毕业论文控阅英文

毕业论文控阅英文

“毕业论文”的英文：Graduation Dissertation

Dissertation 读法 英 [,dɪsə'teɪʃ(ə)n]  美 ['dɪsɚ'teʃən]

n. 论文，专题；学术演讲

短语：

1、academic dissertation 学位论文 ; 学术论文

2、Graduation Dissertation 毕业论文

3、Doctorate dissertation 博士论文

4、Dissertation Committee 论文委员会

5、dissertation topics 毕业论文题目

词义辨析：

article, paper,dissertation, essay, prose, thesis这组词都有“文章”的意思，其区别是：

1、article 多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章，包括新闻报导、学术论文等。

2、paper 正式用词，多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文，也指高等学校的学期论文，或学校里的作文练习。

3、dissertation 书面语用词，指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章；也可指学位论文。

4、essay 指任何一种非小说性的，篇幅不长、结构简练的文章，如论说文、报道、评论、讽刺性杂文等。

5、prose 专指散文。

6、thesis 既可指毕业论文、学位论文，又可指一般的为阐述学术观点而写的论文。

例句：

1、Exploring "Trinity Working Mode" of Integrating Graduation Field Work, Graduation Dissertation and Employment on Graduation.

毕业实习、毕业论文与学生就业三位一体工作模式探索。

2、On Problems in Writing Graduation Dissertation

关于撰写毕业论文应该注意的问题。

毕业论文 用英语怎么说？

毕业论文的英文翻译是thesis，音标是英 [ˈθi:sɪs]   美 [ˈθisɪs]  。

n.论文，毕业论文;论点，论题;命题

1、There is no empirical evidence to support his thesis.

他的论文缺乏实验证据的支持。

2、How well does this thesis stand up to close examination?

这个命题经得起推敲吗？

3、He has finished his thesis.

他的论文完成了。

4、She's finished writing her thesis.

她那篇论文写出来了。

5、Please write an abstract of this article 〔 thesis 〕.

请写一份这本书〔这篇论文〕的摘要。

The article has a clear-cut thesis and arguments, but lacks reasoning.

文章论点、论据鲜明，但缺乏论证。

毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版

毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版（通用6篇）

转眼间充满意义的大学生活就即将结束，我们都知道毕业生要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种、有准备的检验大学学习成果的'形式，那么什么样的毕业论文才是好的呢？下面是我整理的毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。

Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction. The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation.

I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators.

So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.

The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.

So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.

Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.

Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.

Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.

Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices. OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions。

Good morning,

Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ： I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere grat-itude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.

My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts.

The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies.

In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.

Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Thank you!

good evening, all the appraiser committee members. i come from hust, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. i am and my supervisor is prof.***. with her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year"s hard work, i have finished my paper. finally, it is the show time. this evening i will present my efforts to you all and i gratefully welcome any correction.

the title of my paper is a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. firstly, i am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. secondly, i am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and i have taught this text for more than 3 times . last but not the least ,as a female , i am keen on the study of feminism. for the above facts, i select the subject of a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective as the title of my paper.

i hope by studying this short story we can know more about american southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

next , i will present it to you. here is an outline of my presentation. they are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

this paper consists of six parts. part one presents an introduction to the author william faulkner and a rose for emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and emily s attitude towards love. finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

ok, that"s all. now you may raise your questions ! i am ready! thank you !

today, the title of my paper is on the network novels. in recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. network novel is one of the fast of them. in the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels" addicts. for the above facts, i select the subject of on the network novels as the title of my paper.

the last part, the forecast. looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. if each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.

not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.

good morning, all appraiser committee members. i am **** and my supervisor is ***. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of on transformation of parts of speech as the title of my paper.

i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.

part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.

part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.

stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.

The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.

Angela Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.

With the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.

Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.

Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.

Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.

Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.

Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.

Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

英文 毕业论文评阅意见 怎么写

毕业论文评阅意见
The graduation thesis review comments

毕业论文评阅意见
The graduation thesis review comments

毕业论文英语翻译

翻译是在准确、通顺的基础上，把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的行为。下文是我为大家整理的关于毕业论文英语翻译的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!

谈英文化妆品的翻译

摘 要: 名称的翻译对于化妆品至关重要。本文旨在寻找一个汉译英文化妆品名称的好方法。作者首先介绍了翻译对品牌的重要性,接着对语言和文化关系进行了讨论,然后介绍了中英翻译的四种方法,最后进行了总结。为达到最好的翻译效果,译者应在不同的情况下使用不同的翻译方法。

关键词: 翻译 品牌 化妆品

品牌是由制造商或商品经营者确定的产品徽标。一个良好的品牌翻译将提升该产品的价值,它会吸引公众的眼球,激发他们的购买热情,甚至会影响一个企业的发展。为了迎合消费者,在新的市场,品牌名称应翻译得当。

根据奈达的等价翻译原理,对于真正成功的翻译而言,熟悉两种文化比掌握两种语言更重要(杨朝燕,2001:45)。广告业的大师黄�先生也曾说过:“作为业内人士,我们的工作是要富有创造性的翻译。”(周兆祥,2000:55)因此,在翻译品牌名称时,译者不仅要知道英文单词的字面意思,而且要理解它的文化内涵。这样翻译时才能够正确理解英文品牌的含义,解决文化冲突,吸引消费者。我以外国品牌化妆品为例,讨论翻译的方法。

1.影响英文化妆品品牌翻译的因素

品牌与文化就像是两个彼此密切相关的亲密朋友,哪里有文化,哪里就会有品牌。品牌实际上是一座搭在两个不同的国家之间连接两种不同文化的桥梁。一般来说,文化包括社会意识形态、审美标准、价值观、认知等。随着全球化的发展,国际贸易市场的不断扩大,越来越多的外国化妆品已敲开了中国市场的大门,品牌的翻译变得非常重要。

社会意识形态和价值观念对品牌的翻译起着重要的作用。社会意识形态会限制品牌的文化内涵。虽然全球化程度越来越高,但西方和中国仍然存在着一些分歧。例如,在西方,人们更加注重个人主义。他们更喜欢使用人名、地名或《圣经》中的词汇来命名一个品牌。但在中国,社会意识形态和价值观念不同于西方国家的,人们更加重视集体主义。

价值观是指一个人对周围的客观事物的意义、重要性的总评价和总看法。价值给予品牌独特的文化内涵。在古代,中国基本上是一个农业国,寻求统一的概念,而西方则充斥着价值膨胀和冒险精神。举个例子:“安娜苏”,这个是一个国外化妆品品牌,也是它创始人的名字。这就是一个对个人主义价值观很好的解释。

认知是指人认识外界事物的过程。审美标准是指衡量、评价对象审美价值的相对固定的尺度。为了刺激消费者的购买欲望的产品,译者必须认真翻译品牌,才能使翻译的化妆品满足不同消费者不同的认知和审美心理。例如,大多数人可能听说过著名的香水“Poison”,这个是迪奥公司在1985年专门为西部妇女设计生产的,以满足她们对神秘事物的好奇和对冒险精神的追求。该产品在西方市场销量极好,“神秘和令人难忘的”是西方女性消费者对该产品的共同感受。但是在东方,女性往往更温柔、安静,它被翻译成“百爱神”而不是“毒药”,说明译者选择了适应其民族特点和文化价值的语言。总之,在翻译前译者应该先了解中国和西方国家之间的文化差异,以便在全球市场上更好地翻译。

2.翻译方法

品牌名称的翻译是一个转换和再造的过程。追求同等价值的信息是成功翻译的关键因素。

2.1音译

音译是指根据其目的语发音用近似发音的汉字进行翻译。以“Maybelline”为例,中国将它翻译成“美宝莲”。每一个字都有特别的含义,“美”是指它将会让使用它的女性变得美丽动人;而“莲”是指莲花,表明这个美容效果会使消费者像一个美丽的莲花自然清爽。这些都表明它的功能是让消费者比以前更漂亮。

“Clean&Clear”也是一个很好的例子。如果该品牌被翻译成“干净清透”,它就会失去翻译之美。该品牌被翻译成“可伶可俐”,与品牌原名一样使用了头韵的修辞手法,也有一个类似的原始发音。同时人们将永远清楚这个品牌的目标消费者是可爱的年轻女孩。

“Dove”的本义是鸽子,在国外这是一个温柔和可爱的象征。但在中国,鸽子只是一种鸟类。作为皮肤美容品,如果翻译为“鸽子”,很难被公众接受。因此,在中国它被翻译成“多芬”,意味着更多的芬芳。

还有更多的例子:“EsteeLauder”被翻译成“雅诗兰黛”,“SISTEIN”翻译是翻译成“希斯汀”,“Elizabeth Arden”被翻译成“伊丽莎白・雅顿”等。

2.2意译

意译是指根据原品牌的内涵来翻译,有利于消费者记住该品牌。相比较音译,意译更加尊重不同国家的文化和美学价值。例如,化妆品“BIOCEAN”被翻译成“碧欧泉”。“BIO”是指“生物”,“OCEAN”的意思是“大海”,将海洋生命之美延伸至自然之美,但如果使用音译,将会翻译成“比奥希昂”,显得烦琐和不雅,而“碧欧泉”则避免了这些缺陷。

“Uriage”是一个化妆品的名称,也是阿尔卑斯山中一个温泉的名字,那里的温泉专门用于治疗皮肤问题。作为一个化妆品品牌,“依泉”是一个好的翻译。翻译品牌的同时也展示了该品牌的组成成分和产品功用。

2.3创造性翻译

创造性翻译认为音译和意译都有一部分缺陷,为了达到音、义的完美结合,译者创建另一个单词或词组来充分展示产品的功能。让我们以“Plantesystem”为例。这个品牌是由法国最大的医疗化妆品厂生产的。它的中文意思是“植物系统”。但译者翻译成“欧萃碧”。这种转换不仅使消费者感觉良好,而且强调这是一个来自欧洲以植物为原料的化妆品。

2.4不译

不译即不进行翻译,只是使用原来的名称。根据中华人民共和国商标法,汉字、少数民族语言、外来词和字母可以作为商标注册。随着中国市场的迅速扩展,越来越多的外国化妆品厂商在中国直接注册商标品牌。这样既可以节省翻译费用,又确保了该品牌的异国情调。“VOV”、“HR”、“DHC”这些都是典型的例子。

3.结语

由于社会意识形态、价值观念、认知在中国和西方的审美标准的差异,翻译必须尊重不同的文化背景,并保留其民族特色和品牌的魅力,使原来的语言承担所有的信息和功能。一个成功的品牌翻译,能给消费者深刻印象,而失败的翻译,会令消费者失去兴趣。为了更好地表明外国化妆品的魅力,译者应该寻求最佳的方式来翻译品牌。如果我们将市场比喻成一场战争,成功的品牌名称就像一面旗帜永不落。如果一家公司想打开国外市场,就必须打动消费者。因此,品牌名称的翻译是非常重要的。

参考文献:

[1]包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001.

[2]冯庆华.实用翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002.

[3]杨朝燕.跨文化广告传播与商标翻译[J].山东师大外国语学院学报,2001,(4).

[4]周兆祥.翻译与人生[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,2000.

浅析英汉语言文化差异及其翻译

【摘要】把汉语译成英语或把英语译成汉语是一种语言活动，它既涉及汉英两种语言本身的知识，也涉及多方面的文化背景知识。这就需要译者对汉英两种语言的特点、差异及各方面的文化知识有较全面的了解，在充分理解的基础上才能表达完整，翻译出的作品才会忠实于原作。

【关键词】汉语;英语;文化差异;理解与翻译

英语和汉语是两种完全不同的语言，其思维方式和表达习惯可以说是千差万别，不了解这些差别，翻译出的作品肯定会洋相百出、词不达意。因此，要想处理好翻译过程中的难题，关键是要了解汉语与英语的区异。一般来说，所涉及到的汉英语言差异主要表现在以下几个方面：

一、英语语法结构严谨，汉语遣词造句形式灵活

我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过：“就句子的结构而言，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”汉语和英语的习惯用法不同。汉语中某一说法本来是很清楚的，谁也不会误解，但如果生搬硬套，逐字译成英语，就很可能词不达意，甚至还会引起误解，闹出笑话，或铸成大错。为了避免这种情况发生，就必须在译文中增补适当的词，把原文中暗含的意思明确地表达出来。例如：

原文：好好学习，天天向上。

如果想当然地翻译成：“Good good study, day day up.”就要贻笑大方了，因为“好好学习，天天向上”是典型的中文表达，直接翻译成英文不符合英文语法。正确的翻译应该是：Work hard and make progress everyday.

另外，汉语中的典故、谚语等，汉语读者熟悉，一看就明白，但是英语读者就不见得能懂，因此翻译时就得适当地添加一些注释性的词语。例如：

“班门弄斧”可译成 This is like showing off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban，the master carpenter。

在这个例子中，如果不在译文中加上the master carpenter而只译作Lu Ban, 不知道典故的外国读者就会感到茫然，不知道Lu Ban是何许人，因而也就无法理解本句子内在含义。

二、英语句子如参天大树枝叶横生，汉语句子似万顷碧波层层推进

由于英语是“法治”的语言，只要结构上没有出现错误，许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达;汉语则正好相反，由于是“人治”，语义通过字词直接表达，不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。例如：

原文：In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.

译文：门口放着一堆雨伞，少说有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。

如果把这个句子译成“门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色大小不一的雨伞”，译文一听就是翻译腔调，语言色彩大打折扣。

英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长，同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂。例如：

原文：Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me for a long time?

译文：有一个问题困扰我好长时间了，想请教你，你能回答吗?

汉语用三个分句表达原文的意思，显然效果很好，如果译成：你能回答一个长时间困扰着我使我想问你的问题吗?不仅效果不好，而且显得绕嘴。

三、英语中被动式居多，汉语中主动式居多

我们知道，在汉语中被动式使用较少，我们叙述一种行为的时候常采用主动式。而英语则不然，大量的及物动词可以用被动式，不少相当于及物动词的短语也可以用被动式。例如：

(1)English is spoken here. 这儿讲英语。

(2)It is hoped that you will have a chance to visit China. 欢迎你有机会来中国访问。

汉语的被动句子，从结构上来说大体可分为两大类：一类带有表达被动意义的标记，如“被”、“受”、“遭”、“给”、“挨”等;另一类则不带这种标记。普通而常见的是后一类。但不论哪一类，译成英语时基本上都可运用被动语态。例如：

(1)他被选为学生会主席。He was elected Chairman of the Students’Union.

(2)这个问题正在研究。The problem is now bEing studied.

但必须注意的是，并不是所有带被动标记的句子都一定要译成英语的被动式。比如“老太太被风吹病了”，若译成“The old lady was blown sick by the wind” 就成了中国式的英语了，而只有译成“The old lady fell ill because of the draught.”才符合英语表达习惯。

四、思维习惯差异

不同文化的人，生活习惯和思维方式都有很多不同，翻译时也必须作等值意义转换。如：英语民族的人见面时喜欢谈天气，说“Lovely weather，isn’tit”之类的话，根据英美人的习惯，这无非是一句最方便、最不得罪人的见面语。而在我国, 自古就“民以食为天”,人们见面时爱说“吃了吗?”在多数情况下，说话人并不十分关心别人是不是吃饭了，而只是一种招呼罢了。中国人听到这些问话也只是回答说“吃了”或“没吃呐”，实际上是个应酬。这样的对话如果译成英文只说“A：How do you do? B：How do you do?”或“A：Hi! B：Hi!” 就行了。如果将A的问话改译成“Have you had you meal?”如果被问者B是英语民族的人，他心理上首先的反应是：“Yes, I have.”或 “No, l haven't”或“Do you mean to invite me to dinner?”由于这种文化上的差异，汉语中许多围绕“吃饭”问题所形成的词语，在英语中就很难找到字面对应的表达法，对于“饭桶”、“吃不开”、“吃不了兜着走”等这一系列说法只好分别意译为“good- for-nothing”，“be unpopular”，“land oneself in serious trouble”，等才能基本如实传达原文的含义。

五、物指联想差异

同一客观事物，在不同的文化里可能包含不同的价值，引起不同的联想，具有不同的内涵。动物比喻(Animal Metaphors)在汉英两种语言中均有广泛的使用。然而，由于文化背景、思维方式的不同，人们对动物比喻的正确理解和翻译存有障碍。从翻译的角度总体说来，动物比喻可以分为两大类，一类是：译语与原语存在对应的关系，翻译时可采用同值、近值互借法，以再现原语形象。例如：

(1)He is as sly as a fox. 他狡猾得像个狐狸。

(2)A wolf in sheep’s clothing 披着羊皮的狼

另一类是：同一动物形象在原语和译语中的语用意义相去甚远。因此，在翻译过程中就出现了动物形象名称的转换。这种动物形象的转换可以是一种动物形象转换为另一种动物形象, 也可以是一种动物形象转换成人的形象，例如：

(1)Talk horse.吹牛。(horse译为“牛”)

(2)Black sheep.害群之马。(sheep译为“马”)

(3)Every dog has his day. 凡人皆有得意日。(dog 译成“人”)

翻译过程中出现的这种动物形象的喻体转换丰富了动物成语的内涵，同时，它作为一种重要的修辞手法，创造出生动、鲜明的形象，能产生良好的艺术效果。

为使译文读者得到和原文读者基本相同的文化信息，在翻译中遇到两种文化差异特别大时，用直译无法使译文传达信息，译者就要在充分理解原文的基础上在译文文化中寻找对应的表达方式，做出各种必要的转换，进行意译。

【参考文献】

[1]张道真2002《张道真英语语法》商务印书馆

[2]范仲英 1994 《实用翻译教程》外语教学与研究出版社

[3]喻家楼 1991 《汉语成语英译词典》中国科学技术大学出版社