^_^,我这里有几个:Stanford 大学 Graduate School of Business 论文库: Term-paper, report and research paper database: Paper Online: Science Research Network: (this is very famous, but some papers require fees here)Mendeley Research Network: 希望对你能有帮助 =)
爱学术 网站上每天就可以免费下载一篇文章。各种类型的都有。自己搜索。
ProQuest数据库平台 经济、管理期刊全文数据库包括大量学术期刊、学位论文 。Econlit 美国经济学会出版，部分全文 。EBSCO 收录2200种全文期刊，包括经济学、金融、国际商务、管理等.SpringerLink 经济、商业与管理电子图书和期刊Elsevier sdos 收录经济类电子图书和期刊Web of Science 综合性检索平台社会科学文献、经济学文献。Scopus 全球最大的文献型数据库。商业、管理和会计，决策科学、经济学、计量经济学和金融学。如果学校的数据库权限不够，或者在校外还可以用seek68文献馆，涵盖的中外数据库更多。
你在 上找就有比如 经济管理 economy journals比如:risk management
1、输入，点击选择自己的大学
2、以清华大学为例，输入自己的学号和密码并登入
3、登录成功后，即可免费查看对应论文内容
论文是一个汉语词语，拼音是lùn wén，古典文学常见论文一词，谓交谈辞章或交流思想。
当代，论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章，简称之为论文。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。
2020年12月24日，《本科毕业论文（设计）抽检办法（试行）》提出，本科毕业论文抽检每年进行一次，抽检比例原则上应不低于2%。
关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作计算机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。
免费下载知网论文的方法如下：
1、方法一：到中国国家图书馆网站上注册一个账号。进入知网，然后通过关键词i检索文献，之后将需要的文章标题复制下来，然后再从国家图书馆的入口进入知网搜索刚才复制下的标题，就能下载了。登陆之后下载这些期刊论文都是免费的。
2、方法二：超星移动图书馆，不过要等推送，慢。使用方法，首先你要是个学生，有学校的图书馆账号，一般就是你的学号。超星移动图书馆有网页版、PC版的，也有手机版和苹果版的，选择学校，用学校图书馆账号登录，绑定邮箱，然后你搜索到想要的文献后选择文献推送，就会把文献发给你的邮箱，承诺是48小时到，我一般遇上的都是第二天到。
3、方法三：学校VPN。各大高校基本提供了VPN，校园外用户可以使用vpn2，登陆后从“图书馆电子资源导航”进入即可。
4、方法四：上中国知网，根据下载量、引用量，选择期刊或论文，文献非常多，但无法查看完整文章。之后打开道客巴巴网站，搜索文章名称，基本都可以找到完整的文章但无法免费下载。下载“ 海纳百川 ”软件，专门针对道客巴巴的文章可以直接免费下载PDF版。
这是一篇关于商业投资的英语论文。Are you investing in the right industry? Does the term book-to-bill ratio sound familiar to you? Do you know the demand and supply numbers of private condominiums in Singapore for the next year ? If you do, you must have already performed some sort of industry analysis on the electronics and property industries (or sectors as commonly referred to in stockmarket terms). Most investment processes include some sort of industry analysis. This is important because many studies have shown that over a period of time, some industries have per-formed better than others. For example, between 1987 and 1996, banking stocks in Singapore have generated better returns than other industries such as shiprepair. Industry analyses will uncover these performance differences and help identify both unprofitable and profitable opportunities (situations). It is also important to note that past performance alone will not help predict future performance. The factors or conditions that helped an industry to prosper in the past will change over time. Identifying and studying these factors will provide some clues to the entry and exit points of the investments. Going back to our earlier example, economic growth is an important criterion for banks' earnings. Between 1987 and 1996, Singapore enjoyed an uninterrrupted average GDP growth of . This allowed the banks' earnings to grow at a compound rate of when the broader market generated only growth. With GDP growth decelerating because of the Asian crisis, can we maintain the same sanguine outlook for the banks? Having determined that industry analyses are important for successful investing, the next step is to find out how we can go about doing one. There is no generic framework that is applicable to all industries, but there are commonalities which we can identify. In a free market economy, demand and supply are key determinants of price, and price is always an important contributor to any profit-driven organisation. Hence, a successful indstry ana-lysis will have to identify the underlying fac-tors driving demand and supply. Factors that drive demand vary across industries, and are too numerous to list. However, it is important to note that demand can be categorised as "seasonal", "cyclical" or "secular". As the word suggests, seasonal fac-tors recur year after year. Cyclical factors, on the other hand, follow very closely to the economic cycles of the market. Secular factors are more long term in nature. Seasonality or economic cycles will have minimal impact on secular trends. Take an airline as an illustration. Most Singaporeans take their vacation in December. That is why airline seats are difficult to secure during that time. This is the seasonal factor because it occurs every year around the same time. Having said that, Singaporeans usually take vacations more frequently when the economy is doing well, and less so during reccessionary times. The rise and fall in demand in accordance to economic activities is the cyclical factor. Finally, the middle class population in Singapore has been rising over the last 20 years. This group is generally more affluent. Part of the lifestyle usually includes taking regular vacations to exotic destinations. Such lifestyle doesn't change annually, nor does it follow the ups and downs of economic growth. The demand for air travel will grow so long as the middle class population continues to increase. This is an example of secular demand. Classifying demand factors into these categories is very useful. As long-term inves-tors, we do not want to be constantly reacting to signs that are short term and volatile in nature such as seasonal, and to a lesser extent, cyclical trends. Buying and selling stocks based on these short-term trends are not only expensive (brokerage cost) but difficult to time as well. Instead, we should focus on long-term trends. They usually have a longer and more permanent impact on share prices. A key factor in identifying an attractive industry is pricing power. The ability of an industry to price its product at a profitable level without compromising its business pros-pect is important, and this is affected by many factors. Inelastic demand allows the tobacco producers to maintain good profits despite the rapidly rising tariffs all these years. Barriers to entry is another factor. Mobile-phone charges used to be very expensive because there was only Singapore Telecom providing the ser-vice (monopoly). With increased competition from M1, rates have been declining gradually. All things being equal, the more competitive the industry is, the lower the pricing power, and hence profits. Competition may be good for the consumers, but it seldom benefits the shareholders. Another factor that will impact the com-petitive environment of an industry is the cost structure. In general, indsutries with high fixed costs are more competitive than those that have high variable costs. We often hear about coun-tries being accused of 'dumping steel' onto other countries. Well, this is the case in point. Steel mills are expensive to construct. But once built, the investment costs are 'sunked'. On the other hand, the running cost to produce steel is relatively low. Since there are so many steel mills around the world (almost every country has one for strategic reasons), supply is in abundance. As competition intensifies in the global market, recovering investment cost of the mills becomes a secondary objective for management. What is more important is to keep the production ongoing and sell the steel at a price that can at least cover the variable cost component. These mills will definitely be loss-making, but at least they can continue to operate and not generate serious unemploy-ment for the economy (steel industry is very labour-intensive). Having looked at the fundamental issues, do we always buy into an industry with positive trends developing? The answer is 'no'. Con-fused? Here is why. The key to any successful investments is to stay ahead of what the market is discounting. Suppose we are bullish on the outlook of the residential property sector because owning a home is every Singaporean's dream and the island has limited land supply. But this view is widely observable. Further-more, most of the residential property stocks have already outperformed the market by huge margins. These are signs that the market has probably discounted the positive conclusion of our analysis. As such, the investment upside is probably limited. Conversely, if our conclu-sion unearths new information from the gene-ral market, we may have discovered something interesting here. To confirm that we have a good find, check out the valuation to see if it is attractive. There are many valuation tools, but the commonly used ones are Price/Earnings (PE), Enterprise Value/EBITDA*, Price/Book(P/B), and Dis-counted Cash Flow (DCF). Make a cross-industry comparison as well as historical com-parison. Going back to our property example. If our conclusion is new to the market, the industry is trading at the lower end of its histo-rical PE band, and it is also very attractive on PE terms versus the other industries in Singapore...bingo! In conclusion, I would like to leave you with a brain teaser. Imagine this is 1996 and you are an investor looking at the Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) industry: DRAM is a semiconductor chip used in most electronic products such as personal computers. The business is cyclical in nature because corporate and private consumption of PCs usually rises when the economy is doing well. There are, however, two secular trends that underpin the growth in the industry. First, more and more people are buying PCs for their home and oiffice. Second, the requirement of DRAM per PC is also on the rise as processing power of computer increases exponentially. On the competitive issue, the cost to build a wafer fab is extremely high (about US$1b), and the technology is usually state-of-the-art. Besides capital and technology, there are no other significant barriers to entry. Margin for the industry had been very good because of supply shortage. This probably explained why share prices outperformed the market in 1995. The historical five-year PE band for selected stocks in the industry between 1991 and 1995 was about 10 to 100. The average PE during the period was 30. The industry is currently trading at a PE in the low teens. Would you invest in this industry? (The writer is the Investment Manager of Jardine Fleming Investment Management. This column has the support of the Investment Management Association of Singapore and the Stock Exchange of Singapore.)
In 2002 will be implemented in three 10 X college entrance examination system. College entrance examination system in the reform of English teaching reforms. The key lies in establishing the class-based teaching system (1) listening and speaking. Against the status quo of poor listening and speaking ability of students to open every Monday of English listening and speaking sections. Use the latest teaching listening "to the future", "traveled the United States," "expect English," and other tapes, video tapes and newspapers, using advanced listening equipment in the classroom teaching through listening, speaking, dialogue, performances, lectures and other lively, interesting students heard about the form of training to improve the communication skills of students, training students in the level of oral expression, reversing the pre-existing "dumb-style" English teaching status quo. (2) the addition of extensive reading classes, the establishment of Foreign Language Reading Room. Although the new textbooks to read the current increased, but far from what is needed. In order to expand the scope of the students exposure to English, optional printing a variety of genres, subjects suitable for students to read the article. According to the requirements of content and reading test, teachers will be articles to classify each article in the post-coupled with an appropriate amount of reading comprehension questions. In order to broaden the teaching of English extension, so that extensive reading in English from the curricular and extra-curricular extension to the establishment of foreign language reading acquisition have been published in a variety of domestic suitable for high school students to read English books, will be in English Extensive Reading from the classroom extended to Yuelan Shi to further stimulate students interest in reading and initiative. Subscribe for students in English newspapers and magazines, the establishment of English specialty health system, at any time to give them an open reading rooms and study rooms. Teaching through extensive reading, students can not only consolidate the textbooks and the basics, but also can improve the self-learning ability to develop intelligence, reading to be fun. (3) The creation of writing classes. Poor writing skills for students in English and Chinese-style English sentences in the written expression of uncommon situation, the school can fully use my existing computer software, according to the new textbooks written request, step by step training on the students writing. "English written expression and training", will be Practical, descriptive text, description text and carry out the purpose of discussion, sub-level guidance training. Writing Course opened for the entrance examination is not merely to prepare for the written expression, but also enable students to learn a variety of English style of writing methods and techniques to meet the future requirements of the community of foreign language experts. (4) The implementation of the different levels of English teaching, the successful introduction of English classes and increase class. Students according to their actual English proficiency, the free selection of the successful lessons to enhance our lessons. School teachers to take a listing. The basis of less successful lessons where students can make up for deficiencies in knowledge and a good grasp of double-base implementation, to develop their own non-intellectual factors, promote the improvement of performance and enjoy the joy of success. The basis of good students can participate in improving the high level of English classes comprehensive training to promote their own standard of English to the "high, precision and advanced the" development and outline the task ahead of schedule to prepare for the contest. 2002年全国将实施3十X高考制度。高考制度在改革，英语教学改革势在必行。 关键在于建立各课型教学体系 （1）听说课。针对学生听说能力差的现状，开设每周一节次的英语听说课。选用最新听力教材“走向未来”，“走遍美国”，“希望英语”等录音带，录像带及报纸，利用先进的听音设备，在课堂教学中通过听，说，对话，表演，演讲等各种生动，有趣的形式对学生进行听说训练，提高学生的交际能力，训练学生的口语表达水平，扭转以前存在的“哑巴式”英语教学的现状。 （2）增设泛读课，建立外文阅览室。现行新教材尽管阅读量增加，但远远不能满足需要。为了扩大学生对英语的接触范围，可选印各种体裁，题材适于学生阅读的文章。根据内容和阅读测试的要求，教师将文章进行分类，在每篇文章后配以适量的阅读理解题。为了拓宽英语课堂教学的外延，使英语泛读由课内延伸到课外，建立外文阅览室，购置国内现已出版发行的各种适合中学生阅读的英语读物，将英语泛读由教室扩展到阅览室，进一步激发学生的阅读兴趣和主动性。为学生订阅英文报刊和杂志，建立英语特长生制度，随时给他们开放阅览室和自修室。通过泛读课教学，学生不仅能巩固课本中出现的基础知识，而且能提高自学能力，开发智力，从阅读中得到乐趣。 （3）开设写作课。针对学生英文写作能力差，中国式英语句子在书面表达屡见不鲜的状况，可充分利用我校现有的电脑软件，根据新教材写作要求，循序渐进地对学生进行写作训练。 “英语书面表达与训练”，将应用文，描写文，说明文和论述进行有目的，分层次的指导训练。开设写作课不仅仅是单纯为高考的书面表达做准备，也是让学生学会各种英语文体的写作方法与技巧，适应未来社会对外语人才的要求。 （4）实施英语分层次教学，开设英语成功课与提高课。学生可以根据自己的实际英语水平，自由挑选上成功课还是提高课。教师采取挂牌上课。基础较差的学生可以在成功课里弥补知识的缺陷，抓好双基落实，开发自己的非智力因素，促进成绩的提高，享受成功的喜悦。基础较好的学生可以参加提高班的较高水平的英语综合训练，促使自己的英语水平向“高，精，尖”发展，提前完成大纲任务并为竞赛作好准备。
Published in 1847, WUTHERING HEIGHTS was not well received by the reading public, many of whom condemned it as sordid, vulgar, and unnatural--and author Emily Bronte went to her grave in 1848 believing that her only novel was a failure. It was not until 1850, when WUTHERING HEIGHTS received a second printing with an introduction by Emily's sister Charlotte, that it attracted a wide readership. And from that point the reputation of the book has never looked back. Today it is widely recognized as one of the great novels of English literature. Even so, WUTHERING HEIGHTS continues to divide readers. It is not a pretty love story; rather, it is swirling tale of largely unlikeable people caught up in obsessive love that turns to dark madness. It is cruel, violent, dark and brooding, and many people find it extremely unpleasant. And yet--it possesses a grandeur of language and design, a sense of tremendous pity and great loss that sets it apart from virtually every other novel written. The novel is told in the form of an extended flashback. After a visit to his strange landlord, a newcomer to the area desires to know the history of the family--which he receives from Nelly Deans, a servant who introduces us to the Earnshaw family who once resided in the house known as Wuthering Heights. It was once a cheerful place, but Old Earnshaw adopted a "Gipsy" child who he named Heathcliff. And Catherine, daughter of the house, found in him the perfect companion: wild, rude, and as proud and cruel as she. But although Catherine loves him, even recognizes him as her soulmate, she cannot lower herself to marry so far below her social station. She instead marries another, and in so doing sets in motion an obsession that will destroy them all. WUTHERING HEIGHTS is a bit difficult to "get into;" the opening chapters are so dark in their portrait of the end result of this obsessive love that they are somewhat off-putting. But they feed into the flow of the work in a remarkable way, setting the stage for one of the most remarkable structures in all of literature, a story that circles upon itself in a series of repetitions as it plays out across two generations. Catherine and Heathcliff are equally remarkable, both vicious and cruel, and yet never able to shed their impossible love no matter how brutally one may wound the other. As the novel coils further into alcoholism, seduction, and one of the most elaborately imagined plans of revenge it gathers into a ghostly tone: Heathcliff, driven to madness by a woman who is not there but who seems reflected in every part of his world--dragging her corpse from the grave, hearing her calling to him from the moors, escalating his brutality not for the sake of brutality but so that her memory will never fade, so that she may never leave his mind until death itself. Yes, this is madness, insanity, and there is no peace this side of the grave or even beyond. Many people in the world are trying to find a perfect of these may marry and not know what their new husband or wife is kind of situation often leads to separation or hostility. Other situations may develop between two friends that stem from jealousy, desire for revenge, uncaring parents, etc. Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights displays several characteristics of destructive relationships. Three of these are uncaring parents, marriage without knowing the person, and jealousy. Uncaring or unsympathizing parents are shown throughout this story to be an element of destructive relationships. Because Heathcliff gained all the attention from Mr. Earnshaw, Hindley became disassociated from his father. This separation continued until after Mr. Earnshaw had example is between Hindley and Hareton. Hindley became such a drunk and a gambler that he could not properly care for young Hareton. This led to a separation between Hareton and his father as well. One primary example of an uncaring parent is shown between Heathcliff and his son did not even want his son for anything except enacting a part of his revenge. This is shown by Linton's fear of Heathcliff and Heathcliff's enmity toward his son. Linton even says "... my father threatened me, and I dread him - I dread him!"(244) to express his feeling about hostility and separation between father and son in this book shows that uncaring parents can cause serious damage in relationships with their children. This element of destructive behavior may stem from an unhappy marriage in which the husbands or wives don't know each other. This had happened between Isabella and Heathcliff. Isabella did not really know Heathcliff when she married him, but after she had married him she saw that Heathcliff was not a gentleman at all. To declare her feelings she wrote "Is Heathcliff a man? If so, is he mad? And if not, is he a devil? I shan't tell my reasons for making this inquiry; but I beseech you to explain, if you can, what I have married ..."(125). Another example of this is when Catherine married Edgar Linton. Although she had been happy at the beginning of the marriage, she thought having parties all the time was going to be fun. Yet, after a while, she became bored. She also realized that she loved Heathcliff more than Edgar and would always love enlightenment created separation between Edgar and Catherine during the final hours of Cathy's life. An additional marriage which was made that was doomed was the one between Catherine and Linton. Because this was a forced marriage, Cathy had not yet learned all she could about she did not know until after the marriage that Linton was selfish and inconsiderate, she became distressed and grew isolated in the three failed marriages described in this novel show that knowing the person you will marry is very these marriages took place, jealousy also took a hold in some relationships. One example of this is when Mr. Earnshaw starts to favor Heathcliff over his own son, Hindley. Because of this, Hindley becomes jealous of young Heathcliff and sets out to make Heathcliff's life a nightmare. Hindley's jealousy becomes evident when he says ,"... be damned you beggarly interloper! and wheedle my father out of all he has; only afterwards show him what you are, imp of Satan."(35). Jealousy was also found very notably in the relationship between Heathcliff and Edgar Linton. The jealousy between them is expressed when Heathcliff and Edgar start a hostile conversation after Cathy's homecoming at Christmas near the beginning of the book. As the story progresses these two become bitter enemies who will not speak to one another. Another relationship which jealousy ruined is the one between Hareton and Linton. These two become jealous of each other over Cathy's affections. This relationship ends as Hareton and Linton hating each other. These relationships show that jealousy can ruin a relationship very quickly. The housekeeper Ellen Dean, or we can call her Nelly, tells most of the story. She witnesses the life of the three-generations in the two families. She is a good storyteller but we mustn’t believe all of what she said. She always thinks and considers things in a simple way. She couldn’t understand the deep love between Catherine and Heathcliff. She thinks it is a kind of madness. She is a limited narrator. In a certain way, this helps readers to understand Heathcliff better because he has no chance to defend himself. An outsider will see the whole thing more clearly. However, we should pay more attention not to be affect by her opinions and try to find the truth between the lines. As a main character Catherine is a paradox. She is attracted by Linton but doesn’t love him. She knows that clearly but she marries Linton without listening to the call of her heart. Many critics believe that what makes her marry Linton is only his high social status and wealth. I think this comment is unfair. In fact, she folly thinks to marry Linton will help Heathcliff “to rise and place him out of my brother’s power.” Her decision ruins herself, Heathcliff and the two families. She has to endure serious suffering because she knows clearly she love Heathcliff whole-heartedly but can’t become his wife. She confesses to Nelly her own thoughts: “…I am Heathcliff—he’s always, always in my mind—not as a pleasure, any more than I am always a pleasure to myself—but as my own being…” She loves Heathcliff because he is more like her than herself. His existence is natural to her for they are the same in nature. They could understand each other without obstacles. Talking about Heathcliff, he is an evil person but I admire him because his love and hate is straight. Everyone has a devil in his heart. The one in Heathcliff’s heart is especially strong. In spite of this, I believe and can read between the lines that Amily Bronte also has her favor to Heathcliff. She wants to tell us evil and love are deeply planted in everyone’s heart and it is human nature.
初中英语课堂教学策略论文范文
摘要： 初中英语教育可谓是在九年义务教育当中，最具系统性地英语知识教授环节。初中英语教学方式主要以课堂教学为主，因此，如何在有限的课堂时间之内，实施高效率的教学成为了每一名英语教师所关心的问题。英语教学是一个双向过程，从学生的角度来说，高效课堂是要在有限的课堂时间当中掌握核心知识。对于教师来说，高效课堂即是用最短的教学时间完成高质量的教学目标。由此见来，实施初中英语高效课堂需要从教师和学生的不同角度进行思考。
关键词： 初中英语；课堂教学；高效课堂
根据新课程指导思想来看，实施高效课堂教学能够为学生和教师节省出更多的时间，有利于他们对英语学习当中的“情感态度与价值观”进行更加深入的探究，以更好地践行素质教育的理念。随着新课程改革的推进，传统初中英语课堂的教学模式已经逐渐不能适应新时期的教育需求了。本文根据初中英语的教学现状及其特点，对实施英语高效课堂进行了探究，旨在提升初中英语教学课堂效率。
1初中英语教学特点及其教学现状分析
初中英语教学对于学生英语学习的影响是广泛而深远的，根据我国大部分初中学校来看，英语教学是系统性地向学生介绍和传递英语知识的开端。作为一个基础性的教学过程，初中英语课堂的教学重点即是围绕着一些简单的单词短语、听说写作、语句时态等知识点来开展的。进行基础英语教学和简单应用练习是初中英语教学在教学内容上最为鲜明的特点。在知识点的拓展应用方面，初中英语教学往往是通过听力练习、口语对讲、短文写作等基础方式来对学生的英语知识进行检测和巩固。总结起来，初中英语教学的特点就是既强调学科的基础性，又提供给学生多元化的发展需求；既重视学生教材理论知识的掌握，又关注学生英语综合能力的发展。目前大部分初中学校英语课堂教学存在的问题主要是以下三个方面。第一是英语课堂教学模式较为单一。我们看到，大多数初中英语教师用一种教学方法贯穿整个英语教学课堂，例如，首先是生词教读，然后是生词释义，最后遣词造句。这种模式在我国初中学校英语课堂当中随处可见，虽然其无可厚非，但是一直沿用这种陈旧的教学“套路”，难免会给英语课堂的趣味性大打折扣。初中课堂教学存在的第二个问题是课堂主体倒置。新课程改革的方向之一，就是要变换传统课堂的`课堂主体。在长时期的教育过程当中，教师一直作为课堂的主体，学生的学习和思考都依赖于教师的指导，这种倒置的课堂主体无疑限制了学生的个性化发展。第三是英语课堂设计有待提高，很多英语课堂教学通常没有实现教师的既定计划，导致了课堂效率不高，学生对知识点的理解和掌握不够牢固。究其原因，在于课堂设计存在些许问题，没有能够和实际教学很好地契合。
2实施高效课堂的方式探究
2．1课堂设计：我国古语有云：凡是预则立，不预则废。初中英语课堂相对于其他课程来说，由于其语言文化的特殊性，更需要教师在课前花费一番心思设计课堂。课堂设计的目的在于帮助教师实现制定出一个课堂规划，以更加有条理、分层次地开展教学工作。课堂设计的宗旨即是要紧扣教材内容，结合学生特点。课堂设计的重要工作即是备课，要提升课堂教学效率，首先需要教师自身对教材内容又一个细致的了解和把控。备课是取得实施高效课堂的基础，教师不妨在这一工作上多花一点心思。例如，分层次备课。因为学生的学习能力存在着一定的差异，为了尽可能地“照顾”到每一个学生的学习，教师在备课的时候可以分层次地考虑：对于一些学习能力较强，英语基础较好的学生，教学不妨为其设计一些难度稍高的英语练习，以满足其学习需求；对于一些初步接触英语的学生，教师则应该将重点放在基础知识的教学上，帮助他们牢固地掌握基础知识，以求循序渐进。课堂设计的第二个点则是合理制定教学计划。教师应该将每一次的英语课堂教学作为一项系统性的工作来看待，不妨按照整体教学要求，细化教学目标，一步一步完成每一个教学目标，创建高效课堂。
2．2转变课堂主体，活跃课堂氛围：上文已经提到，初中英语课堂存在的问题之一是课堂主体的颠倒，要实施高效课堂，就需要教师完成从课堂主体向课堂主导者的身份转变。英语教学作为一个双向的过程，其更加重视教师和学生的双向互动，而并非教师讲解———学生记录的单调模式。教师在课堂教学当中，不妨多鼓励，多引导学生进行提问，通过建立一种平等融洽的师生关系，将学生融入课堂主体。在这一点上，需要对教学方式进行一些创新，除了必要的教学环节（单词释义、语法讲解等）需要教师指导之外，像一些灵活的教学内容则可以让学生分组自由发挥。例如一些常见情景对话练习，教师可以鼓励学生进行“co－splay”，通过客串具体情景当中的角色，达到一种“知行合一”的教学效果。当然，转变课堂主体是和活跃课堂气氛有着紧密联系的，只有当学生充分意识到他们的课堂主体地位，才能更加主动地进行英语知识的学习和探索。教师课堂主导者的身份仍十分重要，初中学生的学习习惯和学习方法尚处于待规范和开发的阶段，在英语课堂当中，教师应该对学生的学习进行引导和点拨，对于他们学习当中存在的问题要及时指正。
2．3强化课堂练习，提升课堂效率：实施高效课堂的目的是在于帮助学生更加牢固的掌握英语知识，并能灵活地将其应用到具体实践当中。在初中英语课堂教学当中，对学生学习成果的检验是一个相当重要的环节，其能够及时反馈出学生学习当中存在的问题，教师可以根据学生的练习情况进一步对学生学习当中存在的薄弱点进行讲解，以实现高质量、高效率的课堂教学。课堂练习的方式是多种多样的，例如，使用新学的单词按照相应的语法、时态进行造句，以检测学生对单词的含义理解及应用能力。如果是听力课，可以变式播放一些小的短文、情景对话，让学生进行原文语句复述、原文含义概括，以检测学生的英语听力能力。总之，课堂练习形式是多样化的，其出发点和归宿都在于对课堂教学进行补充和完善，帮助提升课堂教学效率。总结：初中英语课堂教学应该具备灵活、多元、包容、和谐等基本元素，依据新课程指导思想，努力促成学生英语能力的个性化发展，全面提升学生的英语综合能力。积极创新开拓新的教学方式，不断完善传统的课堂教学模式，是创建高效课堂的重要手段。
参考文献:
［1］刘静兰．浅谈如何在初中英语教学中实施高效课堂［J］．科教文汇旬刊，2011（32）：165－166．
［2］张文杰．浅谈初中英语教学中如何开展高效课堂［J］．小作家选刊，2016（1）．
［3］张梅巧．浅谈实施初中英语高效课堂的有效途径［J］．都市家教月刊，2012（2）：83－84．
初中英语写作教学论文
写作能力是学生在英语学习中很重要的能力，也是中考中的一个必考项目，是学生英语综合能力的体现。所以，写作在英语学习中占据很重要的地位。以下是“初中英语写作教学论文”希望能够帮助的到您！
虽然现在学生写作能力的提升已经得到了教师的重视，但是现在的初中英语教学中还存在很多不足，那么，教师在写作教学中应该如何做才能提高学生的写作能力呢？
一、及时批改学生的作文，发现其中存在的问题，进行详细讲解
千里之行，始于足下。只有注重每次练习的机会，才能得到提高。每次写作练习，教师都要及时批改，发现学生写作中存在的问题，是词汇量的问题，还是句型的问题，并仔细评阅，详细给学生讲解，让学生及时改正，日积月累，一定能提高学生的写作能力。
如果是词汇量的问题，教师要让学生积累词汇量，毕竟词汇量是写作的基础，词汇量匮乏会造成写作无从下手、无法表达，是提高写作能力最大的障碍。教师可引导学生通过多种方式记忆并运用词汇。首先，听、说、读、写多种方式结合来记忆单词，这种方式不仅培养了学生多方面的能力，又能让单词记忆的更牢固，这是最简单的记忆单词的办法。其次，通过分类记忆法记忆单词，这种记忆方法是有利于写作的。比如，描写外貌的单词有：short、tall、thin、strong、good-looking、nice；描述穿着的单词有：wear a T-shirt、wear a pair of glasses。当然，这只是其中的一种分类，教师可以找到更适合学生记忆也更对写作有利的分类方式。最后，加大学生的阅读量，“书读百遍，其义自见”，在阅读中注意书本中学习的.单词，注意单词的用法，使用的场合，这样在学生自己写作时，也能有意识的使用文章中读到的单词。比如，My favorite game is football.读到这句话时，学生会联想到学过的“favorite”单词，这个单词就是这样用的，在自己的写作中也会用到。
如果是句型使用的问题，教师要让学生通过各种方法掌握句型，句型是写作的框架，在写作中占有及其重要的位置。句型不像词汇那么多，应该是比较容易掌握的。英语中最基本的六种句型：主谓结构；主系表结构；主谓宾结构；主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语；主谓宾补结构；There be+主语+其他。教师只要教会学生最基本的这几种句型，写作便不会变的那么复杂了，所有的句型都是这几种句型组合而来的。学习每个句型的时候，教师可以通过举例子的方式，让学生了解每个句型是如何用的。
二、培养学生的英语思维习惯，摒弃学习汉语的思维定式
由于英语学习和汉语学习有不同的思维习惯，所以在写作时学生必须摒弃汉语的学习习惯，从英语的思维习惯出发进行写作，这样才能提高写作能力。用英语想英语，而不是用汉语想英语。比如，汉语习惯把人的姓氏放在前面，而英语习惯把人的姓氏放在后面，汉语中的“杨医生”用英语表述就是“doctor Yang”，所以在写作时，不能用我们习惯的思维去想，而是要用英语的思维去想。
培养学生的英语思维习惯并非易事，因为我们是在汉语的环境下长大，思考问题肯定带有汉语思维，培养英语思维是一个漫长的过程。这还可以通过设立英语角、听英文歌曲、听英文广播、看英语报纸等方式实现，只有听的多了、读的多了，写作的时候就能自然而然的想到听或者读的东西，培养了英语思维，写起文章来就能得心应手了。比如，“cell”这个词有多种意思，可解释为“细胞、电池、手机”，只有听、读得多了，才能了解。如果在写作中用到，自然就能培养英语思维，提高写作能力。
三、让学生对写作进行讨论，互相汲取经验
对写作进行讨论，胜过学生独立思考，因为在讨论中学生可以各抒己见，在别的学生发言的时候，学生可能会想到某一个问题、某一个知识点，触发自己的写作灵感，讨论是很好的交流方式。
比如，某次写作的主题是：作为一名初三学生，每天进行体育锻炼，如做操、打篮球，请以体育锻炼的好处为主题写一篇作文。让学生就这个主题进行讨论，学生们会讨论体育锻炼有哪些好处，应该用哪些词汇和句型表达，每个人想到的词汇和句型肯定不完全一样，在讨论的过程中，学生就会从其他同学那里学到很多东西，从而提高写作能力。
四、实行奖励机制，对写作好的同学进行奖励，以激励其他学生
教师适当的实行奖励机制，对写作好的学生是一种鼓励，对写作不好的学生也是一种激励，大家一起努力，争先恐后，既营造了英语学习的环境，又能很好的提高英语写作能力。教师的奖励可以是对英语学习有帮助的东西，比如英语书籍、英语电影、英文磁带，这些东西学生们可以共享，英语学习会是一个充满竞争又团结友爱的局面，在这样的环境下学习，学生的写作能力一定会得到提高。
五、举行英语写作竞赛，通过竞赛激发学生提高写作能力的积极性
在活动中学到写作的技巧，提高写作的能力。活动对学生的吸引力远远超过课堂，初中学生喜欢参加各种各样的课外活动，写作竞赛也是课外活动的一种，竞赛的目的也是激发学生写作的积极性。如果有的学生在班级竞赛中表现的特别优秀，教师可以推荐学生到全校、全市、全省参加竞赛，这样一步步提高，对提高学生的英语写作能力是一个不小的帮助。
在初中时，你们英语课上有接触过议论文吗?下面是我给大家整理的初中英语议论文写作，供大家参阅!
Television has come into our life for many years.
We can’t live happily without television. Jt can give us the latest information and news. It can open up our eyes and enlarge our knowledge. We can get happiness from the plays on television. We’ll be boring all day if there is no television. Television programs are attractive. After a whole day’s hard worlk we can sit before the television and drink a cup of tea. How wonderful it is!
Television is also bad for people’s health. It’s bad for you to watch TV too long, especially bad for your eyes.
It is true that watching TV can influence our behavior. However, it depends on what we do.
We are middle school students and we are busy with our lessons. So some people think we should concentrate more on our studies. If we volunteer to help others, it’s a waste of time. But I think volunteering is great. I not only feel good about helping others but also get to spend time doing what I love to do. And from volunteering I have learned many things that I have never learned in class. So if I have an oppoutunity, I’d like to visit old people’s home to clean up for them. I’d also like to help sick kids in hospital. I love kids and I plan to put my love to good use by working in hospital. In a word, I’d like to help people who need help. If everyone helps out a bit, the world will be more colorful.
Internet shopping is a new way of shopping. It offers a lot of advantages. The most important one is convenience. You can shop whenever you like because the online shops are open 24 hours a day. And you don’t have to queue with others. And it is often cheaper to buy goods through the Internet and it is also easy to find what you are looking for.
There are some disadvantages, too. You can not see the products or check their qualities. Besides you can not enjoy walking around the shops and talking with your friends.
8Should We Keep the Students in School All the Time?
Hello, we should keep the students in school all the time is a hot topic among educationists,teachers and teachers think that in order to let the students have more time for their lessons and develop their good behaviors,the schools are supposed to be sealed off,so the students can't go out and have to stay at some teachers and the students hold a different believe that would cause some students will have no time for relax,doing something they like,and that would do harm to their health,as well as their my mind,I don't think it's a good way to keep the students in school all day every one of us,need time and places for do not keep the students in school all the time,for our students and education,
That's all,thank you.
As the old saying goes(正如老话所言), a life without a friend is a life without a sun.(生活没有了朋友就像没有了太阳).But some people may say,we teenagers may let our friends talk us into doing bad as to pleased their so called "friend".This is because we teenagers are lack of the self-control ability.
I like staying with friends. Because friends are always give me a helping hand when in course, I will treasure(珍惜) my friendship no matter what.
10In modern society, people tend to be self-centered. Yet in my opinion, helping others should still be encouraged.
First of all, when you give a hand to a person in need, not only will he be free from the trouble but you will also feel good helping him.
Apart from that, helping others facilitates an efficient civilization. After the threshold of the new century of information explosion, it's not enough to perform on one's own any more. Teamgeist and cooperation are gaining importance.
Thus from the above mentioned two reasons, i hold the opinion that helping others benefit the most.
看你是要哪里的论文了，事实上中国的英文文献在维普和知网也可下载，外文的比如science、PubMed、High Wire Press都有下载，要具体到学校的毕业论文，就需要到高校网站了，看你是哪所学校了，有的学校不会提供资源共享的，所以你就只能通过论坛的方式求助了，国内有名气的论坛有丁香园、小木虫等。看你需要什么文献，如有可能我帮你找找
免费的没有，自费到是很多。baidu一搜有的是。
在Word里面有template的，theses就是了。
^_^,我这里有几个:Stanford 大学 Graduate School of Business 论文库: Term-paper, report and research paper database: Paper Online: Science Research Network: (this is very famous, but some papers require fees here)Mendeley Research Network: 希望对你能有帮助 =)