英语毕业论文答辩稿范文(精选8篇)
一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束,我们毕业前都要通过最后的`毕业论文,毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式,快来参考毕业论文是怎么写的吧!下面是我帮大家整理的英语毕业论文答辩稿范文,希望对大家有所帮助。
Good morning, all appraises committee members. I am XXX and my supervisor is XXX.
With his constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper.
Now it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is Comparative Study between English and Chinese idioms.
With the developing globalization, communication demand precise language.
Idioms are not a separate part of the language, we cannot omit. Studying the similarities and differences between English and Chinese idioms would be helpful to cross-cultural understanding and it’s also a good advance to our future if we can learn well.
For the above facts, I select the subject of “comparative study between English and Chinese idioms” as the title of my paper.
In the main part of this paper, I divide it four parts.
Part one presents general introduction to the basic concept and the studying purpose.
Part two presents overview of the Chinese and English idioms; it concludes similar origins and similar functions. Part three emphasize differences between English and Chinese idioms.
Through contrast analysis of well-known Chinese and English language, found the differences cultural discrepancy and the translation of animal words. Part four draws some conclusions that characteristics of English and Chinese idioms. And it is helpful to cross-culture .It’s necessary for a better understanding of international promotional communication. OK, that’s all. Thank you.
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense.
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. I’m Zhang Da and my supervisor is Professor Zhang Jingcai. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. First of all, I really want to be a teacher, so during the four years, I have read many books about how to become a good teacher. Secondly, when I was a freshman in the summer of 2008, I was chosen as a teaching assistant of the summer camp which was organized by the New Oriental English School in Shijiazhuang. In the summer camp, I rewrote a script of an English drama to be one of the programs of the open ceremony. It was very popular among those students. They thought it was very interesting. In 2010, I was practiced as an English teacher at Chenguantun Middle School in Qinhuangdao, I found that the students have little interest towards English learning, so I hoped I could help them. So I use the Drama Method as my teaching method. Almost all of the students were highly motivated by the interesting teaching method and they have made great progress in the exam one month later. So the research proved that the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. For the above facts, I select the subject of On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can find an effective teaching method to help all the students’ English learning in junior high school.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to identify the major problem of junior high school students’ English learning problems
Part two overviews all relevant researches in drama application in teaching oral English.
Part three is the research design, the research hypothesis, the subjects of the research, the research methods and the research procedures are conducted.
Part four is the findings from research data. After analyzing the data with Excel 2007, pedagogical findings and implications are delivered before the conclusion of the thesis.
Part five draws some conclusions about the research. As what has been shown in the research, there are a lot of benefits from drama performance; the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. In addition, there are some suggestions for forthcoming researches.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style
in from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!
I will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m *** and come from class *. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
That’s all. Thank you.
有很多的同学在写英语作文的时候,也会写一些经典的议论文,我整理了相关范文,希望会对大家有所帮助!
英语作文范文带中文翻译
Many years ago, the movie about the youth became very popular, every year, we can see many hot movies about the protagonist’s passed youth. People like to recall their passed youth, which makes such movies sell good. But I find the common things about these movies, all the protagonists’ youth are about fighting, love and other negative things. I understand the directors’ intention, they want to tell people youth is not perfect and having pities. Of course movie is exaggerating, the real youth is about studying, at least, most people have worked so hard to get into their ideal colleges. What the movies describe make up some people’s youth, for which they don’t have the chance to experience. We should not be misled by these movies, for the teenagers, their job is to study, so that they can have a bright future.
【翻译】很多年以前,关于青春的电影很受欢迎,此后每年,我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。人们喜欢回忆他们逝去的青春,这才是让这类电影好卖的原因。但是我发现了这些电影的共同点,那就是所有的主人公的青春都是关于大家,恋爱和其他消极的东西。我明白导演们的意图,他们想要告诉人们青春是不完美的,存在遗憾。当然电影是夸张化的,真正的青春是关于学习,至少,大部分人是如此努力的学习,为了进入理想的大学。电影所刻画的弥补了一些人的青春,对于他们没有机会去体验这些东西。我们不应该被电影误导,对于青少年来说,他们的工作是学习,这样他们才能有一个美好的未来。
高中英语作文范文80词
I like English. I think I can share my English learning method with you. First of all, develop interest on English. My way to make it is to watch movies from abroad. At first, I will watch the movie with subtitle. Then I will remove the subtitle, only English left. Gradually, show great interest in English. Secondly, recite vocabularies. Vocabulary is the necessary foundation to start learn English. This time you have to force yourself to remember words. Thirdly, understand basic grammar thoroughly. It is hard for me to understand the meaning of a sentence if I don’t know the basic grammar. Last but not least is to speak more. The basic purpose to learn a language is to communicate. So talk in English as much as you can. And don’t worry about losing face, because everyone makes mistakes. Those are my methods.
我喜欢英语。我觉得我可以和你分享一下我的英语学习方法。首先,培养对英语的兴趣。我的方法是看国外电影。一开始,我会留着字幕一起看。之后我就会不看字幕,只留英文。渐渐地,我对英语表现出极大的兴趣。其次,背诵词汇。词汇是学习英语的必要根基。这一点你只能强迫自己去背了。第三,完全理解基本语法。如果我不懂基本语法,我会很难理解一整个句子的意思。最后但并非最不重要的是要多说。学习语言的基本目的就是进行沟通。因此,尽可能多的用英语交谈。不要担心丢脸,因为每个人都会犯错误的。这些就是我的方法。
英语作文100词左右带翻译——珍惜时间
Chinese Spring Festival celebrating the end of winter and the warmth of spring. It began in the last day of the lunar year, end in the 15th day of lunar New Year, also is the Lantern Festival. During the Spring Festival, people use red lantern and Spring Festival couplets decorate a house, put on all kinds of colored clothes, often
An English proverb says that time is money. I consider it (this) wrong. Why? Because we all know that we can earn money be work but can not in any way get back time (in anyway). For this reason, we may (can) say that time is more valuable than money.
Many people do not know the value of time. It (this) is indeed a great pity. We must bear (keep) in mind that wasting time is equal to wasting your life.
【翻译】英国有句谚语说,时间就是金钱。我认为这是不对的。为什么?因为我们大家都知道我们能够用工作赚钱,但无论如何却无法把时间争取回来。基于此种理由,我们可以说时间比钱钱更宝贵。
许多人不知爱惜时光。这确实是可惜的。我们必须记住浪费时间等于浪费生命。
从小学、初中、高中到大学乃至工作,说到论文,大家肯定都不陌生吧,论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成。那么,怎么去写论文呢?下面是我为大家整理的大学英语四级作文模板:辩论式议论文,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。
Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.
There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all,论据1. More importantly,论据2. Most important of all,论据3.
In summary, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to表决心.或From above, we can predict that预测.
People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that观点1, while others point out that观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing,论据1. For another,论据2.
Last but not the least,论据3.
To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to表决心.或From above, we can predict that预测.
1、作文: Modern technology makes life more convenient;tools are the milestores of the technology as well as human beings progress. Men used to cut trees with hand now,by using electronic saw they can cut down a tree in only a few example is more vivid:You have something urgent which has to be informed to your friend whose house is two hours ride probably want to make a phone no telephone is installed in your friends could you do?Nowadays,with modern technology advanting,using internet is popular with years ago,people had to get what they wanted through looking into a lot of information;at last people could become tired and spent too much you use Internet,all becomes a piece of by clucking,you will gain what you expect. We all hope that modern technology will reach a higher level,because modern technology makes life more convenient indeed. 2、翻译: 现代科技使生活更加便捷;工具是科技进步和人类进步的里程碑。人类过去用手锯锯树,但是现在,用电锯可在几分钟内锯倒一棵树。另外一个例子更加生动形象:如果你有急事通知你的朋友,而他家距你家有2小时的路程,你可能想打个电话。但是你的朋友家又没安电话,你该怎么办?如今,随着现代科技的进步,使用网络已很流行。若干年前,人们不得不查找大量资料来搜集需要的信息,最后人累得疲惫不堪,还浪费了大量时间。现在,如果使用网络科技,一切就都是小菜一碟了。只要轻敲键盘,就会有求必应。 我们都期待着现代科技能达到一个更高的水平,因为现代科技确实使生活变得更便捷。
The development of science and technology makes our life more comfortable and convenient. However, scientists have created many problems, which are not easy to be resolved, such as air pollution, the deterioration of environment and the scarcity of natural resources, to which we must some solutions. Modern science and technology render people many advantages. Modern telecommunication shortens the distance between people and makes communication much easier. Internet is widely used now not only for collection of abundant information but also for correspondence. Email, the most effective communication device now, is becoming very popular. Besides, telephone and mobile phone make contact more convenient than before. Modern transportation, such as airplanes and high-speed trains make our journey smooth and fast. With the help of modern transportation, people can go everywhere they prefer to. The journey to outer space and other planets is not a dream any more. Rockets and space shuttles can help us realize the dream of space travel. Modern medicine prolongs peoples life and relieves patients of sufferings from many diseases. Cancer and AIDS are fatal to peoples health. Thanks to the endeavors scientists have made, these diseases become treatable. However, the process of scientific development also arouses many sever problems to our human beings. Internet, though widely used in modern communication, is easy to be destroyed by computer virus. Outer space exploration has produced much waste in the space. A tiny metal, a screw, for example can destroy a flying man-made satellite. Industrialization is making natural resources become scarce. Confronted with these problems, scientists are seeking prompt and feasible solutions. The development of science and technology bring about both positive and negative effects to us. We must eliminate the positive effects to the least extent. 可以自己删减 在提供一篇翻译的: 现代科技使生活更加便捷(Modern Technology Makes Life More Convenient) Modern technology makes life more convenient; tools are the milestores of the technology as well as human being’ s progress. Men used to cut trees with hand saw. But now, by using electronic saw they can cut down a tree in only a few minutes. Another example is more vivid: You have something urgent which has to be informed to your friend whose house is two hour’s ride away. You probably want to make a phone call. But no telephone is installed in your friend’ s home. What could you do? Nowadays, with modern technology advanting, using internet is popular with us. Some years ago, people had to get what they wanted through looking into a lot of information; at last people could become tired and spent too much time. Now, if you use Internet, all becomes a piece of cake. Only by clucking, you will gain what you expect. We all hope that modern technology will reach a higher level, because modern technology makes life more convenient indeed. [参考译文] 现代科技使生活更加便捷 现代科技使生活更加便捷;工具是科技进步和人类进步的里程碑.人类过去用手锯锯树,但是现在,用电锯可在几分钟内锯倒一棵树.另外一个例子更加生动形象:如果你有急事通知你的朋友,而他家距你家有2小时的路程,你可能想打个电话.但是你的朋友家又没安电话,你该怎么办?如今,随着现代科技的进步,使用网络已很流行.若干年前,人们不得不查找大量资料来搜集需要的信息,最后人累得疲惫不堪,还浪费了大量时间.现在,如果使用网络,一切就都是小菜一碟了.只要轻敲键盘,就会有求必应. 我们都期待着现代科技能达到一个更高的水平,因为现代科技确实使生活变得更便捷. 21st century is the century of technology. Nowadays, technology is everywhere around us. The development of technology has a significant affact toward the society. Several technologies that we usually use are the internet, computer, and cellphone. These new technologies make our life much easier and better. First, the development of computer changes our life. Decades ago, people needed to do lots of complex calculation on hand because they did not have computer, and more obvious, they did not have the software for calculation. As the result of that, people spent hours on the equations that a computer can solve in just a minute. Since the development of computer, people are able to use some kind of software to compute lots of complex functions and mathematical calculation. Computer becomes the most helpful equipment for the sciencists because they can use their time more efficiently. Also, internet is another useful tool for us today. The development of internet brings a great impact toward the society. Instead of going to library and fliping all the books to figure out some information, we can just simply use a mouse and click on the website to do research. The internet leads us to a place where we can find unlimited information and resources. It makes our life much easier and better. The last technology is cellphone. Nowadays, many people have a cellphone. But it just appears on the market for about 10 years. It is very convenience to the users because we can talk to anyone we want with a phone as small as a wallet. Also, we can communicate with others by making a phone call instead of sending letters. It is very fast and useful way to communicate. In conclusion, I believe the development of technology brings significant impact to our life. It is very helpful to us and I believe technology will keep improving in future. 高分范文 As is vividly depicted by the picture above, a traveler happily starts his journey by high-speed railway from Guangzhou to Wuhan. In the year of 2009, Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed railway went into operation, reducing travelling time from 12 hours to 3 hours, bringing much convenience to the transportation between the two cities①. No wonder the caption in the picture says “with the Wu-Guang high-speed railway, cities far away is just like a place nearby”. Science and technology are the primary productive forces② and have been playing a key role in the national economy development. On the one hand, progress in science and technology has promoted economic and social progress greatly. Take the high-speed railway as an example. Firstly, the railway becomes a new engine③ of booming of regional economic. Secondly, the railway helps to attract a lot of tourists, so that tourism in these cities flourishes. Last but not the least, the load of the existing transportation network can be released to a great extent. On the other hand, with the development of science and technology, such as the operation of high-speed transportation, video phone, webcam meeting, the world has become smaller and smaller. It has long been a tradition for Chinese government to attach great importance to the advances④ in science and technology. Science and technology has successfully shaped an entirely new image of China on global stage via the two grand world events, 2008 Olympic Games and 2010 Shanghai World Expo. It is strongly advised that young people should devote themselves into the study of science and technology for “better city, better life”. 佳作妙译 如上图所示,一位旅客从广州踏上了去往武汉的高速铁路.2009年,武广高铁正式建成通车,将两地之间的行程从12小时缩短到3小时,极大地方便了两地的交通.难怪这幅漫画上写道“有了武广高铁,每个城市都在家门口”. 科技是第一生产力,在国民经济发展中扮演着重要角色.一方面,科技的进步促进了经济社会的快速进步.高速铁路就是鲜活的例子.首先这条铁路成为地区经济发展新的引擎.其次铁路吸引了大量游客,这些城市的旅游业随之繁荣起来.再次这条铁路很大程度上缓解了现有线路的运输压力.另一方面,随着科技的发展,高速铁路,视频电话,视频会议等应用会越来越多,世界将变得越来越小. 中国政府一直很重视科技的发展,通过2008北京奥运会和2010上海世博两件盛事,科技成功地重塑了中国在世界舞台上的国际形象.因此青少年要怀着“城市,让生活更美好”的信念,积极投身到对科技文化知识的学习上.
英语科技论文写作(技巧+范文)
Early Electronic Computers The first real progress toward electronic digital computer came in the late 1930s when Howard Aiken of Harvard University and George Slibits of Bell Telephone Laboratories developed an automatic calculator using relay networks;the relay is an electromagnetically controlled relay machines were developed during World War II for artillery ballistic these machines were relatively slow and comparatively large. they demonstrated the versatility of the electronic computer. Then,in the early 1940s, John Mauchly and Eckert,Jr.,of the University of Pennsylavania designed and built a vacuum tube computer,which they called the electronic numerical inegrator and calculator(ENIAC);it was completed in 1945 and installedat Aberdeen Proving Ground,Maryland. ENIAC used 18000 electron tubes,which required tremendous amounts of power;its failure rate wa high and it was difficult to program because a plugboard was required. Three very important discoveries were then made,which began the rapid evolution toward today's digital computer. First,John von Neumann proposed that the program reside in the computer's memory where it could be changed at will,solving the pogranmming difficulties of ENIAC;second,in 1947 the transistor was invented by John Bradeen,Waltr , and William Shockley,which drastically reduced the size and power requirements by replaceing the electron vacuum tube;, and his associates at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed the magnetic,core memory,which made large amount of storage book: Digital Logic Circuit Analysis and Design(Authors:Victor Nagle Irwin)
《英语沙龙》 《英语广场》 《21世纪报 中学版》--- 老师介绍的《疯狂英语》 (不是李阳的)
英语辅导报吧,我读初中时学校统一预定的,每一期有真题一套,有讲解语法,有美文欣赏,很全面的一张报纸,好像我记得是一个星期一份,一个星期周末消化消化也很好,推荐吧。
1、《英语角》(English Corner)是中国第一本具有休闲风格的英语杂志,(English Corner),2001年3月22日正式在北京创刊。
2、《英语沙龙》是由世界知识出版社出版的杂志名称,以中英双语对照的出版物为特色。
3、《英语沙龙》是由世界知识出版社出版的杂志名称,以中英双语对照的出版物为特色,自1994年创刊,主管部门为中华人民共和国外交部。
《英语角》来源
“英语角”一词源于民间。八十年代初人们相聚在英语角,用英语交流思想、交流情感、交流彼此之间学习英语、了解世界的感受。
创刊者在今天举行的新闻发布会上称,“英语角”作为杂志的刊名,目的就是想把新、老读者重新汇集在一起,以文化性、语言性、时尚性、娱乐性、休闲性等方式,以标准、实用、容易、有趣、前卫的内容,向读者展示当今世界学习英语的潮流,把他们已熟知的英语和当代英语结合在一起,使他们能够在休闲中提高英语素质。
创刊者还宣称,《英语角》杂志不但集阅读与欣赏于一体,同时向读者提供更广泛的谈话空间,为学习英语的朋友们创造一个轻松愉快的学习气氛。这也是这本杂志有别于其它种类英语学习杂志的最大特点。
英译汉的推荐《译林》,汉译英的比较少,下面的供你参考英语辅导报 中国日报英文版 21stCentury (21世纪报) 《英语角》杂志 英语沙龙 学英语报 Zaobao(联合早报) SCMP(南华早报) 英语周报 学英语报 People's Daily(人民日报) International Heral Tribune World Press 上海英文星报 英文早报(大洋网) 英语天地 上海学生英文报 Common Talk Weekly in English 英语天地 英语测试报 海峡时报 南华早报 S报
英文科技论文是指撰写并发表的原创性英文科研报告。在科研中,一个至关重要的方面是在科技期刊发表研究成果,便于广大同行交流。如果科研不能很好地交流,不管研究有多好,都不会产生很大的影响。英文论文写作是一件很困难的事,即便是对英语国家的人,很多时候他们的论文也因为语言问题被退稿。即便英语不是母语,科技论文也应符合标准英语语言的习惯(句型、语法、拼写等)。英文科技论文的句子应该是完整的,读者容易理解的。 英文科技论文的撰写有一个基本模式――IMARD法(Introduction,引言;Material&Methods,材料和方法;Results,结果;Discussion,讨论)。本文从该模式的四个方面分析讨论如何写好一篇英文科技论文,为撰写英文科技论文给予一定的指导作用。 1 引言 引言是对参考文献的编译,反映进行研究的思考过程或依据。引言应该是引出该篇论文。引言的目的是提供足够的背景信息,读者无需查阅该问题以前的资料,便能够理解和评价目前研究结果,同时引言也阐述与现有研究的关系。引言部分至关重要,有人认为是论文最难写的部分,有些审稿人会根据引言来衡量论文是否被录用[1],因为从引言中就可以分析出文章是否真正提出了一个科学问题,该问题是否新颖,是否有研究价值。引言是反映作者对该研究领域熟悉程度的一个标志。 引言写作的关键技巧是将之前多次叙述过的同一问题,以不同的、有趣的方式再次表述。在引言中应提供主要的参考文献,但避免过多地复述主题,要清晰地定义该问题。读者能够直接通过引言理解和推测研究的目的,而不需要查阅其他的资料。如果该研究问题没有用合理的、可理解的方式引述,那么读者就不会对研究结果感兴趣。综述的文字应该让读者理解要研究的该问题多么有必要,怎么去解决该问题。 引言是论文的第一部分,论文的第一读者是编辑和审稿人,他们首先阅读的便是引言,所以引言部分很重要。看完引言部分,他们首先要问:这是一个新的研究吗?研究有意义吗?适合在该期刊发表吗?引言部分需要作者对该研究领域有一个深刻、全面的理解,能够给读者阐明研究是多么重要。引言部分应该说明的一些基本问题:这是一个什么问题?存在一些解决的方法吗?哪个方法是最好的?它的主要不足是什么?期待解决哪些问题?方案是否已经完成?引言部分的时态应是一般过去时(一般的背景内容,本文中将要完成的描述)、现在完成时(过去到现在已有的方法或解)、一般过去时(我的贡献)。 2 材料和方法 有人说过一句话:“十九世纪最伟大的发明是发明了发明的方法。这个方法摧毁了旧文化的基石。”[2]该部分有不同的叫法,称为材料和方法、方法、实验性的研究、方法的描述和确认,本文称为材料和方法。材料和方法部分的主要目的是描述实验设计,提供详细的信息,有能力的研究人员可以复制该实验。由于作者在进行论文写作时已经完成了相应的实验,得出了结果,因而大脑中有一个清晰的思路,这部分是很好写的。 一个好的材料和方法部分的写作,读者应该能够复制文中的结果。该部分写作的一个重要技巧是必须写得非常详细,每一个实验步骤应以逻辑的顺序列出,并应不超过两个句子。但是也不应该出现大量多余的单词,当读者有一定的专业知识,尽可能地用参考文献的形式,用图和表来描述和分析实验方法。在该部分需要提及研究的地点和类型,简单描述样品的尺寸和如何计算是有必要的。在任何时候,英文科技论文写作都应准确地使用技术术语和定义,避免重复别人已知的信息。如果研究是原创性的,有必要详细描述涉及的新方法和手段。材料和方法部分主要应该使用过去时。 3 结果 并不是所有的期刊都要求写结果部分,有的可能是结果和讨论部分在一起;如果需要写结果,尽可能不要提及讨论的部分,结果是论文中最短的部分。该部分写作的关键技巧是结果表示什么,应回答在文章开头提出的目标、假设和问题。结果应尽可能地简单和清晰。结果部分应该是做了什么,没有做什么,得出了什么矛盾的结果。结果部分应该提及任何不足之处,不能忽略出现的矛盾数据,很多重要发现都源于实验中的“不良数据”,因而在结果中不应忽视它(们)。结果部分写作应简明、扼要,突出研究数据。在结果部分,不要对数据作分析和处理。在结果部分要突出当前的理论问题,不要重复材料和方法中的细节。结果中的数据以逻辑的顺序来描述,直到结论,提供给读者的数据必须是问题的解。结果通常应用一般过去时,主动和被动形式相结合使用。 4 讨论 由于阅读方式不同,很多读者都匆匆忙忙,先看看标题、图片,然后看他们论文中最感兴趣的部分,那可能就是讨论。有些人都认为,讨论可能是英文科技论文写作中最困难的部分。讨论部分是英文科技论文的核心部分,也被看作衡量一篇论文优劣的标尺。 很多论文被拒都是由于讨论部分不足所致,讨论部分应该多长没有一个统一的标准,通过讨论让读者对结果有一个清晰的结论。 讨论部分写作的一个关键是应同时具备说服力和可信度,另一个是解释而不是重复结果。好的讨论通常以得到的结果和解释的评论开始。讨论部分应该和引言部分密切结合,是讨论在引言中出现的问题,但两部分不应该出现重复。引言的关键是对已有研究的分析和理解,而讨论则是对自己研究的分析和理解。讨论部分应严格按照结果部分数据的顺序,逐一讨论这些问题。需要讨论观测、研究、实验等所有研究中的内容,并解释这些内容。 通过讨论发现一些在其他研究领域至关重要的信息,可以帮助理解自己的数据,或者是由于发现,重新理解别人的研究。讨论部分应重点讨论自己研究和别人研究的相似性和差异性,如何将自己的研究和别人的研究有效结合,从而得出对该问题的更好理解。 讨论部分的写作顺序,可以先得出研究的一般性结论,接着讨论与自己的发现直接相关的另一个人的研究,指出两者之间的关系,清晰分析它们的区别。通过这些考虑,从结果中得出自己的结论。 在讨论中,对于其他人的研究不足之处,可以通过三种方式分析:1)从来没有真正被测试过的假设,你想测试它;2)其他人的研究是一般性,或者是问题的一个方面,你想将该研究拓展到一个新的方面;3)其他人的研究有缺陷,而你需要克服它。 在讨论中,切勿贬低别人的研究,你尊重别人,别人就会尊重你。对于自己研究的不足之处,应该明确提出,不应回避。读者可能从你的不足中能够开展新的研究,这也是读者阅读高水平论文的最大益处。对于研究中的不足之处,解释并给出原因,指出其产生的后果。可以提及另外一个与作者研究类似的不足之处,说明这些缺陷是由于当前知识(理论、模型、技术方法等)无法解决你所遇到的这些问题。 在讨论部分不要简单重述自己的结果。将自己的研究结果和结论与已出版的结果比较,与现有研究和发现比较,清晰比较和对照自己的理解。讨论预测研究的理论性提示和实际应用,在讨论中应给读者留出大量的思考空间。讨论应尽可能清晰地表述自己的发现,使读者一目了然。在讨论的末尾简明陈述结论,从而有效得提高人们对研究的可信度,期待论证的作用。 在讨论部分,尤其要注意时态和人称的使用,为了便于读者区分哪些是自己的研究,哪些是别人的研究,尽可能地使用主动形式表述自己的研究。自己的研究和发现,一定要用第一人称,而别人的发现应用其他人称,要明确区别出哪些是自己的研究,哪些是别人的研究。时态多采用一般现在时、现在完成时、一般过去时。
你的英文水平很高就直接写英文水平不高,就写成中文的,请别人翻译就OK了。
如何撰写科技论文英文信息型摘要 摘要:科技论文英文摘要是进行文件检索,促进国际科技交流的重要手段。科技论文通常采用信息型摘要(Informative abstract),其内容包括研究背景、目的、方法、结果和结论五个方面,重点在于方法、结果和结论。摘要写作应遵循客观、写实的原则,避免主观评论和感 *** 彩。1.信息型摘要的写作方法信息型摘要表达的是论文的内容要点,它是论文内容的浓缩和代表,也是国外文件检索所使用的主要形式。科技论文英文摘要遵循科技论文准确、客观和简洁的语言特点,必须提纲挈领、重点突出、内容完整。按照科技论文的组织结构,摘要通常包括背景(Background)、目的(Purpose)、方法(Method)、结果(Result)和结论(Conclusion)五个方面:背景句:介绍研究的背景、现状和问题,常用现在时。目的句:叙述研究的前提、目的、任务和所涉及的主题范围,常用过去时。方法句:陈述研究所使用的原理、对象、材料、工艺、手段、程序等,常用过去时。结果句:陈述研究的结果、数据、效果、性能等,常用过去时。结论句:陈述对研究结果的分析、比较、应用,或根据结果提出问题、建议、预测等,常用现在时或情态动词。 如何写英文科技文 第1章关于科技论文 正确看待科技论文的撰写和发表 正确处理做实验与写论文的关系什么是科技论文 科技论文的新形式 科技论文的写作特点 科技论文的一般格式 参考文献 第2章标题(Title)的撰写 标题中字母大写格式 题要对文 标题要简明 标题中的缩写和化学式 标题中应含有关键词 副标题(Subtitle) 标题的结构 页眉标题(Running Title或Title Running Head) 层次标题 参考文献 第3章作者署名(Authors)与单位(Affiliation)的撰写 第一作者 通讯作者 作者单位 参考文献 第4章摘要(Abstract)和关键词(Keywords)的撰写 摘要的写作原则 英文摘要的时态 英文摘要的语态 关键词 参考文献 第5章引言(Introduction)的撰写 研究领域的背景介绍 相关文献的总结 指出问题所在 简述论文工作 引言实例 参考文献 第6章实验部分(Experimental Section)的撰写 写作技巧 结构 实验部分实例 参考文献 第7章结果与讨论(Results and Discussion)的撰写 写作技巧 结果部分的写法 讨论部分的写法 结果与讨论合并写 结果与讨论分开写 结果与讨论实例 参考文献 第8章结论(Conclusion)的撰写 参考文献 第9章致谢(Acknowledgment)的撰写 参考文献 第10章参考文献(References)的撰写 第11章插图(Illustrations)的绘制 第12章表格(Tables)的设计 第13章科技论文写作中常用的单词、短语和句子 第14章科技论文实例分析 参考文献 致谢 英文科技论文写作怎么写 一般碰到这种的很浪费时间,我都交给海硕之星论文帮忙,我的同学们都是在那找人帮写的; 如何写一篇科技论文 英语作文 300字 ‘ *** eenasteadystreamofhopefuljobseekersfromthevillagesandfarmstothelargemetropolitanareas.城市生活和乡村和农场生活大不相同。大城市的人更注意尊重个人隐私。有时候这种感觉似乎是一种冷漠,但是它是城市生活的一个约俗,以遏制一个人对陌生人的个人事务的好奇。村民和农民有可能所有的邻居对表现出极大的兴趣。城市给聪明的年轻人提供了机会,来自村庄和农场的求职者有往大都市发展的稳定趋势 英文科技论文写作中,怎么描述公式 作品中的环境描写,不论是社会环境或自然环境,都不是可有可无的装饰品,而是密切地联系着人物的思想行动。”因此写人的论文常常需要对环境进行描写。 怎样写英文科技论文题目谢谢了,大神帮忙啊 科技论文的题名是表达论文的特定内容 反映研究范围和深度的最恰当、最简明的逻辑组合 即题名应“以最少数量的单词来充分表述论文的内容”[1 2]。题名的作用主要有二方面[1 3] :(1)吸引读者. 题名相当于论文的“标签”(label) 一般读者通常是根据题名来考虑是否需要阅读摘要或全文 而这个决定往往是在一目十行的过程中做出的。因此 题名如果表达不当 就会失去其应有的作用 使真正需要它的读者错过阅读论文的机会。(2)帮助文献追踪或检索。文献检索系统多以题名中的主题词作为线索 因而这些词必须要准确地反映论文的核心内容 否则就有可能产生漏检。此外 图书馆和研究机构大都使用自动检索系统 其中有些是根据题名中的主题词来查找资料的。 因此 不恰当的题名很可能会导致论文“丢失” 从而不能被潜在的读者获取。 英文科技论文要怎么写 有人在美国这边留学的可以帮忙下吗 Literary Analysis说直白了,也就是文学作品分析。文学作品听起来总觉得枯燥无味,但也有一些教授喜欢布置这样的作业。常常让我们这些留学生苦叫连天。我之前是找的51due帮忙,我现在分享一下,希望能更直观更有效的帮助小伙伴们写好Literary Analysis,以下详解Literary Analysis写作技巧。 方法 1: 确定主旨(1)确定主旨。主旨就是用于概述文章主要内容或回答文章中提出的问题的一句或几句话。主旨句要写得靠谱,就要考虑以下问题: a、我的主旨是什么? b、我该怎样论述? c、我该怎样组织论据?(2)写主旨句。一句好的主旨句应该: a、点明你文章主体部分即将阐述的3个论点。 b、说明文章结构。 c、阐明论点重要性。 d、作为文章的引子部分出现在文章第一段。一般来说,主旨句应该是第一段的最后一句话,以便读者了解文章主体部分将要论述的内容。(3)提炼主旨。在你写作文学分析时,主旨一般也会跟着发生变化。文章写完后,一定要回过头来调整主旨,以便于文章内容精确吻合。 方法 2: 支持论点:写作引入段(1)写作强有力、有趣味的引入段。引入段是文章的开头部分,因此你要尽量使你的文章给人可信、有趣的第一印象,吸引读者继续阅读。以下是写作引入段的几种窍门: a、引用名言或轶事。你引用的可以是几句台词,也可以是一段对白,这要取决于你所分析的文本类型。 b、陈述一个有趣的事实或提出一个巧妙的问题。 c、承认对立观点的合理性。 d、应用讽刺、隽语或类比。(2)在引入段末尾写上主旨句。主旨句要引起下文。
你好:先不要求论文了,我这里教你怎么写吧,过程如下:1、读写作是一个输出的过程,想要输出自己脑子里就必须有东西,所以就要大量阅读英文文献,有人可能会说那不是废话吗,要是有那么大的阅读量谁还来问这个问题?哈哈~那我就说说怎么看和看什么。看什么:根据你自己的论文内容去针对性的看相似的研究论文。怎么看:你要去看这些论文的逻辑结构,需要哪些实验,试验结果怎么呈现,行文逻辑,还有句式和专业词汇表达,这是在写作中最重要的,你要去看他们的句式,在没有大量练习和积累的情况下,英文写作最快准确率最高的技巧就是套用句式,所以你在看这些文章的时候要时刻留意哪些句式你能用得上然后标记上。2、大纲在写英文之前要列好大纲,这个可以用中文,introduction要写几部分要介绍哪些内容,results要呈现哪些实验数据顺序是怎样的,discussion的逻辑是怎样的,最终要说明的结论是什么。这些东西一定一定要清晰明了,这是你论文的核心,英文写作只不过是一种呈现的方式。3、写根据你的大纲就开始去找已经发表的论文吧~思考一下,论文的写作和一般文章有什么区别?试着回想一下,我们在第一次开始做科研之前我们获得知识的途径是什么?是来源于前人通过实践验证的总结好的经验,我们通过这些被验证过的经验来认识这个世界以及应用在生活中,这些都是已经被验证过的知识,一般来说我们在书本上可以直接信任它们,而书本为了帮助我们理解,非常友好地举例子、打比方、由浅入深来讲解内容。而论文是为了表述新发现,默认读者有相关背景而直接客观陈述理论和发现。也就是说,我们开始做科研,开始写一篇论文的目的是总结新的经验,创造新的知识,而最终表述出来的内容可能就只是客观地详细记录已经经得起推敲的逻辑判断,同时我们用到的内容默认读者都是了解的,如果不了解读者应该也是可以找到该领域的其它文献或书籍去学习的。文章中可以不用友好地去解释本文所需的前置知识(不会循序渐进地讲解所有的内容),文章也不能主观偏题(没有不恰当的打比方、没有通俗的语言,而是力求客观描述和精确说明自己的逻辑和实验)。因此论文的行文风格和以前我们看的书以及网上写的技术分享都是完全不同的。望采纳
论文题目: 浅析游戏教学法在中职英语课堂教学中的应用
摘要: 情感因素对语言学习有很大的影响。中职学生在英语学习方面普遍存在着基础薄弱、学习动机不强等学习焦虑方面的问题,英语课堂教学因此存在着互动消极、教学反馈少、效果差的情况。游戏教学法从理论和实际效用上对于改善这种情况都是很好的应用。
关键词: 游戏教学法;中职英语;课堂教学
英语是当今世界通用语言,我们在生活和工作中越来越多地接触、使用到英语,学好英语对于当代中职生的职业发展和个人素质的提高都是非常有益和必要的。
但是实际情况是,中职生的英语基础普遍薄弱,存在不同程度的英语学习焦虑,有的中职生,由于英语基础比较薄弱,对英语失去了兴趣,出现了对英语失去信心的现象,从而导致英语课堂教学开展困难,教学效果不理想。
一、中职英语课堂教学的现状
教师讲授为主,师生互动为辅,学生参与度低。中职英语教学课时有限,为了完成既定的教学内容,语言知识的讲解和练习占据了大多数的课堂教学时间。
师生间互动教学以教师提问,学生作答为主,学生间生生互动以课文对话的替换练习为主,形式内容单调。学生对此不感兴趣,形成了“老师讲,学生听”的单调局面。有时上课还有学生玩手机、睡觉等现象,课堂效果非常不好。
教材设定的情景互动内容趣味性弱,学生参与度低下。现行教材中设定的情景练习以生活类英语会话为主,如购物、就餐、问路、看病等,缺乏趣味性。中职学生处于爱玩爱闹的青春期,此类会话练习难以触动学生的兴奋点。
学生基础薄弱,有不同程度的英语学习焦虑。在开展课堂互动时,中职生往往沉默应对,或是消极敷衍,鹦鹉学舌,应付了事。即使教师积极地鼓励学生,这种正面的评价也很难得到学生自己的认同。
随着对 英语 文化 学习的不断深入,随着英语重要地位的不断确立,英语语言学的研究工作也越来越深入。下文是我为大家整理的关于英语语言学论文 范文 参考的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考! 关于英语语言学论文范文参考篇1 浅探英语语言学中的幽默话语 幽默是指在人类交际的过程中,能够引人发笑的话语、动作和表情等,其内容丰富多彩,表现形式多种多样,比例幽默话语、幽默动作、幽默音乐等等。因为人们的交际活动多依赖于语言,所以幽默也多来源于话语当中。 一、英语语言学中的幽默话语 在繁忙的生活中,幽默是一剂强力润滑剂。幽默话语是借助于语言手段来表述幽默的。它是以语言为媒介,根据特定的情境下,以轻松诙谐的语调,机智、风趣、戏谑的话语风格,通过讽刺、夸张、映射、双关等手法,来表达话语者自己的思想和观点,并使受话者不知不觉地接受,达到“随风潜入夜,润物细无声”的效果和境界。幽默话语往往带有一些意味深长的色彩,对揭露生活中的丑恶或不公平现象,还可以起到发人深省的作用。而对于受话者来说,要把话语和当时具体的语境线索结合起来,利用自己既有的语言知识和社会认知,去发现说话者的言外之意和要表达的真实意图,才能真正的理解幽默,并从中获得愉悦。 例如,“Mr Zhou have a sharp tongue,look out,it doesn’t cut your throat.”这句话看起来是像是在说舌头,但是,我们把这句话放到语境中,就可以想到,这里的“a sharp tongue”并不是什么锋利的舌头,而是牙尖嘴利、毒舌的意思,是发话者幽默、含蓄、间接的表达方式。 二、幽默话语与合作原则 (一)合作原则 胡范畴认为,所谓幽默话语是语言的各要素通过变异和创造而出来的。而美国语言哲学家Grice则认为,幽默话语的作用是为了确保交际活动顺利进行。Grice认为,在人们运用语言进行交际时,交际的双方(发话者和受话者)还要遵守一些先决条件和原则,例如使用双方都能熟练运用的语言、交谈内容是双方都熟悉的话题,还有最重要的合作原则(cooperative principle,CP)。合作原则包括四个范畴,即数量准则、质量准则、关联准则和方式准则。在合作原则下,要求发话者和受话者者要端正态度,在谈话中做到“一唱一和”,避免造成“鸡同鸭讲”“话不投机半句多”的情况。 (二)合作原则与幽默话语的关系 如果说要遵循“数量准则、质量准则、关联准则和方式准则”的合作原则是一位西装革履、步态稳健的中年人,那么幽默话语就是一位穿着休闲时尚、语态随意轻松的新新人类。合作原则与幽默话语的结合,就是传统沉稳美与时尚活力没的结合,在这种结合中,传统的合作原则难免要接受新的挑战,甚至在一定程度上被打破。以下,本文以数量准则和质量准则为例,对合作原则与幽默话语进行举例分析。 (1)幽默话语与数量准则 合作原则之质量准则要求说话者和听话者之间交谈的内容要包含适当的信息量。但是在实际的语言环境中,我们常常需要打破这一数量原则,来起到幽默话语的喜剧效果。例如: Jack:I saw Mr Green having lunch with a woman the day before yesterday. Eason:Oh my god!Is she beautiful? Jack:Yes,she is not only beautiful,but also young. Eason:Dose Mrs Green know about it? Jack:Of was the young and beautiful woman. 在这段对话中,Eason理解的和Mr Green共进午餐的年轻貌美的女人应该是除了Mrs Green以外的其他女人,同时也不是Mr Green家里的其他女性亲戚。而Jack如果不想引起误会的话,应该直接说他前天看到Mr Green和Mrs Green共进午餐,但是为了引起Eason的好奇心,促使他进一步追问,就在第一句话中只说看到Mr Green与一位女性共进午餐,这虽然是违反了数量准则的,但也就此产生体现了幽默话语的有趣、逗乐原则。而Eason心理期待与实际情况之间的落差导致其认知的突然重构,给交谈双方带来乐趣,达到愉悦和反讽的效果。 (2)幽默话语与质量准则 合作原则之质量准则要求说话者不说自知是虚假的话,不说无稽之谈,但是在幽默话语中,说话者经常会采用诸如反语、夸张的休息手法。这样虽然会打破“质量准则”,但是带来的幽默效果也是非常显著的。在上世纪90年代即被引入中国并风靡十几年的美国NBC情景剧《老友记》中就存在很多这样的例子。例如: Phoebe:You do not want to wine the lottery? Rose:Uh surely I do,and I want to be the king of my own country. 通过思考并分析这段对话,我们得出Phoebe问Rose,你是否对有意买彩票,有没有兴趣去试一下自己的运气,通过片中的特点情景和人物关系,我们可以看出Rose对彩票不感兴趣,但是她没有直接了当的说“没兴趣”,而是采用了幽默话语说“想啊,我当然想,我还想当国家元首呢。”因为一个平民是几乎没有可能成为国家元首的,所以Rose的话语是违背了质量准则的。但是,这种“有意违背”和“夸大其词”正是这段对话的笑点所在。 三、幽默话语与指称语 指称语(indexicals)就是具有指称功能的语言结构形式,是日常生活中常见的语言现象。是发话人与受话人,在共同的知识环境、语言环境下,可以彼此理解的,映射出话语的,潜在的指称义和指称关系。当指称语所指示的信息不明确或者出现谬误,发话人的意思就是变得令人费解,幽默话语很可能就此产生。同时,指称语还受到人文背景、社会文化、交际距离、环境等多种因素的影响。指称语可以分为人称指称语、时间指称语、地点指称语等等,其中以人称指称语最为常见。我本文就以人称指称语为例,幽默话语和指称语之间的关系。 人称指称语可以分为第一人称、第二人称和第三人称,是对话参与者角色关系的客观体现。第一人称是发话人、第二人称是受话人、第三人称是话语谈及的对象。在话语中,如果这种规则被打破,就会出现人称指称语不相对应的现象,可能会起到幽默效果。例如: Jim was down the local pub with his mate Mark. Jim:Do you know,Mark,I never kissed my wife before we were about you?” Mark:I don’t know,What was her maiden name?” 这段对话是Jim与Mark之间的酒后之言。Jim的提问,真正的意思是“Have you ever kissed your wife before you were married?” 在指称语中,第二人称是针对受话人而言的,谈及的是隐私或伤痛,所以受话人Mark就采用了幽默话语来回避问题,轻描淡写地将这一问题带过去了,其机智幽默值得我们参照和学习。 四、关联理论与幽默话语 从关联理论的角度来看,受话者会故意曲解发话者的意图,到处与发话者截然相反的信息,产生意外的幽默效果。例如: Teacher:Tom,there were three peaches,ate one,how many would you have? Tom:Three,tow outside and one inside. Tom作为孩子,其对事物的思考方式不同于成人,因为无法认清老师出题的意图,而给出出人意料的答案,起到了幽默的效果。 结语: 从上述讨论中,我们可以看出,在不同语境中,人们会对对话意义、指称语、 语言意义等的理解产生偏差或者错位。幽默话语具有深层次的、含蓄的、深沉的、巧妙的作用,避免交际中的尴尬或难堪,增强语言表达的效果,可以起到愉悦交流、点缀生活的作用。 关于英语语言学论文范文参考篇2 浅谈从建构主义角度探析英语语言学教学 21 世纪 教育 的基点是终身学习,是不断提出问题、解决问题的学习,是敢于打破狭隘的专业界限面向真实复杂任务的学习。在英语课程学习过程中,学生普遍认为英语语言学这门课更加的枯燥,无味和吃力。英语语言学课程涉及面广、内容多、概念多、理论多,理论性和实践性都很强;同时英语语言学课时少,而语言学的发展引起的教学内容不断扩充,暴露出和教学时数有限之间日益严重的矛盾。因而继续沿用传统的教学理念和教学模式进行教学已经不能适应新形势下的教学过程,必须用一种更好的教学方式,使学生和老师尽快适应新形势的要求。 随着建构主义学习理论的出现,提出了建构主义的教学设计。建构主义强调情境、协作、会话和意义建构四大要素,倡导以“学”为中心的理念。将建构主义的教学理论引入到英语语言学教学过程中,进行了许多有益的尝试,取得了显著的效果。 1 建构主义的四大要素 在 学习 方法 上建构主义提倡的是教师指导下的以学生为主体的学习,在学习环境上要求是开放的、充满意义解释和建构性的,理想的学习环境主要有情境、协作、会话和意义建构四大要素构成。 “情境”:学习环境中的情境必须有利于学习者对所学内容的意义建构。这就意味着在建构主义学习环境下,要把为学生创设建构意义的情境问题看作是教学设计的主要内容之一。“在课堂教学中播放有助于理解教学内容的录像、录音、参与 社会实践 、向学生提供网络的丰富的学习资源等等,凡是有助于学习者理解掌握学习内容的情境,都属于情境创设的范畴。” “协作”:协作发生在学习过程的始终。协作在一定意义上是协商的意思。协商主要有自我协商和相互协商。 “会话”:会话是协作过程中的不可缺少环节。学习小组成员之间通过会话来商讨如何完成规定的学习任务达到意义建构的目标,怎样更多地获得教师或他人的指导和帮助等等,推进学习进程。在会话的过程中,每个学习者的思维成果(智慧)为整个学习群体所共享 ,因此会话是达到意义建构的重要手段之一。 “意义建构”:这是整个学习过程的最终目标。在学习过程中帮助学生建构意义就要帮助学生对当前学习的内容所反映事物的性质、规律以及该事物与其他事物之间的内在联系达到较深刻的理解。 2 建构主义环境下对英语语言学教学启示 强调以学为中心的设计 在建构主义学习环境下,师生的地位、作用与传统的教学发生了很大的变化。学生由知识的被动接受者转变为信息加工的主体、知识意义的主动建构者。教师也不再是知识的灌输者,而是教学环境的设计者、学生学习的组织者和指导者、知识的管理者,是学生的学术顾问。因此,教师要从前台退到幕后,从“演员”转变为“导演”。在建构主义的语言学教学中,学习环境中要充分发挥学生的主动性,教师要为学生创设尽可能真实的情境去应用他们所学的知识。具体来说,英语英语语言学课程教学应该激发教学主体的主动性和积极性,强调教学任务的适合性和针对性,注重教学环境的互动性和趣味性。 强调学习环境的设计 建构主义教学设计的重心便是学习环境的设计。这里的学习环境是一个支持和促进学习者自主探索、自主学习的场所。学习环境的设计应围绕支持学习者开展有意义的学习来创设支持条件。它主要包括基于问题的学习环境的设计、合作学习环境的设计、真实情境的设计等。建构主义学习环境的设计的宗旨是通过支持学习者的有意义学习,促进学习者的发展。 例如,在讲授语言的任意性时,不少学生对于语言中音和义之间没有必然的联系这一属性存在疑惑,原因是在语言中的确存在一些音和义有一定联系的语言现象,如拟声词,对于这种问题,教师可以在深入讲解之前,给学生布置一些任务,让他们课前收集英语中的拟声词,并让其与汉语中对应的拟声词相比较,然后以 报告 的形式在课上做出来,教师则在这一过程中起着引导、监督、组织的作用,在学生做完报告后,教师做出归纳 总结 。 教学任务的适合性和针对性 语言教学中任务的设置必须以学生的实际情况为前提,任务太困难或太容易都不利于学生主动建构知识。在选择英语语言学课程教学内容时,应适当减少课堂教学内容的广度和深度。所选课堂教学内容如下:语言、语言学、语音学、音系学、句法学、语义学、语用学、二语习得、语言与文化。明确学习任务,选择训练方式,使学生有足够的机会进行练习。教师应懂得如何控制自己的情绪,并通过积极的语言来激励学生。应及时地对正确回答问题,出色完成学习任务的学生进行表扬。如:Well done!Very good!Good job! Excel lent!这些词语看似简单,却能给学生以信心和动力。同时,对学生的缺点和不足要多指导,少批评少责备。 3 建构主义的教学评价 建构主义评价观具有几个方面的特征。首先,诊断性和 反思 性是建构主义学习评价的重要组成部分。这就意味着,学习者必须从事自我监控、自我测试、自我检查等活动,以诊断和判断他们在学习中所追求的是否是自己设置的目标。其次,建构主义评价观认为评价是评价者和被评价者“协商”进行的共同心理建构过程,评价受“多元主义”价值观所支配。因此,建构主义注重评价主体的多元化和评价方式的多样化。再次,建构主义认为,评价是学习者活动过程中的一个必然组成部分,而不是教学后的评价,它是一个持续性和实时性的镶嵌过程。因此,建构主义强调过程性评价,倡导“质性”的方法。所谓过程性评价是在某项教学活动的过程中,为使活动效果更好而不断进行的评价,它能及时了解阶段教学的结果和学生学习的进展情况、存在问题等,以便及时反馈,及时调整和改进教学工作。可见,建构主义评价观提倡以学为中心的理念,更加关注学生的发展。 4 结束语 建构主义教学观为课堂教学提供了新模式,为习惯于被动式接受的学生阐释了学习的新理念,从而为英语语言学课堂的教与学带来了新的启示和体验。在英语语言学课堂教学中教授学习策略,引导学生自主学习及改进 教学方法 。这些方面有助于学生建构知识,形成能力。 参考文献 [1]陈莉.社会建构主义与外语教学[J].外语论坛, 2003(1). [2]胡壮麟.对中国英语教育的若干思考[J].外语研究, 2002(3). [3]盛群力、__强.现代教学设计论[M].浙江教育出版社,2000
语言不仅是思维和交际的工具,同时也是社会 文化 的反应,并制约人们的思维。下文是我为大家整理的关于英语语言文化论文 范文 的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!关于英语语言文化论文范文篇1 浅探习语语言在英语中文化要素 1 历史发展的文化要素 在历史发展的长河中,由于受民族迁徙、异域民族入侵、民族内部战争等因素的影响,语言被烙上了清晰的印痕。作为富含深层文化内涵的英语习语,更是深受这些因素的影响。在英国历史上,英法两个国家战争不断,其中以英法七年战争和英法百年战争最为著名,法国文化对英国文化影响很大,成为现代英语的三大来源之一。 例如习语French leav(e不辞而别)、French frie(s炸薯条)、stew in one’s own juic(e自作自受)等。其中Frenchleave 指在 18 世纪的法国流行一种参加宴会的客人不向主人告辞而自行离去的习俗。而在法语中,也有“英国式告辞(不辞而别)”之说。这也是两国人相互调侃的方式之一。历史上罗马人曾经统治英国达四百年之久,古罗马文化对英国文化的影响烙印深刻。英语中受古罗马文化影响的习语俯拾皆是,像Do in Rome as the Romans do(入乡随俗)、Rome was not built in a da(y冰冻三尺,非一日之寒)等。历史上英国和荷兰为争夺海上的霸主地位,两个国家在短短 26 年(1652 年至 1678 年)中就进行了2 次战争,双方胜负各半。 为了发泄对战争失败的不满,英国人喜欢把交战国的名称赋予某种贬义加以丑化。诸如习语I’m a Dutchman, if..(.如果我……,我就不是人)、beat the Dutc(h了不起)、Dutch uncl(e严厉训斥者)等都是英国人讽刺荷兰人粗鲁、莽撞无礼的最好例证。到近代,两次世界大战和一些地区的局部冲突,都对英语产生了影响。习语the fifth colum(n第五纵队)就产生于这一时期。1936 年 10 月,西班牙首都马德里受到德国法西斯军队和西班牙叛军的联合进攻,在进攻前的动员大会上,西班牙叛军将领Emilio Mola公开宣称,叛军和德国联军的四个纵队正在向马德里展开猛攻,并且他的第五纵队也已经在马德里城内展开活动。后来英语习语the fifthcolumn 专门用来指代被别国收买了而颠覆自己国家的叛徒或别国派入的间谍。 2 岛国地理环境中“海的文化”要素 自然环境对文化的形成也有直接的影响。“特定文化的表达方式是由特定的地理环境造就的”。(王葆华,2010)英国岛国四面环海,英语习语的形成深受这种特殊的“海的文化”影响。大多数英国人以 捕鱼 为生,因此鱼是日常生活中的主要食品。和鱼相关的习语在英语中俯拾皆是,像nEither fish nor fow(不伦不类)、The best fish swimnear the bottom(好货难求)、cool fis(h怪人)、fish in the air(缘木求鱼)、There are plenty more fish in the se(a天涯何处无芳草)等。 长期海上生活中积累的 经验 也反映在习语语言中,如know the rope(s掌握窍门)、cut and ru(n三十六计走为上)、take the wind out of someone’s sai(l先发制人)、sail under false colour(s假冒伪劣)等。其中 sail under falsecolours 指中世纪海盗猖獗期间,海盗船上常常悬挂假旗号,以便于接近其他船只而不引起对方的警惕。后来人们就用此习语指代“假装”或“冒充”的东西。此外,习语carry coals to Newcastl(e多此一举、画蛇添足)来历是指煤都纽卡斯尔的煤矿储量丰富,如果生意人想运送煤碳到这个城市的话,那肯定会血本无归。由于岛国上的可耕土地很少,所以英国人特别注重畜牧业的发展,畜牧业中也留下了很多与之相关的习语。 比如lose one’swoo(l大发雷霆),因为羊毛能给牧羊人带来客观经济效益,如果没有了羊毛,也就断了财路,人当然平静不了。再比如Much cry and little woo(l雷声大,雨点小),指的是羊叫起来声音很大,但产出的羊毛却很少。 3 风俗习惯的文化要素 作为一种特定的社会现象,风俗习惯是“一个群体的习惯和准则的总和,群体人员的创造和遵循是其存在的前提基础”。(Worsley, 2008)身处在特定的社会风气和传统习惯的氛围之中,人们的日常生活不但受到影响,语言也必然会体现出这些影响。例如习语let one’s hair down(身心轻松)就是英国早期习俗的体现。 古时英国的妇女不论地位高低,在任何场合都把自己的头发梳洗得整整齐齐,但是当她们回到家中独自一人时,为了身心的放松,就把头发披散下来,习语“身心放松”的含义由此产生。另一个例子是来源于中世纪的英国生活习俗,在餐桌中间往往放置的是盐器,宾主落座时,盐器上首坐的是贵宾,而下首坐的是一般客人或随从,习语above the sa(lt德高望重的地位)和below the sa(lt无足轻重的地位)由此产生。 面包、牛奶、黄油和奶酪是英国人日常食物的主要组成部分,习语中也体现出了这些食品的重要地位,如bread and butter(生计之需)、bread and chees(e日常食品)、take the bread outof someone’s mou(th抢某人的饭碗)、like a hot knife throughbutte(r易如反掌)、cry over spilt mil(k覆水难收)、half a loaf isbetter than no brea(d聊胜于无)等。 4 宗教信仰的要素影响 文化的一个不可或缺的组成部分就是宗教信仰,它渗透到人类的精神生活、社会生活和语言交际体系中。早在公元 3 世纪初,英国就设立了__教会,因此大多数英国人信仰基督__信上帝。祈求上帝保佑时,英国人会用手指在胸前划十字,口中说God bless me ;骂人时说God damn you ;不愿意某事发生时说God forbid ;人死了说depart to God。在信徒的眼中,上帝无所不能,一切万物、包括人类在上帝面前都微不足道。 习语Manproposes, God dispose(s谋事在人,成事在天)充分体现了这种思想。直接来自《圣经》中的 故事 和比喻的习语也有很多,如来自《旧约·但以理书》第五章的习语handwriting on the wal(l不祥之兆)说的是巴比伦王伯沙撒(Belshazzar)继承了父亲的王位后穷奢极欲、荒淫无度。一日,他邀大臣一千多人在宫中狂饮,许多金银器皿被拿出来待客,席间宫墙上突然有一手伸出来并写下三个神秘的词,大家看后无人能解,于是赶紧把先知但以请来来解字。但以解释说 :你的统治地位已结束,你的国度将倾裂。果然,当夜伯沙撒就遇刺身亡。类似来自《圣经》的习语还有很多,如make bricks without straw(巧妇难为无米之炊)、at the eleventh hou(r关键时刻)、theparting of the way(s紧要关头)、in sackcloth and ashe(s悲痛忏悔)等。 5 神话寓言的要素影响 世界 文化不仅相通,而且相互影响。“ 英语的 发展史是外来词汇的变异积累过程,也是受民族的 文学作品逐渐浸润、融合、变异的进化过程。”(Herrnst Ein, 2009)民族神话、 传说 和 寓言故事 在 语言的发展变化过程中都留下了深深的烙印。希腊罗马神话和伊索寓言是影响英语习语的两大主要文化要素。 古希腊是西方文明的发源地,希腊神话的最大特点是“兼具人之外形和情感的神令自然人悟其之渺小”。(Turner,2009)古罗马神话是由古希腊神话发展变化而来,到公元前的最后 3 个世纪,罗马诗人维吉尔(Virgil)、奥维德(Ovid)把希腊神话的内容移植到罗马神话中,把希腊神话里的人物名称换成罗马使用的拉丁文名称,创作出希腊—罗马神话的结合体。 英语习语中有许多就是直接来自这种结合体。例如under theros(e严守秘密)这个习语指的是一天,爱与美之女神维纳斯(Venus)在不惑之年还背着丈夫、儿子与情人偷偷幽会,不料刚好被沉默之神哈坡克拉提斯(Harpocrates)无意中撞见。维纳斯的儿子丘比特(Cupid)知道这件事后非常气愤,但又怕此事传出去后对父亲和自己不利,苦思良久后心生一计,他摘下一朵美丽的玫瑰花送给哈坡克拉提斯,肯求他不要把这件事声张出去,沉默之神对丘比特发誓会严守秘密。还有类似的习语如the web ofPenelop(e永远完不成的任务)、sword of Damocle(s随时到来的危险)、Pandora’s Bo(x万恶之源)、apple of discor(d争斗起因)、Achilles’hee(l致命弱点)等都来自希腊罗马神话。 寓言是习语的另一个主要来源,“寓言在流传的过程中被浓缩并升华为习语”。英语习语的重要来源是《伊索寓言》,如习语dog in the mange(r损人不利己)讲的是有一只愚笨之极狗,由于它自己不能吃马槽里的干草,便向正在津津有味吃草的马嚎叫,也不让马吃草的故事。类似的习语还有sour grape(s酸葡萄)、cry wol(f虚张声势)、a wolf in sheep’s clothin(g伪装友善的敌人)、nourish a viperin one’s bosom(养奸护恶)等。 6 文学作品的文化要素 出自文学巨匠笔下精彩的故事情节、富有教益的哲理和涵义深刻的词句常常成为习语的另一个重要的素材来源。文学语言对习语的来源贡献在于以下四个方面“精彩词句、故事情节、鲜明人物和历史习语”。 (徐振忠,2010)莎士比亚的作品是公认的对英语习语贡献最多的来源之一。莎士比亚作品的习语大体可分为两类 :一种来自剧作的故事情节 ;一种来自作品的词句。莎士比亚剧作中的人物性格鲜明,情节生动,剧中内容常常被引申成为习语。如hoist by one’s own petar(d害人反害己,搬起石头砸自己的脚)出自《哈姆雷特》[3 幕、4 场 ],早期的炸药箱被称作petard,战争是用于炸开敌人坚固的城池。但由于当时的爆破技术还很不成熟,引爆人点燃炸药后还没等自己撤离,炸药就爆炸了,结果当然是引爆人与敌人同归于尽了。 类似的习语还有one’s pound offles(h合法但不合理的要求)、a horse of a different colou(r另外一回事 ;截然不同)等。莎士比亚作品语言简洁优美、寓意深刻,许多习语就是直接来自作品的词句。如bay atthe moo(n空嚷、徒劳)在《裘里斯 · 凯撒》第四幕第三场里的原文是 :I had rather be a dog, and bay the moon。原文中bay 被用作及物动词,而现代英语倾向于用作不及物动词,因此加了介词at。类似的习语还有flutter the dovecotes(闹得鸡犬不宁)《[柯里奥拉纳斯》]、paint the lil(y多此一举)《[约翰王》]、the world is someone’s oyste(r随心所欲)《[温莎的娘儿们》]、thereby hangs a tal(e说来话长)《[驯悍记》]等。 英国文坛还有其他许多对世界文学有较大影响的文学巨匠,如乔叟、米尔顿、柯勒律治、拜伦、狄更斯等。他们的作品也对英语习语产生了很大的影响。如习语albatross round soneone’s nec(k提醒某人不犯错误之物)出自柯勒律治的长诗《老水手之歌》。 信天翁是一种海鸟,可以在睡觉时翅膀不煽动并浮在空中,据说随便杀死信天翁会招致厄运。柯勒律治的诗歌中讲述了一位水手由于自己的大意,射杀了一只信天翁,结果在航行途中他麻烦不断,还差点丧命。后来他才悟出个中的缘由,上岸后他把那只信天翁的尸体挂在脖子上,以表达自己示忏悔的心情。来自文学作品的习语还有all hell breaks loose(闹翻天)(米尔顿,《失乐园》)、at sixs and seven(s杂乱无章)(乔叟,《特洛莱斯和克丽西德》)、mind one’s ey(e小心谨慎()狄更斯,《巴纳比·拉奇》)等。 结语 语言学家Hudson指出 :“语言特征和文化特征常常难分彼此”。(Hudson, 2011)习语的形成与其语言所属的民族文化更是密不可分,“文化是孕育培植习语的温床”(McMordie, 2006),如果对习语的文化背景没有认真的研究,就难以理解它们其中的深刻含义。本文只从六个方面粗略讨论了影响习语形成的文化要素,以期希望对英语习语 爱好 者在今后的学习过程中正确理解习语的文化内涵和恰如其分地运用习语方面有所启迪和帮助。 关于英语语言文化论文范文篇2 浅析中学生英语语言文化意识的培养 摘要:语言意识的培养,在大学英语教学中较为广泛,但是在中学英语教学中较少提及。我国小学已普遍开设英语课程,中学生已具备一定的英语基础,培养学生的语言意识是有可行的。良好的语言意识有利于学生将来的 英语学习 ,学习者能更好地运用英语,减少交际中的障碍,并进行成功交际,培养学生语言意识是有必要的。本文主要从建构理论,认知的过程出发,并结合我国中学英语教学的实际,说明在中学英语教学中培养语言文化意识的重要性,以及如何培养学生的语言文化意识。 关键词:英语教学;文化知识;语言意识培养 1.引言 传统的中学英语教学,侧重于单词和语法等语言知识点的教学,它培养的是学生某一方面的技能。但是语言的学习是为了运用,交际,从这一角度来看,传统英语教学的弊端突显出来。 根据认知语言学,语言意识指语言的固有能力来处理信息,是洞察语言本质和功能的语言能力。本文中的语言意识,在中学英语教学过程中,将表现为是由文化、政治、社会和习俗等方面组成的。 语言是文化的载体,学习一种语言,不仅仅要掌握语言点知识,培养听、说、读、写、译的基本技能,更重要的是学习蕴含于语言之中的文化现象和文化背景知识,包括政治,经济,文化等多方面,从而培养英语思维。语言意识的培养正是这一要求的体现。语言是交流的工具,有一定的语言意识,了解目的语的文化背景知识, 思维方式 ,交际也就更能达到理想效果。 2.文化与语言的关系 文化通常被定义为在一定的社会或者社会一部分范围内流行的一套价值观念和信仰,是一个社会的整个生活方式,一个民族的全部活动方式。语言是人类生活的重要组成部分。(王建坤,2008)徐行言在《中西文化比较》(2004)中,对文化的理解与概括分为一下几个方面: 把文化看作是一个包含多层次、多方面内容的综合体,用它来概括人类创造和积累起来的全部物质与精神财富以及人们的生活方式。把文化理解人类精神现象或观念形态的总和;强调文化作为人的社会行为与习俗的意义;把文化视作人类的艺术活动及富有仪式性的民俗活动的概括;把文化理解为一个社会的传统行为形式或全部社会遗产。 根据裴文的表述,语言与文化的关系分为以下几种(参见王建坤,2008):(1)语言是一种文化;(2)语言是文化的工具;(3)语言是文化传播的载体;(4)语言是文化的形式;(5)语言与文化相互作用。由此可见离开了内容,离开了语言的内涵,就谈不上语言。语言学习需要和文化学习结合起来,语言教学的同时也必须了解文化,这样才能真正地更好地运用语言。 3.从建构主义看语言中的文化教学 建构主义是认知理论的一个分支,是学习理论的一个分支,是学习理论中行为主义发展到认知主义以后的进一步发展。最早由瑞士著名心理学家皮亚杰(J. Piaget)于20世纪60年代提出。(范琳,2003)一般认为,建构主义学习理论源于皮亚杰,后经布鲁纳、维果茨基等教学 教育 心理学家不断发展和完善。 建构主义是源自 儿童 认知发展的理论,由于个体的认知发展和学习过程密切相关,因此利用建构主义可以较清楚地说明学习过程的认知规律。建构主义认为,学习不是信息简单地从外到内的单项输入,而是通过新信息与学习者原有的知识经验双向的相互作用而实现的。 我们所说的语言文化意识的培养,正是基于此,培养学生的文化意识,在教学中进行一定的文化导入。文化导入是一种通过引导的方式让学生主动建构语言与文化知识的一种 方法 ,促进学生的英语综合运用能力的提高。该方法主张教师在一定的教学环境中,对学生进行引导,激发学生的思考,促进学生主动进行新信息和原有知识的建构,从而培养学生对文化的敏感性,以及处理文化信息的灵活性,最后获得综合运用英语能力的提高。 4.培养语言文化意识是跨文化交际能力的需要 由于技术的发展,旅游的兴旺,经济和政治体系变化,移民方式的改变,人口增长等原因,人们与来自不同文化背景的人的交流日益增多;人们日益认识到文化会对交流产生微妙和深刻的影响。我们学习语言就不可避免地接触到所学语言国家的交际文化。在不同民族和国家的文化中,既有共性也存在差异,而这些差异是由于历史文化背景、地理环境、传统习惯和思维方式的不同,在语言表达上表现为差异,这些差异的存在可能妨碍文化和语际的正常交流。 英语的学习最终的目的是交流和交际,是为了更好的跨文化交流,将中国博大精深的文化传播出去,吸收外国文化的精华。在教学中渗透文化意识,了解英语国家文化,有助于提高学生的交流能力和跨文化交流能力,克服与不同文化背景中的人们相互理解过程中的障碍,促进交际的成功。 5.交际教学法的弊端 巴克斯(2004,参见孙鸣,2007)认为,业内人士大都默认为:交际法不仅是先进的方法,而是唯一正确的学习语言的方法。根据语言学家威多森(Widdowso ,H. G. 1991,参见孙鸣,2007)对交际教学法的分析与评价,交际教学法注重让学习者用语言做事,表达观念和完成各种交际行为。 它强调“做”、“自然学习”和“自然语言使用”,在学习如何得体地使用语言的过程中,学习者会不经意地学习语言,通过“做”而“知”。交际教学法所关注的是给学习者创造使用该语言的条件和情景,而不是我国现阶段英语教学的词句和语法。 从认知角度来看,外语学习的认知过程始于陈述性知识。陈述性知识是有关某物是事实的知识,是人有意识掌握的、可以陈述的、以命题方式储存在大脑中的事实、概念、或观念构成的信息。(孙鸣,2007)心理语言学研究表明,语言的使用是以认知为基础的(桂诗春,2002,参见孙鸣,2007)语言的认知设计陈述性知识,而语言的使用则涉及程序性知识。 近几年,交际教学法盛行于我国英语教学中。结合我国英语教学的实际,交际教学法的不足之处日益显现出来。交际教学法所主张的由“做”而“知”, 忽视了外语学习认知过程中陈述性知识的作用,不符合外语学习认知过程及其规律,并不适合我国英语教学环境。 而提倡在教学中进行文化渗透,培养学生语言文化意识,更符合外语学习认知的过程及规律,语言的认知过程和认知结构需要有文化的参与。