我把我们学校选题范围给你看下好了,希望对你有帮助哈一、语言英语的书面语或口头语特征研究英语的语义、语法、语音、语调特征研究英语的语法、语音或书写历史演变研究 英语和汉语的语法特征对比研究 英语和汉语的语音特征对比研究 英语的言语表达与语境关系研究 英美标准语与方言或黑人英语的对比研究二、文学英美文学创作理论研究:英汉文学创作理论对比研究:英美文艺批评理论研究 英汉文艺批评理论对比研究 英美个别文学作品或作家研究 英汉个别作品或作家对比研究 英美个别文学作品人物塑造研究 英美个别文学作品美学价值研究 英美个别文学作品人物塑造对比研究 英美个别文学作品美学价值对比研究 英美个别文学作品与社会、文化关系对比研究三、语言与文学某英美诗人语言特征研究 英美某小说或小说家语言特征研究 英语诗歌语法、语音、修辞特征研究 英语的言语表达与人际关系研究 某英和汉诗人语言特征对比研究 某流派英和汉诗人或诗体语言特征对比研究四、文化英美传统文化研究 英美当代流行文化研究英语的言语表达与英美文化关系研究 英美重要历史文献研究 英美当代社会问题研究 东西方文化对比研究 英美历史重大事件研究 英美当代社会重大事件研究 英美文化与中国文化相互影响研究 英汉语言与文化关系对比研究 五、翻译英美翻译理论研究 英汉翻译理论对比研究 英汉语言互译对比研究 六、其他英语教学理论研究英美教育理论研究英语测试理论研究中外教育理论对比研究中外英语教学对比研究西方旅游业研究中外旅游业对比研究世界经贸活动中的英语应用研究中国对外经贸活动中的英语应用研究
he history of English language英语的历史The history of the English language began over 1500 years ago in the north of Europe. Around the fifth century ., tribes of people known as the Angels, Saxons, and Jutes traveled west from Germany and Denmark across the North Sea. They settled in Britain, and by the late seventh century, they were speaking an early form the English. In the late eighth century, the Vikings attacked England(斯堪的那维亚人攻占英国). Fighting continued for almost two hundred years. During this time, many Latin, Danish, and Norse words entered the English language. Latin gave English words like kitchen and cup. From Danish and Norse, English borrowed skin, leg, and the pronouns them, their, and they. many synonyms from the Norse language became integrated into English, for example, wrath(English),anger(Norse);sick(English),ill(Norse). In 1066, the Normans conquered England(诺曼人征服英国). French became the language of the wealthy and powerful, and English was spoken mostly by poorer people. In the late fourteenth century, English became the first language again. By this time, many words used in English came from French or Latin, and a lot of the early words no longer existed. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, people became interested in the classics. At this time, words from Latin and Greek were included in the English language. a lot of words, or parts of words, from those languages are used in modern English. Today, English has loan words from many of the world’s languages. You can probably find a word used in English that first came from your native language.人们的部落从德国和丹麦旅行向西过北海。 他们迁入英国,并且在7世纪末以前,他们讲早期的形式英语。在8世纪末,斯堪的那维亚人攻占英国。 战争持续了将近200年。 在这个时期,很多拉丁语、丹麦英语的历史从1500多年前的北欧开始。 在公元5世纪左右,称为天使、撒克逊和黄麻的和古斯堪的那维亚的单词融入英语。 象炊具和杯子与生活息息相关一样,拉丁语给了英语很多单词。 从丹麦语和古斯堪的那维亚语中,英国人借鉴过来了皮肤、腿、以及各种词格的代词“他们”、“他们的”。 来自古斯堪的那维亚语的很多同义词统一到英语中,例如,愤怒(英语的wrath和古斯堪的那维亚语的anger);生病(英语的sick和古斯堪的那维亚语的ill),都在英语中进行了统一。1066年,诺曼人征服英国。 法语成为富人的语言和强有力的象征,但穷人主要讲英语。 在14世纪末,英语再次成为第一语言。 到这时,英国人使用的很多词汇来自法语或者拉丁语,并且许多早期的词汇已经不复存在。到了第16和17世纪,人们对古典作品感兴趣。 在这个时期,来自拉丁语和希腊语的词汇被归入英语。 许多词汇或者单词的组成部分,从那些语言被用现代英语引进使用。 今天,英语有来自大多数世界性语言的泊来单词。 你或许能找到英语使用的某个词汇是最先来自你的母语。
国际商务与跨文化交际(International Business and Cross-cultural Communication)The increase in international business and in foreign investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication. Americans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the many international business negotiations abroad, Americans are perceived as wealthy and impersonal. It often appears to the foreign negotiator that the American represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining further. The American negotiator‘s role becomes that of an impersonal purveyor of information and studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have been identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception, while undermining the negotiator‘s position. Two traits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of the American negotiator. Furthermore, American negotiators often insist on realizing short-term goals. Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits. In order to solidify the relationship, they may opt for indirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator.
历史研究论文格式:正文汉字全部为宋体、小四,正文英文为TimesNewRoman,小四。 扩展资料 历史研究论文格式:正文汉字全部为宋体、小四,正文英文为TimesNewRoman,小四;行距:每段落首行缩进2字符、倍行距、段前、段后均为0行,文献引证方式是采用注释体例。
比如:中英广告语翻译差异、英语中的中式英语(这个可以写学生容易犯的中式英语错,也可以写被英语国家广泛接受的中式英语如long time no see等)写的还是很多的,最好不要上网查,你自己想想哪个题目你比较感兴趣或者在行,然后再再网上搜集资料。如果是本科,毕业论文很好过关的不要担心。祝你好运!
资料方面来说:有个方法进行确定,将论文的主题在百度、谷歌进行搜索,哪个搜索的结果多就偏重于哪个,目前关于英国历史文化的资料最好找。至于深度问题,目前三者的研究深度都一样,你的研究深度从本科来说不需要很深,能够在你的论文中提出具有总结性、概括性的观点,就算是一篇符合成功标准的论文了。最容易给出结论的是英国历史文化类的论文成绩方面,老师会从格式与论文的创新程度来给分,这个方面翻译类的文章最容易得高分,以为其技术含量最高。综上所述,最容易的是英国的历史文化问题,因为这方面的研究很完善,而且英文资料很多。最具技术含量的是翻译类论文。看你想顺利毕业还是想优秀论文了。合适采纳啊
建议选择文学方面的题材比较好些,我就是英语专业毕业生,当时我选择的是西方文化方面,材料比较少。但是如果要想拿到优秀论文建议最好别选文学,这个没有什么新意,而且也许会有许多人选材一样。若是不准备拿优秀论文,文学题材是一个不错的选择。
Times New Roman 字体,倍行距,首行缩进2字符,
封面页:应包括论文题目、作者姓名、学校名称、提交日期等信息。
目录:列出文章的各个章节和子章节的标题和页码。
引言:介绍论文的背景、目的和主要论点。
正文:根据论文的结构和逻辑,按照主题和子主题组织论文的内容。
结论:总结文章的主要观点和结论,并指出未来的研究方向。
参考文献:列出在文章中引用的所有书籍、期刊、网站等文献的详细信息。
附录:如果需要,可以在附录中包括一些数据、图表、图片等。
格式要求:通常要求使用12号字体,行距为倍,页面边距为厘米,页面编号从第二页开始。
参考文献要求:参考文献需要按照特定的格式进行排版,如APA、MLA、Chicago等格式。
文献引用要求:文献引用需要注明作者、年份和页码等信息,如(Smith, 2010, )。
英语论文格式模板
英文论文格式均以美国土木工程师协会出版社发布的标准格式为准。
英语论文用激光打印机打印,打印稿为黑白稿,彩色打印件会影响出版效果。 版心:a4纸,上、下页边距 cm,左、右页边距均为 mm。论文内容宽不得超过, 长不得超过。
字体和字号:正文,标题,作者联络信息和图表中的文字均为times new roman 12号字。可以跟据需要使用同类字体中的粗体,斜体。
行距:单倍行距。
页码:论文正文和文后所附图例都需添加页码。页码为阿拉伯数字,位于页面下方居中。
文体:文章应语法正确,技术用词准确。标题应该以最简洁的语言概括文章内容。如果标题较长,请采用title: subtitle的形式。
数学公式:文中的数学公式不得手写,必须打印。公式如果在文中多次被引用,应该编号。公式之间,公式和正文之间都应该空一行。 单位: 文中所用的度量衡单位应为国际单位。可在括号内,单位对应表中列出其他单位。有关国际单位的使用(standard practice for use of the international system of units)可以通过电话1-向asce索取。其他相关使用参考文献,如anmc metric editorial guide, 5th ed,1992 可向美国国家公制协会 索取(american national metric council, 1735n. lynn street, suite 950, arlington, va 22209-2022)
图表:
标题说明和图例:插入的图表应该以出现顺序编号(figure 1,figure 2,table 1,table 2)。图的说明和标题,包括图的序号应该位于图的下方。表的说明和标题,包括表的序号应该位于表格上方。
位置:图可以插入到正文中,或者集中放在文章最后。如果在正文中插入图,尽量放在页面的顶部或尾部。不要选择文字环绕图形的对齐方式,可选择上下环绕方式。
底纹:插图中不要选择带阴影或底纹,否则会影响印刷效果。
照片:如果文中需要附上照片,在文中出现照片的地方贴上其黑白光面冲洗照片,标题说明位于照片下方。照片将和正文一起缩印,请不要提供彩色照片,以免影响印刷效果。
扫描图:印刷后的扫描图不如原件清晰。如果文中有扫描图,请提供灰色色标扫描图。
作者联络信息:请用横线和正文隔开。联络信息可以为一位作者或所有作者的,包括以下内容:作者全名;所属学会;学历或授予的荣誉;所在单位;通讯地址和电子邮箱;电话和传真。
参考文献:所有参考文献为单倍行距,放在文章最后,按照第一作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。如有同一作者的两篇以上文献,按出版年代先后排列。正文中引用参考文献时,作者和出版年代应该放入括号内。由于上标缩印后会变小,难于辨认,正文中不使用上标标注参考文献。所列出的参考文献应当在正文中都有所引用,如果正文中没有引用,请将文献列入文章最后的附加信息(additional information)部分,或者相关材料(related materials)部分。
基本论文格式
论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成,其中部分组成(例如附录)可有可无。论文各组成的'排序为:题名、作者、摘要、关键词、英文题名、英文摘要、英文关键词、正文、参考文献、附录和致谢。
1、毕业论文格式的写作顺序是:标题、作者班级、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、中文摘要及关键词、英文摘要及英文关键词、正文、参考文献。
2、毕业论文中附表的表头应写在表的上面,居中;论文附图的图题应写在图的下面,居中。按表、图、公式在论文中出现的先后顺序分别编号。
3、毕业论文中参考文献的书写格式严格按以下顺序:序号、作者姓名、书名(或文章名)、出版社(或期刊名)、出版或发表时间。
4、论文格式的字体:各类标题(包括参考文献标题)用粗宋体;作者姓名、指导教师姓名、摘要、关键词、图表名、参考文献内容用楷体;正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体;英文用TimesNewRoman字体。
5、论文格式的字号:论文题目用三号字体,居中;一级标题用四号字体;二级标题、三级标题用小四号字体;页眉、页脚用小五号字体;其它用五号字体;图、表名居中。
6、格式正文打印页码,下面居中。
7、论文打印纸张规格:A4210297毫米。
8、在文件选项下的页面设置选项中,字符数/行数选使用默认字符数;页边距设为上:3厘米;下:厘米;左:厘米;右:厘米;装订线:厘米;装订线位置:左侧;页眉:厘米;页脚厘米。
9、在格式选项下的段落设置选项中,缩进选0厘米,间距选0磅,行距选倍,特殊格式选(无),调整右缩进选项为空,根据页面设置确定行高格线选项为空。
10、页眉用小五号字体打印XX大学XX学院20XX级XX专业学年论文字样,并左对齐。
11、使用软件:MicrosoftWord2000以上版本。
文献注释
注释不同于参考文献。参考文献是作者写作论著时所参考的文献书目,集中列于文末。而注释则是作者对正文中某一内容作进一步解释或补充说明的文字,不要列入文末的参考文献,而要作为注释放在页下,用①②标识序号。注释中提到的论著保持通常格式,如:
①与正文部分空出两行;②按照文中的索引编号分别或合并注释;③注释采用五号黑体,注释内容汉语采用小五号宋体,英语采用Times New Roman 9号。
英语专业论文格式规范 A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms (题目:二号,黑体,加粗,居中,除了英语小词外,其他单词首字母都要大写;另外:除了题目外,论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”) (学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名(小四号宋体字,加粗),依次排印在论文题目下,上空二行,居中) 【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… (英文摘要:上空二行;题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号;采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗;单倍行距。) 【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese (英文关键词:题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,两个单词的首字母要大写,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用任何其他标点符号,采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗,除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写,各单词之间用分号“;”隔开,分号之后空一格;最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号;单倍行距。) 1. Introduction (顶格,除了第一个单词及专有名词外,其他单词首字母都不要大写;标题最后不用任何标点符号,上空两行) In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符;夹注的标注法:出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系;注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号,时间、页码等的标注法;另外,汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现,不能出现汉语姓氏;夹注出现在标点符号之前) 2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples: (1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以(1),(2)…为序号排列,直至最后一个例子;而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号) 3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese idioms The characteristics of English idioms (正文章节序号编制:章的编号:1. ,2., 3.,…;节的编号:…,…;小节的编号为:, …。小节以下层次,采用希腊数字加括号为序,如(i),(ii)…;之后再采用字母加括号,如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格,小四号字,加粗;每节(及小节以下)题目左顶格,小四号字,不加粗但要斜体;所有章节的题目都单独一行,最后不加任何标点符号) …. In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms …. Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法): (9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry. (10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it. …. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms … (i) …. …. (ii) …. …. 4. Conclusion …. Bibliography (References) (小四号,加粗,后面不加任何标点符号) Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981. 一、英语论文的标题 一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。 就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。 二、英语论文提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。 三、英语论文正文 有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。 四、英语论文的文中引述 正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。 1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如: The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9). 这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名);阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成);作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号;句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。 2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示: Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas” is an admirable and characteristic diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it Whitman is unable to conceive the extreme crises of society, one is certain that no society would be tolerable whoses citizens could not find refreshment in its buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165) 这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。 3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如: points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9). 值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。 4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号);点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如: Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43). 5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如: Professor Chen Jia's A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i). 圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线;规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字;其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。 6.如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如: Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35). Farrington points out that Aristotle's father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15). 这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。 7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。 When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(). 这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格;圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写;21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。 五、英语论文的文献目录 论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点: 1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。 2.目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。 3.各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。 4.各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。 现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。 Two or More Books by the Same Author Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950. ---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats, Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963. 引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名;各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。 An Author with an Editor Shake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B. Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959. 本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth;如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如: Blackmur, Richard . The Art of the Novel: Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribner's, . 如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可): Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery. London: Macmillan, . A Multivolume Work Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed. Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928. Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed. Geoffrey Keynes. . London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols. 第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容;第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。 A Selection from an Anthology Abram, M. H.“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the Age.” Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New York: Columbia UP,. 被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。 Articles in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers Otto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.” Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48
不一定,要求史论结合基本史实要清楚。先写论题紧紧贴合材料,展开论述(一般答4点,最好围绕论题写得分会高一点)结尾总结与论题相呼应。主要是看史实清不清楚然后是不是根据材料展开论述给分
写一篇历史学术论文,不谨谨是要对历史这方面熟悉,还要懂得论文的结构顺序。下面是我整理的历史学术论文如何写,希望你能从中得到感悟!历史学术论文如何写 下面按论文的结构顺序依次叙述。(一)论文——题目科学论文都有题目,不能“无题”。论文题目一般20字左右。题目大小应与内容符合,尽量不设副题,不用第1报、第2报之类。论文题目都用直叙口气,不用惊叹号或问号,也不能将科学论文题目写成 广告 语或新闻报道用语。 (二)论文——署名科学论文应该署真名和真实的工作单位。主要体现责任、成果归属并便于后人追踪研究。严格意义上的论文作者是指对选题、论证、查阅文献、方案设计、建立 方法 、实验操作、整理资料、归纳 总结 、撰写成文等全过程负责的人,应该是能解答论文的有关问题者。现在往往把参加工作的人全部列上,那就应该以贡献大小依次排列。论文署名应征得本人同意。学术指导人根据实际情况既可以列为论文作者,也可以一般致谢。行政领导人一般不署名。 (三)论文——引言 是论文引人入胜之言,很重要,要写好。一段好的论文引言常能使读者明白你这份工作的发展历程和在这一研究方向中的位置。要写出论文立题依据、基础、背景、研究目的。要复习必要的文献、写明问题的发展。文字要简练。 (四)论文——材料和方法 按规定如实写出实验对象、器材、动物和试剂及其规格,写出实验方法、指标、判断标准等,写出实验设计、分组、统计方法等。这些按杂志 对论文投稿规定办即可。 (五)论文——实验结果 应高度归纳,精心分析,合乎逻辑地铺述。应该去粗取精,去伪存真,但不能因不符合自己的意图而主观取舍,更不能弄虚作假。只有在技术不熟练或仪器不稳定时期所得的数据、在技术故障或操作错误时所得的数据和不符合实验条件时所得的数据才能废弃不用。而且必须在发现问题当时就在原始记录上注明原因,不能在总结处理时因不合常态而任意剔除。废弃这类数据时应将在同样条件下、同一时期的实验数据一并废弃,不能只废弃不合己意者。实验结果的整理应紧扣主题,删繁就简,有些数据不一定适合于这一篇论文,可留作它用,不要硬行拼凑到一篇论文中。论文行文应尽量采用专业术语。能用表的不要用图,可以不用图表的最好不要用图表,以免多占篇幅,增加排版困难。文、表、图互不重复。实验中的偶然现象和意外变故等特殊情况应作必要的交代,不要随意丢弃。 (六)论文——讨论 是论文中比较重要,也是比较难写的一部分。应统观全局,抓住主要的有争议问题,从感性认识提高到理性认识进行论说。要对实验结果作出分析、推理,而不要重复叙述实验结果。应着重对国内外相关文献中的结果与观点作出讨论,表明自己的观点,尤其不应回避相对立的观点。 论文的讨论中可以提出假设,提出本题的发展设想,但分寸应该恰当,不能写成“科幻”或“畅想”。 (七)论文——结语或结论 论文的结语应写出明确可靠的结果,写出确凿的结论。论文的文字应简洁,可逐条写出。不要用“小结”之类含糊其辞的词。 (八)论文——参考义献 这是论文中很重要、也是存在问题较多的一部分。列出论文参考文献的目的是让读者了解论文研究命题的来龙去脉,便于查找,同时也是尊重前人劳动,对自己的工作有准确的定位。因此这里既有技术问题,也有科学道德问题。一篇论文中几乎自始至终都有需要引用参考文献之处。如论文引言中应引上对本题最重要、最直接有关的文献;在方法中应引上所采用或借鉴的方法;在结果中有时要引上与文献对比的资料;在讨论中更应引上与 论文有关的各种支持的或有矛盾的结果或观点等。 一切粗心大意,不查文献;故意不引,自鸣创新;贬低别人,抬高自己;避重就轻,故作姿态的做法都是错误的。而这种现象现在在很多论文中还是时有所见的,这应该看成是利研工作者的大忌。其中,不查文献、漏掉重要文献、故意不引别人文献或有意贬损别人工作等错误是比较明显、容易发现的。有些做法则比较隐蔽,如将该引在引言中的,把它引到讨论中。这就将原本是你论文的基础或先导,放到和你论文平起平坐的位置。又如 科研工作总是逐渐深人发展的,你的工作总是在前人工作基石出上发展起来做成的。正确的写法应是,某年某人对本题做出了什么结果,某年某人在这基础上又做出了什么结果,现在我在他们基础上完成了这一研究。这是实事求是的态度,这样表述丝毫无损于你的贡献。有些论文作者却不这样表述,而是说,某年某人做过本题没有做成,某年某人又做过本题仍没有做成,现在我做成了。这就不是实事求是的态度。这样有时可以糊弄一些不明真相的外行人,但只需内行人一戳,纸老虎就破,结果弄巧成拙,丧失信誉。这种现象在现实生活中还是不少见的。 (九)论文——致谢 论文的指导者、技术协助者、提供特殊试剂或器材者、经费资助者和提出过重要建议者都属于致谢对象。论文致谢应该是真诚的、实在的,不要庸俗化。不要泛泛地致谢、不要只谢教授不谢旁人。写论文致谢前应征得被致谢者的同意,不能拉大旗作虎皮。 (十)论文——摘要或提要:以200字左右简要地概括论文全文。常放篇首。论文摘要需精心撰写,有吸引力。要让读者看了论文摘要就像看到了论文的缩影,或者看了论文摘要就想继续看论文的有关部分。此外,还应给出几个关键词,关键词应写出真正关键的学术词汇,不要硬凑一般性用词。 历史学术论文 范文 历史理论与历史教学 [关键词]通史体例,历史哲学,高中历史 [中图分类号]G63 [文献标识码]B [ 文章 编号]0457-6241(2011)21-0003-03 近年来,随着课程改革的进程,中学历史教科书的体例几经变化。2007年,新编上海市高中历史教科书采用了通史体例,主要有两个方面的考虑:一方面,新教材要在高一、高二阶段用于实现对学生基本的历史观念 教育 ,达到公民教育的目标。中学历史课程不是要培养专业历史工作者,而是要学生学习作为一名合格的公民所应该了解的中国历史、世界历史知识,而且这种历史知识应该是成体系的,其理论基础也应达到历史哲学层次。通史体例有利于实现这一教育目标。另一方面,高中生也是接受通史教育最合适的年龄阶段,他们有能力理解并接受作为历史哲学的通史观教育,教学也可以在这个层面去强化。 综合这两方面看,高中历史教材采用通史体例是合理的。同时,我们也借鉴了上海市编写的前两套高中历史教材和国内外同类教科书的 经验 ,采用中外历史合编的通史体例,更加强化世界通史的整体结构,更好地体现中国历史与外国历史的联系和互动,这样既有助于学生理解从分散到整体的世界历史进程及其阶段性特征,也能够与初中教材在体例结构上有所区别。 从历史哲学的角度,我们以马克思的唯物史观历史理论作为教材的指导思想,这是通过比较各种历史理论后做出的选择。 目前通行的世界通史编纂体系大致可分为三种理论范式: 1.综合―比较范式:认为历史的整体性是一种历史叙述的框架,即国别史的综合与比较,不存在客观的整体性世界历史运动。这种世界通史体系建立在民族主义史观的基础上。 2.联系―互动范式:认为历史的整体性是人类社会不同空间单元之间的联系与交流,随着人类交往空间的扩大,世界史的范围也随之扩大,但并不改变人类社会的多元结构。这种世界通史体系建立在 文化 形态史观的基础上。 3.结构―演进范式:认为历史的整体性是人类文明发展和社会形态演进的结果,客观的世界史是社会生产方式发展到一定高度、使之有能力在世界意义上形成整体性结构的产物。这种世界通史体系建立在唯物史观的基础上。 近年来流行的“全球史观”包含以上后两种理论范式,因此衍生出不同历史理论指导下的“全球史”体系。 从文化形态史观的联系―互动范式出发,不同地区、不同民族人们的交往史即“世界史”,因此,交往的历史起点即世界史的发生。同理,在联系和互动的意义上,“世界史”与“全球史”没有本质的区别,如果从交往的空间范围和联系的紧密程度上区分,两者也许可以作为表达阶段性差异的概念:从局部的、有限的联系和互动走向全球化的联系和互动。 从唯物史观的结构―演进范式出发,世界史的发生有赖于人类创造物质财富的能力及其方式需要并且能够将分散的社会单元(民族、国家)通过各种联系形式“聚合”为结构性的整体运动。正是在这个意义上,“世界史不是过去一直存在的,作为世界史的历史是结果”。也正是在这个意义上,世界史的本质――整体性获得了“结构”的内涵,而不是泛指的联系和交往。因此,所谓“世界史”的发生史也就是人类社会整体性结构的起源。 从分散的、联系和互动的人类社会到结构的、整体运动的人类社会,是通过一种特殊的历史动力实现的,这就是“工业生产力”。所以,工业化的起点是与世界史的发生相一致的,第一个“工业社会”也就是世界史结构的原型。原型的扩展及其与其他社会的冲突、融合构成了过程性的世界历史运动。在人类社会的整体性历史运动(工业文明的全球化)进程中,早期的、尚具有明显地域性结构特征、单向度扩展的“世界史”逐渐向越来越具有“全球性”结构特征、多向度融合的世界史(“全球史”)演进。显然,这种发展的阶段性表达的不仅是人们交往范围的扩大和联系程度的紧密,更重要的是结构意义上人类社会整体性的提升。 我们认为,“从分散到整体”的世界通史观是对世界历史宏观进程的科学阐释。我们这套教材以此为指导思想,以中外通史合编为基本体例,在内容上突出人类社会发展中的生产方式及制度演进线索,突出古代地域性文明向现代世界体系发展中纵向性因素与横向性因素的互动作用,突出中国历史进程中本土性因素与外部性因素的互动作用。当然,我们对编写体例和指导思想的选择并非仅仅是主观偏好,而是吸取了中国改革开放以来已经成为史学界共识的、最新的、发展的世界通史观。 20世纪80年代以来我国史学界最突出的理论成果之一就是突破了苏联通史体系的束缚,对马克思的世界历史观作出了比较完整的、合乎其本义的阐发。在这方面我国历史学家吴于廑和罗荣渠作出了重要贡献。吴于廑先生在国内率先提出要准确地理解和阐述马克思的世界历史观,并按照这一观念将人类社会的发展归纳为“从分散到整体的世界历史进程”。罗荣渠先生在国内最早将现代化理论与历史研究相结合,就现代社会的形成和工业革命以来的现代化世界进程展开研究。他们的研究成果在国内史学界产生了很大影响,也体现在我们编写的这套教材中。 我们认为,对世界历史的认识应基于两个基本观点。第一,在文明发展的早期阶段,它的地域性很强,多元的地域文明是古代历史的特征。第二,资本主义的兴起和工业革命的发生是人类历史进程中一个非常重要的转折,从此人类摆脱了地域性条件的束缚,开始走向相互依存度不断提高的整体性发展,直至进入“全球化”时代。所以,到了工业文明阶段以后,人类社会的整体性发展应当成为历史叙述的主线。如果不区分时间维度上古代文明与现代文明的差异,只是在空间维度上强调地域文明的特殊性,就会陷入“文化形态史观”的片面性。我们在编写教材时,尽可能地将上述对世界历史宏观进程的认识贯穿于中外通史合编的框架体系中。 目前使用的上海市高中历史教科书中,第一到第三分册是放在地域文明发展的大背景下来展开的,古代东方,古代欧洲、美洲、非洲,都是并行发展的。由于是中国的历史教材,所以教材中中国史占有较大的比重,但中国史内容的比重大并不代表历史观念上将中国历史看作世界历史的主线。正确的理解是,中国历史是人类历史上若干主要地域文明之一。我们提醒教师在教学中注意,古代历史无论是说西欧主导还是中国主导都是不正确的。所以建议大家对第一到第三分册――也就是工业革命以前的古代历史的讲解,应该把不同地域性文明的地理环境、历史起源、生产方式、制度特征、文化类型讲解清楚,并作适当的比较。在古代历史的教学中还应当注意各个地域文明发展的连续性和传承性,以及各相邻地域间文明因素的传播和渗透。地域文明起源阶段的社会结构演进过程及其特殊性尤应引起重视,因为在这一阶段,原始血缘社会共同体向地域社会共同体的演进呈现出不同的类型,并由此衍生出不同的发展道路和不同的文化传统。其中,西欧的古典文明和中世纪文明孕育了后来被称作“现代性”的社会基因,为工业文明的发生提供了制度基础和相应的观念文化。所以,在引导学生进行古代地域文明的比较时,重点应放在社会结构和制度的差异上,而不仅仅是表现为多样性的文化类型。在文明发展的时间轴上,制度的差异会表现出“先进”与“落后”,而在文明分布的空间轴上,文化的多样性始终是人类社会的特征。 第四分册重点介绍西欧社会如何走向工业革命的历程,并由此展开整体性世界历史的进程。这一分册的内容是人类历史重要的转折点,教师的讲解应该把握住这一重点。在第四分册中不仅出现了资本主义的概念、工业革命的概念,还有民族国家的概念、世界体系的概念。第四分册最后一个单元的题目是“世界体系的形成”,我们认为在工业革命之前,整个世界的体系结构尚未形成,虽然有文化的交往、贸易的往来、武力的征服,但这些交流并未导致各文明区域走向整体性的发展道路。现代世界体系是工业革命和资本主义制度的产物,并通过殖民主义的强制启动了世界整体性发展的进程。所以教师在使用第四分册进行教学的时候,不要简单地把它理解为仅仅介绍西欧历史,而要把它放到走向整体性世界历史的背景下去理解。 第五、第六分册重点叙述在20世纪现代化世界进程中整体性与区域特殊性的关系及其进一步发展,并突出中国在此进程中的地位和作用。 20世纪在人类社会发展史上,最充分地展示了具有内在统一性的世界历史运动。这一百年间,大工业所开创的世界现代化进程决定性地超越了区域性发展阶段,工业文明的全球普及和现代社会发展机制的全球扩散最终把世界各个区域联成为一个相互依存的整体,人类在经济力量的驱动下,在伴随着种种矛盾和冲突的历史进程中,进入了全球性现代化的新阶段。20世纪是世界体系经历裂变和重组、向全球统一的世界市场过渡的时代,奠定了经济全球化的基础结构。以战争与革命为基本特征的20世纪上半叶的历史进程也就是以殖民主义为标志的世界体系初级形态的解构过程。第二次世界大战是世界体系从解构走向重构的转折点,世界主导力量的转移和殖民体系的瓦解为世界体系的重新整合准备了条件。但是,二战后出现的东西方冷战格局推迟了统一的世界市场的形成,在国际政治层面的两极结构影响下,世界体系一度表现出二元特性。实际上,这种二元性所反映的仍然是世界体系重构中的过渡性。作为世界体系基础的世界市场的本质是由经济运动的客观规律决定的,所以,即使在冷战过程中,世界体系的重构仍然按其固有的规律调整着世界历史运动的各个层面,其中包括世界经济全球化趋势的加强和国际政治朝多极化方向的发展,最后以二元结构的整合和两极结构的崩溃结束了冷战。冷战后,世界市场的一元性和全球性得到了充分展示,市场经济的运作机制也得到了普遍认同。世界体系的发展所提供的结构性要素与科技革命所提供的技术性要素相结合,成为世界经济全球化趋势不可逆转的深刻根源。当然,全球化也带来了诸多“全球性问题”,乃至演化为“全球性危机”,这是当今世界全人类必须面对的挑战。对此我们在教科书中也做了必要的提示。 最后要强调的是,时空关系的处理是历史教学的关键性环节。通史比较凸显人类历史的时间性,它是在时间的前提下来考察各个空间的具体发展道路及其历史地位。因此,教师在教学中突出历史的时间性非常重要。如果忽略时间的线索,就变成了各个不同地域空间和各种历史事件的随意或简单组合,这就背离了唯物史观和通史体例的宗旨。当然,在正确把握历史时间的前提下,空间因素的表达也十分重要,因为丰富多彩的历史叙事就是在人类生活的各个空间地域具体展开的,无论是文本书写还是课堂教学,历史叙事的建构者及其接收对象都是具有空间身份(民族、国家、地域)的人。 【作者简介】余伟民,男,1951年生,上海人,博士生导师,华东师范大学历史系教授、上海市高中历史教科书主编。看了“历史学术论文如何写”的人还看: 1. 关于大学历史论文范文参考 2. 历史教学学术论文 3. 学术论文写作标准格式要求 4. 大学历史论文范文参考 5. 本科学术论文引言部分写法
一、基本特点历史小论文,实际上就是“小型的政论文”,篇幅不大,强调史论结合,具体地说有以下特点:1.议论的方式,有立论与驳论之别①立论题,就是从正面论证某论点的正确性,或谈谈对某一正确观点的理解与认识。如范文澜先生说过: “腐烂了的封建主义决不能对抗新兴的资本主义”。请结合鸦片战争前后的中国情况对这一观点进行分析。②驳论题,就是对错误的观点或立论进行反驳,否定对方的错误之处,以辩正是非,形成正确的认识。如 ,赵尔巽在《清史稿》中说:“秀全以匹夫倡革命,……中国危亡,实兆于此。”这一观点对不对?请围绕阶 级斗争的进步作用,结合太平天国革命作一小论文。2.命题的形式,一般有三类①直接提出评论的对象与内容。评论的对象有人物、事件、制度、著作及现象。评论的内容不外乎原因、 性质、制度、地位、影响、作用等。如,试论民主革命时期中国民族资产阶级的历史地位。②提供一些材料进行命题论析。如,1990年上海市高考历史试卷问答题:根据下列论述,联系有关中外史 实,谈谈你对爱国主义的看法有日本侵略者和希特勒的“爱国主义”,有我们的爱国主义。对于日本侵略者和希特勒的所谓“爱国主义 ”,共产党员是必须坚决地反对的。日本共产党和德国共产党人都是他们国家的战争的失败主义者。……我们 的口号是为保卫祖国反对侵略者而战。对于我们,失败主义是罪恶,争取抗日胜利是责无旁贷的。——《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》1938年10月③提出一种或几种观点,进行立论或驳论。如,隋炀帝杨广是历史上一位有争议的人物。有人说他“一身 是过”,有人说他“功不可灭”。请你用历史唯物主义的观点作一评价。
历史论文格式要求
在历史科学工作者的宏大队伍中,中学历史教师是一支重要方面军,在历史科学的广阔领域里,中学历史教学的理论与实践是一个重要分支。中学历史老师的业务特点决定了在撰写历史教学论文时除具有一般史学论文的共性外,也必然还带有自己的特性,这就是首先要紧紧围绕如何教好历史这门课程,提高教学质量,让学生在学到科学的历史知识的过程中,提高思想政治水平,树立科学的世界观、革命人生观。历史老师除教学外,安排适当的时间精力撰写历史教学论文,也是十分必要的。近年来,在职称评定工作中,在主要考评教学实绩之同时,也看有没有论文、论文写的怎样,就更表明了中学历史教师写历史论文的正当性和必要性。
格式要求
文稿用word文件(页面A4),统一用宋体排版。
页面设置
纸型:A4标准纸 方向:纵向
页边距:左3cm 右;上,下边距为默认值:上 下
页眉,页脚
格式
正文行距:(多倍行距)倍
字号
中英文题目:中三号中文,三号黑体加粗居中;英文(位于中文标题下方),三号Time New Roman字体, 加粗居中。
中英文内容摘要,关键词,参考文献:五号字
图表要求
图面整洁,布局合理,线条粗细均匀,弧线连接光滑,尺寸标注规范,符合制图标准.插图和表格均需有编号和标题,图标题为五号字,表标题为小四号.
致谢
作为一名研究者,应该尊重为形成学术论文所进行的研究所提供帮助的单位、个人表达,肯定他们在形成学术论文过程中所起的作用。
应该对以下方面致谢:
横向课题合同单位,资助或支持研究的企业、组织或个人;
协助完成研究工作或提供便利条件的'组织或个人;
在研究工作中提出建议或提供帮助的人员;
给予转载和引用权的资料、图片、文献、研究思想和设想的所有者;
其他应感谢的组织或个人。
但致谢不等同于参考文献和注释。
意义
一项科研成果或技术创新,往往不是独自一人可以完成的,还需要各方面的人力,财力,物力的支持和帮助.因此,在许多论文的末尾都列有"致谢"。主要对论文完成期间得到的帮助表示感谢,这是学术界谦逊和有礼貌的一种表现。
以上是我为大家整理的历史论文格式要求,希望对大家有所帮助。
可以写美国的杰斐逊总统与美国的扩张
The importance of family education Family education on the issue since ancient times by people's concern, but as a subject to study in China in recent years is also the matter. This is the development of the times, the demand, the National necessary to improve the overall quality of the issues involved. Here with the parents of the importance of family education, the aim is to the family and society, the education sector to shoulder the common task of educating the next generation. The education is a system of education works here include a family education, social education, collective (Tuoyouyuansuo, school) education, the three interrelated and organic combination of mutual influence, interaction and mutual constraints The education project from which one can, but in this project, family education is the foundation of all education. The former Soviet Union educators famous Su Huomu Belinsky transferred to a child than marble, he said, to shape this into a marble statue of need six sculptor: 1 family, 2 schools, 3 children of the collective; 4 child; books; 6 occasional factor. From the order, the family was included in the first place, can see the family in shaping children in the course of a very important role in the hearts of the educators occupy a position. For this reason parents understand the importance of family education is very necessary. First, family education is the starting point for education and basic point Family education generally refers to the family of parents and adult children of minors education process. Their educational objectives should be: the child into the community to accept collective education (kindergarten, school education) prior to guarantee the physical and mental health development of children, to accept the kindergartens, schools of education to lay a solid foundation. The child for admission into the school, with kindergartens, schools to moral, intellectual, physical, the United States, the various aspects of comprehensive development. Education is the focus of moral education mainly among children good moral quality and develop good habits mainly habits include: living habits, labor practices, learning habits, the church children how to learn "life." As a result of family education in the family, and kindergartens, schools of education, social education, compared with the following characteristics of these features so that family education to become the starting point for education and basic point is by no other educational advantages. (A) family of early education The family is the cradle of life of children, who are receiving education after the birth of a venue that is the first class life; parents are children's first teachers, that is, the Enlightenment division. Therefore, parents of children by the application of early education the most. Generally speaking, after the birth of a child after three years of development, access to early childhood, from the 3-year-old…… 6-year-old is preschool, which is said in the early stages of education, this is the physical and mental development of an important period. China's Gu Yan: "Cang, with the Cang, with the yellow, yellow." Childhood is gradually nurture life with the beginning of many basic human capacity is a stage of this age, such as language, and some basic moves Living habits, and so on, the character is gradually taking shape. . psychologists Bloom, a person's intellectual development if his 17-year-old regarded as the level reached 100 percent, then 4 years old when it reached 50 percent. 4-8 years old and a 30% increase ,8-17-year-old also won 20 percent. This shows that children in the 5-year-old former intelligence is the fastest growing period, the early intellectual development is the best, if parents in this period by the implementation of good family education, early child will be the key to intellectual development. Since ancient times, many people with lofty ideals, celebrities in the early years of fruitful period by a good family education is their future become an important cause. For example, the German poet, playwright Goethe's become, effective early education in the family. Goethe 2-3 years old, his father hold on to the outskirts of the field visit to observe nature, culture Goethe's observation capability. 3-4 years old, his father taught him to sing, the songs back, said a fairy tale, and we intend to let him in the face of public lectures, training his speaking ability. These are awareness education so that young Goethe optimistic, progressive, happy to think, be good at learning. Goethe-8-year-old can use, Germany, Britain, Italy, Latin, Greek reading books, 14-year-old wrote the script, the 25-year-old with a month's time wrote a famous poem in Europe, "The Sorrows of Young Werther . " Another example of ancient "and his son calligrapher," Wang Xizhi's known for, Wang Xianzhi, there have been a number of 1350 Edison invented the great inventors, the generation of literary star Guo Moruo, Mao Dun and other celebrities of the growth process that the family education in the early intellectual development is very important . Instead, the period of childhood are not good family education and intellectual impact on the normal development of many of the examples is. Such as India, "Langhai" Ka Mala, who was Diao to the wolf, when 8-year-old was found, but their living habits with the same people, their living habits and almost like a wolf, limbs, crawling, eating raw meat, day V Night, Later, a man-made training, two years before standing, after six years can be like walking Xiangren, four years learned to six words, in his 17-year-old, the intellectual level reached only 3-year-old child's level. According to "China Women" revealed that China's Nanjing City Xingma one of the workers suffering from mental and psychological diseases, Shenpa children persecuted by the people, will own three children from small lock at home, people so that they contacts with the outside world, has a long Up to 10 years, resulting in the children mental retardation, speech delay, compared with their peers, intellectual capacity and very different life, near idiots, so the family can not be neglected the role of early education, (B) family education continuity of family education second characteristic is the continuity. After the birth of a child, from small to large, almost 2 / 3 of time living in the family, Zhaochaomumu, all the parents in the education. Such education is the intentional and unintentional, planned and unplanned, consciously and unconsciously, are carried out, no matter what, in what time education, parents are in their own words and deeds at any time affect their children's education . Such education of children living habits, moral conduct and behaviour and so on in the style of conversation kept to influence and demonstrations, the subtle influence of the considerable role, accompanied by a person's life can be said to live to old to learn the old, some Parent educator again called for life teachers. This life of the education often reflects a family's Family Style, Family Style is good or bad often have to continue for several generations, or even a dozen, dozens generation, and this Family Style often with family members engaged in the employment-related . Such as: Xinglin family "," Pear Orchard House, "" family education ", etc. At the same time Family Style also reflects a family's style of study, study, good or bad is often the continuation of many generations, a dozen people, several dozens of generations . As in modern China, Wuxi people Yan Gong added-not "countries selected in the Museum", statistics from 2003-Shunzhi Branch to Guangxu 30 years Bing Xu Jia Chen Branch, the champion of 114 people, including his son by the first brothers Shuzhileishi Absolutely not, such as Suzhou Miao, Wu and Pan Sanxing, Changshu Weng, both surnamed Jiang, Chen Haining, Zhejiang, check the two surnames. See, family education is often the continuity of personnel groups have an important impact on the rise. This Situation. Ancient and modern times quite prominent in the contemporary with the development of science, and social needs of the unemployed increased, the broad people's careers, a family member can not have all engaged in the same work, but many see this situation That some family members work frequently appears in the results, be commended, but some family members one after another crime. This is a continuous education and family have great relations. (C) family education authority Family Education is the authority of parents in their children on their elders reflected by the power and power. The existence of the family, parents and children identified the blood relationship, upbringing, emotional, moral and ethical children in the living needs of the elderly parents have great dependence, family members and the fundamental interests of consistency, have decided The father of each of their children a greater role in the constraints. Parent education was easier to accept and submit to the children, parents and reasonable use of this feature, the children good moral character and habits formed the usefulness, for child care, in particular, is the case. Child care and other children in playing the game, when disputes arise when parents are often invoked to confirm their own speech act is right, if they like to say: "My father is saying this." Or "My mother is So do. "And so on. Children of parents in the eyes of the authority decided to accept the child how to treat the nursery schools and community education. The relationship between children and parents, the child is the first to face an important social relations. In this relationship, almost embodies the moral social ethics in all aspects, if such a relationship in the formation of cracks and defects, the children then to the community, in a variety of relationships will be reflected. Therefore stressed the importance of parental authority, but also because the children of parents in childhood has always played a dual role: the safety of children is not only the survival of protected persons, but also a life of the Wizard of Enlightenment. The effects of parental education, depends on the extent to establish the authority of parents, foster parents must be authoritative Built on respect for children on the basis of personality, rather than the feudal patriarchal system, parents are wise to understand the importance of establishing authority, but also know how to establish the authority does not rely on repression and force, subjective assumptions, but the method used Gangrouxiangji. Both parents in the education of their children's attitude on the first concerted and coordinate with each other, should be wide, wide, it should be strict martial law, in front of their children establish a kind of dignity and image, so that parents accept their children's education. (D) of the infected family education Parents with children between the blood relationship and kinship between the natural and close, making the parents of the children have strong feelings on the role of infection. Children on the demeanour of the parents can often Xinlingshenkuai to intelligence-intelligence. In dealing with in and around the side of the relationship between matter and the issue of children on the attitude of parents is very easy to resonate. In the happy parents, the children will take part in joy, the parents showed irritability and Menmenbuyue, the child's emotions can easily be affected, even young children as well. If the parents lack of rational and emotional, hot temper, will enable blind children to absorb its weaknesses. Some parents in dealing with unexpected incidents, show panic anxiety, surprise, the impact on children is not good if the frightened parents the same, steady firm and children in distress will also calm the situation calmly, so the quality of child psychology training Play a positive role. (5) timeliness of family education Family education process, parents are parents of children in the family of the individual acts of education than kindergarten, school education should promptly. As the saying goes:知子莫若父, that women Morrow home. Overnight between parents and children, their situation can be said to be well known to the children was slightly changed, even a look, a smile can make parents Xinlingshenhui, so as parents through their children's every move, his every word and deed can make the best of At this very moment of their psychological state, found the child on the existing problems, timely education, timely corrective, not the problem overnight, so that bad habits in the embryonic stage of the eradication. And kindergartens, schools, teachers faced with dozens of children, only for the children of this age stage for general education, that is, education groups, because of time and energy constraints, it is impossible to take care of each child's characteristics, Prone to the phenomenon of loss, or even to take care of the children of teachers and the poor do not have a sense of trust, and parents could guide their children promptly correct understanding. So parents of children to the correct family education so that children can enter kindergarten before forming a good habit, to accept collective education has laid a good foundation, can make up for the lack of mass education. Second, a good family education is the 21st century created the necessary conditions for personnel "China's 1990s development program for children" in the specified: "Today's children are the masters of the 21st century, child protection and the bottom-up development is to improve the quality of the population base, which is a prerequisite for development. The healthy growth of children Related to the future and destiny of the motherland. Improve the quality of the entire nation, from the start with children. "And:" In 2000 to make 90 percent of children (under the age of 14) of the parents to varying degrees, master conservation, education of children of knowledge. "This Top targeted the parents shoulders for the state created the heavy responsibility of the 21st century talents. Can this generation of children training to become Dezhitimei the all-round development of people, this country is Houjiyouren relationship to the Bainiantaiji. Fu-Lu Bell also said: "The country's fate is not so much lies in the hands of those in power, we might as well have said to be in the hands of his mother." This sentence is very philosophical, it profoundly understand the parents pick in the education of their children in The role played by. Parents should first clear direction of education and national interests, the people's request in line with the principle, the child can not be regarded as private property, it is necessary to establish the idea of the country, correct educational purposes. China's 21st century is what the situation, with the words of Comrade Deng Xiaoping, to make our country in the middle of the 21st century to achieve the level of moderately developed countries, per capita income reached 4,000 . dollars, in gross national product amounted to 6 trillion . dollars. The 21st century should be a good ideologies and noble moral character, and improve the psychological quality, positive spirit of cooperation with others, strong adaptability, Chikunailao the comprehensive development of the new generation. If the 21st century do not have such a group of high-quality builders is very difficult to complete this great, with such a quality is not overnight can do, and a good family education training is a prerequisite for high-quality people. Third, a good family education is a catalyst to optimize the children hearts Children from infancy into childhood, with age, from the family environment will eventually enter the small community, contact with the crowd outside the home, things. Lee Jia Choue those in society from time to time to enter the child's perspective, adults take isolation tactics will not work, because in the family video from different angles will continue to reflect the reality in today's society, issues both positive and negative have The. Children, especially young children lack a rational ability to distinguish right from wrong, but sensitive than adults have the feeling of capacity. They occurred around the kind of terrible things, sensitive, and this sensitivity training is the ability to rationally distinguish between a good basis, as parents should take advantage of this extension, help the children feel in this capacity on the basis of , The development of the social life of the ability to identify and psychological capacity, social filter information, optimize the hearts of young children. If parents in their daily life can be for young children is not strong capacity to accept the characteristics specific to seize the day-to-day chores, help children understand the community in identifying the Shishifeifei, specifically so that they feel Lee's bright side, Experience to the ugly despicable, can help children enhance the Yangshan Chuxie sense of justice, thus resist the dark side of the ugly soul of the child erosion. For example, today's video into the urban residents in almost every family, the children almost every day to deal with them, it can be said is not out of their homes, Bianzhi the world. Which can be received from all over the world all kinds of information. There are political situation, scientific and technological progress, ordinary people of Sushi, from which you can learn a lot of knowledge and understanding of major domestic and international events, both within and outside small home. It is inevitable that some homicide violence, obscene absurdity of the lens Yingru child's eyelid. Parents should address these issues timely guidance, to improve their children's ability to identify, we need to keep their own perceptions of behaviour, for their children establish a positive image, optimizing the hearts of children, the prevention of child make mistakes, and even violations of law and discipline. Family to work in this area, help small and stability of the environment. The family is society's cells, with healthy cells, can we have a sound body, the sick cells, the body will cause disease. As an ancient saying goes: "body repair and then home-and-then-State governance, rule of the then-world", "Qijia, the country, the world-the" point of view is that this truth. For this reason parents do a good job in optimizing the work of children's mental stability and social, stability and national power in ages. In short, as parents to the importance of family education fully and conscientiously do a good job in their children's education, make good parents responsibilities and obligations for the country to train qualified personnel in the building.
I have no idea!My English is not good!but your English is very good!Believe in yourself!I wish you a success!
英语专业论文格式规范 A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms (题目:二号,黑体,加粗,居中,除了英语小词外,其他单词首字母都要大写;另外:除了题目外,论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”) (学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名(小四号宋体字,加粗),依次排印在论文题目下,上空二行,居中) 【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… (英文摘要:上空二行;题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号;采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗;单倍行距。) 【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese (英文关键词:题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,两个单词的首字母要大写,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用任何其他标点符号,采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗,除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写,各单词之间用分号“;”隔开,分号之后空一格;最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号;单倍行距。) 1. Introduction (顶格,除了第一个单词及专有名词外,其他单词首字母都不要大写;标题最后不用任何标点符号,上空两行) In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符;夹注的标注法:出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系;注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号,时间、页码等的标注法;另外,汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现,不能出现汉语姓氏;夹注出现在标点符号之前) 2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples: (1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以(1),(2)…为序号排列,直至最后一个例子;而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号) 3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese idioms The characteristics of English idioms (正文章节序号编制:章的编号:1. ,2., 3.,…;节的编号:…,…;小节的编号为:, …。小节以下层次,采用希腊数字加括号为序,如(i),(ii)…;之后再采用字母加括号,如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格,小四号字,加粗;每节(及小节以下)题目左顶格,小四号字,不加粗但要斜体;所有章节的题目都单独一行,最后不加任何标点符号) …. In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms …. Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法): (9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry. (10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it. …. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms … (i) …. …. (ii) …. …. 4. Conclusion …. Bibliography (References) (小四号,加粗,后面不加任何标点符号) Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981. 一、英语论文的标题 一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。 就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。 二、英语论文提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。 三、英语论文正文 有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。 四、英语论文的文中引述 正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。 1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如: The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9). 这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名);阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成);作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号;句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。 2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示: Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas” is an admirable and characteristic diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it Whitman is unable to conceive the extreme crises of society, one is certain that no society would be tolerable whoses citizens could not find refreshment in its buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165) 这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。 3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如: points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9). 值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。 4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号);点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如: Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43). 5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如: Professor Chen Jia's A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i). 圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线;规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字;其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。 6.如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如: Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35). Farrington points out that Aristotle's father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15). 这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。 7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。 When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(). 这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格;圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写;21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。 五、英语论文的文献目录 论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点: 1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。 2.目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。 3.各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。 4.各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。 现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。 Two or More Books by the Same Author Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950. ---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats, Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963. 引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名;各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。 An Author with an Editor Shake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B. Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959. 本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth;如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如: Blackmur, Richard . The Art of the Novel: Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribner's, . 如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可): Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery. London: Macmillan, . A Multivolume Work Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed. Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928. Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed. Geoffrey Keynes. . London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols. 第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容;第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。 A Selection from an Anthology Abram, M. H.“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the Age.” Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New York: Columbia UP,. 被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。 Articles in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers Otto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.” Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48