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On the feasibility of global time estimation under isolation conditions in wireless sensor networks.[17]王春晖.环境试验箱中制冷系统的原理分析及优化概述[J]电子质量,2003,(12)[18]李建中.单片机原理及应用[M]西安电子科技大学出版社,2010.(02)[19]周航慈.单片机应用程序设计技术[M].北京：北京航空航大大学出版社，2005.[20]何立民.单片机高级教程[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2001.[21]夏继强.单片机实验与实践教程[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2001.[22]徐惠民,安德宁.单片微型计算机原理接口与应用[M]．北京：北京邮电大学出版社，1996.[23]李广第．单片机基础[M]．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，1999.[24]赵晓安.MCS-51单片机原理及应用[M].天津：天津大学出版社，2001.[25]杨清梅,孙建民.传感器与测试技术[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2005.[26]范晶彦.传感器与检测技术应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005.[27]王俊峰,孟令启.现代传感器应用技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007.[28]宋文绪,杨帆.自动检测技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.单片机的参考文献3篇扩展阅读单片机的参考文献3篇（扩展1）——单片机课程报告3篇单片机课程报告1一、 实训目的和要求：（1） 熟练掌握keil c51集成开发环境的使用方法（2） 熟悉keil c51集成开发环境调试功能的使用和dp?单片机仿真器、编程器、实验仪三合一综合开发*台的使用。（3） 利用单片机的p1口作io口，学会利用p1口作为输入和输出口。（4） 了解掌握单片机芯片的烧写方法与步骤。（5） 学会用单片机汇编语言编写程序，熟悉掌握常用指令的功能运用。（6） 掌握利用protel 99 se绘制电路原理图及pcb图。（7） 了解pcb板的制作腐蚀过程。二、实训器材：pc机（一台）pcb板（一块）520ω电阻（八只）10k电阻（一只）led发光二极管（八只）25v 10μf电容（一只）单片机ic座（一块）at89c51单片机芯片（一块）热转印机（一台）dp?单片机仿真器、编程器、实验仪三合一综合开发*台（一台）三、实训步骤：（2）将流水灯程序编写完整并使用tkstudy ice调试运行。（4）打开电源，将编写好的程序运用tkstudy ice进行全速运行，看能否实现任务要求。（6）制板。首先利用protel 99 se画好原理图，根据原理图绘制pcb图，然后将绘制好的pcb布线图打印出来，经热转印机转印，将整个布线图印至pcb板上，最后将印有布线图的pcb板投入装有三氯化铁溶液的容器内进行腐蚀，待pcb板上布线图外的铜全部后，将其取出，清洗干净。（7）焊接。将所给元器件根据原理图一一焊至pcb板相应位置。（8）调试。先把at89c51芯片插入ic座，再将+5v电源加到制作好的功能板电源接口上，观察功能演示的整个过程（看能否实现任务功能）。（流水灯控制器原理图）四、流水灯控制器程序的主程序：org 0000hsjmp startorg 0030hstart: mov a,#0ffhmov r0,#1chmov r2,#12hclr cloop1: acall delaydjnz r0,loop，尽在。单片机课程报告2通过为期一周的单片机实训，是我们对这门课有了许多新的了解，弥补了在课堂上学习的不足。相信这对我们以后的学习和工作都会有很大的帮助。我们一定要在最短的时间里对这些不足加以改正!首先，在这次试训中我被单片机强大的功能所震撼，以前在课堂上完全没有能理解可编程单片机的优越性。这次通过实体仿真软件等辅助软件的共同效果，是这次试训有了鲜明的活力。换是我们认识到这次试训不仅仅是一个软件的应用，更多的是使我们认识到学习到很多在课堂上无法得到的东西。特别是protues软件的功能是我们了解了当今开发系统的新方向，简直太不可思议啦!单片机作为一种最简单的软件，与我们的日常生活息息相关，了解一些单片机程序的简单录入是非常必要的。如：LED显示器、键盘和显示器的应用和原理。在被刺实训中我们每个人通过一个八位流水灯的制作，使我们深深地体会到了单片机在现实生活中的'小小应用，既增强了我们的好奇心，又巩固了我们的理论知识。更让我们体会到了单片机手动的开始*台的完善与成熟。只要你有想法，单片机就有可能让他成为现实。这里我学习完protues软件后的第一感觉是，虽然这软件工作不稳定，但是会有相当不错的效果出来。这对我以后的工作一定会有帮助的。在这次试训中不仅只对单片机编程有了新的认识，还对整个单片机的开发*台都有了一厅的了解，这是一笔不错的收获。通过这几天的试训，使我的感触很深，真实“条条大路通罗马”，要达到目的，不同的人就有不同的方法。只要你的方法不错!五花八门都可以，而且是各有特色。走出来的结果都有各自的独到之处。在编程中“简”字贯穿于整个程序设计中，越简单越好，毕竟单片机留给用户的资源是有限的，所以我们要充分利用这些资源，达到更好的效果，这些是我们在以后的学习生活中应值得注意的地方。在试训中有苦有甜，当我们为一个很难攻破的程序找出路时，心情烦躁，感觉自己很不可理喻，当程序一点一点编好后，自己从心底感觉到一点小小的安慰，看着自己的成果。感觉很欣慰，有一丝丝的甜意，几天的实训使自己的思维逻辑也有了小小的进步。单片机实训报告一、实验目的和要求。二、实验仪器设备。三、实验设计及调试：(一)实验内容。(二)实验电路：画出与实验内容有关的简单实验电路。(三)实验设计及调试步骤：(1 )对实验内容和实验电路进行分析，理出完成实验的设计思路。(2)列出程序设计所需的特殊标志位、堆栈、内部ram、工作寄存器等资源的分配列表，分配列表时注意考虑资源在程序执行过程可能会出现冲突的问题。(3)画出程序设计流程图，包括主程序和各子程序流程图。(4)根据(2)、(3)的内容写出实验程序。(5)调试程序(可以使用模拟仿真器)。a、根据程序确定调试目的，即调试时所需观察的内容结果。b、根据各调试目的分别选择调试所需的方法，如单步、断点等命令，分别列出各调试方法中所需要关注记录的内容。c、调试程序，按各种调试方法记录相应的内容。d、分析调试记录的内容和结果，找出程序中可能出错的地方，然后修改程序，继续调试、记录、分析，直到调试成功。(四)实验调试过程中所遇到的问题、解决问题的思路和解决的方法。单片机课程报告3这周我们进行了单片机实训，一周中我们通过七个项目 ：P 口输入输出2：继电器控制3音频控制4：子程序设计5：字符碰头程序设计6：外部中断7：急救车与交通信号灯，练习编写了子程序、熟悉了人工会汇编方法、设计和调试方法。学习了P 口、IO端口、外部中断技术的基本的使用方法及输入输出端口控制方法。而且初步掌握了大型程序的调试方法。实训中首先对MCS-5 单片机开发试验系统键盘监控操作、使用及配套的仿真软件的应用进行了熟悉和了解。该实验仪提供了许多基本实验电路和实验插孔，对于基本的实验只需要少量连线就可以进行，减少了繁琐的实验连线过程，以减轻工作量，突出实验的内涵，达到培养实际动手能力，加强对实验电路的理解。通过本实验仪器进一步了解了单片机存储器的组织结构、单片机片内片外数据存储器读写方法、工作寄存器的应用、单片机对简单编程及调试方法进一步的掌握了调试软件的操作方法和编程环境。编写并调试完成一个实验项目总概括起来有五大步骤： 、立项目2、查找数据3、画流程图、4根据流程图进行编程5、编完后进行修改、调试、编译等。最终要达到会写、会做、会说，编写开始几个项目的程序还比较顺利，到了编写LED灯碰头程序、字符碰头程序、急救车与交通灯呈程序时遇到了好多困难，本来还以为编程会很简单的,等到实际操作起来才知道它的复杂性,没有想像中的那么得心应手,理解流程是有思维的前提.不过经过我们最后在全组人竭尽全力,老师的精心指导下,花费的时间与精力终于没有白费,效果渐渐地出现了.这是我们共同努力的结果,在享受我们成果之时,不得不感慨单片机的重要性与高难度性,所以为期一周的单片机课程设计没有浪费,我们从中学到了很多知识.,也让我们对单片机有了更深一步的了解.虽然最后结果是出来了,可这与老师的精心指导是分不开的。这次实训虽然其中会有些错误和失败，但总的来说是受益匪浅，在运用中发现问题，解决问题，就是最大的收获。专心做自己的事，是一种乐趣;互相交流，是大家一起进步的必要过程;上网查阅资料，是获得所需信息的有效途径。我想，这些练习和经验都将是我以后最宝贵的财富!
单片机的参考文献内容
参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献，以下是我为大家整理的单片机的参考文献内容，希望对你有所帮助！
单片机又称单片微控制器,它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片,而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。
单片机的参考文献
[1]陈堂敏.刘焕平主编.单片机原理与应用.北京:北京理工大学出版社,2007.
[2]沈美明.温动蝉编著.IBM-PC汇编语言程序设计.北京:清华大学出版社,1994.
[3]张仰森等编.微型计算机常用软硬件技术速查手册.北京:北京希望电脑公司,1994.
[4]江修汗等编.计算机控制原理与应用.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1999.
发展历史
单片机（Microcontrollers）诞生于1971年，经历了SCM、MCU、SoC三大阶段，早期的SCM单片机都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8051，此后在8051上发展出了MCS51系列MCU系统。基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。随着工业控制领域要求的提高，开始出现了16位单片机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展，单片机技术得到了巨大提高。随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用，32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位，并且进入主流市场。
而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高，处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。高端的32位Soc单片机主频已经超过300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器，而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元，最高端的型号也只有10美元。
当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用，大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。
主要阶段
早期阶段
SCM即单片微型计算机（Microcontrollers）阶段，主要是寻求最佳的单片形态嵌入式系统的最佳体系结构。“创新模式”获得成功，奠定了SCM与通用计算机完全不同的发展道路。在开创嵌入式系统独立发展道路上，Intel公司功不可没。
中期发展
MCU即微控制器（Micro Controller Unit）阶段，主要的技术发展方向是：不断扩展满足嵌入式应用时，对象系统要求的各种外围电路与接口电路，突显其对象的智能化控制能力。它所涉及的领域都与对象系统相关，因此，发展MCU的重任不可避免地落在电气、电子技术厂家。从这一角度来看，Intel逐渐淡出MCU的发展也有其客观因素。在发展MCU方面，最著名的厂家当数Philips公司。
Philips公司以其在嵌入式应用方面的巨大优势，将MCS-51从单片微型计算机迅速发展到微控制器。因此，当我们回顾嵌入式系统发展道路时，不要忘记Intel和Philips的历史功绩。
当前趋势
SoC嵌入式系统(System on Chip）式的独立发展之路，向MCU阶段发展的重要因素，就是寻求应用系统在芯片上的最大化解决，因此，专用单片机的发展自然形成了SoC化趋势。随着微电子技术、IC设计、EDA工具的发展，基于SoC的单片机应用系统设计会有较大的发展。因此，对单片机的理解可以从单片微型计算机、单片微控制器延伸到单片应用系统。
早期发展
1971年intel公司研制出世界上第一个4位的微处理器；Intel公司的霍夫研制成功世界上第一块4位微处理器芯片Intel 4004，标志着第一代微处理器问世，微处理器和微机时代从此开始。因发明微处理器，霍夫被英国《经济学家》杂志列为“二战以来最有影响力的`7位科学家”之一。
1971年11月，Intel推出MCS-4微型计算机系统（包括4001 ROM芯片、4002 RAM芯片、4003移位寄存器芯片和4004微处理器）其中4004（下图）包含2300个晶体管，尺寸规格为3mm×4mm，计算性能远远超过当年的ENIAC，最初售价为200美元。
1972年4月，霍夫等人开发出第一个8位微处理器Intel 8008。由于8008采用的是P沟道MOS微处理器，因此仍属第一代微处理器。
1973年intel公司研制出8位的微处理器8080；1973年8月，霍夫等人研制出8位微处理器Intel 8080，以N沟道MOS电路取代了P沟道，第二代微处理器就此诞生。
主频2MHz的8080芯片运算速度比8008快10倍，可存取64KB存储器，使用了基于6微米技术的6000个晶体管，处理速度为（Million Instructions Per Second ）。
1975年4月，MITS发布第一个通用型Altair 8800，售价375美元，带有1KB存储器。这是世界上第一台微型计算机。
1976年intel公司研制出MCS-48系列8位的单片机，这也是单片机的问世。
Zilog公司于1976年开发的Z80微处理器，广泛用于微型计算机和工业自动控制设备。当时，Zilog、Motorola和Intel在微处理器领域三足鼎立。
20世纪80年代初，Intel公司在MCS-48系列单片机的基础上，推出了MCS-51系列8位高档单片机。MCS-51系列单片机无论是片内RAM容量，I/O口功能，系统扩展方面都有了很大的提高。
【拓展内容】
电气自动化单片机论文
【摘要】
过去的以教师为中心的单片机课程教学，由于课程的综合性太强使得学生在学习过程中对很多知识点难以接受，我们通过对本门课程项目式和模块化改革的结合，合理安排教学内容和教学资源，降低初学者入门门槛，引导学生以兴趣为导向，极大的提高了学习者主动获取知识的意愿，明显提高了本课程的教学效果。
【关键词】 模块化教学；项目驱动；教学改革
“单片机技术”课程在本科院校里是电子信息类专业的必修课程，这门课程是以电子技术基础，编程语言，计算机理论等知识为基础的一门专业性和应用性很强的综合性课程。基于以上特点，对于初学者来说对单片机的理论知识的正确把握往往感觉比较吃力，给初学者造成学习困难。但是经过我们多年的教学经验，这类有很强的应用性和实用性的课程，以项目式教学更能推动学生的学习兴趣，同时模块化的教学设计更能降低初学者入门的门槛。两者相结合教学方法的采用对本门课程的教学效果提升明显.
1、单片机项目驱动教学法
以往的单片机教学模式是以教师为中心，老师在课堂上按照教材，或者教学大纲按部就班的讲授理论原理和知识点；以课堂教学为中心，学生学习为被动接受，由于知识点综合性比较强，理论太深奥使得学生往往学习兴趣不高，同时缺乏动手实践机会，教学效果一般不够理想。以项目驱动的教学法是学生为主体，教师为主导，以实践应用为根本目标，围绕具体的项目构建教学内容体系，通过师生共同参与完成一个具体的项目而展开的教学活动。注重的不是最终的结果，而是项目完成的过程，在项目的教学实施过程中，学生按需学习，亲身实践，学生在项目的实践过程中，理解知识和掌握技能，学习成为一个参与的创造实践活动，培养分析和解决问题的能力。引进单片机项目教学方式打破了原有的教学组织安排，以项目的开发步骤作为教学内容，将课程的内容分解为一个个小项目，从项目引入到项目解析再到任务分解然后到知识点讲解最后知识点应用，将原教学方案里单片机的知识点穿插到具体项目开发的过程中。这里面包含了软、硬平台搭建到项目展开再到项目完成的一系列教学活动，使学生从被动学习变为主动学习，按照这种方法我们将以往教学体系中的知识内容变化为若干个工程项目，然后围绕着这些工程项目任务的展开同时开展教学，让学生以具体工作目标的展开来进行教学环节的工作。有利于激发学生的学习积极性和创新能力，调动了学生的学习积极性。在这整个过程中，学生能很好的把握课程的知识要求，在体验创新与探索的过程中，又培养了学生们的分析解决问题的能力及团队协作能力等。
2、模块化的单片机教学方法
任何复杂的系统都是由具有完整基本功能的功能模块电路组成，单片机应用系统也是如此，一般由cpu系统、中断系统、I/O口等。同时任何复杂的电路系统都可以分解为多个具备单一功能的模块电路，按照这个思路，学习单片机系统我们也可以从单片机的功能模块电路入手，我们根据学生的认知规律，和学习单片的一般原理的方法，机将单片机教学模块分成几个部分，这里面每个部分有自己的专用模块[3]。比如程序功能部分、硬件部分；在对硬件电路设计部分进行模块化设计，将单片机的各个功能模块以独立的原理图形式出现，我们把单片机个硬件按功能分为了键盘模块、数码管显示模块、传感器控制模块、模数转换模块、显示模块、通信模块等几大模块，如图1。各个模块通过面包板上预留的连接器与系统主板进行连接，然后用排线组合成所需要的系统。在教学过程中，要不断收集遇到的各种硬件功能模块电路，弄清它们的工作原理、性能及特性、特定的功能及使用方法，把系统化整为零，建立起自己的硬件模块库。指导学生学会搜集、分析别人的设计案例、论文和相关书籍中的功能模块电路，不断地充实自己的功能模块电路库，日积月累，学生就会觉得自己的单片机系统设计能力越来越强。最后在进行模块分解时，各模块功能尽可能专一，联系尽可能简单，使模块独立性强，方便教学实用的模块。
3、总结
新兴本院校定位应用型教学型高校，以培应用型、创新型人才为目标。在此基础上的以项目驱动法教学和模块化教学为主线，以实际应用为培养为目标的“单片机技术”课程教学改革思路，按照这个方式能使学生在项目模块化的环节中一步一个台阶。此教学法脱离了枯燥无味的说教模式，使学生在具体的设计项目的工作环境里轻松自在的状态来投入到学习中，思维能力、动手能力、学习能力以及团队协作能力都有了明显提高，模块化学习过程中所积累的各种电路系统模块也促进构建成学生进行科技创新实践、参加大学生创新创业训练的重要模块库，激发了学生学习的主动性和成就感。法国文化教育学家斯普朗格曾言：教育的最终目的不是传授已有的东西，而是要把人的创造力量诱导出来。本课程的教学改革正是朝着这个方向前进。
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On the feasibility of global time estimation under isolation conditions in wireless sensor networks.[17]王春晖.环境试验箱中制冷系统的原理分析及优化概述[J]电子质量,2003,(12)[18]李建中.单片机原理及应用[M]西安电子科技大学出版社,2010.(02)[19]周航慈.单片机应用程序设计技术[M].北京：北京航空航大大学出版社，2005.[20]何立民.单片机高级教程[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2001.[21]夏继强.单片机实验与实践教程[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2001.[22]徐惠民,安德宁.单片微型计算机原理接口与应用[M]．北京：北京邮电大学出版社，1996.[23]李广第．单片机基础[M]．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，1999.[24]赵晓安.MCS-51单片机原理及应用[M].天津：天津大学出版社，2001.[25]杨清梅,孙建民.传感器与测试技术[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2005.[26]范晶彦.传感器与检测技术应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005.[27]王俊峰,孟令启.现代传感器应用技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007.[28]宋文绪,杨帆.自动检测技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.单片机的参考文献3篇扩展阅读单片机的参考文献3篇（扩展1）——单片机课程报告3篇单片机课程报告1一、 实训目的和要求：（1） 熟练掌握keil c51集成开发环境的使用方法（2） 熟悉keil c51集成开发环境调试功能的使用和dp?单片机仿真器、编程器、实验仪三合一综合开发*台的使用。（3） 利用单片机的p1口作io口，学会利用p1口作为输入和输出口。（4） 了解掌握单片机芯片的烧写方法与步骤。（5） 学会用单片机汇编语言编写程序，熟悉掌握常用指令的功能运用。（6） 掌握利用protel 99 se绘制电路原理图及pcb图。（7） 了解pcb板的制作腐蚀过程。二、实训器材：pc机（一台）pcb板（一块）520ω电阻（八只）10k电阻（一只）led发光二极管（八只）25v 10μf电容（一只）单片机ic座（一块）at89c51单片机芯片（一块）热转印机（一台）dp?单片机仿真器、编程器、实验仪三合一综合开发*台（一台）三、实训步骤：（2）将流水灯程序编写完整并使用tkstudy ice调试运行。（4）打开电源，将编写好的程序运用tkstudy ice进行全速运行，看能否实现任务要求。（6）制板。首先利用protel 99 se画好原理图，根据原理图绘制pcb图，然后将绘制好的pcb布线图打印出来，经热转印机转印，将整个布线图印至pcb板上，最后将印有布线图的pcb板投入装有三氯化铁溶液的容器内进行腐蚀，待pcb板上布线图外的铜全部后，将其取出，清洗干净。（7）焊接。将所给元器件根据原理图一一焊至pcb板相应位置。（8）调试。先把at89c51芯片插入ic座，再将+5v电源加到制作好的功能板电源接口上，观察功能演示的整个过程（看能否实现任务功能）。（流水灯控制器原理图）四、流水灯控制器程序的主程序：org 0000hsjmp startorg 0030hstart: mov a,#0ffhmov r0,#1chmov r2,#12hclr cloop1: acall delaydjnz r0,loop，尽在。单片机课程报告2通过为期一周的单片机实训，是我们对这门课有了许多新的了解，弥补了在课堂上学习的不足。相信这对我们以后的学习和工作都会有很大的帮助。我们一定要在最短的时间里对这些不足加以改正!首先，在这次试训中我被单片机强大的功能所震撼，以前在课堂上完全没有能理解可编程单片机的优越性。这次通过实体仿真软件等辅助软件的共同效果，是这次试训有了鲜明的活力。换是我们认识到这次试训不仅仅是一个软件的应用，更多的是使我们认识到学习到很多在课堂上无法得到的东西。特别是protues软件的功能是我们了解了当今开发系统的新方向，简直太不可思议啦!单片机作为一种最简单的软件，与我们的日常生活息息相关，了解一些单片机程序的简单录入是非常必要的。如：LED显示器、键盘和显示器的应用和原理。在被刺实训中我们每个人通过一个八位流水灯的制作，使我们深深地体会到了单片机在现实生活中的'小小应用，既增强了我们的好奇心，又巩固了我们的理论知识。更让我们体会到了单片机手动的开始*台的完善与成熟。只要你有想法，单片机就有可能让他成为现实。这里我学习完protues软件后的第一感觉是，虽然这软件工作不稳定，但是会有相当不错的效果出来。这对我以后的工作一定会有帮助的。在这次试训中不仅只对单片机编程有了新的认识，还对整个单片机的开发*台都有了一厅的了解，这是一笔不错的收获。通过这几天的试训，使我的感触很深，真实“条条大路通罗马”，要达到目的，不同的人就有不同的方法。只要你的方法不错!五花八门都可以，而且是各有特色。走出来的结果都有各自的独到之处。在编程中“简”字贯穿于整个程序设计中，越简单越好，毕竟单片机留给用户的资源是有限的，所以我们要充分利用这些资源，达到更好的效果，这些是我们在以后的学习生活中应值得注意的地方。在试训中有苦有甜，当我们为一个很难攻破的程序找出路时，心情烦躁，感觉自己很不可理喻，当程序一点一点编好后，自己从心底感觉到一点小小的安慰，看着自己的成果。感觉很欣慰，有一丝丝的甜意，几天的实训使自己的思维逻辑也有了小小的进步。单片机实训报告一、实验目的和要求。二、实验仪器设备。三、实验设计及调试：(一)实验内容。(二)实验电路：画出与实验内容有关的简单实验电路。(三)实验设计及调试步骤：(1 )对实验内容和实验电路进行分析，理出完成实验的设计思路。(2)列出程序设计所需的特殊标志位、堆栈、内部ram、工作寄存器等资源的分配列表，分配列表时注意考虑资源在程序执行过程可能会出现冲突的问题。(3)画出程序设计流程图，包括主程序和各子程序流程图。(4)根据(2)、(3)的内容写出实验程序。(5)调试程序(可以使用模拟仿真器)。a、根据程序确定调试目的，即调试时所需观察的内容结果。b、根据各调试目的分别选择调试所需的方法，如单步、断点等命令，分别列出各调试方法中所需要关注记录的内容。c、调试程序，按各种调试方法记录相应的内容。d、分析调试记录的内容和结果，找出程序中可能出错的地方，然后修改程序，继续调试、记录、分析，直到调试成功。(四)实验调试过程中所遇到的问题、解决问题的思路和解决的方法。单片机课程报告3这周我们进行了单片机实训，一周中我们通过七个项目 ：P 口输入输出2：继电器控制3音频控制4：子程序设计5：字符碰头程序设计6：外部中断7：急救车与交通信号灯，练习编写了子程序、熟悉了人工会汇编方法、设计和调试方法。学习了P 口、IO端口、外部中断技术的基本的使用方法及输入输出端口控制方法。而且初步掌握了大型程序的调试方法。实训中首先对MCS-5 单片机开发试验系统键盘监控操作、使用及配套的仿真软件的应用进行了熟悉和了解。该实验仪提供了许多基本实验电路和实验插孔，对于基本的实验只需要少量连线就可以进行，减少了繁琐的实验连线过程，以减轻工作量，突出实验的内涵，达到培养实际动手能力，加强对实验电路的理解。通过本实验仪器进一步了解了单片机存储器的组织结构、单片机片内片外数据存储器读写方法、工作寄存器的应用、单片机对简单编程及调试方法进一步的掌握了调试软件的操作方法和编程环境。编写并调试完成一个实验项目总概括起来有五大步骤： 、立项目2、查找数据3、画流程图、4根据流程图进行编程5、编完后进行修改、调试、编译等。最终要达到会写、会做、会说，编写开始几个项目的程序还比较顺利，到了编写LED灯碰头程序、字符碰头程序、急救车与交通灯呈程序时遇到了好多困难，本来还以为编程会很简单的,等到实际操作起来才知道它的复杂性,没有想像中的那么得心应手,理解流程是有思维的前提.不过经过我们最后在全组人竭尽全力,老师的精心指导下,花费的时间与精力终于没有白费,效果渐渐地出现了.这是我们共同努力的结果,在享受我们成果之时,不得不感慨单片机的重要性与高难度性,所以为期一周的单片机课程设计没有浪费,我们从中学到了很多知识.,也让我们对单片机有了更深一步的了解.虽然最后结果是出来了,可这与老师的精心指导是分不开的。这次实训虽然其中会有些错误和失败，但总的来说是受益匪浅，在运用中发现问题，解决问题，就是最大的收获。专心做自己的事，是一种乐趣;互相交流，是大家一起进步的必要过程;上网查阅资料，是获得所需信息的有效途径。我想，这些练习和经验都将是我以后最宝贵的财富!
去知网找找不就有了~~
【1】V. Yu. Teplov,A. V. Anisimov. Thermostatting System Using a Single-Chip Microcomputer and Thermoelectric Modules Based on the Peltier Effect[J] ,2002 【2】 Yeager to troubleshoot your electronic scale[J].. Powder and Bulk Engineering. 1995 【3】Meehan Joanne,Muir in Merseyside SMEs:Benefits and barriers[J].. TQM Journal. 2008 看着有用的用吧，单片机很多东西，也不知道你的具体是哪个方面的。
【1】[J],2002【2】[J]..【3】MeehanJoanne,[J]..看着有用的用吧，单片机很多东西，也不知道你的具体是哪个方面的。
[1] 李东升等.protel 99SE电路设计教程.电子工业出版社,[2] 藏春华等.电子线路设计与应用.高等教育出版社,[3] 李学海.16位单片机SPCE061A使用教程——基础篇.人民邮电出版社,2007[4] 张琳娜,刘武发．传感检测技术及应用.中国计量出版社,1999[5] 邵敏权,刘刚.单片机原理实验及应用.吉林科学技术出版社,[6] 杨振江等.智能仪器与数据采集系统中的新器件及应用.西安电子科技大学出版 社,[7] 罗亚非等.凌阳16位单片机应用基础.北京航空航天大学出版社,[8] 刘笃仁,韩保君.传感器原理及应用技术。机械工业出版社,[9] 薛筠义,张彦斌.凌阳16位单片机原理及应用,[10] 徐爱卿.Intel 16位单片机,[11] 霍孟友等，单片机原理与应用机械工业出版社， [12] 霍孟友等，单片机原理与应用学习概要及题解，机械工业出版社，[13] 许泳龙等，单片机原理及应用，机械工业出版社， [14] 马忠梅等，单片机的C语言应用程序设计，北京航空航天大学出版社，2003修订版 [15] 薛均义 张彦斌 虞鹤松 樊波，凌阳十六位单片机原理及应用，2003年，北京航空航天大学出版社.
Mega8 is a section of high performance, the low power loss, uses the advanced RISC simplification instruction, built-in PWM and a/D 8 monolithic integrated circuits, design the digital power amplifier cost with it to be not only low, the hardware is simple, moreover easy to realize each kind of extended function. In the article introduced how and new VMOS manages IRF7389 using AVR series monolithic integrated circuit mega8 to design the highly effective digital power amplifier the method, simultaneously has given the corresponding electric circuit schematic diagram, the procedure flow and the test result. mega8 mega8 不是太好啊，将就吧~~~
楼主看这个合适不，不合适发消息给我，我再找找AbstractA 2-in-1 card-insertion type memory card adapter meeting the size of an SD card and being provided thereon with a plurality of electric conducting sheets meeting the transmission specification of the SD car, the adapter has a fitting groove; wherein the fitting groove can afford direct insertion of a Mini SD card therein for positioning, alternatively, it can afford positioning therein of a positioning rack meeting the size of the Mini SD card, the positioning rack can afford positioning therein of a Micro SD card, so that the Micro SD card can indirectly positioned in the fitting groove; the fitting groove has therein a first pin set and a second pin set in connection with windows for a plurality of electric conducting sheets, the first pin set is for connecting a Mini SD card, and the second pin set is for connecting a Micro SD card. ClaimsThe invention claimed is:1. A 2-in-1 card-insertion type memory card adapter meeting the size of an SD card and meeting a specification for connecting of said SD card, being used to make connecting of said memory card adapter with one of a Mini SD card and a Micro SD card, said memory card adapter at least comprises: a housing meeting said size of said SD card, and provided on its front end with a plurality of windows for a plurality of electric conducting sheets having at their rear ends a fitting groove meeting the size of said Mini SD card for positioning the latter after insertion; a base plate with pins being provided in said housing and being provided with said electric conducting sheets in opposition to said windows, said electric conducting sheets meet said specification for connecting of said SD card; said base plate has thereon a first pin set and a second pin set, said first pin set and said second pin set are electrically connected with said electric conducting sheets; when said Mini SD card is inserted in said fitting groove for positioning, said first pin set is exactly connected with said Mini SD card; and a positioning rack meeting said size of said Mini SD card and being provided thereon with a positioning portion for positioning of said Mini SD card; when said positioning rack is inserted in said fitting groove for positioning, said second pin set is exactly connected with said Micro SD card. 3. The 2-in-1 card-insertion type memory card adapter as in claim 2, wherein said upper lid is made of metal. 4. The 2-in-1 card-insertion type memory card adapter as in claim 2, wherein said upper lid is made of plastic. 5. The 2-in-1 card-insertion type memory card adapter as in claim 1, wherein said housing includes a lower lid, an inner lid connecting with said lower lid for sandwiching said base plate having thereon pins, and an upper lid connecting with said lower lid for obscuring said base plate having said pins. 6. The 2-in-1 card-insertion type memory card adapter as in claim 5, wherein said upper lid is made of metal. 7. The 2-in-1 card-insertion type memory card adapter as in claim 5, wherein said upper lid is made of plastic. 8. The 2-in-1 card-insertion type memory card adapter as in claim 5, wherein said base plate is provided with a plurality of holes, said lower lid is provided thereon with a plurality of studs to be molten in opposition to said holes and to be abutted against said inner OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a 2-in-1 card-insertion type memory card adapter, and especially to an adapter for converting a Mini SD card or a Micro SD card to have the specification for connecting suiting an SD card after insertion of the Mini SD card or the Micro SD card. 2. Description of the Prior Art Memory cards in the markets nowadays have numerous kinds, and memory cards of various brands have different sizes, this renders users to have to purchase compatible electric products in use in order to allow the memory cards to be used commonly with them. However, among various memory cards, some are used by the identical reading mode, for instance, Mini SD cards, Micro SD cards and SD cards all are commonly used in the reading mode, they are different only in size; there have been many "Mini SD-converting into-SD adapters" in the markets to convert a Mini SD card to have the specification for connecting suiting an SD card, with which the Mini SD card can be connected through a "Mini SD-converting into-SD adapter" and applied in an electronic product that can only read an SD card. Alternatively, there have been "Micro SD-converting into-SD adapters" in the markets to convert a Micro SD card to have the specification for connecting suiting an SD card, with which the Micro SD card can be transferred through a "Mini SD-converting into-SD adapter" to be applied in electronic products that can only read an SD card. However, when portable electronic products that can be carried on users' persons, for instance, PDAs, mobile phones, mobile albums, computers etc. are used to do data, image or sound access, if their specifications for connecting suit SD cards, a "Mini SD-converting into-SD adapter" or a "Micro SD-converting into-SD adapter" are often used to do connecting for Mini SD cards or Micro SD cards, so that data can be up loaded or down loaded. For a consumer, when in use, he must purchase two kinds of adapters (a "Mini SD-converting into-SD adapter" and a "Micro SD-converting into-SD adapter") for specification converting. In other words, this may induce inconvenience for a user in carrying, and is subjected to making confusing in use. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the problems resided in the technique of the prior art, the main purpose of the present invention is to design a 2-in-1 card-insertion type memory card adapter that renders a Mini SD card or a Micro SD card to connect to an electric product having an SD card insertion port through connecting of the adapter. The 2-in-1 card-insertion type memory card adapter of the present invention is in coincidence with the size of an SD card and the specification for connecting of the SD card to convert one of a Mini SD card and a Micro SD card. The adapter comprises at least a housing, a base plate with pins and a positioning rack. Wherein the housing meets the size of an SD card, it is provided on its front end with a plurality of windows for a plurality of electric conducting sheets having at their rear end a fitting groove meeting the size of a Mini SD card for positioning the card after insertion; the base plate with pins is provided in the housing, the electric conducting sheets are provided in opposition to the windows for the electric conducting sheets which meet the specification for connecting of the SD card; the base plate has thereon a first pin set and a second pin set, the first pin set and the second pin set are electrically connected with the electric conducting sheets; and the base plate can be provided with a plurality of holes, a lower lid is provided thereon with a plurality of studs to be molded in opposition to the holes and to be abutted against an inner lid. When a Mini SD card is inserted in the fitting groove for positioning, the first pin set is exactly connected with the Mini SD card; The above mentioned positioning rack meets the size of a Mini SD card, and is provided thereon with a positioning portion for positioning of the Mini SD card; when the positioning rack is inserted in the fitting groove for positioning, the second pin set can be exactly connected with a Micro SD card; when it is desired to have the Micro SD card positioned in the 2-in-1 card-insertion type memory card adapter, the Micro SD card shall be inserted in the positioning rack for positioning firstly, then the positioning rack having the Micro SD card positioned therein is inserted in the fitting groove, thus the Micro SD card is indirectly positioned in the fitting groove to be connected with the second pin set. Accordingly, the 2-in-1 card-insertion type memory card adapter can afford direct insertion of a Mini SD card therein for connecting; alternatively, it can afford indirect insertion for connecting of a Micro SD card therein through positioning of the positioning rack. Besides, providing of the above mentioned housing can have the following three kinds of technical measures: 1. The structure of the housing includes a lower lid, an upper lid connecting with the lower lid for sandwiching the base plate having thereon pins and for obscuring the base plate having pins; the upper lid is made of plastic and is connected with the lower lid to render the housing to present a contour looking like that it is formed completely of plastic. 2. The structure of the housing includes a lower lid, an upper lid connecting with the lower lid for sandwiching the base plate having thereon pins and for obscuring the base plate having pins; the upper lid is made of metal and can cover the lower lid to render the housing to present a contour looking like that it is formed on one side of plastic, and on the other side of metal. 3. The structure of the housing includes a lower lid, an inner lid connecting with the lower lid for sandwiching the base plate having thereon pins, an upper lid connecting with the lower lid for sandwiching the base plate having thereon pins and for obscuring the base plate having pins; wherein the inner lid is made of plastic, the upper lid is made of metal to render the housing to present a contour looking like that it is formed on one side of plastic, and on the other side partially of metal and partially of plastic. As comparing with the prior art, the present invention at least has the following effects: 1. The same adapter can afford connecting of memory cards of two different kinds of specifications; it has an effect of being convenient for carrying. 2. The first and the second pin sets are provided on the base plate having thereon pins, thereby when the housing deforms by exerting of an external force, distances between the pins and the electric connecting effect originally obtained will not be affected directly; especially, the upper lid and the lower lid of the housing are connected with each other by adhering or high frequency means, the technical measure provided in the present invention is evidently superior to the prior art in fixing the pin sets and in the effect of electric connecting of the pin sets. 3. Additionally, the technical measure that the two pin sets are arranged on the base plate can render the adapter more efficient in assembling and manufacturing. The present invention will be apparent after reading the detailed description of the technical measures of the preferred embodiment thereof in reference to the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an anatomic perspective view of a first embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is an anatomic perspective view of a second embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3 is an anatomic perspective view of a third embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 4 is a schematic rear view of a base plate having thereon pins of the third embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing a lower lid and the base plate having thereon pins of the third embodiment of the present invention after assembling; FIG. 6 is a schematic view showing the lower lid, the base plate having thereon pins and an inner lid of the third embodiment of the present invention after assembling; FIG. 7 is a schematic view showing the lower lid and an upper lid the third embodiment of the present invention after assembling; FIG. 8 is a schematic view showing direct inserting of a Mini SD card in the third embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 9 is a schematic sectional view showing indirect insertion connecting of a Micro card in the third embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIG. 1 which is an anatomic perspective view of the first embodiment of the present invention, wherein the 2-in-1 card-insertion type memory card adapter comprises: a lower lid 10, a base plate 20 having thereon pins, an upper lid 40, a slide block 50 for preventing reading/writing and a positioning rack 60. Wherein the lower lid 10 and the upper lid 40 form a housing meeting the size of an SD card, and the lower lid 10 is a structure somewhat in the form of a U shaped disk having on its front end a plurality of windows 11 for electric conducting sheets 21, the lower lid 10 is provided thereon with a plurality of ribs 12 and studs 13 to be molten, while the slide block 50 for preventing reading/writing is provided for an electric product having an SD card insertion port for distinguishing to prevent reading/writing. In the first embodiment, the upper lid 40 is made of metal, and is engaged with the lower lid 10. FIG. 2 is an anatomic perspective view of a second embodiment of the present invention, wherein the 2-in-1 card-insertion type memory card adapter comprises: a lower lid 10, a base plate 20 having thereon pins, an upper lid 40, a slide block 50 for preventing reading/writing and a positioning rack 60. Wherein the upper lid 40 is made of plastic, and is connected with the lower lid 10. FIG. 3 is an anatomic perspective view of a third embodiment of the present invention, wherein the 2-in-1 card-insertion type memory card adapter comprises: a lower lid 10, a base plate 20 having thereon pins, an inner lid 30, an upper lid 40, a slide block 50 for preventing reading/writing and a positioning rack 60. In this embodiment, the inner lid 30 is made of plastic, while the upper lid 40 is made of metal. The lower lid 10, the inner lid 30 and the upper lid 40 form a housing meeting the size of an SD card, and the lower lid 10 is a structure somewhat in the form of a U shaped disk having on its front end a plurality of windows 11 for electric conducting sheets 21, the lower lid 10 is provided thereon with a plurality of ribs 12 and studs 13 both to be molten, while the slide block 50 for preventing reading/writing is provided for an electric product having an SD card insertion port for distinguishing to prevent reading/writing. Referring simultaneously to FIGS. 3, 4 and 5, the rear side of the base plate 20 having thereon pins is provided at a place in opposition to the windows 11 with the electric conducting sheets 21, the electric conducting sheets 21 meet the specification for connecting of an SD card; the base plate 20 has thereon a first pin set 22 and a second pin set 23, the first pin set 22 and the second pin set 23 are electrically connected with the electric conducting sheets 21; and the base plate 20 is provided with a plurality of holes 24 in opposition to the studs 13 to be molten; after assembling of the lower lid 10 with the base plate 20, it forms on its rear end a fitting groove 14 for positioning a card with a size of that of a Mini SD card when the latter is inserted in. One thing is worth mentioning, in practicing, the 2-in-1 card-insertion type memory card adapter can be provided beneath the first pin set 22 with a corresponding non-penetrated first retracting groove set 25 to allow the first pin set 22 to elastically retract during its action of connecting; further the 2-in-1 card-insertion type memory card adapter can be provided with a non-penetrated second retracting groove set 16 to allow the second pin set 23 to elastically retract during its action of connecting. Performance of the first retracting groove set 25 can be as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the base plate 20 is provided beneath the first pin set 22 with a penetrated first retracting groove hole-set 251, and the non-penetrated first retracting groove set 25 is provided on the lower lid 10 at a place in opposition to the penetrated first retracting groove hole-set 251. In this mode, when the first pin set 22 elastically retracts during its action of connecting, it penetrates the base plate 20 via the first retracting groove hole-set 251 into the non-penetrated first retracting groove set 25. Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, in order to render the base plate 20 to get a better effect of positioning, the inner lid 30 can be connected by means of high frequency melting onto the lower lid 10 to sandwich the base plate 20, the state after sandwiching is as shown in FIG. 6. Referring to FIG. 7, in practicing, the upper lid 40 is made of plastic to be connected onto the lower lid 10; alternatively, it can be made of metal to be engaged with the lower lid 10. The upper lid 40 is engaged with the lower lid 10 to obscure the base plate 20, meantime, the fitting groove 14 can be formed an area having a one-way opening, and the upper lid 40 is provided on its two lateral sides with a plurality of upper lid fixing and engaging grips 41, the upper lid fixing and engaging grips 41 cooperate with a plurality of fixing and engaging slots 15 provided on the lower lid 10 to make engagement of the upper lid 40 with the lower lid 10. Referring to FIG. 8, by the fact that the fitting groove 14 can allow positioning of a memory card with the size meeting a Mini SD card after insertion, a Mini SD card 70 can thus be directly inserted into the fitting groove 14 from the rear end of the fitting groove 14 to effect positioning; and when the Mini SD card 70 is inserted into the fitting groove 14 and is positioned, the first pin set 22 can exactly electrically connect with the Mini SD card 70. As shown in FIG. 9, another feature of the present invention is, the fitting groove 14 can allow positioning of a memory card with the size meeting a Mini SD card after insertion, a positioning rack 60 meeting the size of a Mini SD card is provided, the positioning rack 60 has therein a positioning portion 61, when the positioning rack 60 is inserted in the fitting groove 14 for positioning, the second pin set 23 can be exactly connected with a Micro SD card 80; in other words, the Micro SD card 80 can be inserted in the fitting groove 14 indirectly to connect with the second pin set 23 after positioning of the positioning rack 60 in the fitting groove 14. The specification and the drawings for the present invention are only for illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and not for giving any limitation to the scope of the present invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in this art that various equivalent modifications without departing from the spirit of this invention shall fall within the scope of the appended claims.
w w 我给你找了一篇 是我们学校数据库里弄来的 题目名字是Relationship of acute left main coronary artery occlusion and ST2segment elevation in lead AVR我想这个应该可以做为你的论文的 我也找了好久这篇文章是期刊论文Relationship of acute left main coronary artery occlusion and ST2segment elevation in lead aVRYU Fu2jun 于富军, FU Xiang2hua 傅向华, WEI Ya2li 卫亚丽, LI Shou2lin 李寿霖, XIAO Yun2zhi 肖蕴陟DING Chao 丁 超and ZHAO Zhan2yong 赵战勇Keywords : left main coronary artery ·acute myocardial infarction ·ST2segment elevation ·lead aVR ·electrocardiograp hyDepartment of Cardiology , Bethune International Peace Hospital of thePLA , Shijiazhuang 050082 , China (Yu FJ , Fu XH , Wei YL , Li SL ,Xiao YZ, Ding C and Zhao ZY)Correspondence to : Dr. Yu Fu2jun , Department of Cardiology , BethuneInternational Peace Hospital of the PLA , Shijiazhuang 050082 , China(Tel : 862311279988431 Fax : 862311279982261 Email : dingch2001 @sohu1com)It is well known that acute left main coronary artery(LMCA) occlusion is one of the most severe lesionsassociated with coronary artery disease1 A large number ofLMCA patients die suddenly at the very beginning of a heartattack1 Noninvasive identification of acute LMCA occlusionis very important for patient prognosis and survival ,especially to predict the need of the invasive procedure ofcoronary artery reconstruction1 In this study , we sought toevaluate retrospectively the value of ST2segment elevation inlead aVR in predicting acute myocardial infarction (AMI)and acute LMCA obstruction1METHODSPatientsPatients were recruited into this study if they had sufferedAMIs from December 1997 to December 2002 with or withoutreceiving thrombolysis , undergone coronary angiographywithin 6 weeks of the heart attack , and obtained 122leadelectrocardiography (ECG) records of the AMI mean while1In addition , patients were only selected if a coronaryangiography revealed significant stenosis in only one coronaryartery , and this single lesion was identified as the cause ofthe AMI1 Patients with severe lesions in two or three vesselswere excluded , as were patients with conditions that mightconfuse ECG analysis , such as chronic myocardial infarctionand intraventricular conduction block1 Patients were dividedinto three groups based on site of stenosis : LMCA ( 9patients) , proximal left anterior descending coronary artery(LADp) (46 patients) , and right coronary artery (RCA)(36 patients) 1 In total , 91 patients were selected for thisstudy , including 72 men and 19 women , with ages rangingfrom 29 to 64 (average 5211 ±1017) years1 There were nostatistically significant differences in ages among the threegroups1 However , the LMCA group contained only men1ECGanalysisThe 122lead ECG records of the very beginning of the AMIwere sent to ECG doctors who were not aware of anyangiographic findings1 The ST2segment shift was measured at60 milliseconds after the J point of the QRS complex1 ST2segment elevation was defined as present when the ST2segment elevation was > 011 mV both in the limb leads andthe precordial leads1 The results of ST2segment elevation inthe 122leads , including the aVR lead , were comparedbetween the LMCA , LADp , and RCA groups1Statistical analysisData were expressed as the mean ±standard deviation1 Thedifferences among the qualitative data were analysed byχ2test1 A statistical difference was evaluated first by ANOVAtest1 The variance within groups was analyzed by q test(SPSS , versin 1010) 1 Value of P < 0105 was consideredsignificant1RESULTSIncidence of ST2segment elevation on the 122lead ECGin the LMCA, LADp , and RCA groupsThe incidence of ST2segment elevation ( > 011 mV in everylead) on a 122lead ECG is summarized in Fig1 Lead aVRshowed ST2segment elevation in 89 % (8/ 9) in the LMCAgroup , 24 % (11/ 46) in the LADp group , and only 6 %(2/ 36) in the RCA group1 Thus , there were very significantdifferences in the incidence of ST2segment elevation in leadaVR among the three groups , with the highest incidence inthe LMCA group ( P < 0101) 1Chinese Medical Journal 2004 ; 117 ( 3) : 4592460 ·459 ·' 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. of ST2segment elevation in leads aVR andV1 between LMCA and LADp groupsSignificantly higher ST2segment elevation in lead aVR wasobserved in the LMCA group is compared to the LADp group[ (0118 ±0111) mV vs (0105 ±0109) mV , P < 0101 ]1Conversely , ST2segment elevation in lead V1 wassignificantly lower in the LMCA group than in the LADpgroup [ (0112 ±0109) mV vs (0120 ±0116) mV , P <0105]1 As shown in Fig , there was a significantly differentrate of incidence of ST2segment elevation in lead aVRbetween the LMCA and LADp groups [88 % (7/ 8) vs 36 %(4/ 11) , P < 0105 ]1 According to our results , ST2segmentelevation in lead aVR predicts LMCA occlusion , as opposedto LADp occlusion , with 8012 % sensitivity , 8714 %specificity , 8910 % positive predictive value , and 7610 %negative predictive value1Fig1 The incidence of ST2segment elevation on the 122leadelectrocardiography in the three groups1Analysis of ST2segment elevation in leads aVR, Ⅱ, Ⅲ,and aVF in the LMCA and RCA groupsST2segment elevation in lead aVR occurred with asignificantly higher incidence in the LMCA group than in theRCA group [ 89 % (8/ 9) vs 6 % (2/ 36) , P < 01001 ] ,and also with a significantly higher amplitude in the LMCAthan in the RCA group [ (0118 ±0111) mV vs (0105 ±0106) mV , P < 0101 ]1 ST2segment elevation in lead aVRdistinguished LMCA occlusion from RCA occlusion with asensitivity of 9317 % , a specificity of 8915 % , a positivepredictive value of 8910 % , and a negative predictive valueof 9410 %1 There were no cases of ST2segment elevation inleads Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and aVF of the LMCA group1 Thus ,sensitivity and positive predictive value of ECG data inwarning of LMCA occlusions are both increased by examiningST2segment elevation data in lead aVR , in combination withdata from leads Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and aVF1DISCUSSIONIn practice , the ST2segment shifts in lead aVR are oftenbelieved to give information that duplicates data obtainedfrom the left lateral side , including leads aVL , Ⅱ, V5 andV61 Consequently , lead aVR is often largely ignored11 ,2The present study suggests that during AMI , a significantlyhigher ST2segment elevation in lead aVR is a very importantECG representative characteristic of LMCA occlusion1 Datafrom lead aVR are important predictors of patient prognosis ,and aid in determining treatment strategy , especially inselecting candidates for the invasive procedure of coronaryartery reconstruction1As described by Engelen et al ,3 lead aVR ST2segmentelevation in acute LADp occlusion , in which the culpritlesion is located proximal to the first major septal branch , isthe result of transmural ischemia of the basal part of theseptum, directing the electric current at the site of injurytoward the right shoulder1 It is certainly reasonable totheorize that acute LMCA obstruction also causes ischemia ofthe basal part of the septum by interfering with blood flow inthe major septal branch1 In addition , in cases of LMCAobstruction , disturbance of left circumflex artery blood flowthat causes ischemia in the left lateral part of the heartcreates another injury2induced electric current vector towardthe right upper part of the heart1 This process may explainthe large ST2segment elevation in lead aVR in acute LMCAocclusion , especially compared to acute LADpobstruction14 ,5One limitation of this study is the fact that patients were allrelatively young1 In addition , the number of patients wassmall , especially in the LMCA group1 Finally , retrospectivedata used in this study should be confirmed in the futurewith a prospective study1REFERENCES11 Gorgels AP , Engelen DJ , Wellens HJ1 Lead aVR , a mostlyignored but very valuable lead in clinical electrocardiography1 JAm Coll Cardiol 2001 ;38 :1 Hurst JW1 Methods used to interpret the 122leadelectrocardiogram: pattern memorization versus the use of vectorconcepts1 Clin Cardiol 2000 ;23 :4213131 Engelen DJ , Gorgels AP , Cheriex EC , et al1 Value of theelectrocardio2 gram in localizing the occlusion site in the leftanterior descending coronary artery in acute anterior myocardialinfarction1 J Am Coll Cardiol 1999 ;34 :3892395141 Yamaji H , Iwasaki K, Kusachi S , et al1 Prediction of acute leftmain coronary artery obstruction by 122lead electrocardiography :ST segment elevation in lead aVR with less ST segment elevationin lead V11 J Am Coll Cardiol 2001 ;38 :1 Topaz O , Disciascio G, Cowley MJ , et al1 Complete left maincoronary artery occlusion : angiographic evaluation of collateralvessel patterns and assessment of hemodynamic correlates1 AmHeart J 1991 ;121 :45024561( Received July 8 , 2003)本文编辑: 汪谋岳 孙 静·460 · Chinese Medical Journal 2004 ; 117 ( 3) : 4592460' 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved.