the heat helps the immune system recruit more troops for a counter-attack. That finding appears in the Journal of Leukocyte Biology.

我很早就知道，发烧的时候，其实是我的身体正在对入侵的病原体做出抵抗。这是事实---高温可以抑制坏病菌复制的能力。但发烧更是一个组合打击。除了减缓病原体的入侵，高温可以帮助免疫系统召集更多的部队做出抵抗。这一研究发表在《白细胞生物学杂志》。

Researchers warmed up one group of mice to body temperatures of about 103 degrees Fahrenheit. They left another group at normal core temperature—about the same as ours. Then they injected both groups of mice with an antigen, a substance that attracts the attention of the immune system.

研究人员将一组老鼠的体温升高到103华氏度，另外一组保持正常体温---大约是人体温度。然后向这两组老鼠的体内注射抗原——一种会引起免疫系统反应的物质。

Blood samples taken three days later revealed that the feverish mice had nearly twice as many killer T-cells: the kind of immune cells that can hunt down infected cells or tumor cells, and slaughter them.

三天后，这两组老鼠的血样表明，体温较高老鼠组体内的杀伤性T细胞是正常组的2倍，这种免疫细胞可以追踪感染细胞或癌细胞，并将其消灭。

So when you're sick and you get the chills, the authors say, your body may be trying to tell you to hop under some blankets. Lie down, warm up and send a message. The heat is on.

所以，当你生病或感到寒冷时，表示你的身体正直向你传达信息--裹条毯子。躺在床上吧，热起来，身体自会做出反应。热度来袭啊。

科普类英语文章

随着科学技术的飞速发展和全球化进程的不断加快，科普 文章 在向社会大众普及科学技术知识，提高公众科学素养等方面发挥着举足轻重的作用。下面是我带来的科普类英语文章，欢迎阅读!

科普类英语文章

生物与环境平衡的危机

The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings. To a large extent, the physical form and the habits of the earth’s vegetation and its animal life have been molded by the environment. Considering the whole span of earthly time, the opposite effect, in which life actually modifies its surroundings, has been relatively slight. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.

During the past quarter century this power has not only become increasingly great but it has changed in character. The most alarming of all man’s assaults upon the environment is the contamination of air, earth, rivers, and sea with dangerous and even lethal materials. This pollution is for the most part irrecoverable. In this now universal contamination of the environment, chemicals are the sinister partners of radiation in changing the very nature of the world the very nature of its life. Chemicals sprayed on croplands or forests or gardens lie long in soil, entering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death. Or they pass mysteriously by underground streams until they emerge and combine into new forms that kill vegetation, sicken cattle, and work unknown harm on those who drink from once pure wells. "Man can hardly even recognize the devils of his own creation," as a scientist has said.

It took hundreds of millions of years to produce the life that now inhabits the earth. Given time not in years but in millennia life adjusts, and a balance has been reached. But in the modern world there is no time.

The rapidity of change follows the impetuous pace of man rather than the deliberate pace of nature. Radiation is now the unnatural creation of man’s tampering with the atom. The chemicals are the synthetic5 creations of man’s inventive mind, having no counterparts in nature.

To adjust to these chemicals would require not merely the years of a man’s life but the life of generations. And even this, were it by some miracle possible, would be futile, for the new chemicals come from our laboratories in an endless stream; almost five hundred annually find their way into actual use in the United States alone. Among them are many that are used in man’s war against nature. Since the mid 1940’s over 200 basic chemicals have been created for use in killing insects, weeds, and other organisms described as "pests."

It is not my contention that chemical insecticides must never be used. I do contend that we have put poisonous and biologically potent chemicals indiscriminately into the hands of persons largely or wholly ignorant of their potentials for harm. We have subjected enormous numbers of people to contact with these poisons, without their consent and often without their knowledge. I contend, furthermore, that we have allowed these chemicals to be used with little or no advance investigation of their effect on soil, water, wildlife, and man himself. Future generations are unlikely to forgive our lack of concern for the integrity of the natural world that supports all life.

地球上生命的历史一直就是一部生物与其环境相互作用的历史。在很大程度上，地球上动植物的形态以及习性都是由外部环境所塑造的。考虑到地球上生命存在的整个时间，相反作用，即生命对其周围环境的实际改变作用，却相对很小。只有在当前这个世纪(指20世纪)才有一个物种--人类，获得了强大的力量，改变了其所生存的世界的自然状态。

在过去的1/4世纪中，这种力量不仅日趋强大，而且其性质也发生了变化。在人类破坏环境的种种行为中，最令人担忧的是人类向大气、土壤、河流以及海洋中排放危险甚至致命物质，而当今这种污染在很大程度上是无法挽救的。在当今这种对环境的普遍污染中，化学制品与辐射狼狈为奸，改变着地球的自然状态，也就是改变着地球上生命的自然状态。喷洒到农田、森林或者花园里的化学物质长期滞留于土壤中，渗入有机体内，并彼此相传，形成了一个中毒与死亡的链条。化学物质还神秘地通过地下水传递，最终以新的形式出现并结合，使植物毒死，牲畜害病，并使饮用一度纯净的井水的人遭受了不明之害。正如一位科学家所言：“人类甚至对自己创造的恶魔都不认识。”

地球历经了许多亿年才创造了栖息其上的生命。经过了一定时间--不是以若干年计而是以若干千年计的时间--生命开始适应环境，并形成了一种与环境的平衡。但是在现代世界中，时间这一因素已经没有了。

环境改变的速度不再顺从大自然从容不迫的节奏，而是顺从人类急切匆匆的步伐。辐射是当今人类通过支配原子而得到的一种非自然的创造物。化学制品则是人类有发明创造力的头脑创造出来的合成物，在自然界本无相应的东西。

为了适应这些化学制品，人类需要付出的时间不会只是一个人一生的时间，而是几代人的时间。而即使这样，就算出现奇迹成为可能，这种适应也是徒劳的，因为新的化学制品从我们的实验室中源源不断地涌出。仅在美国，每年就有大约500种化学制品投入使用，其中许多是用于人类对自然的战争中。从20世纪40年代中期起，人类已经创造了200多种基本化学制品用来消灭昆虫、野草以及其他所谓的“有害生物”。

我不是说人类决不能使用化学杀虫剂。我要说的是，我们不分青红皂白地将这些有毒的、具有强大生物功能的化学制品，交给了那些对这些制品的潜在危害基本上或者完全无知的人去使用。我们使众多的人接触这些有毒物质，却没有征得他们的同意，并常常将他们蒙在鼓中。我还要说的一点是，我们允许使用这些化学制品，却事先很少或者根本没有调查它们对土壤、水、野生生物以及人类自身造成的影响。我们缺乏对万物赖以生存的自然界生态统一的关心，对此，我们的后代是不可能原谅的。

科普类英语文章

基因技术能否使人更聪明?Get Smart

Many people dream of having a smarter brain. Princeton neurobiologist Joseph Z. Tsien found the key. In September he announced that he’d built a better mouse by altering a gene that affects learning and memory. A similar process of gene manipulation might conceivably be used one day to boost intelligence in humans.

The secret lies in a feature of brain cells called the nmda receptor, which Tsien likens[1] to a cylindrical tube or window that mediates[2] the flow of information. When the window is open, chemicals called neurotransmitters flow through easily and memory is registered and stored. But as organisms mature, the window begins to close. (This may explain why children lose their facility for learning new languages when they reach sexual maturity and why some people suffer memory loss as they age.)

Tsien noticed that the receptor worked more efficiently when teamed[3] with the gene NR2B, so he introduced extra NR2B genes into a batch of fertilized mouse eggs. In a normal mouse, the memory window is open for just 150-thousandths of a second. In Tsien’s specially engineered mice, the window opens for 250-thousandths of a second, long enough to make a remarkable difference in memory retention. When he pitted[4] his mice against common mice, they won paws down. Ordinary mice could recognize a Lego block for 12 hours, but smart mice could remember the block for up to three days. "That’s a profound enhancement," Tsien says.

Can it be done with humans? Maybe, but genetic engineering will have to make some extraordinary advances first. And some thorny ethical issues will have to be resolved. Meanwhile, Tsien promises to keep his furry little geniuses locked up in a lab, far from your larder. "Otherwise," he says, "you might need a smart cat or a smart mousetrap to catch them."

许多人都希望自己能变成更聪明。普林斯顿神经生物学家Joseph Z. Tsien就找到了这把开启智慧之门的钥匙：他于九月宣布，通过改变影响学习和记忆能力的基因培养出了一只聪明的老鼠。类似的基因处理技术有望在未来日子里运用到人脑，以推动人类智慧的飞跃。

该技术的奥秘就在于名为nmda感受器的脑细胞的功能。Tsien将其比作一个传递信息流的圆柱通道或窗口。当窗口开放时，某种称为神经传递素的化学物质就能轻易流过，记忆因此登记并存储了下来。然而，当器官成熟时，这扇窗口就开始关闭。(这也能解释为何 儿童 长大后(性器官成熟之时)会失去掌握新语言的能力，以及为何某些人年老时会患失忆)。

Tsien注意到，当感受器与名为NR2B的基因协作时效率会更高。因此，他将NR2B基因植入一批老鼠的受精卵中。一只普通老鼠的记忆之窗仅开放千分之150秒。而经Tsien植入基因的老鼠，记忆之窗能开放千分之250秒，这已经能够使其 记忆力 发生惊人的改变。当他让自己的老鼠与普通老鼠互斗时，它们竟能轻而易举地取胜。普通老鼠能够保留关于Lego block的记忆12小时，而聪明的老鼠居然能将记忆保持三天。“这可是一个意义深远的进步。”Tsien这样说。

那么，人类也能接受这种基因移植吗? 或许可以，但前提是基因工程得首先做出非凡的成就，还必须解决一系列棘手的伦理问题。Tsien保证他一定会将那些披着毛皮的小天才锁入实验室，远离人们的食品柜。“否则，”他说，“为了捉住他们，人们就不得不去寻找更聪明的猫或者功能更强的捕鼠器了。”

科普类英语文章

食用转基因食品安全吗?Food Safe To Eat?

Traditional plant breeding involve s crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross example，disease-resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with high-yield wheat to combine these type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.

Genetic engineering(GE)involves exchanging genes between unrelated species that cannot naturally exchange genes with each can involve the exchange of genes between vastly different species――g scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into is possible that a scorpion toxin gene，even when it is in maize DNA，will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin――but what other effects may it have in this alien environment?We are already seeing this problem――adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow――but it also gives them arthritis and makes them cross-eyed，which was entirely unpredictable.

It will be obvious，for example，that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA――but what side-effect would it have?In other words，is GM food safe to eat?The answer is that nobody knows because long-term tests have not been carried out.

Companies wanting a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety to’s soya beans were apparently fed to fish for10weeks before being was no requirement for independent testing，for long-term testing，for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.

The current position of the UK Government is that“ There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods.”In the US，the American Food and Drug Administration is currently being prosecuted for covering up research that suggested possible risks from GM foods.

传统的植物培育 方法 ，是依照植物自然杂交的方式，进行相同物种的人工杂交。比如，抗病小麦同高产小麦杂交，形成了一种具有双重特性的新的小麦品种。这种自然的基因交换既安全，又具有相当的可预见性。

基因工程是在彼此毫无关系的物种之间，相互交换在自然条件下无法交换的基因。它可在有巨大差异的物种之间进行基因交换。比如，将蝎子毒素基因注入玉米，或者将鱼防冻基因注入西红柿。即使在玉米DNA中，蝎子毒素基因依然可能获得有机组织产生蝎子毒素。但是在这种异质的环境中，这种基因产品会有什么其他作用吗?我们实际上已经发现这个问题：将人类生长荷尔蒙基因植入猪的体内，一定会使猪的生长加速，但是同时也使猪患上了关节炎和内斜视，而这一切是完全无法预测的。

打个比方，人类的智力基因显而易见在人体DNA内和注入卷心菜DNA后的作用是不同的。但将它植入卷心菜中会产生什么样的副作用呢?换句话说，食用转基因食品安全吗?没有人知道答案，因为人们尚未进行长期的测试。

在英国或者美国，一个公司如果希望其转基因产品获得批准，它必须向管理机构提供本公司转基因产品安全测试的结果。Monsanto的大豆在获得批准之前，曾用了10周时间进行喂鱼试验。目前，尚无要求对转基因产品进行独立测试、长期测试、人体测试，或者就其对儿童及过敏者所造成的特定危险进行测试。

英国政府目前的态度是：“尚无证据表明食用转基因食品存在长期性的危险。”在美国，人们正在起诉美国食品药品管理局掩盖转基因食品安全性的研究结果，这些研究结果表明，食用转基因食品可能导致危险。

求英语科普类文章（附中文）

Are the sun and the solar system to the sun as the center, dominated by its gravity and the objects around it sports posed by the system
. Members include the sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, Ming
Wang, more than 2000 asteroids 34 satellites, as well as a lot of comets and meteoroids.
The sun (Sun)
The center of the solar system objects. Are a star. Contains nearly 98% of the solar system quality. With the Earth's average
Distance of 149,600,000 kilometers diameter 1,390,000 kilometers, to the Earth 109 times the volume of the Earth's 1.3 million times, Ping
Are the density of 1.4 grams / cubic centimeter. Surface temperature of about 6000 degrees Celsius, the center temperature of 15 million degrees Celsius. By
Nuclear fission of hydrogen nuclei into helium thermonuclear reaction a large amount of energy. The naked eye we see the surface layer called the "light ball"
, Light balls above a layer called the "chromosphere", the most outer layer called the "corona", which formed the sun's atmosphere. Too
Yang's rotation period is 25 days, the bipolar area is about 35 days, the sun on the most abundant chemical element hydrogen.

The sun's activity stems from its central part. The sun's core pressure of more than 34 billion times the Earth. Here at hair
Health of nuclear fusion. Fusion led to the four proton or a hydrogen atom or helium nuclei阿尔法粒子. Al
Law on the quality of particles smaller than 0.7 percent to four protons, the quality of the remaining energy is transformed into the sun and was released to the table
Noodles, and through the process of emitting light and heat convection. Solar core, through millions of years of energy required to reach
Its surface. Per second have been 700 million tons of hydrogen into helium. In the process, there are about five million tons of net energy
Volume was released, so the sun can make light-emitting.

Photosphere are the chromosphere above. Amount of solar power through the region from the center outward transfer. This layer can be seen too
Yang flares. Flares sunspots are formed before the chromosphere the hydrogen generated by hot clouds. Photosphere at some
Region, a slightly lower temperature than the surrounding (usually 4000 degrees Celsius), this is the sunspot.

The sun's outer atmosphere called the corona. Date the region has bait. Date baits are the upper chromosphere at the enormous
Flame. The most coronal extension of outer space-oriented and radiation generated by the particles from the sun. Coronal only have the whole day
Can be seen when fresh.

The sun's age of about 46 million years, it can continue to burn about 50 million years. At the final stage of its existence, too
Yang will be in the helium into heavy elements, the sun will also be the beginning of the volume continues to expand, until the Earth swallowed. At
一亿年After the red giant stage, the sun will suddenly collapse into a white dwarf - all stars of the existence
The final stage. Go through several万亿年, it will eventually completely cooled.

Mercury (Mercury)
Ancient China, also known as "辰星." The sun, one of the nine planets. From the sun recently. With solar distance 0.39
Astronomical units, that is 57.91 million kilometers in diameter for 38% of the Earth, mass of the Earth's 5.5%, density of water
5.4 times larger orbit eccentricity, 0.21. Revolution period of 88 days, the rotation period of 59 days. For
The sun side of the temperature of 400 degrees Celsius, while the sun back to -160 degrees Celsius, Mercury has many craters on
And has a strong magnetic field, the surface strength of 1% of the Earth. Shell by the porous soil, or similar surface soil of the moon rock
Composed of stone powder. Mercury is even lower than Jupiter's satellite Ganymede (Ganymede) and Saturn's satellite Titan (soil
Titan) is also small.

Mercury surface similar to the lunar surface. Meteorite dust covered the ups and downs撞成hills, a few kilometers of the fault cliff high
Stretching hundreds of kilometers, large and small craters are everywhere. Looks at the sun than the Earth on large two and a half times.
Because of not enough air to scatter sunlight, the sky is usually dark. If you look up to the sky, he also
Xu will find two bright stars: a bright yellow are the Venus, the other one is blue earth.

On observations from the Earth, Mercury and the sun angle of the largest only 28 degrees at dawn or during the day it appeared in the sky
, So its observation very difficult. In the "sailors" on the 10th visit the Mercury before the awareness of Mercury are
Very small.

Because of its revolution and rotation of the relationship between the more complex, if the sun to rise from the sun for a Down
Units to calculate, on the day of Mercury will be the day the Earth 176.

Mercury appears that it can not exist on the water, its atmosphere is very small, and very high temperatures during the day. However, in 1991
Mercury at the Arctic scientists found an unusual bright spot. Highlights the possible cause of this are at the surface
Or underground ice. Because the orbit of Mercury is rather special, at its North Pole, the sun is always on the horizon only irresolute
Further. At some of the internal crater may never see the sun because of the temperature dropped to -161 degrees Celsius
. Such a low temperature is likely to solidification from the planetary internal release of gas, or accumulation of ice from space
.

Mercury atmospheric pitiful, its main components for helium (42%), Sodium vapor (42%) and oxygen (15%), and its
The average surface temperature of 179 degrees Celsius, up to 427 degrees Celsius, a minimum of -173 degrees Celsius.

Venus (Venus)
Ancient China, also known as "Venus", "Chang", "Taibai", "star" and so on, the nine planets of the solar system
1. According to the order from the sun for the second. With an average distance of the sun 0.72 astronomical units, 108,210,000
Km. Size and the Earth is similar to the diameter of the Earth smaller than 5%, quality 82% of the Earth, the density of water, 5
.2 Times the revolution period of 225 days, the rotation period is 243 days, the rotation direction and the other planets the contrary, the surface cover
Covered a very thick atmosphere, the most carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapor low surface temperature as high as 480 degrees Celsius
About. Venus surface of the magnetic field only one-thousandth of the Earth also has an ionosphere. Separately in the morning because of Venus
Morning and evening in the sky, the ancient astrologers have been think there are two such planets, then sub -
Do not be referred to as the "Morningstar" and "evening." In English, Venus - "Venus" (Venus) is an ancient Romanian
Horse of the god of love and beauty. It has always been curly clouds shrouded in mystery at.

Because of Venus and the Earth in size, mass, density and weight on very similar, and almost all of Venus and the Earth
Formed simultaneously by the same nebula, astrologers will have them as sister planets. But recently scientists have discovered
, Venus and the Earth in fact very different. Venus has no oceans, it has been the main ingredients for a thick oxide
Carbon in the atmosphere surrounded by water does not. Its cloud is composed of sulfuric acid droplets. At the surface, it
Equivalent to atmospheric pressure at sea level on the Earth 92 times.

Because of Venus's thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide caused by "greenhouse effect", Venus surface temperature up to 482 photo
S degrees. Sunlight through the atmosphere will be hot roast Venus surface. Surface outward radiation of heat at the process by
Atmospheric barrier, can not be distributed into outer space. This makes Venus than in Mercury also hot.

Random surface of Venus is covered with many small craters. Because of Venus's thick atmosphere, a diameter less than 2 kilometers
Crater is almost impossible to retain it. And when a large meteorite in a small pit formed before the meteorite hit the surface of Venus, and its production
Health and debris at the surface of the crater produced exceptional group. Volcanoes and volcanic activity of a lot of the surface of Venus. To
Less 85% of Venus surface covered with volcanic rocks. Many lava flows hundreds of kilometers, fill the lowland, forming a broad
Wide plains. In addition to hundreds of large volcanoes, more than 100,000 small crater Block embellishment at the surface of Venus. From fire
Mountain emitted lava flows resulted in a long trench, ranging up to hundreds of kilometers, one of a range of ultra -
Over 7000 kilometers.

The topography of Venus is covered with vast lava plains and mountains of geological activities undermine or plateau. At
Maxwell Hill Ishtar region are the highest mountain on Venus. Aphrodite highland region occupies almost
Half of the equatorial regions. Magellan plans to obtain more than 2.5 kilometers of Venus images show the existence of the plateau zone prescribed
Bright soil moist. However, in the Venus surface, liquid water are unlikely to exist, and could not explain the bright plateau
Reasons. There was a presumption that these bright regions may be due to metal compounds. Studies have shown that this
Some metals may be iron sulfide. It can not exist in the plain areas, but at high altitude is possible. These payments
May also be an alien, and it led to the effect is the same, but the concentrations are lower.

The Earth (Earth)
The nine planets of the solar system, according to the order from the sun for the third stars, with the sun's average distance of about 14,960
10,000 kilometers, the volume of around 1,083,200,000,000 cubic kilometers for the equatorial radius is about 6378 kilometers, the radius is extremely 6,3
57 kilometers, a difference of 21 kilometers. The average water density is 5.5 times the revolution period is 365.25 days, the rotation cycle 2
3:56. Revolution of the Earth orbit is an ellipse with the Earth equatorial plane into 23 degrees 26 minutes angle. So generated
The length of the seasons and day and night. Surface has a solid crust. An area of 51,100 km, one of the total marine table
Area of 71%, land is about 29%, surrounded by the atmosphere, nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and other gas components. Earth
Has a satellite - the moon. Used to distinguish the characteristics of the Earth are on a black background and blue water, brown and green
Land and the large white cloud.

We are the Earth's atmosphere is 78 percent nitrogen, 21% are oxygen, the remaining 1 percent are other ingredients. Flat surface of the Earth
Both the temperature is 15 degrees Celsius, the mean pressure of 101.3 Pa.

The Earth are the only known solar system planets existence of life. Express our planet's rotation and nickel iron lava nuclear
Heart to generate a vast magnetic field, together with the atmosphere to prevent almost all from the sun and other stars
Harmful rays. The Earth's atmosphere for us to block a lot of meteorites, meteorite much at their arrival and before the
Had been burned.

Since the beginning of human space exploration, our own planet there is a greater awareness. The first man-made human beings to
Ball satellite discovered a strong radiation zone, now called the Van Allen radiation belts. The causes are from
Sports Express in the charged particles in the equatorial region of a circular region to capture the Earth's magnetic field. Earth's magnetic field
By the solar wind into a droplet-shaped twist of this phenomenon is also found by satellite. We also found that once we identified
Is very calm for the upper atmosphere, they are very active, and it during the day and evening to narrow expansion. Live by the sun
Dynamic effects of the Earth's upper atmosphere to affect weather and climate.

Apart from the impact of the Earth's climate, the sun's activities are also our atmosphere for the brilliant performances. When the charged particle
Son of the Earth's magnetic field has been captured, they are with our planet's pole impact air molecules so that these open air molecules
Sending light, this is the "Aurora."

Mars (Mars)
Ancient China, also known as "荧惑," the nine planets of the solar system, according to the order from the sun for the fourth stars. And too
Yang average distance 1.52 astronomical units, or 227,940,000 kilometers in diameter for 53% of the Earth, its size at
Ranked seventh in the solar system. Quality for 11 percent of the Earth, the density of water is 3.9 times the revolution period of 687 days,
Rotation cycle of 24 hours 37 minutes. Mars's equatorial plane and orbital plane 23 degrees 59 minutes into the corner, so on Mars also has
Four Seasons, a quarterly basis and around six months long. Very thin atmosphere, mainly composed of carbon dioxide, the surface temperature at Chek
Road during the day and the highest, at 28 degrees Celsius, down to -132 degrees Celsius at night, white极冠of the main components of water ice
Also has a small amount of dry ice, the size of极冠changes with the seasons. Sometimes disappear in summer and winter increase. Surface
Comparing the same as the Earth has rocks, volcanic and desert regions. On Mars because of the rock, sand and sky are red
Color or pink, so the planet is often also referred to as the "red planet."

The southern hemisphere of Mars are similar to the moon covered with craters of the ancient plateau, while the Northern Hemisphere, mostly organized by young plains
Composition. Mars 24 kilometers high on the "Olympus" Mountains can be called the solar system are the highest mountains. Away from fire
Stars around tens of thousands of kilometers, have two very small stars, which are the Martian satellites.

In Chinese, the name is reminiscent of Mars to the "fire" and hot, but in fact, this red planet is
Abnormal cold and dry. Nevertheless, Mars is still in the solar system and earth are the most similar to a planet. It
Smaller than the size of the Earth, the atmosphere thinner than the Earth.

A very thin atmosphere of Mars, the Earth's atmospheric pressure is only 7 thousandths. The main components of the atmosphere of Mars are dioxoketene
CFCs, and other ingredients are nitrogen, argon, oxygen and so on. Mars atmospheric water at the proportion of only 0.03%
. Thus abnormal drying the surface of Mars.

Mars the average temperature of minus 55 degrees Celsius, while the larger temperature difference: In the summer, daytime temperatures up to
Twenty degrees Celsius, while in winter the temperature can be as low as minus more than 100 degrees Celsius. Mars often have strong winds,
And thus often leads to large-scale dust storms.

Scientists have found that many areas on Mars have been signs of erosion, but it seems to criss-cross the riverbed
Telling us that Mars once had liquid water, they gather into large and small lakes, and even marine
. Scientists, it was explained that at the early formation of Mars, the planet by thick clouds of carbon dioxide
The parcels, resulting in a powerful "greenhouse effect" by the solar radiation, heat the surface of Mars have been obstructing the clouds
Separated, can not be distributed to the outer space, making temperatures rise, so that liquid water to exist. At that time, the warmth of the Martian
Humid, you may have been bred to life.

Mars has two poles at many solid-state carbon dioxide (dry ice), scientists have speculated that in these enormous ice
Cover may exist below the water-solid.

Jupiter (Jupiter)
Ancient China, also known as "岁星," one of the solar system planets. According to the order from the sun for the Fifth stars. And too
Yang average distance of 5.20 astronomical units, or 778,300,000 kilometers. Volume and quality than the other eight planets
Combined, and the equatorial diameter of the Earth 11.18 times for the 142.8 thousand kilometers. The quality of the Earth's 317.89-fold
, Density of water 1.3 times, public transfer cycle 11.86, the rotation cycle for the 9:50 is the fastest one rotation
Stars, so the shape is very flat. Jupiter atmospheric shading shows staggered parallel to the equator of the cloud band, the temperature was about -12
1 degrees Celsius. Well-known Great Red Spot are embedded in the cloud band of clouds. Atmospheric thickness of about 730 kilometers. Atmospheric depths have
Water vapor, but the total amount of less than hydrogen. There are acetylene, ethane and phosphine. Jupiter's magnetosphere has been a huge package
Around with the Earth's magnetosphere similar to, but charged particles within the magnetosphere the energy of the radiation of the Earth is about one million times. Wood
Stars than the Earth magnetic field strong 20-40 times, suggesting that Jupiter has its own energy. Jupiter has 13 satellites, consider someone
There may be satellites fourteenth. There is a halo of Jupiter and Aurora

英语教育类论文范文

英语作为一门学科，其本身即承载和蕴含有丰富的德育功能。但这些德育动能需要教师有意识的创设一定的教育情境。情景是道德教育中重要而有意义的组成部分。下面是我给大家推荐的英语教育类论文范文，希望大家喜欢!

《高中英语课堂教学中的德育教育与教学方法探索》

摘要：本文简要论述了英语语言和高中英语课程中所蕴含的德育功能，并进一步提出教师在利用教材和课堂所提供的虚拟道德情境帮助学生获得道德认知的基础上，还应该采用多种教学方法，有意识的为学生在课堂上提供人际交往的机会和场景。以创设真实的道德教育情境，在帮助学生有效完成英语学习的同时，引导他们达到道德知、情、意、行的统一。

关键词：道德;德育教育;高中英语;道德教育情境

中共中央国务院《关于进一步加强和改进未成年人思想道德建设的若干意见》要求：“学校……把德育工作摆在素质教育的首要位置，贯穿于教育教学的各个环节。”道德教育不是学校某一门课程的专有职能，也不是只在某一特定时候才开展的工作。“只有将道德教育与知识教学结合起来，通过学校开设的各种课程进行道德教育，才能为人的精神丰富与道德成长找到一条有效的途径”。

一、英语语言所蕴含的德育功能

早在上世纪20年代初，萨丕尔就指出，语言是描述人类经验与对世界认识的方式，同一语言社区的成员有着共同的、系统的信仰和理念，他们决定了社区的结构，并通过语言表达出来。因此，语言与文化不是互不相干的孤立的现象，他们紧密联系在一起。当代语言观认为，语言是文化的主要载体，也是习得文化的主要途径之一，而离开了文化，也不可能正确的习得与学习语言。何谓文化?英国人类学家泰勒(1871)指出，文化是指社会成员习得的知识、信仰，艺术、道德、法律与习俗的综合体。n等人则进一步将文化分成三大块：思想、产物、与行为，而其中思想起着决定性作用。3由此可见。英语语言本身就承载着思想道德的内容。学习英语语言的过程，同时也是从另一个角度接受德育教育的过程。

二、高中英语课程中的德育功能

要开发和实现高中英语课程中的德育功能，首先要澄清德育教育的内容是什么。道德是一个人对人、事、物及其关系的基本观点，态度，情感及行为表现。4在人与人(他人与群体)之间，主体我(I)与客体我(me)之间，人与动物、人与自然、人与工作、人与神之间都存在道德关系。5从1997年3月正式开始实施的“全球生活价值教育项目”(Living Values Educa-tional Project)所提出的核心德目对我们的德育教育应该具有启示和指导作用，它们是：合作、自由、幸福、诚实、谦卑、爱心、和平、尊重、责任、朴素、容忍、团结。

教育部干2003年颁布的《普通高中英语课程标准(试验)》对英语的课程性质作了如下规定：“英语课程的学习，既是学生通过英语学习和实践活动，逐步掌握英语知识和技能，提高语言实际运用能力的过程，又是他们磨练意志、陶冶情操、拓展事业、丰富生活经历，开发个性和提高人文素养的过程。”这其中显然包含了思想道德教育的内容。相应的，《课程标准》将“培养爱国主义精神，形成健康的人生观”等作为英语课程的任务之一。

我们现行高中英语教材是高中英语教学的媒介物，是经过筛选的学习资料，这些材料本身就蕴含有丰富的德育功能。以人教版全日制普通高级中学教科书(必修)英语第二册(上)为例：该书包括10个主题单元的内容，这10个主题分别涉及到了辩学、自然、文学、艺术、文化、生活、环保等领域，为学生提供了相关方面的一些知识，同时也为他们深入思考人类与这些事物之间的道德关系提供了很好的平台。比如第一单元的阅读文章No:Boundaries给学生简要介绍了Stephen Hawking，学生可以在学习掌握英语语言知识的同时，了解Hawking顽强的奋斗史，从而去追问顽强、信念、意志、责任之于生命的意义，去探求自由、幸福的哲学意义。

三、英语教学与道德教育情境的创设

如前所述，英语作为一门学科，其本身即承载和蕴含有丰富的德育功能。但这些德育动能需要教师有意识的创设一定的教育情境。情景是道德教育中重要而有意义的组成部分，情景不同，所产生的学习方式不同，其学习结果和效果也不同。

(一)课堂教学与虚拟道德情景

课堂教学就可以提供一种道德教育情境。以扎实高效的认知法(the cognitive approach)为例，其步骤一般是这样的：1、复习导入。讲解新词;2，讲解语法;3、语法练习;4、讲授新课，并展小组活动。逐句讨论课文内容与意义。教师总结;5、回到课文，听录音，学生就课文内容提问。如此，尤其是在开展第4和第5步骤的过程中，学生在老师有意识的引导下，在阅读材料和课堂所提供的虚拟情境中，即可获得一定的道德认知。但认知并非道德教育的全部，道德情感、道德意志和道德行动亦是道德教育非常重要的组成部分，毕竟，“人是做成的而并非生就的”。对于虚拟情境中的个体来讲，他的所作所为只是他的一种意象，并不能保证其在真实情最能够达到道德知、情、意、行的统一。

(二)课堂教学与真实道德情景

课堂教学中的真实情境最主要的是课堂人际交往中发生的各种场景，包括师生交往、生生交往等。这种情境因为过去一直没有受到教师教育意识的足够关注，教师和学生往往会在这种情境中展示出自己最自然本真的一面，因而它所体现的道德更多的是直觉性和习惯化的行为，因此也就更加利于师生之间进行更加有效的道德观察、道德评价和道德教育。当然，这要求教师在课堂教学中注意采用一些鼓励课堂人际交往的教学方法，如交际法，提示法、社区式语言学习法、整体教学法，任务型语言教学法、合作型学习等，并在教学开展的过程中有意识的关注自己和学生在课堂交往时的道德行为和表现，及时给予评价或鼓励。

需要说明的是，在道德教育的过程中——无论是虚拟情境抑或真实情境中，应鼓励学生在对话与协商中提升其道德判断和行为抉择的能力。为了保证师生、生生之间对话与协商的有效，在课堂交往中教师应注意有关言说与倾听有关的问题。在这里，哈贝马斯(Habermas.J)所界定的理想言说的四个条件或许会有帮助：言说内容的真实性;言说行动的适当性，言说者意向的真诚性，言说含义的可领会性。至于倾听，教师则应注意避免“不倾听”、“不健全倾听”、“虚假倾听”、“拒绝倾听”、“批发式倾听”和“同情式倾听”等几种情况和倾向。

当然，德育教育绝非仅由教师和课堂教育教学就能完成，它需要政府、社会、学校、社区，家长和受教育者本人的共同努力。本研究仅希望能够对广大同行在相关方面的课堂教学提供一些思考。

点击下页还有更多>>>英语教育类论文范文

关于英语语言文化论文

　　语言是交际工具、思维工具、认知工具， 文化 的载体、信息(知识、情报、资料)的载体。下文是我为大家整理的关于英语语言文化论文的 范文 ，欢迎大家阅读参考!
　　关于英语语言文化论文篇1
　　浅谈英语语言中姓氏的文化内涵

　　摘要：每个人都拥有自己的姓氏，它作为一种符号，构成了文化载体的一个重要部分。作为一种较为特殊的文化现象，英语姓氏有着极其复杂的构成和来源，其中可能埋藏着历史、经济、文化、地理等众多因素。对于接触语言、文化的研究者，探析英文姓氏来源的工作十分必要。本文尝试探索英语姓氏的演变历程，从而揭开现代英文姓氏与其本源的关系。这必将对英文教学以及加深学生了解 英语文化 具有重要意义。

　　关键词：英语姓氏 来源 文化 英语语言

　　自从有了文明，人类为了便于繁衍生息、交流沟通，就发明了姓氏。随着历史进程和社会的发展，姓名的构成和习用逐步形成。每人都有属于自己的姓氏，它作为一种符号，构成了文化载体的一个重要部分。作为一种较为特殊的文化现象，英语姓氏有着极其复杂的构成和来源，其中可能埋藏着历史、经济、文化、地理等诸多的因素。对于 学习英语 语言的人来说，探析英文中的姓氏来源，具有重要的意义。

　　古代英国在经历了多次外族入侵，才得以形成英语民族及其语言。这是以盎格鲁撒克逊人和凯尔特人为主的世界上众多民族共同努力的结果。

　　到了近代，英语民族的活动舞台随着大英帝国不断向海外的扩张而进一步扩展，也就更大范围地吸收了其他民族的血统和语言。其中，尤以美利坚民族和美国英语的形成最为典型。

　　这自然也就让英语姓名系统变的更加复杂化。尤其是在现、当代，英语民族血统进一步多元化，英语语言体系进一步扩大化，这当归功于大批涌入英语国家或地区的移民。尽管外来移民的姓名不断被英语同化，但多多少少都会保持原民族的某些特征。据英美 姓名学 家统计，如今英语姓名的语源就与三十多个大小语种相关。下面，我们着重来看英语姓名在其本土的演化发展过程。

　　在英伦三岛被诺曼底人入侵以前，即公元1006年的诺曼征服前，英国人没有姓，只有名。

　　英国封建主义的高峰是在公元9世纪到15世纪。在手工业和商业发展的基础上，商业关系与市场关系不断加强，英国人口也急剧增加。由于备选的个人名的数量远不能满足剧增的人口需要，所以越来越多的人只好选择了相同的名字作为个人名。这样当同名的人相遇或同居相处时，问题就产生了，通常会出现诸如呼此彼应、一呼几应之类的误会。所以，人们就在自己的名字上添个词来区别。于是，英语民族的先民们便开始在个人名后面添加个人附加名，作为区分同名人的手段，以增强人名的社会区分职能。

　　个人附加名大多是本人的出生地名、职业名称或着绰号等。例如，一个名叫 Mike 的人，如果他的职业是渔夫(the Fisherman)，人们就叫他 Mike the Fisherman(渔夫麦克)。如果一个人的名叫作 Hen-rye，而他出生于牛津(Cambridge)，人们就习惯性地称呼他为 Henry of Cambridge(牛津的亨利)。个人附加名并不世袭，因此还是在个人名的范畴内，而“正宗”的英语姓往往是由个人附加名发展而来的。例如，Mike the Fisherman 和 Henry of Cam-bridge 分别演化成 Mike Fisherman(麦克?费士曼)和 Henry Cambridge(亨利?剑桥)。

　　到了十七世纪，英国的封建制度逐步腐朽没落，而资产阶级却迅速发展。于是，社会经济不断发展，科技文化不断进步，英国人口也急剧上升，人们联系日益密切，而随之出现的同名现象给人们的交往带来了不少麻烦。以防混淆，人们便在附加名和姓之间再添加一个或多个词来进一步区别。后来加上可变的中间名(middle name)。例如： George McadamSmith，其中的“Macadam”即为可变的中间名。

　　那么姓又是何时在美国出现的呢? 一些学者的结论是美国的姓始自公元 1000 年。其实，在 1492年美洲新大陆被哥伦布“发现”之前，现在美国境内的原始居民，即土著印第安人没有姓，只有个人名。姓是随着 16 世纪欧洲白人的到来才开始出现的。16 至 17 世纪，英国移民及其后裔姓名的基本构成部分是名和姓，如法学家 James Iredell。从 18 世纪起，由于英籍移民的增加和社会联系的增多，美利坚人作为全美的主体民族也开始用中间名(Middle name )了。现 在 我 们 熟 悉 的 前 总 统 George ，他的名字就是这种情况。

　　英语姓氏经过了若干年的发展，以变得纷繁复杂，来源更是多种多样，但是有些来源却是相同的。一种是来自地名。世界各民族的姓都和地名有密切关系 ，英姓中也有类似情况，如由祖先居住的地名而沿用下来的“Arlington”、“Ford”、“Scott”等姓。还有的是起源于行业名。在中世纪后期，英国经济曾突发地繁荣，各种手工业如雨后春笋般兴起，于是人们就根据职业或者工种来决定自己的姓。现今较为常见的有“Archer”(弓箭手)、“Butcher”(屠夫 )、“Glover”(手套商)、“Harper”(竖琴师)、“Locker”(仓库保管员)、“Potter”(陶工)、“Smith”(金属工 )等等。这些姓在一定程度上折射出当时的社会环境及经济发展情况。另外，贵族等的头衔也是来源之一。

　　有些姓最初是一些贵族家庭用来称呼一家之长的，后来为了永保家族荣誉感，便将他们传给了后代，代代相传就渐渐成了姓。“Constable”(王室总管)、“Judge”(审判官)、“King”(国王)、“Mar-shall”(元帅 )等便是此类英姓中常见的。这正是封建社会烙下的印迹。动物也给英语姓氏的产生做出了贡献。

　　某些人出于对动植物的崇拜和赞颂，就把它们的名称拿来作自己的姓。常见的如“Bird”(鸟)、“Fish”(鱼)、“Lion”(狮子)、“Swan”(天鹅)、“Wolf”(狼 )等，以及 Wood”(森林)、“Apple”(苹果)、“Flower”(花 )、“Bush”(灌木丛 )、“Rose”(玫瑰花 )等。还有一些英文姓氏来源于颜色的名称： 英语中的“Brown”(棕色的)、“Pink”(粉红色的)、“Red”(红色的)、“Silver”(银白色的)、“White”(白色的)等就是如此。江河湖海等

　　通过以上简单的回顾分析，我们不难看出，英语的姓氏来源十分广博，其历史成因也非常复杂。正是由于各种多变因素的参与，才导致英文姓氏的演变这般有趣。由于姓氏与人类各种社会活动休戚相关，因此才具有非凡的意义。进一步地研究英语姓氏来源可以帮助我们加深对西方的认识，促进中西文化的交流。并且，对于引导学生更加深刻地理解英语文化也具有重要意义。

　　参考文献：

　　[1] 关翠琼.英语姓氏的起源[J].写作，2006，(22).
　　关于英语语言文化论文篇2
　　浅论英语语言文化内涵的多元化英语教学

　　摘要：从跨文化交际视域和语言运用的层面上诠释文化在英语语言使用中所蕴涵的多样性、内在丰富性以及该语言与其所承载的文化间密不可分的联系是世界多元文化格局的要求。可为多元文化区域内如何学习吸纳异域语言，借鉴、融合异域文化进行跨文化交际提供一个语言与文化相结合的新的理论研究空间。

　　关键词：文化内涵;多元化;英语教学

　　一、语言与文化

　　语言与文化相辅相承，密不可分。语言是文化的特殊载体，文化是民族的灵魂和精神支柱，文化影响和制约着语言交际的过程和效果。语言作为交际工具，可以表达客体的概念意义;此外，作为文化的载体，还蕴涵着该语言的民族文化含义和文化心理。

　　二、英语与英语文化

　　人们在学习英语过程中，主要通过阅读了解对象国的社会风貌，文化风俗，而阅读材料多出自一两个母语国。于是有些人就认定“英语这种语言和某一两个使用英语的国家的文化是密不可分的。” 这是一种错觉，因为这种理论不能充分解释英语作为跨文化交际的媒介的作用。这些人所说的“语言既不是抽象的'人类语言'，也不是微观到个人的'言语'，而是指一个国家、一个地区、一个部族的语言。” 因此，似乎可得出这样的推论--英国文化即英语文化。但这种错觉是由于混淆文化离不开语言，与一定的文化离不开某一具体的语言之间的界限而产生的。所以切不可在语种与文化之间划等号。因为，今天的English culture(英语文化)一词包含甚广。

　　三、多元的英语文化

　　从社会语言学角度看今天的English culture(广义的英语文化)具有多元性，其内容可以涵指：①英国文化;②以英语为母语国家的文化，即狭义的英语文化，如美国文化，加拿大文化，新西兰文化，澳大利亚文化及加勒比海地区部分国家的文化;③以英语为传播媒介的非英语、非西方文化;④古希腊和古罗马文明的文化内容。

　　毋庸置疑，英语运载着英美文化。作为以英美为代表的母语国家的语言，英语承载主流社会的文化，同时也担当非主流的、非英语移民社团与主流社会的交际媒介。如果英语不具备跨文化运载能力，身居于纽约市约25万的华人是无法同美国主流社会交流的(当然他们的交流是通过那些懂英语的移民来进行的)。由此看来，英语是英美文化的载体，推而广之英语是西方文化的载体，同时英语也是外来的、非英美的、非西方文化的载体。另外，作为外语型国家(如中国)的国际交流语言工具，它反映的是该国的政府的政治立场和人民的文化生活(即在中国是中国文化的载体，在南非是南非文化的载体)。

　　四、英语与各国的文化之间的关系

　　作为国际交流语言的英语与各国的文化之间是怎样的关系呢?可以用变化着的对抗融合关系来概括。世界语言——英语正作为母语国家和第二语言型国家的内部语言而被使用，同时，还作为英语国家与非英语国家，非英语国家与非英语国家的交流工具而被广泛使用。

　　在使用中，英语本身固载着的西方人的逻辑和传统与该地的使用者的母语逻辑和民族传统规范不断产生“碰撞”，即所谓的英语与该国文化的对抗;而随着时间的推移与环境的适应，某些英语本身固载着的东西，甚至某些“碰撞”，竟然在该国文化环境下留存下来，即所谓的英语与该国文化的融合。在世界上的多元文化区域内，时时都在进行着学习吸纳异域语言，借鉴、融合异域文化进行跨文化交际活动。

　　五、英语语言文化内涵的多元化与英语教学

　　“作为世界语言，英语的文化内涵是多元的，既包括西方文化要素，也包括东方文化要素;既有__的元素，也有佛教和伊斯兰教的元素。” 由此可见，英语语言教学中要充分考虑英语语言文化的多元化对英语教学过程及效果的影响。因此， 教育 者应注意以下几方面的问题：

　　1.创设立体化教学环境，避免与当地文化对抗，真正实现语言和文化的协调。

　　英语语言文化教学要创设立体化教学环境，是指把语言文化教学的三维即学习者、学习者将来使用语言的目的环境及学习者当时的学习和生活环境有机地统一起来，构成立体的课堂结构。以中国的英语教学为例，“英语基本是中国人教，中国人学，在中国用”。在此环境中，“中国文化始终占支配地位，异域文化的输入只能起补充作用。”

　　Smith 在1981年曾指出：“一种语言一旦成为国际性的，它就不可能恪守一种文化规约。” 也就是说为了用英语跟菲律宾人做生意，中国人并不需要学习欣赏英国的生活方式，也不需要发标准的英国音。近年由于英语文化教学意识的加强，教师在英语语言教学过程中一味的强调异域文化的某些规约，强调片面的语言和文化的协调。殊不知他们忽视了学习者当时的学习和生活环境，其结果是“语言似乎纯粹了，但协调被破坏了，因为犯了与当地文化对抗的错误。” 所以，切不可忘记英语运载着的中国文化。

　　2.正确理解学校课程的作用。

　　对于少数将要从事与异域文化密切相关的工作的人来说，了解对象国的文化是必要的。即使这样学校的课程也只能起到指导作用，正如我们在上面提到的教学中只顾遵循课本内容(英语的文化规约)，不能正确做到因时因地制宜(指的是不能按照言语事件发生的现实环境即学习者当时的学习和生活环境来决定材料的选择，来确定言语的适宜度)，那么教学中的某些行为将导致文化误导现象的产生。因此，要正确理解学校课程的作用，切不可片面夸大其作用。“要了解异国文化的全貌并能在实践中适应它，非得深入其地住上一段时间不可”。

　　3.补充教学力量，聘请母语使用者任教。

　　为了补充教学力量，我们请了很多母语使用者来教书。他们应该清楚的意识到英语是多元文化的载体。来中国任教的人应该接受过必要的训练，对在这一异域文化(中国文化)中“交流时可能遇到的文化歧异有必要的思想准备，这样他们便不会因为听到一个不顺耳的招呼而变得愤怒，不会因为对方的自谦自贬而大惑不解。” 师生必须认识到 “学生的文化环境是文化课的起点，对象国的文化环境是终点”。只有起点确定了，师生才能最终顺利达到终点。

　　切不可本末倒置，在学习之初教师便一味地将对象国的文化环境强加给学生(将终点作为了起点)。“从这个意义上讲，教师了解学生的文化环境要比让学生了解教师将把他们引进的文化环境更重要。” 而在现实的教学实践当中，外籍教师若对学生所在的文化环境一无所知，仅把对象国的文化规约呈现在课堂上，不顾冒着与该国文化产生对抗的风险，让学生模仿并接受，可想而知将会受到怎样的教学效果。

　　在世界范围内，不同民族、不同语言相互接触交流形成了一个多元文化格局。语言是文化的载体，而英语已成为多元文化的载体。面对跨文化交际的需要，英语语言文化教育成为高校英语教育中不可忽视的重要内容。明确英语是多元文化的载体这一事实，从跨文化交际视野中研究英语语言与其所承载的文化之间的关系。这无疑将对原有的英语语言文化教学理念和 方法 提出挑战。从而为多元文化区域如何学习吸纳异域语言，借鉴、融合异域文化进行跨文化交际提供一个语言与文化相结合的新理论研究空间。

　　参考文献

　　[1]颜治强.世界英语概论[M].外语教学与研究出版社，2002

　　[2]陈原.社会语言学[M].学林出版社，1983

　　[3]张正东.外语立体教学法的原理与模式[M].科学出版社，1999