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关于的研究英文论文

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关于的研究英文论文

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

古典文学常见论文一词,谓交谈辞章或交流思想。当代,论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的 文章 ,简称之为论文。那么,你知道论文的英语怎么说吗?

论文的英文释义:

thesis

treatise

paper

study

memoir

tractate

论文的英文例句:

老师问了我一些和我的论文有关的问题。

The teacher asked me some questions relative to my paper.

老师的办公室里堆满了大批不同的论文。

There is a heterogeneous mass of papers in the teacher's office.

我们相信你在星期五之前可以完成这篇论文。

We are depending on you to finish the paper by Friday.

英语论文怎么写

还没有装订成册的论文稿件堆放在桌子上。

The unbound sheets of paper were piled up on the table.

他写的论文很优秀。

The treatise he wrote is excellent.

我们的教授要求他就这个课题写篇论文。

Our professor asked him to write a treatise on the subject.

论文最后简要 总结 了本论文的内容和不足。

The last chapter of the paper briefly summarizes the harvest and deficiency.

将参赛的建模方案论文复印三份,将摘要页装订在每份论文的第一页上沿。

Staple one copy of the summary sheet on top of each copy of the solution paper.

我们将在一起审阅这些论文。

We shall go through these papers together.

我终于写完了李教授要的论文。

I finally popped that paper for Professor Li.

教授已经把我的论文搁置一个月了。

The professor has turned aside my paper for a month.

这是你的论文吗?

Is this you dissertation?

它就是你要表达的东西,这个论文也是,另一种思考它的方式,关于一个问题的答案。

It is what you profess. Well, the thesis is also, another way to think of it, an answer to a question.

他表示愿意帮助我一起做我的研究论文。

He offered to help me with my research paper.

看到了,你打算递交论文吗?

Do you plan to submit any paper?

一些书籍和论文讲述了如何在单元测试中使用模拟对象,描述的是模拟对象应该具备的能力以及如何使用他们。

Several books and papers show how to use mock objects in unit testing. Thesedescribe the capabilities that mock objects should have and how to use them.

这个部分是对论文所要写的内容做个一般性的介绍—它不仅仅是对每一部分的描述。

This is a general introduction to what the thesis is all about -- it is not just adescription of the contents of each section.

即便这样 这还是一片非常糟糕的论文如果让我审核的话它一定会被淹没在红墨水的海洋里去.

Yet it's an awful paper that I would have shredded in a sea of red ink if it hadcome to me.

玛雅:现在你得让我采访你,好写我的论文。

Maya: Now you have to let me interview for my paper.

这里你列举出你的论文所做出的新知识的贡献。

Here you list the contributions of new knowledge that your thesis makes.

用另一句话来说就是,这篇短文应该会对你很有帮助无论是你刚刚开始你的研究生课程还是稍后你要开始写你的论文。

In other words, this note should be helpful when you are just getting started inyour graduate program, as well as later when you start to write your thesis.

但他的批评者同意一个事实:他的论文指出了减少化肥的使用在中国的重要性。

And his critics agree with him on one matter: the paper points to the importance ofreducing fertilizer use in China.

那时我将真的不得不对期末论文评分了。

Then I really do have to grade term papers.

此外,论文的 方法 部分本来应该为其他人复制实验提供足够的信息,但通常情况都不是这样。

Moreover, the methods sections of papers are supposed to provide enoughinformation for others to replicate an experiment, but often do not.

在那个研讨会上,他交了一篇,论文,是为 其它 一些场合写的,是关于关心这个概念。

At the symposium, he submitted a paper which he had written for some otheroccasion on the concept of caring about.

但是他们的论文是最完备的。

But their paper is the most thorough.

你什么时候能完成学期论文?

When will you finish the term paper?

不管你的学期论文是关于什么的,因特网总可以帮助你选择主题或提供多种多样的主题供你选择。

No matter whatever your term paper is about, they help you in selecting topicsand some offer a wide range of topics to choose from.

关于英语语言学的论文,论文题目和主要内容已列出,供参考。链接附后1.题目:语言学英文版论文。主要内容:该论文主要讲词汇是构成语言的基本单位,词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家. Wilkins (1972) 说过:“没有语法,人们不能表达很多东西;而没有词汇,人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇,从而提高学习效率和习得效果。.题目:.英语专业毕业论文(语言学)——谈判英语文化差异。主要内容:该论文主要讲国际商务谈判中文化差异的影响,就是汉语习惯思维和西方语言文化之间表达的准确性对商务谈判带来的影响。.题目:外国语言学及应用语言学硕士论文:商务英语信函的词汇特点研究,主要内容:商务英语信函词汇的选择和应用多呈现如下7种特点:1)简单词汇的选择。2)具体词汇多于笼统词汇。3)褒义词多于贬义词。4)缩写词的选择。5)确切词汇多于模糊词汇。6)礼貌、客气的词汇多于不礼貌的词汇。7)商业术语的选择。产生的原因多取决于商务活动的和商业伙伴的合作关系。商务活动的双方均为达至双赢的进行合作。这是本文所分析的词汇特点产生的主要原因。

Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies 二语词汇习得策略 [摘 要] 词汇是构成语言的基本单位,词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家. Wilkins (1972) 说过:“没有语法,人们不能表达很多东西;而没有词汇,人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇,从而提高学习效率和习得效果。 关键字: 二语词汇习得 词汇习得策略 元认知策略 认知策略 Abstract Vocabulary is the basic unit of a language. Language acquisition plays an important role in language learning. Famous linguistics D. A. Wilkins said, “Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed (Lewis, 1993:16).” It speaks volumes for the importance of vocabulary in language learning. This paper aims to analysis the second language acquisition strategies and applies to different levels of learners. According to the different levels, the learners should choose the proper methods and strategies to promote learning efficiency and acquisition effect. Key words: Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition; Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies; Metacognitive strategy; Cognitive strategy Introduction With economic globalization and multi-polarization of the world, especially the population of the internet, English becomes more and more important, because it is considered as the tool for absorbing and communicating information. As we all known, vocabulary acquisition is one of the most noticed-question of the second language learners. “Vocabulary” appears in the area of linguists’ study. Nowadays, researchers still can not give a complete and reasonable definition of vocabulary. Since 1970s, the second language vocabulary acquisition research has gradually become the hot point and important subject in the second language vocabulary acquisition research area. These researches aim to discuss the efficiency vocabulary memory strategies to promote the memory skills and vocabulary levels. Then how to acquire vocabulary become popular among the researchers. Wenden &Rubin (1987), O’Malley& Chamot (1990) refer to the content of vocabulary acquisition strategies; Rubin (1987) and Oxford (1990) classify the memory strategy to the direct cognitive strategies. Especially, CohenAphek (1981), Porte (1988), O’Malley (1990), Vann (90), Cohen (1990), etc made a basic searching of vocabulary acquisition. In a word, there are various opinions in how to acquire vocabulary. Firstly, it talks about the importance of vocabulary. Secondly, what does it mean to “acquire” a word? This paper mainly aims to the detail analysis of the vocabulary acquisition from three aspects:Meta-cognitive Strategy; Cognitive Strategy and Social or Affective Strategy. Especially, it highlights the effect of the context and rending to vocabulary acquisition. This paper talks about the applications of the vocabulary acquisition strategies. And it puts forward some problems and difficulties of vocabulary acquisition. This paper also discusses the influencing factors to the acquisition. It includes the mother tongue, age, language contact, logical thinking ability, identity degree, and academic motivation . The purpose of this paper is to rise the awareness of English learners that the importance of vocabulary in language learning and the vocabulary acquisition strategies can not be neglected, and each strategies is deeply rooted in its language. Through the analysis of the theory of study, the paper tries to draw the learner’s attention to the strategies of the second language vocabulary acquisition and using the vocabulary in communication. In order to improve the acquisition efficiency, some strategies put into practice are introduced. The first presents the importance of vocabulary, some basic concepts of vocabulary and vocabulary learning, the second part tells what does it mean to know a word, the third part deals with the theory of vocabulary acquisition and presents the factors and differences influencing the vocabulary acquisition. The fourth part is detailed discussion of vocabulary acquisition strategies in different levels of learners. The last part is conclusion. Literature review 1. The importance of vocabulary As the first time, when we go to school and our English teacher will tell us that vocabulary is of great importance in learning English. After several years, we understand words gradually, especially when we study in high school. If we know a little about vocabulary, we may have poor English. That is because the listening, speaking, reading and writing show the necessary of learning vocabulary. Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using wrong words and not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often lead to misunderstanding and may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax. (Carter, 1987). As Stephen Krashen remarked, “When students travel, they don’t carry grammar books, they carry dictionaries. A significant role of vocabulary in both teaching and learning processes was first stated by Stephen Krashen in The Natural Approach (1985): “Vocabulary is basic for communication. If acquirers do not recognize the meaning of the key words used by those who address them they will be unable to participate in the conversation.” Words are basic tools in human communication; therefore they determine the main part of people’s life-relationships between people and associations with the surrounding world that people live in. The larger one’s vocabulary, the easier it is to express one’s thoughts and feelings. In real communication, correctly and idiomatically used vocabulary can even decrease some structural inaccuracy and grammar errors. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). So learners should enrich and expand their knowledge of words as much as possible in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language. 2. What does it mean to “know” a word? Knowing a word is not a simple phenomenon. In fact, it is quite complex and goes far beyond the word’s meaning and pronunciation. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). Richards (1976) think knowing a word means also knowing the frequency of words and their likely collocates; being aware of the functional and situation limitations that apply; knowledge of the “syntactic behavior”; derivational forms and word class; associative and connotative knowledge; semantic value-breaking down words into minimal units as with componential analysis (see Katz&Fodor1963or Leech1974); knowing the other (possible) meaning associated. Nagy and Scott (2000) identify several dimensions that describe the complexity of what it means to know a word. First, word knowledge is incremental, which means that readers need to have many exposures to a word in different contexts before they “know” it. Second, word knowledge is multidimensional. This is because many words have multiple meanings and serve different functions in different function in different sentences, texts, and even conversations. Third, word knowledge is interrelated in that knowledge of one word connects knowledge of other words. What all of this means is that “knowing” a word is a matter of degree rather than an all-or-nothing proposition (Beck&Mckeown, 1991; Nagy&Scott, 2000). The degree of knowing a word are reflected in the precision with which we use a word, how quickly we understand a word, and how well we understand and use words in different modes and different purpose. The memory strategy, cognitive strategy, social strategy and metacognitve strategy are used more frequently than the affective strategy and compensative strategy. Conclusion This paper has attempted to provide some theories of second language vocabulary acquisition and some strategies. Such as metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, and social strategy. However, this paper also put forward some microcosmic strategy. As a matter of fact, vocabulary acquisition should combine the context. In addition, this paper hasn’t mentioned that culture is also an important factor in vocabulary acquisition. In the study of second language vocabulary acquisition, we should pay attention to the process and the acquiring results. This paper focuses on the study of the second language vocabulary acquisition strategies. Bibliography [1] . Chamot. The Learning Strategies of ESL Students. In A. L. Wenden & J. Rubin, (eds), Learner Strategies in Language Learning, 1987. [2] Cater. R. and M. McCarthy. Vocabulary and Language Teaching. New York: Longman, 1987. [3] Nation, L. S. P. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. New Newbury House Publishers, 1990. [4] O’Malley, J. & Chamot, A. U.. Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition [J]. Cambridge University Press, 1990:12-15. [5] 陈桦,张益芳.中国儿童英语词汇记忆策略探究[J].外语学刊,2001(4). [11] 戴曼纯. 论第二语言词汇习得研究[J]. 外语教学与研究,2002(2). [12] 徐德凯.大学英语词汇教学理论与实践[M].长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2009. [6] 王文宇.观念、策略与英语词汇记忆[J].外语教学与研究,1998(1). [13] 文秋芳. 英语学习策略论.上海:上海外语教育出版社,1996. [7] 吴霞,王蔷.非英语专业本科生词汇水平研究. 外语教学与研究,1998(1). [15] 张纪英.英语词汇学教学与研究[M]. 武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2007. [16] 朱厚敏. 英语词汇学习策略研究[M] 长春:吉林大学出版社,2009.

关于英语研究论文

随着对 英语 文化 学习的不断深入,随着英语重要地位的不断确立,英语语言学的研究工作也越来越深入。下文是我为大家整理的关于英语语言学论文 范文 参考的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考! 关于英语语言学论文范文参考篇1 浅探英语语言学中的幽默话语 幽默是指在人类交际的过程中,能够引人发笑的话语、动作和表情等,其内容丰富多彩,表现形式多种多样,比例幽默话语、幽默动作、幽默音乐等等。因为人们的交际活动多依赖于语言,所以幽默也多来源于话语当中。 一、英语语言学中的幽默话语 在繁忙的生活中,幽默是一剂强力润滑剂。幽默话语是借助于语言手段来表述幽默的。它是以语言为媒介,根据特定的情境下,以轻松诙谐的语调,机智、风趣、戏谑的话语风格,通过讽刺、夸张、映射、双关等手法,来表达话语者自己的思想和观点,并使受话者不知不觉地接受,达到“随风潜入夜,润物细无声”的效果和境界。幽默话语往往带有一些意味深长的色彩,对揭露生活中的丑恶或不公平现象,还可以起到发人深省的作用。而对于受话者来说,要把话语和当时具体的语境线索结合起来,利用自己既有的语言知识和社会认知,去发现说话者的言外之意和要表达的真实意图,才能真正的理解幽默,并从中获得愉悦。 例如,“Mr Zhou have a sharp tongue,look out,it doesn’t cut your throat.”这句话看起来是像是在说舌头,但是,我们把这句话放到语境中,就可以想到,这里的“a sharp tongue”并不是什么锋利的舌头,而是牙尖嘴利、毒舌的意思,是发话者幽默、含蓄、间接的表达方式。 二、幽默话语与合作原则 (一)合作原则 胡范畴认为,所谓幽默话语是语言的各要素通过变异和创造而出来的。而美国语言哲学家Grice则认为,幽默话语的作用是为了确保交际活动顺利进行。Grice认为,在人们运用语言进行交际时,交际的双方(发话者和受话者)还要遵守一些先决条件和原则,例如使用双方都能熟练运用的语言、交谈内容是双方都熟悉的话题,还有最重要的合作原则(cooperative principle,CP)。合作原则包括四个范畴,即数量准则、质量准则、关联准则和方式准则。在合作原则下,要求发话者和受话者者要端正态度,在谈话中做到“一唱一和”,避免造成“鸡同鸭讲”“话不投机半句多”的情况。 (二)合作原则与幽默话语的关系 如果说要遵循“数量准则、质量准则、关联准则和方式准则”的合作原则是一位西装革履、步态稳健的中年人,那么幽默话语就是一位穿着休闲时尚、语态随意轻松的新新人类。合作原则与幽默话语的结合,就是传统沉稳美与时尚活力没的结合,在这种结合中,传统的合作原则难免要接受新的挑战,甚至在一定程度上被打破。以下,本文以数量准则和质量准则为例,对合作原则与幽默话语进行举例分析。 (1)幽默话语与数量准则 合作原则之质量准则要求说话者和听话者之间交谈的内容要包含适当的信息量。但是在实际的语言环境中,我们常常需要打破这一数量原则,来起到幽默话语的喜剧效果。例如: Jack:I saw Mr Green having lunch with a woman the day before yesterday. Eason:Oh my god!Is she beautiful? Jack:Yes,she is not only beautiful,but also young. Eason:Dose Mrs Green know about it? Jack:Of was the young and beautiful woman. 在这段对话中,Eason理解的和Mr Green共进午餐的年轻貌美的女人应该是除了Mrs Green以外的其他女人,同时也不是Mr Green家里的其他女性亲戚。而Jack如果不想引起误会的话,应该直接说他前天看到Mr Green和Mrs Green共进午餐,但是为了引起Eason的好奇心,促使他进一步追问,就在第一句话中只说看到Mr Green与一位女性共进午餐,这虽然是违反了数量准则的,但也就此产生体现了幽默话语的有趣、逗乐原则。而Eason心理期待与实际情况之间的落差导致其认知的突然重构,给交谈双方带来乐趣,达到愉悦和反讽的效果。 (2)幽默话语与质量准则 合作原则之质量准则要求说话者不说自知是虚假的话,不说无稽之谈,但是在幽默话语中,说话者经常会采用诸如反语、夸张的休息手法。这样虽然会打破“质量准则”,但是带来的幽默效果也是非常显著的。在上世纪90年代即被引入中国并风靡十几年的美国NBC情景剧《老友记》中就存在很多这样的例子。例如: Phoebe:You do not want to wine the lottery? Rose:Uh surely I do,and I want to be the king of my own country. 通过思考并分析这段对话,我们得出Phoebe问Rose,你是否对有意买彩票,有没有兴趣去试一下自己的运气,通过片中的特点情景和人物关系,我们可以看出Rose对彩票不感兴趣,但是她没有直接了当的说“没兴趣”,而是采用了幽默话语说“想啊,我当然想,我还想当国家元首呢。”因为一个平民是几乎没有可能成为国家元首的,所以Rose的话语是违背了质量准则的。但是,这种“有意违背”和“夸大其词”正是这段对话的笑点所在。 三、幽默话语与指称语 指称语(indexicals)就是具有指称功能的语言结构形式,是日常生活中常见的语言现象。是发话人与受话人,在共同的知识环境、语言环境下,可以彼此理解的,映射出话语的,潜在的指称义和指称关系。当指称语所指示的信息不明确或者出现谬误,发话人的意思就是变得令人费解,幽默话语很可能就此产生。同时,指称语还受到人文背景、社会文化、交际距离、环境等多种因素的影响。指称语可以分为人称指称语、时间指称语、地点指称语等等,其中以人称指称语最为常见。我本文就以人称指称语为例,幽默话语和指称语之间的关系。 人称指称语可以分为第一人称、第二人称和第三人称,是对话参与者角色关系的客观体现。第一人称是发话人、第二人称是受话人、第三人称是话语谈及的对象。在话语中,如果这种规则被打破,就会出现人称指称语不相对应的现象,可能会起到幽默效果。例如: Jim was down the local pub with his mate Mark. Jim:Do you know,Mark,I never kissed my wife before we were about you?” Mark:I don’t know,What was her maiden name?” 这段对话是Jim与Mark之间的酒后之言。Jim的提问,真正的意思是“Have you ever kissed your wife before you were married?” 在指称语中,第二人称是针对受话人而言的,谈及的是隐私或伤痛,所以受话人Mark就采用了幽默话语来回避问题,轻描淡写地将这一问题带过去了,其机智幽默值得我们参照和学习。 四、关联理论与幽默话语 从关联理论的角度来看,受话者会故意曲解发话者的意图,到处与发话者截然相反的信息,产生意外的幽默效果。例如: Teacher:Tom,there were three peaches,ate one,how many would you have? Tom:Three,tow outside and one inside. Tom作为孩子,其对事物的思考方式不同于成人,因为无法认清老师出题的意图,而给出出人意料的答案,起到了幽默的效果。 结语: 从上述讨论中,我们可以看出,在不同语境中,人们会对对话意义、指称语、 语言意义等的理解产生偏差或者错位。幽默话语具有深层次的、含蓄的、深沉的、巧妙的作用,避免交际中的尴尬或难堪,增强语言表达的效果,可以起到愉悦交流、点缀生活的作用。 关于英语语言学论文范文参考篇2 浅谈从建构主义角度探析英语语言学教学 21 世纪 教育 的基点是终身学习,是不断提出问题、解决问题的学习,是敢于打破狭隘的专业界限面向真实复杂任务的学习。在英语课程学习过程中,学生普遍认为英语语言学这门课更加的枯燥,无味和吃力。英语语言学课程涉及面广、内容多、概念多、理论多,理论性和实践性都很强;同时英语语言学课时少,而语言学的发展引起的教学内容不断扩充,暴露出和教学时数有限之间日益严重的矛盾。因而继续沿用传统的教学理念和教学模式进行教学已经不能适应新形势下的教学过程,必须用一种更好的教学方式,使学生和老师尽快适应新形势的要求。 随着建构主义学习理论的出现,提出了建构主义的教学设计。建构主义强调情境、协作、会话和意义建构四大要素,倡导以“学”为中心的理念。将建构主义的教学理论引入到英语语言学教学过程中,进行了许多有益的尝试,取得了显著的效果。 1 建构主义的四大要素 在 学习 方法 上建构主义提倡的是教师指导下的以学生为主体的学习,在学习环境上要求是开放的、充满意义解释和建构性的,理想的学习环境主要有情境、协作、会话和意义建构四大要素构成。 “情境”:学习环境中的情境必须有利于学习者对所学内容的意义建构。这就意味着在建构主义学习环境下,要把为学生创设建构意义的情境问题看作是教学设计的主要内容之一。“在课堂教学中播放有助于理解教学内容的录像、录音、参与 社会实践 、向学生提供网络的丰富的学习资源等等,凡是有助于学习者理解掌握学习内容的情境,都属于情境创设的范畴。” “协作”:协作发生在学习过程的始终。协作在一定意义上是协商的意思。协商主要有自我协商和相互协商。 “会话”:会话是协作过程中的不可缺少环节。学习小组成员之间通过会话来商讨如何完成规定的学习任务达到意义建构的目标,怎样更多地获得教师或他人的指导和帮助等等,推进学习进程。在会话的过程中,每个学习者的思维成果(智慧)为整个学习群体所共享 ,因此会话是达到意义建构的重要手段之一。 “意义建构”:这是整个学习过程的最终目标。在学习过程中帮助学生建构意义就要帮助学生对当前学习的内容所反映事物的性质、规律以及该事物与其他事物之间的内在联系达到较深刻的理解。 2 建构主义环境下对英语语言学教学启示 强调以学为中心的设计 在建构主义学习环境下,师生的地位、作用与传统的教学发生了很大的变化。学生由知识的被动接受者转变为信息加工的主体、知识意义的主动建构者。教师也不再是知识的灌输者,而是教学环境的设计者、学生学习的组织者和指导者、知识的管理者,是学生的学术顾问。因此,教师要从前台退到幕后,从“演员”转变为“导演”。在建构主义的语言学教学中,学习环境中要充分发挥学生的主动性,教师要为学生创设尽可能真实的情境去应用他们所学的知识。具体来说,英语英语语言学课程教学应该激发教学主体的主动性和积极性,强调教学任务的适合性和针对性,注重教学环境的互动性和趣味性。 强调学习环境的设计 建构主义教学设计的重心便是学习环境的设计。这里的学习环境是一个支持和促进学习者自主探索、自主学习的场所。学习环境的设计应围绕支持学习者开展有意义的学习来创设支持条件。它主要包括基于问题的学习环境的设计、合作学习环境的设计、真实情境的设计等。建构主义学习环境的设计的宗旨是通过支持学习者的有意义学习,促进学习者的发展。 例如,在讲授语言的任意性时,不少学生对于语言中音和义之间没有必然的联系这一属性存在疑惑,原因是在语言中的确存在一些音和义有一定联系的语言现象,如拟声词,对于这种问题,教师可以在深入讲解之前,给学生布置一些任务,让他们课前收集英语中的拟声词,并让其与汉语中对应的拟声词相比较,然后以 报告 的形式在课上做出来,教师则在这一过程中起着引导、监督、组织的作用,在学生做完报告后,教师做出归纳 总结 。 教学任务的适合性和针对性 语言教学中任务的设置必须以学生的实际情况为前提,任务太困难或太容易都不利于学生主动建构知识。在选择英语语言学课程教学内容时,应适当减少课堂教学内容的广度和深度。所选课堂教学内容如下:语言、语言学、语音学、音系学、句法学、语义学、语用学、二语习得、语言与文化。明确学习任务,选择训练方式,使学生有足够的机会进行练习。教师应懂得如何控制自己的情绪,并通过积极的语言来激励学生。应及时地对正确回答问题,出色完成学习任务的学生进行表扬。如:Well done!Very good!Good job! Excel lent!这些词语看似简单,却能给学生以信心和动力。同时,对学生的缺点和不足要多指导,少批评少责备。 3 建构主义的教学评价 建构主义评价观具有几个方面的特征。首先,诊断性和 反思 性是建构主义学习评价的重要组成部分。这就意味着,学习者必须从事自我监控、自我测试、自我检查等活动,以诊断和判断他们在学习中所追求的是否是自己设置的目标。其次,建构主义评价观认为评价是评价者和被评价者“协商”进行的共同心理建构过程,评价受“多元主义”价值观所支配。因此,建构主义注重评价主体的多元化和评价方式的多样化。再次,建构主义认为,评价是学习者活动过程中的一个必然组成部分,而不是教学后的评价,它是一个持续性和实时性的镶嵌过程。因此,建构主义强调过程性评价,倡导“质性”的方法。所谓过程性评价是在某项教学活动的过程中,为使活动效果更好而不断进行的评价,它能及时了解阶段教学的结果和学生学习的进展情况、存在问题等,以便及时反馈,及时调整和改进教学工作。可见,建构主义评价观提倡以学为中心的理念,更加关注学生的发展。 4 结束语 建构主义教学观为课堂教学提供了新模式,为习惯于被动式接受的学生阐释了学习的新理念,从而为英语语言学课堂的教与学带来了新的启示和体验。在英语语言学课堂教学中教授学习策略,引导学生自主学习及改进 教学方法 。这些方面有助于学生建构知识,形成能力。 参考文献 [1]陈莉.社会建构主义与外语教学[J].外语论坛, 2003(1). [2]胡壮麟.对中国英语教育的若干思考[J].外语研究, 2002(3). [3]盛群力、__强.现代教学设计论[M].浙江教育出版社,2000

语言学在人类文明史中具有悠久的历史和深远的影响,语言学在某种程度上记录了人类历史的演变程序。下文是我为大家整理的的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考! 篇1 论模糊语言学与英语教学 摘要:语言的模糊性是语言的基本属性之一,如同语言的社会性、符号性、系统性、生成性、冗余性一样,各种语言不无具有模糊性,英语也不例外。就模糊语言学在英语教学中的运用、二者之间的关系等方面谈谈认识,以期抛砖引玉,与同行一起探讨这个新学科领域的话题。 关键词:模糊性;英语教学;教学大纲 自从最早由美国加利福尼亚大学电机工程系控制论专家查德. Zadeh在《资讯与控制》Information and Control杂志上发表论文“模糊集”Fuzzy Sets开始,就标志著模糊学或模糊理论的诞生,随着模糊理论研究的发展,模糊语言学Fuzzy linguistics也应运而生。虽然,模糊语言学是最近二三十年才兴起的一门学科,并且是介于语言学与模糊学之间的边缘学科,然而,由于它是研究语言和言语中的模糊现象的学科,其模糊语言的理论和方法可以用来指导外语教学。因此,从它的诞生开始就引起了语言教学领域,尤其是英语教学领域的高度重视。 一、模糊语言学与英语教师 尽管模糊语言学是语言理论学科系列中正在形成的一门新学科,但由于在我们赖以生存的现实中模糊事物和人类思维中模糊概念、模糊逻辑的普遍性,更由于模糊的特征是英语语言的一种重要的自然特征,作为英语教师要搞好英语教学,就非常有必要在语言理论基础方面增加模糊语言学的理论知识。 完全可以想象,如果英语教师具备了一些模糊语言学的基本知识,就能较好地把握语言的模糊性,在英语教学实践过程中与纷繁复杂的语言现象打交道时,处理和解决语言问题就能更加灵活得体。例如,在英语翻译教学中,模糊语言学理论尤为重要。我们知道,由于自然语言中绝大多数词都是模糊词,因此,在翻译时处处都会遇到模糊言语现象,也迫使译者在处理这些现象时使用模糊翻译方法。下面引用一段欧亨利小说While the Auto Waits中的描写来说明这个问题: To repeat:Her dress was gray,and plain enough to mask its impeccancy of style and fit. A large meshed veil imprisoned her turban hat and a face that shone through it with a calm and unconscious beauty. She had e there at the same hour on the day previous, and on the day before that;and there was one who knew it. 再叙述一下那位姑娘吧:她身着灰色衣服,十分朴素,但很时髦,又非常合身,一条大网面纱遮住了她的头巾式无檐帽和面孔,但透过面纱,仍能瞥见她那文静而又美丽的脸庞。她昨天、前天在同样的时候来过这儿,坐上片刻。几天来,有一个人注意到了这种情形。 对比以上译文,可以发现在对英文的翻译中使用了许多语义模糊的词语,就连动词Shone的原意也不得已而忽略了,代替以模糊表达意思“瞥见”。而在上面这段文字中尤其是在文艺作品的翻译中,如果不采用模糊表达的翻译方法,既无法将原文的基本意思展现出来,更谈不上翻译文学作品要达到的“信、达、雅”的标准,自然也谈不上文学翻译的再创造了。由此我们也体会到,作为英语教师掌握一定模糊语言学理论知识的必要性和重要性。 二、运用模糊语言学理论正确认识教学大纲的模糊性 统一的英语教学大纲是英语教学的指导性档案,可以说是英语教学的指挥棒。然而,由于教学大纲内容本身存在着一定的弹性和不精确性,也就是在此谈到的模糊性,当在看待英语教学大纲时也不能视为“放之四海而皆准”的硬性准则。 例如,在针对全国普通高专颁布的《普通高等专科英语课程教学基本要求》中关于教学目的的内容是:“培养学生掌握必需的、实用的英语语言知识和语言技能,具有阅读和翻译与本专业有关的英文资料的初步能力,并为进一步提高英语的应用能力打下一定的基础。”以上短短的一段话就包含了几个模糊限制语,譬如“必要的、初步的、一定的”。这些不精确的用语本身就说明了高专英语教学目的具有模糊性,而这些模糊性的限制语又恰恰说明了高专英语教学目的适时得体,符合实际的要求。同时,这对于评价教师的业绩以及学生的成绩都大有好处。 比如,在评价一位英语教师的教学效果时,我们能不能因为某些学生的英语应用能力强而另一些学生较弱就判定这位教师的业务能力不行,或教学态度不好呢?如果这样认为,恐怕这种评价就有失公允,也不切合实际,因为,在高专英语的教学基本要求中的教学目的本身具有模糊性,不精确性。并且,事实上,一些学生的应用能力强而部分学生弱都是教学中必然存在的现象,也是教学大纲允许的,也正是由于教学大纲中教学目的的模糊性而必然造成的结果。 除了以上谈到的教学目的具有模糊性外,其中“应用能力”这个术语也具有模糊性。虽然教学目的中明确提出“培养学生掌握必需的、实用的英语语言知识和语言技能,具有阅读和翻译与本专业有关的英文资料的初步能力,并为进一步提高英语的应用能力打下一定基础”。 在这里虽然明确提出了“应用能力”,然而且不说模糊性极强的“一定的基础”的表述,仅就“应用能力”这个术语在大纲中并没有做任何说明,因而表现出较强的不确定性和模糊性。事实上,根据现今外语教学领域里大多数专家的共识,英语“应用能力”主要指的是由美国著名的社会语言学家海姆斯提出的“交际能力”。这种“交际能力”的概念还包含了由转换生成语法的创始人乔姆新基提出的“语言能力”petence.根据海姆斯的观点,“交际能力”包含了: 1语言能力——即语言知识,包括语音、词汇、语法的知识; 2社会语言能力sociolinguistic petence——即使用功能变体和言语功能的能力; 3话语能力discourse petence——即学会怎样用语言来做事、交流; 4对应能力strategic petence——交际是一种彼此之间的协调,在协调中有各种对应手段,如怎样能开始一段谈话,怎样转换话题,怎样结束谈话等。 因此,就“应用能力”这个术语运用于英语教学中时,英语教师究竟该怎样认识和理解,究竟该怎样去培养学生的“应用能力”,以及怎样理解“交际能力”中包含的四种能力,或许对于许多教师来说仍旧是模糊的。然而,只有当我们了解了“应用能力”的模糊性之后的这样一个大前提,才可能对“教学大纲”和“教学目的”有进一步的理解和认识。这样,在英语教学过程中才不会简单地、绝对地看待“应用能力”的问题,也才能符合实际地、有的放矢地组织教学,以期收到更好的教学效果。 三、运用模糊语言学正确认识英语教学法的模糊性 英语教学法流派多种多样,理论各异,新观点、新方法、新学派层出不穷。到目前为止,已有十几种教学法流派存在。如,传统的语法翻译法Grammar Translation Method、听说法Audio lingual Method、阅读法Reading Method、认知法Cognitive Approach、暗示法Suggest Method、视听法Audio Visual Method,以及近几年产生的程式教学Programmed Instruction和计算机辅助语言教学puter aided Language Instruction等等。 从这些英语教学学派的产生和发展历史来看,它们都不是随心所欲的,都有其一定的社会文化背景,其哲学、教育学、心理学、语言学等理论基础之间既存在着相互排斥、相互矛盾的各具特色的个性,同时也存在着相互制约、相互联络、相互继承发展的共性关系。而恰好就是这种共性关系使各学派之间的界限彼此模糊,呈现出你中有我,我中有你的局面。比如,听说法和视听法,这两种教学法既在基本特点上存在差异,又存在着共性,表现出二者之间的界限是模糊的。 听说法的基本特点强调:1以句型结构操练为主;2在口语基础上培养书面语;3不用母语;4反复模仿,强化操练。而视听法的基本特点强调:1幻灯影象和录音视听相结合;2感知整体结构的对话;3充分利用幻灯、录音视听教具;4在口语基础上进行书面语教学;5集中强化教育。 概括地讲,二者界限的模糊性表现在:1它们都强调在口语基础上培养书面语能力和用外语讲解外语以培养外语语感;2它们所产生的心理学基础都是行为主义心理学Behavioristic Psychology和描写语言学descriptive linguistics,而这就不可避免会使它们彼此之间存在着共性。 可见,在英语教学过程中了解并掌握英语教学法的不同流派的个性、共性以及彼此间的模糊性,从而扬长避短,博采众长,对于建设中国特色的外语教学法体系大有益处。 综上所述,探讨以英语为主的外语教学同模糊理论以及模糊语言学的关系,提倡用模糊语言学的理论和方法来指导英语教学,将有利于提高我国英语教学水平。 参考文献: [1]李晓明.模糊性:人类认识之谜.人民出版社,1985. [2]苗东升.模糊学导引.中国人民大学出版社,1987. [3]陈治安.模糊语言学概论.西南师范大学出版社,1997. [4]Chomsky, and Mind. New York: Harcourt,Brace & World,1972. [5]Zadeh,L. A.“Fuzzy sets” Information and Control,1963,8:338-2353. [6]Zadeh,.“Quantitative Fuzzy Semantics”,Information Sciences,1971,3:159-2176. 篇2 论大学英语语言学习策略 摘要:英语语言学习策略的研究是一个年轻的领域,本文对国内外英语语言学习策略研究的发展做了概括介绍,分析了大学英语教学存在的问题和探讨了英语语言学习策略的研究方法。 关键词:英语语言 策略 研究 在现代大学英语教学中,普遍呈现出来的现象为:高校英语语言教学人员对英语的教与学的认识已经发生了很大的变化,学生如何学习已成为教育研究的重点。 一、国内外英语语言学习策略研究的概况 语言学习策略是学习者为了取得更好的语言学习效果而采取的各种策略,即学习者在学习外语过程中对有效的学习方法的选择和使用。学习策略研究不仅有助于语言学习者的个体差异,而且对外语语言的教和学及建构产生了重大影响。国内外研究者以认知心理学为理论研究的基础,将英语学习策略分为认知策略、元认知策略、情感策略和交际策略。 一国外英语语言学习策略研究的发展 研究语言学习策略的外国研究者有Ruhin, Naiman ,Wong Filhnore,Stern, A Wenden, Jam M alley, Chamol, R Oxford以及A. Cohen等。20世纪70年代初,外语教学法研究停滞不前以及认知心理学的迅速发展促使外语教学研究的重点从研究教师如何“教”转向研究学习者如何“学”。这时的语言学习策略的研究在语习得研究中占有重要地位。 这一研究很快发展成语言学习策略的研究。旱期的语言学习策略研究注重归纳并描述学习策略和刘一学习策略进行分类。之后,研究者在研究的深度、广度及研究方法等方面有较大改进,是学习策略研究的第一个重大发展。早期的学习策略研究无论是在方法上还是在研究成果上都给后来的研究打下了良好的基础。 20世纪80年代后,语言学习策略的研究得到了迅速的发展,A. Wenden, Jam Mallev, U. Chamo}, R. Oxford以及A. Cohen等研究者刘一学习策略进行深入研究,最具典型性和代表性的是。Malley等人的研究,他们以认知学习理论为指出将语言认知过程和学习策略相关联,得出一整套理论化的语言学习策略。随着语言学习策略研究的深入开展,有关学习策略的论著也越来越多,如W enden和Ruhin于1987年编辑出版的论文集Learner Salegies in Language Learning《语言学习,},的学习者策略。 Malley和Chamo于90年代出版的专著Learner Salegies in Second Language Acquisition《第一言习得中的学习策略》以及Oxford于1990年出版的专著LanguageLearning Every Teacher Should Know《语言学习策略:教师须知》等。Oxford还建立了语言学习策略调查问卷Salegiese InveWorv for Language Learning。 二国内英语语言学习策略研究的发展 我国对语言学习策略的研究从20世纪80年代中期开始,研究者有黄小华、桂诗春、刘润清、文秋芳等,他们在自己的论著中都涉及到语言学习策略。这此学者的研究为教育研究打下了良好的基础,他们的研究对于语言教学有指出意义,对英语学习者的学习也有实践指出意义。 这一阶段的语言学习策略研究有如下特点:第一,学习策略研究是以各种语言学习理论为指导的研究。Krashen的监控理论、Aderson的认知学习理论以及其他对学习者本体研究的成果都为学习策略研究者提供了丰富的理论基础。第二,学习策略研究逐渐从巨集观转向微观。研究者针刘一阅读理解策略、听力理解策略、词汇学习策略等进行单项研究。第三,研究者重视学习策略研究的方法,认为研究方法关系到研究结果的信度和效度。第四,学习策略研究从理论走向实践。研究者认为只要是被证明有效的学习策略,就可以培训学习者使川这此策略,从而提高他们的学习效果。 20世纪90年代以来,我国外语界学者们对中国学生的外语学习策略展开了广泛的研究,发表了大量论文。1996年,文秋芳所著《英语学习策略论—献给立志学好英语的朋友》成为国内第一部专门论述语言学习策略的著作。 2002年,程晓堂和郑敏编写的《英语学习策略》表明语言学习策略研究在我国进入了一个新的阶段。 二、大学英语教学存在的问题和英语语言策略研究方法 改革开放以来,我国的大学英语教学取得了迅猛的发展,教学质量取得了显著的提高。然而,由于各种复杂的因素,很多大学生在外语学习上花了大量的时间和精力,但学习的效果并不理想。有此教师仍采取传统的以知识讲解为重点的教学方法,忽视培养学生的学习方法和学习策略。 二目前大学英语教学存在的问题 随着国际交流的深入发展和竞争的日益激烈,社会对外语人才的去求在数量、质量、层次和种类上要求更高。然而,我国的大学英语教学明显滞后,相当部分大学生几乎把大学学习的前一两年都花在了英语学习上。造成这样结果的原因主要包括:外语教学理论研究薄弱;师资质量不高;;教学水平有限;外语教学应试倾向严重;外语教学上形式和教学方法缺乏创新;学生学习态度不积极;学习不得法;中小学、大学外语教学严重脱节等。 另一方面,我国外语教学理论研究和实践上也存在误区,如外语学习越早越好;外语是一门知识课;外语是教会的;外语学习有捷径可走;外语学习年限越氏越好;交际能力就是说话能力等。这此都影响了我国外语教学质量的提高与发展。 要提高大学英语教学水平,关键在于教师怎么教和学生怎么学。有此教师欠缺语言学习策略理论知识,未从学习者角度探索学习方法,因而无法指出学生的学习。因此,要使学生在英语学习中形成有效的学习策略,教师首先应参与学习策略的学习和研究。探讨和研究英语学习策略并在教学中指导和渗透学习策略,是当今英语教师又一个重要任务。 二英语语言学习策略研究方法 要指导和培训大学生英语学习策略,英语教师应掌握一定研究方法和技巧,学会观察和记录资料,并掌握分析方法。 一般来说,英语语言学习策略研究的型别有:自然调查survey,对研究contrastive study,相关性研究correlational study,发展研究developmental/ longudinal study和策略训练研究strategy training}。学习策略研究资料采集的方法有:观察法observation,问卷调查法}questionnaire ,访谈interview},日记diary和口头报告verbal roport。 目前国内外的研究趋势是定性研究与定量研究相结合,而且定性研究有增加的趋势。研究者通常采用多种方式收集资料,以客观全面地反映事实、深入分析,避兔所得的结论的片面性。因此,英语教师在进行策略研究中应多角度采集资料,采用定性与定量研究,探索有效的指,,和培训学生的方法,提高教学效果和自身的科研水平。 参考文献: [1] Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition. University Press. 1990. [2] 束定芳.外语教学改革:问题与对策[J].上海:上海外语教育出版社.2005: 4.

关于研究孔子的论文英文

confucius Confuius's given name is Qiu, also styled Zhongni. He was born in QuFu, China, 551 ., and died in 479 .. Confucius founded confuciansism--the famous philosophical school in the history of China. The kernel of his thought is Ren(benevolence), its form of expression is Li(the Rites). Confucius travlled from one state to another preaching his doctrines until he was old. He spent his last years in compiling and editing. His works include Book of Spring and Autumn, Book of Odes, Book of History, Book of Rites, Book of Music and Book of change. These six books regarded as the classical works of Confucianism have been handed down to the present time. He founded the first private school in Chinese history. He was the teacher of 3,000 disciples among whom 72 were Sages. His major sayings were written down in Lun Yu (The Analects), one of the Four Books. Confucius lived in the late Spring and Autumn period(770-476 ). In his last years he lived in relative poverty and no longer enjoyed great fame. But after his death, his thought continued to influence the Chinese people for over 2,500 years. His doctrine on morality and ethics has had a great effect on their ideology, strenthening the unity of the nation and making it known to the world for its courteous dealing and solemn rites. Confucius said, "Let there be three men walking together: from the nmuber I should be sure to find my instructor." "To make accomplishment you must help others to be accomplished too." "Never be satiated with you knowledge and never be tired of teaching."... Today, these philosophical sayings are still shining brilliantly. In the long span of the Chinese history, the descendants of the Yellow Emperor have been righteously proud of the existence of the outstanding Confucius. The influence of the great thinker and educator has now exceeded the national boundary and spread to other parts of the world. It is our earnest hope that through more understanding of Confcius and the bridge of friendship and cultural exchange, we can make the world filled with more love, justice and peace. We wish also that we offspring of the Yellow Emperor, either in China or abroad, through better understanding of Confcius and academic research, will be more inspired with nationalism, and find a new way of making the past serve the present, and redouble our efforts for rejuvenation of China.

很多自己摘录些吧His ancestry is unknown and was largely self-educated according to the history. Later became a teacher, philosopher and political theorist, but was unable to gain a worthwhile position where he could put his theories into practice and, after years of traveling, returned home to continue teaching until his death at the age of 72. Although during his lifetime he had little influence outside his own band of disciples, Confucianism has been the dominant philosophical system in China for over 2000 ' Social PhilosophyConfucius' teachings and his conversations and exchanges with his disciples are recorded in the Lunyu or Analects, a collection that probably achieved something like its present form around the second century BCE. While Confucius believes that people live their lives within parameters firmly established by Heaven—which, often, for him means both a purposeful Supreme Being as well as ‘nature’ and its fixed cycles and patterns—he argues that men are responsible for their actions and especially for their treatment of others. We can do little or nothing to alter our fated span of existence but we determine what we accomplish and what we are remembered represented his teachings as lessons transmitted from antiquity. He claimed that he was “a transmitter and not a maker” and that all he did reflected his “reliance on and love for the ancients.” (Lunyu ) Confucius pointed especially to the precedents established during the height of the royal Zhou (roughly the first half of the first millennium, BCE). Such justifications for one's ideas may have already been conventional in Confucius' day. Certainly his claim that there were antique precedents for his ideology had a tremendous influence on subsequent thinkers many of whom imitated these gestures. But we should not regard the contents of the Analects as consisting of old ideas. Much of what Confucius taught appears to have been original to him and to have represented a radical departure from the ideas and practices of his also claimed that he enjoyed a special and privileged relationship with Heaven and that, by the age of fifty, he had come to understand what Heaven had mandated for him and for mankind. (Lunyu ). Confucius was also careful to instruct his followers that they should never neglect the offerings due Heaven. (Lunyu ) Some scholars have seen a contradiction between Confucius' reverence for Heaven and what they believe to be his skepticism with regard to the existence of ‘the spirits.’ But the Analects passages that reveal Confucius's attitudes toward spiritual forces (Lunyu , , and ) do not suggest that he was skeptical. Rather they show that Confucius revered and respected the spirits, thought that they should be worshipped with utmost sincerity, and taught that serving the spirits was a far more difficult and complicated matter than serving mere ' social philosophy largely revolves around the concept of ren, “compassion” or “loving others.” Cultivating or practicing such concern for others involved deprecating oneself. This meant being sure to avoid artful speech or an ingratiating manner that would create a false impression and lead to self-aggrandizement. (Lunyu ) Those who have cultivated ren are, on the contrary, “simple in manner and slow of speech.” (Lunyu ). For Confucius, such concern for others is demonstrated through the practice of forms of the Golden Rule: “What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others;” “Since you yourself desire standing then help others achieve it, since you yourself desire success then help others attain it.” (Lunyu , ). He regards devotion to parents and older siblings as the most basic form of promoting the interests of others before one's own and teaches that such altruism can be accomplished only by those who have learned self-restraint involves studying and mastering li, the ritual forms and rules of propriety through which one expresses respect for superiors and enacts his role in society in such a way that he himself is worthy of respect and admiration. A concern for propriety should inform everything that one says and does:Look at nothing in defiance of ritual, listen to nothing in defiance of ritual, speak of nothing in defiance or ritual, never stir hand or foot in defiance of ritual. (Lunyu )Subjecting oneself to ritual does not, however, mean suppressing one's desires but instead learning how to reconcile one's own desires with the needs of one's family and community. Confucius and many of his followers teach that it is by experiencing desires that we learn the value of social strictures that make an ordered society possible (See Lunyu .). Nor does Confucius' emphasis on ritual mean that he was a punctilious ceremonialist who thought that the rites of worship and of social exchange had to be practiced correctly at all costs. Confucius taught, on the contrary, that if one did not possess a keen sense of the well-being and interests of others his ceremonial manners signified nothing. (Lunyu ). Equally important was Confucius' insistence that the rites not be regarded as mere forms, but that they be practiced with complete devotion and sincerity. “He [., Confucius] sacrificed to the dead as if they were present. He sacrificed to the spirits as if the spirits were present. The Master said, ‘I consider my not being present at the sacrifice as though there were no sacrifice.’” (Lunyu )While ritual forms often have to do with the more narrow relations of family and clan, ren, however, is to be practiced broadly and informs one's interactions with all people. Confucius warns those in power that they should not oppress or take for granted even the lowliest of their subjects. “You may rob the Three Armies of their commander, but you cannot deprive the humblest peasant of his opinion.” (Lunyu ) Confucius regards loving others as a calling and a mission for which one should be ready to die (Lunyu ).2. Confucius' Political PhilosophyConfucius' political philosophy is also rooted in his belief that a ruler should learn self-discipline, should govern his subjects by his own example, and should treat them with love and concern. “If the people be led by laws, and uniformity among them be sought by punishments, they will try to escape punishment and have no sense of shame. If they are led by virtue, and uniformity sought among them through the practice of ritual propriety, they will possess a sense of shame and come to you of their own accord.” (Lunyu ; see also .) It seems apparent that in his own day, however, advocates of more legalistic methods were winning a large following among the ruling elite. Thus Confucius' warning about the ill consequences of promulgating law codes should not be interpreted as an attempt to prevent their adoption but instead as his lament that his ideas about the moral suasion of the ruler were not proving troubling to Confucius was his perception that the political institutions of his day had completely broken down. He attributed this collapse to the fact that those who wielded power as well as those who occupied subordinate positions did so by making claim to titles for which they were not worthy. When asked by a ruler of the large state of Qi, Lu's neighbor on the Shandong peninsula, about the principles of good government, Confucius is reported to have replied: “Good government consists in the ruler being a ruler, the minister being a minister, the father being a father, and the son being a son.” (Lunyu ) If I claim for myself a title and attempt to participate in the various hierarchical relationships to which I would be entitled by virtue of that title, then I should live up to the meaning of the title that I claim for myself. Confucius' analysis of the lack of connection between actualities and their names and the need to correct such circumstances is usually referred to as Confucius' theory of zhengming. Elsewhere in the Analects, Confucius says to his disciple Zilu that the first thing he would do in undertaking the administration of a state is zhengming. (Lunyu ). Xunzi composed an entire essay entitled Zhengming. But for Xunzi the term referred to the proper use of language and how one should go about inventing new terms that were suitable to the age. For Confucius, zhengming does not seem to refer to the ‘rectification of names’ (this is the way the term is most often translated by scholars of the Analects), but instead to rectifying behavior of people so that it exactly corresponds to the language with which they identify and describe themselves. Confucius believed that this sort of rectification had to begin at the very top of the government, because it was at the top that the discrepancy between names and actualities had originated. If the ruler's behavior is rectified then the people beneath him will follow suit. In a conversation with Ji Kangzi (who had usurped power in Lu), Confucius advised: “If your desire is for good, the people will be good. The moral character of the ruler is the wind; the moral character of those beneath him is the grass. When the wind blows, the grass bends.” (Lunyu )For Confucius, what characterized superior rulership was the possession of de or ‘virtue.’ Conceived of as a kind of moral power that allows one to win a following without recourse to physical force, such ‘virtue’ also enabled the ruler to maintain good order in his state without troubling himself and by relying on loyal and effective deputies. Confucius claimed that, “He who governs by means of his virtue is, to use an analogy, like the pole-star: it remains in its place while all the lesser stars do homage to it.” (Lunyu ) The way to maintain and cultivate such royal ‘virtue’ was through the practice and enactment of li or ‘rituals’—the ceremonies that defined and punctuated the lives of the ancient Chinese aristocracy. These ceremonies encompassed: the sacrificial rites performed at ancestral temples to express humility and thankfulness; the ceremonies of enfeoffment, toasting, and gift exchange that bound together the aristocracy into a complex web of obligation and indebtedness; and the acts of politeness and decorum—such things as bowing and yielding—that identified their performers as gentlemen. In an influential study, Herbert Fingarette argues that the performance of these various ceremonies, when done correctly and sincerely, involves a ‘magical’ quality that underlies the efficacy of royal ‘virtue’ in accomplishing the aims of the . Confucius and EducationA hallmark of Confucius' thought is his emphasis on education and study. He disparages those who have faith in natural understanding or intuition and argues that the only real understanding of a subject comes from long and careful study. Study, for Confucius, means finding a good teacher and imitating his words and deeds. A good teacher is someone older who is familiar with the ways of the past and the practices of the ancients. (See Lunyu ) While he sometimes warns against excessive reflection and meditation, Confucius' position appears to be a middle course between studying and reflecting on what one has learned. “He who learns but does not think is lost. He who thinks but does not learn is in great danger.” (Lunyu ) Confucius, himself, is credited by the tradition with having taught altogether three thousand students, though only seventy are said to have truly mastered the arts he cherished. Confucius is willing to teach anyone, whatever their social standing, as long as they are eager and tireless. He taught his students morality, proper speech, government, and the refined arts. While he also emphasizes the “Six Arts” -- ritual, music, archery, chariot-riding, calligraphy, and computation -- it is clear that he regards morality the most important subject. Confucius' pedagogical methods are striking. He never discourses at length on a subject. Instead he poses questions, cites passages from the classics, or uses apt analogies, and waits for his students to arrive at the right answers. “I only instruct the eager and enlighten the fervent. If I hold up one corner and a student cannot come back to me with the other three, I do not go on with the lesson.” (Lunyu ).Confucius' goal is to create gentlemen who carry themselves with grace, speak correctly, and demonstrate integrity in all things. His strong dislike of the sycophantic “petty men,” whose clever talk and pretentious manner win them an audience, is reflected in numerous Lunyu passages. Confucius finds himself in an age in which values are out of joint. Actions and behavior no longer correspond to the labels originally attached to them. “Rulers do not rule and subjects do not serve,” he observes. (Lunyu ; cf. also ) This means that words and titles no longer mean what they once did. Moral education is important to Confucius because it is the means by which one can rectify this situation and restore meaning to language and values to society. He believes that the most important lessons for obtaining such a moral education are to be found in the canonical Book of Songs, because many of its poems are both beautiful and good. Thus Confucius places the text first in his curriculum and frequently quotes and explains its lines of verse. For this reason, the Lunyu is also an important source for Confucius' understanding of the role poetry and art more generally play in the moral education of gentlemen as well as in the reformation of society.

Kong Zi is a great thinker, statesman and educator of ancient China, the Confucian school, the theory has not only affected the development process of China for thousands of years, also profoundly affected the patterns of thought and behavior of each of the Chinese people, become the theoretical foundation of Oriental character and psychology. Profound Confucian culture represented by Kong Zi created, constitute the mainstream and the foundation of Chinese traditional culture, today is still in social life play a significant positive advocated kindheartedness, emphasized by the ritual music system support interpersonal harmony, harmony, building a harmonious society this is modern social the modern Confucius culture is still very popular. The creation of Kong Zi culture festival held in and around the Kong Zi Institute have allowed Kong Zi to continue to improve the cultural influence is not 译文:孔子是中国古代伟大的思想家、政治家、教育家,儒家学派创始人,其学说不仅影响了中国几千年的发展进程,还深刻地影响著每一个中国人的思想和行为模式,成为东方人品格和心理的理论基础。以孔子为代表创立的儒家文化博大精深,构成了中华民族传统文化的主流和基础,时至今日仍在社会生活中发挥着巨大的积极作用。 他倡导仁爱,强调以礼乐制度支持的人际和谐,以和为贵,这也是现代社会构建和谐社会的思想。 在现代孔子文化依然很流行。孔子文化节的举办和各地孔子学院的创建都使孔子文化的影响力不断不提高 生词多吗?望采纳!很辛苦的。

Confucius is the founder of Confucianism, the core of his thought is "benevolence", "ceremony." "Benevolence" of the claim is "benevolent love", the idea is to require the ruling class people, and against tyranny. Confucius believed that, to achieve the "love", but also follow the "Faithfulness and Forgiveness" is "Do unto others, do not impose on others" requirements. "Li" is the idea of "Misinterpretation", that is to restrain themselves so that they comply with "gift" requirement, Confucius, the pursuit of "ritual" is a particular sub-system level of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Confucius was further proposed the "rectification of names" proposal is the correct hierarchical order to achieve equal status and orderly. This reflects the conservative side of his political thinking. Confucius, Mencius thought comes. Mencius, Confucius's "benevolence" to "benevolent" doctrine. He believes that the implementation of "benevolent" to be "system property from the public," so that each household has acres of fields, mu of the house, have a basic means of production; "not won the farming season" to ensure that farmers work time; " Province penalty, tax grabbing thin "so that people have the lowest material living conditions; strengthen moral education so that people understand," filial piety the faithful, "the truth. Mencius see people suffer exploitation and oppression of the feudal landlord class suffering in an attempt to use these measures to ease class conflict, to consolidate the rule of the landlord class, but it is still good for the development of production. With the "benevolent" theory linked, Mencius also proposed a "people Gui-Jun light" idea, said: "people, boat followed, the king of light" ("Mencius down"). He believes that people only with the support of monarchy, to obtain and maintain a dominant position, so he should implement the main Zhang Guojun, "benevolence", and the public "fun." The monarch harm people, people can kill. Business King Zhou was a famous tyrant in history, King Wu, he thought killing right, said: "Kazuo Zhou Wen punish men, and did not hear Regicide also" ("Mencius, under King Hui of Liang"). Mencius, although sympathetic to the people, condemned the tyrants of the side, but his political ideas, or maintenance of the feudal system, so he preached: "Auntie who govern people, labor are governed. Rule in the people who eat people, government people who eat others observed throughout the world righteousness "(" Mencius Tengwen Gong on "). This view has long been the system of exploitation as a defense for the theoretical basis.

关于英语教材的研究论文

专业英语教学论文2000字范文

在日常学习和工作生活中,大家都写过论文吧,论文对于所有教育工作者,对于人类整体认识的提高有着重要的意义。相信很多朋友都对写论文感到非常苦恼吧,下面是我精心整理的专业英语教学论文2000字范文,希望对大家有所帮助。

论文题目: 高等农业院校专业英语教学的思索与探讨

摘要: 专业英语在高等院校的课程设置中占有重要的地位,尤其是农业院校的专业设置与国际先进的技术紧密接轨,本科生以及研究生对专业英语的掌握直接影响到其将来研究课题的质量。本文针对高等农业院校专业外语教学中的教材编撰、教学内容、教学方法等环节进行了讨论,针对现有的问题提出解决的方案,以期提高高校专业英语的教学质量。

关键词: 专业英语;农业;高等教育

专业英语也称为科技英语,与高等院校开设的大学英语课程有较大的区别,是各个专业结合本专业特点,向学生讲授的主要包含本专业或者相关专业英语词汇及科技论文相关内容的一门英语课程。大部分专业都会开设专业英语课程,有些还作为学生的必修课来进行,以此促进学生以国际化的视角来深入理解所学的专业知识。农业院校由于其所开设专业的特点,除常见的栽培学、植物保护学、植物营养及环境相关的英文内容外,大部分专业也都会涉及分子生物学、生物化学等领域的一些专有名词、术语及相关内容。不同院系在专业英语课程设置上也有所不同,有的设为必修课,有的设为选修课,有的设为研究生课程,由此可见,各个院系都很重视专业外语在本科生、研究生培养中的重要作用和不可或缺的地位。本文从农业院校专业英语的教学出发,对农业相关院校开设专业英语课程中所遇到的问题和亟待解决的问题进行了分析,并探讨了加以改进和完善的途径和方法,以期推动农业院校专业英语教学的专业化和国际化,达到所期望的教学目的。

一、根据专业特点编撰教材

目前,专业外语的教学尚无针对农业院校专业特点编撰的相关专业外语教材,开设专业外语的院系多采用自编的形式为教学搜集素材和教学内容。并且,随着授课老师的更换,讲授的内容也会随之发生一定的变化,根据授课老师专业的不同,教学内容也偏向某一特定领域。目前这种状况对学生学习专业词汇相当不利,对于将来的英语论文写作也没有太大的帮助。针对这一情况,不同院系应该根据本院系的专业设置组织相关人员编写适合本院系专业的英语教材,教材内容应囊括本院系所设置专业的基本英语词汇和理论知识。这样本院系学生在学习专业英语过程中不仅仅能接触到本专业的英语词汇和论文知识,对于相关专业的英语词汇也有较广泛的认知,由此扩大学生的词汇量与知识储备。编撰过程中应注意涵盖基本理论和知识的英语词汇和科技文章,可以参考相关专业中文教材中的重点教学内容来组织英文教学内容,这样学生在学习过程中可以对中、英专业知识进行对照学习,比较容易形成系统的知识体系,也可以避免学生在学习过程中对于一些专业理论知识只识中文而不知英文表达方法,或者学到专业英语词汇时却不知道对应的中文表述。当学生有了扎实的中文理论知识,再进一步学习专业英语知识时,就很容易产生兴趣,也会产生较好的教学效果。

二、增加英文文献教学内容

由于农业院校的专业特点,不可避免的会学习到本领域内一些先进的理论和技术,而教材在选择内容上偏重较为基础的知识。理论和技术的发展是日新月异的,因此无法在教材中迅速、及时的体现出来。那么在讲授过程中就应该适时的增加2~3篇最新的英文研究文献进行讲授,让学生在学习了基本的英语词汇和知识之后也能接触到本领域最先进的研究理论、成果和技术,以此调动学生学习专业英语的积极性,激发学生进一步求学或深造的愿望。这部分英文文献讲授内容可以从国际知名杂志的刊发内容中选择,而且讲授内容的可变灵活性可以让每一届学生都能接触到当年最新发表的一些相关专业的科学论文,有利于学生知识的更新。英文文献的教学内容作为专业英语教材教学内容之外的补充,能够更好地体现专业英语的重要性以及提高学生对于专业词汇的理解和应用的能力。对于某些需要发表论文的学生更加重要,在论文的撰写方面将起到尤为积极的作用。

三、提高教师的专业英文及学术水平

目前担任专业英语课程的教师普遍具有较好的英语表达和写作能力,但由于其专业的局限性,往往发生这种情况,即在讲授自己较为熟悉或与自己的研究领域较近的英语词汇及知识时得心应手,讲的也比较透彻,而在涉及自己较为陌生的英语词汇及知识时,就稍显不足,讲解也稍显欠缺,不免给学生讲授内容不均匀的感觉,使得学生在学习本课程时也受讲授老师的影响而偏向某一方面的英语学习。针对这一情况,相关院系在安排任课老师时,可根据教材内容和教师专业及英文水平安排2~3位老师任课在讲授不同内容时,由对要讲授的内容较为熟悉的教师讲授,这样就可避免对教材内容讲授不均、甚至略过某一内容的现象发生。同时,任课老师也要不断的提高自己的英语表达和写作水平,不断地阅读和学习最新的研究文献,充实自己的知识,并努力提高自己的专业学术水平,这样在课程的学习中,学生才可以通过老师学习到更新、更专业的专业英语。

四、加强与学生的英文交流

在专业英语的授课过程中,多数教师会选择多用中文进行解释讲析,或者对一些专业词汇与生僻词汇以中文加以解释,在整个过程中仍然以中文为主。英译中成了最主要的授课模式。为了使学生建立英文思维,教师可以尝试以英文解释英文,并且在与学生的交流过程中尽可能的使用英文。这样除了会取得较好的教学效果,也可激发学生的英语学习兴趣。当然,这种以英语为主的授课模式与教师和学生的英语水平有极大的关系。任课老师应该以此为目标,在不断提高自己英语水平的基础上,积极与学生以英文为主要交流语言,通过专业英语课程使得教师和学生都有所收获。学校也应适当的给教师提供进修学习的机会,以不断提高教师的水平,保证专业英语的授课质量,也为本专业的发展与国际接轨提供保障。

五、提高学生的英语交流能力

专业英语的授课对象是高校学生,包括本科生与研究生,学生的英语水平直接影响学生专业英语的学习效果。任课教师可以在课程讲授过程中鼓励学生以自己感兴趣的方向为主要内容,撰写英文的短小综述或简介,并请学生在全班或者小组间以英文进行交流讨论,或将自己的观点进行阐述。通过这样的学习方式提高学生的英语交流能力,掌握专业词汇的使用和表述方法。教师也可以根据院系条件聘请相关专业的外国专家讲授部分学时的课程,提高学生的国际交流能力,鼓励学生参加国际会议,加强与国际专家的交流与联系。只有学生有兴趣,教师有能力,学习有条件,专业英语课程才能取得高质量的教学效果,才能为培养全面发展的优秀学生提供保障。

六、使用多媒体教学

无论哪类课程,现在基本上都以多媒体教学为主。有的课程可以图文并茂的向学生展示教学内容,并配以老师的讲解,课堂氛围就会相对活泼。但是,专业英语课程有其特殊性,主要依赖文字教学,即在老师制作的幻灯中多以文字出现,同时教师的讲解也受英语语言水平的限制,多以中文加以说明。这样的内容呈现方式较为枯燥乏味,学生容易产生疲惫、厌学的消极情绪。针对这种情况,教师可以选择购买一些与专业有关的英语科教影像制品,在适当的讲解过一些专业词汇后进行播放,在播放过程中,也可对影像中出现的`生僻词汇和用法进行讲解,或对讲解中未曾涉及的新技术或理论加以解释。这样既能引发学生的学习兴趣,也可锻炼学生的英语听力,同时增加了学生的专业词汇量,也可取得更好的教学效果。当然,影像内容的选择受市场现有产品的限制,在选择范围较窄的时候,教师可以选择相关学科的影像制品作为替代,比如,分子生物学专业的英语课程可适当选择生命的起源、地球的形成或者生物进化等方面的教学内容,也可起到同样的效果。

七、与专业实验相结合

由于多数农业院校开设的专业都有其相应的实验技术,且实验教学是专业教学中不可或缺的内容。专业英语在教学过程中也可和相应的专业实验教学相结合,担任专业英语课程的教师也应该同时能够胜任实验教学,这样在一次实验课程设置中就可以完成两项教学内容,同时使学生学习实验技术和专业英语词汇,起到双重的作用。可以增加实验课程的课时量,这样学生就有充分的时间来学习、消化学习的技术和词汇,并可在学生的自己动手过程中加深印象。

八、增加课下英语交流时间

英语语言的提高只有在不断的应用过程中才能实现,专业英语也不例外。由于高校的英语考试制度,学生学习英语的热情普遍较高,但对专业英语却不太积极。针对这一点,可以在课下增加英语交流时间,不仅仅是任课老师,也可邀请其他课程英语水平较好的老师参加,针对一些学生学习过程中的问题进行讨论。这样可以使学生在与老师的交流中提高专业英语水平,也提高了学生学习普通英语的积极性,使课程与课程之间互相产生良性循环,彼此促进,取得更好的英语学习效果。并且,课下的英语交流对于教师不断提高自己的专业与英语水平也是一个促进,只有这样才能保证高水平的教学质量。

综上所述,专业英语既是一门基础课程,也是一门外语课程,其内容涉及英语与中文两种语言,也涉及专业基本理论知识,对于教师的要求较高。任课教师既要具有较高的学术水平也要具有较高的英语水平,并且要不断的充实、提高自己才能培养出全面发展、优秀合格的学生。专业英语教学过程中,要充分掌握课程特点,极力创造好的教学条件,配备雄厚的师资力量,才能取得一流的教学质量。

参考文献:

[1]杨燕.高校专业外语教学改革的思考[J].教育教学论坛,2014,(14):36-37.

[2]胡伟莲,戴德慧.生物工程专业英语课程教学改革探讨[J].教育教学论坛,2013,(41):53-54.

[3]万冬,潘杰.制药工程专业外语教学改革[J].科技创新导报,2014,(17):92-92.

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大学英语分级教学的ESP教学研究论文

摘要 :大学的英语学习是英语学习历程中最为重要的阶段。在此之前,我们所接受的英语教学全部都是应试教学,是为了能够让我们顺利通过高考而进行的教学。进入大学之后,这一切已经有了改变,我们教学的目的已经从理论转向了实际的应用。大学英语目前在我国实行分级教学模式,是为了区分不同英语水平梯度的学生。做到了合理的分级,我们就可以对他们进行有针对性的教学了。这种针对性教学,也就是我们所说的ESP教学。文章中,我们将对ESP教学的各个方面展开探讨,以符合我国国家发展和学生自身成长的需要。

关键词 :大学英语;分级教学;ESP

前言

大学英语分级教学是我国高等教育的一大突破。通过对学生进行分级,可以更好地了解到学生的英语水平和学习英语的能力层级,并且我们还可也以进一步对学生学习的重点进行分类,培养出一批拥有英语特长的学生。这种教学就是我们今天所要讲的基于大学英语分级教学的ESP教学。通过对这种教学模式的研究,我们将能够重新认识到我国高等教育未来的发展方向,为我国培养出更多更优秀的人才而打定坚实的基础。

一、进行大学分级教学的ESP教学的优越性

(一)ESP教学的含义

ESP是英文EnglishforSpecificpurposes的缩写,意思是为特殊目的而准备的英语。在我国,这种教学模式的推广是十分有必要的。在这种模式推广之前,我国的大学英语教育基本就是走个过场,老师不好好教学生不好好学,大家的目标只有简单的一个:通过大学英语四级考试。这也是我国整体上教育体系的通病,一切的学习仿佛都是为了考试,没有了考试就没有了学习的动力。很多刚上大学的学生都在抱怨,为什么我上了12的学才学到的英语,到大学就一点用处都没有了呢?为什么我在大学学习英语,感觉英语水平越来越差了呢?这其实都是以前的大学英语教育体制带来的弊端。因为大家都是从不同的省份以不同的成绩来到同一所大学,英语的水平肯定差别很大。但是以前的大学英语教学不会在意到这一点,对所有的学生都实行这种没有作为的英语教育体系,导致了一些英语水平高的学生根本不屑于听讲,不屑于继续学英语,一些英语水平低的同学就自暴自弃,丧失了对英语的学习兴趣,英语水平自然也就得不到提高。我们目前实行的ESP教学体系,是基于大学英语分级教学的。学生进入到大学以后,首先要面临的,就是一次大学英语的分级考试。这次考试将根据成绩将学生分配到不同等级的英语教学班,每个等级的教学班都会针对本班学生的水平制定一个合适的教学方案,确保学生能够得到适合自己水平的英语教学。分好班之后,学校会根据学生的需要,为学生进行独特的英语教学。比如学习国际贸易专业的学生,我们就可以对他进行商务英语的针对性教学;学习旅游管理的,我们就教授他们一些旅游英语的相关知识;学习医学的,我们就让他们在医学英语上多下点功夫。这样,每个学生都能够得到对自己未来发展最有益处的英语教学。ESP中的S就能够得到一定程度的体现。ESP教学的基本含义也就是这样。针对不同学生使用英语的不同目的,进行有强烈针对性的英语教学,从而实现学生的专业化发展,为我国提供高素质的专业人才。

(二)ESP教学有助于学生的终身发展

英语是世界上最通用的语言,是人们与世界对话的一个重要媒介。一个人英语水平的高低,将一定程度上决定她发展空间的大小。但是我国以往所进行的大学英语教学,往往不会使得学生的英语水平有丝毫的提高,反而会导致学生丧失对英语学习的兴趣,从此放弃掉英语的学习,为他的终身发展埋下巨大隐患。除此之外,那种教学就算能够学到一点东西,也只是一些很笼统的东西,并不能在学生之后的专业学习和实际生活中得到应用。ESP教学就可以解决这些问题。ESP教学是针对不同需求,不同水平的学生而进行的,可以有效地提升学生学习英语的实用性,使学生认识到学习英语的重要性,从而激起学生学习英语的兴趣,有利于其终身发展。如果我们还是采取以往的旧的英语教学模式,那么学生就不可能提起任何对于学习英语的兴趣,更不用说学习一些能够使他终身受用的英语技能了。ESP的一大特点就是有针对性。它能够使非英语专业的学生接触到大量的英语专业知识,并且可以选择出对他未来的发展收益更高的英语学习内容。这样,学生既可以认识到学习英语的必要性,又可以通过英语这个媒介更深刻的认识到自己的专业和未来的从业方向,可以说是一举两得。从理论上讲,接受过ESP英语教学的学生,将会在未来的职位竞争中更占优势,因为他们可以将英语运用到自己所探索的专业领域,从而消除了自己与国际接轨的障碍。除此之外,当他们真正的投身到专业岗位的工作中以后,他们也会因为专业英语水平的优秀而得到更多的晋升机会,得到更多参与对外交流的机会,也就是有更多的机会来锻炼自己,提升自己各方面的能力。换句话说,ESP教学有助于学生的终身发展,这一点,应该是毋庸置疑的。

(三)ESP教学有利于我国英语教育水平的提高

ESP教学能够提升学生学习英语的兴趣,从而带动他们以更饱满的热情面对大学英语的学习,从而有利于他们终身的发展。不仅如此,ESP英语教学还一定程度上的冲击了我国的英语教育模式,刺激我国英语教育水平的提高。在ESP这种模式诞生之前,我国的大学英语教学模式都是一抓一大把的无差别式教学。就是将所有的学生聚到一个屋里,找一个老师滔滔不绝的讲。问老师讲了没有?讲了。学生呢,就在下面玩的玩,睡的睡,完全没有课堂的严肃感。这种枯燥乏味的教学模式是我国初等教育英语教学模式的一种延续,甚至还不如初高中所进行的英语教育有效。初中高中,学生们学习英语的目的只有一个,那就是考试。考试的压力迫使他们进行英语的学习,虽然不是很情愿,但是不得不提,这种教育的效果还是不错的。起码他们迎接高考的时候游刃有余。到了大学,考试的压力减小了很多,甚至可以说是没有压力。很多人来到大学都只是为了一个毕业证书,考试什么的只要通过就行。他们会寄希望于自己初中高中学到的英语知识,并且往往结果不会令他们失望。但是他们没有意识到的是,英语作为一种交流的媒介,将在未来他们的工作和生活中占有重要地位。如果在大学期间,不但没有学到什么英语的知识,反而因为长时间的荒废而导致英语水平的下滑,那么对于他们的终身发展是极其不利的。ESP教学就从根本上解决了这一点。ESP教学模式是基于大学英语分级教学之上的一种新型的英语教学模式,这种教学模式将会有重点的将一些专业的英语知识教给学生,从而满足他们日后工作和生活的需要。这种教学模式的完善和推广,是我国英语教育的一大进步,更是我国教育体系的一大进步。它将改变我国英语教育长期以来的应试风气,提醒人们,英语实际上是一种交流的工具,而不是考试的范围。这也有利于我国英语教学水平的提高。这种模式的成功推广,将从各个阶段打破原有的英语教育规则,使得小学、初中、高中的英语教育都能够焕发出新的面貌。英语教育的根本目的是培养一批能够和国际顺利接轨的人才,而不是一群只会参加考试的学习狂。从这个角度来看,ESP教学的确有利于我国英语教育水平的提高。

二、目前我国ESP教学过程中存在的不足

(一)学校对学生的分级不够精确

ESP教学是基于大学英语分级教学之上的。也就是说,没有分级教学的支撑,ESP教学是无法取得良好的效果的。我国的ESP教学经过一段时间的发展,已经略有成效,但是在这方面仍然存在不足。学校对于学生分级的不够精确,成为了ESP教学发展的一大阻碍。分级教学的意义就在于将来自不同省份、对于英语重视度不同、英语水平和英语学习能力不同的学生们区分开来。这种分级,会使一个英语班级当中各位同学的英语水平能够大致相同,方便教师进行统一的教学。我国的高校目前来看,对于英语分级的重视程度还不够,很多学校对于学生的分级还是不够精确。出现这个问题的原因有几个:学生的重视程度不够是其中之一。很多学生都认为,开学进行的第一场考试往往不是那么重要。学生刚刚度过一个漫长的假期,学习英语这件事早就被他们抛向了脑后。对于英语的分级考试也不是那么重视,也没有好好的复习,没有找回英语的语感,自然不会再英语分级考试中发挥出自己应有的水平。还有一些自作聪明的同学,他们觉得进入高级一点的英语班会面临更加困难的考试,承受更大的学习压力,便故意不发挥出自己全部的实力来进入比他们实际水平稍低的英语班。这些因素,都导致了大学英语分级的不准确性。学生们自己的所作所为,将会给其带来终生的遗憾。除此之外,学校也应该对英语分级的不准确性负有一定的责任。学校一般不太重视英语分级考试的重要性,认为给我什么样的学生我都能够教。所以他们在准备入学的分级考试的过程中就往往不会那么认真。有很多学校的入学考试试题根本就毫无区分度,做得好坏全凭运气。这也十分不利于大学英语分级的准确进行。这些不准确的分级,将会对之后的ESP教学产生不良的影响。水平高的学生如果分入到了较低等级的班级,就会在班级竞争中占据绝对优势,从而丧失了对英语学习的兴趣。一些捡漏进入高级版的同学,也会慢慢的.发现自己跟不上老师和其他同学学习英语的步伐,逐渐的丧失学习的信心。这两种情况无论是那种发生,都将对我国ESP英语教学模式的不断推进造成不良的影响。

(二)学生接受ESP教学的意识不足

ESP的教学也是教学的一种,也需要教师和学生的共同配合才能够顺利完成。ESP作为一种新生事物,尚且还没有得到大家的重视,导致了学生接受ESP教学的意识还不够主动。很多学生都会表示不适应这种新型的教学模式。当他们在其他课程中习惯了上课睡觉、玩手机之后,要想再让他们在课堂上学习一些对自己终身发展有着无限益处的知识,就基本是不太可能的了。这在很多方面都有体现。就像上文中谈到的,很多学生为了避开高压的学习环境,会主动选择少考几分,进入到低于自己水平很多的英语等级班进行学习。他们为了一时的轻松就放弃了自己终身发展的机会,既可恨又可悲。不仅如此,那些已经开始接受ESP教学的学生也有的完全没有意识到英语的重要性。依然按照其他科目的方式进行大学英语的学习,如果他们那样做算是学习的话。他们依然会上课睡觉、玩手机、交头接耳,当教师提问他们问题的时候,他们就会悄悄问下周围的同学,或者直接放弃回答。久而久之,教师对于他们的热情也会逐渐消散,他们也会失去这个提升自我的好机会。学校对于ESP的宣传也不够到位,很多学生在还没有弄明白ESP究竟是什么的时候,就已经进入到班级学习了。这十分不利于他们在分级考试中的发挥,更不利于激发他们在英语课堂上的积极性。总之,学生接受ESP教学的积极性不足是一个危害这种教学模式推广和学生终身发展的的大问题,这个问题的起因,一方面在于学生自身,还有一方面在于学校。只有各方共同努力,才能够完成既定的英语教学任务,从而使学生得到终身的发展,国家得到优秀的人才。

(三)进行ESP教学的师资力量不够

ESP教学作为一种教学模式,需要有大量的师资力量保证才能顺利进行。ESP教学将学生分成了许多不同等级的班级,并且还将对这些班级进行有针对性的英语专业教学。英语的专业教学有很多方面,比如商务英语、法律英语、警务英语等。这些专业性的英语一般需要教师既具有英语素养,又拥有大量的专业知识才能够讲授。并且分级教学也要求教师具有照顾不同层次学生的能力。这些要求,使得我们搜寻合适教师的任务变得愈发艰难。很多高校都没有大力实行这种ESP教学模式,一个重要原因,就是师资力量远远达不到那种要求。为了解决这一个问题,国家已经出台的大量的政策来扶持ESP教学的发展,吸引专业人士加入到ESP教学的事业当中。但是这些还远远不够。这种专业人才的培养不仅需要大量的资金支持,还需要一个比较漫长的周期。也就是说,在未来的较长一段时间内,我国的ESP教学都将面临着师资力量不足的问题。不过,我们也可以通过各方面的努力来解决这个问题。我们可以从国外引入大量的有关人才来从事教学工作,当然这样做需要大量的资金支持。我们也可以加快有关人才的培养周期,促使他们尽快进入相关岗位进行教学工作。与此同时,我们应该向学生、院校以及全社会大力宣传这种ESP教学模式,在这种模式真正的得到全面性推广之前让人们对它怀有充足的期待,并且乐意看到它的发展。有了全社会的共同支持,ESP教学自然可以的到飞速的发展,师资力量不足的问题也一定能够很快的得到解决。

(四)教材的缺乏

ESP英语教学也同其他的英语教学一样,需要用到一些专业的教学器械和教学道具。教材就是一种最重要的教学道具。目前,我国的ESP英语教学还处在初级阶段,很多类别的英语教材还不够全面。有一些教材根本就是滥竽充数,出自一些不知名的小作家之手,想要趁着这个全面推广的大潮来谋取私利。还有一些教材,虽然也是出自名家之手,但由于时间仓促,作者没来得及进行仔细的斟酌就成稿,教材中会存在着大量的错误和纰漏,这给教师的教学和学生的自学带来了一定程度的混乱。除此之外,很多教材还存在着不成体系的问题。拿警务英语为例,警务英语教学中往往需要我们先做一些英语理论的铺垫才能够正式的进入到学习的过程中。但是目前市面上关于警务英语的教材,往往都是直接抛出一大片专业的英语词汇供大家记忆。不仅如此,在细节分支方面也做得不够好,比如处理交通肇事与刑事案件所需的对话内容就会有所不同,不能套用一个模板。这些方面我们如果不能进行体系化的教学,学生根本不可能看得明白。为了解决这方面的问题,需要多方的共同努力。一些具有这方面专业素养的人才,应当大胆的进行教材的创作,先保证满足目前的教学需要,再一步步的进行修订,以满足更高的教学需求。出版方要对教材进行严密的核查,避免其出现低级的文字错误,保证出版物的质量。教师们要积极研究教材的使用方式,为教材的编写努力提供有用的建议。学生在使用教材的过程中,更要大胆质疑,勇于提出自己的问题,帮助教材进行进一步的整改。只有各方面都行动起来,我们的ESP英语教学教材才能够得到进一步的完善。

三、结束语

ESP教学是基于大学英语分级教学的一种新型英语教学模式,它一改往日英语教学的笼统性,从专业的角度对学生进行英语素养的提升。这样的教学模式,一方面带动了我国英语教学领域的思想革新,另一方面也为学生的终身发展提供了良好的保障。但是,我国的ESP英语教学由于刚刚起步,还存在着学生不重视、老师不会教、教材不完备等方面的问题。但我们相信,只要各方面都能够行动起来,努力解决ESP推广过程中的一切问题,ESP专业英语教学一定会取得令人瞩目的成绩。

参考文献:

[1]蔡基刚.ESP与我国大学英语教学发展方向[J].外语界,2004(2):22-28.

[2]蔡基刚.专业英语及其教材对我国高校ESP教学的影响[J].外语与外语教学,2013(2):1-4.

[3]杨秋红.ESP教学实践与思考———如何架起大学英语与双语教学的桥梁[J].高教学刊,2016(15):37-38.

[4]徐戈,贺彩虹.高校中外合作办学专业英语(ESP)教学质量保障体系研究[J].高教学刊,2016(11):11-12.

[5]丁小龙.慕课“背景下以内容为依托的大学”英语ESP教学模式研究[J].高教学刊,2017(05):67-68.

小学英语教学研究论文

英语教学不仅是一门课程教学,还是一种新语言能力的教学、新思维方式的培养。下面是我想跟大家分享的小学英语教学研究论文,欢迎大家浏览。

【摘 要】

随着社会的发展及我国与世界不断融合,英语作为一门交际语言日益引起重视,小学英语作为学生学习英语的基础阶段,会对学生未来的英语学习产生重要的影响,但当前小学英语在教学过程中却存在诸多问题,本文主要阐述了小学英语教育面临的困境,并在此基础上,对如何优化小学英语教学给予了合理化建议,希望能对相关人士产生裨益。

【关键词】

小学英语 教育困境 对策

目前小学英语在教学过程中面临诸多困境,比如学生学习兴趣不高,英语环境不好,教学方法陈旧落后等,这些问题的存在严重阻碍了小学英语教学质量的提高,如何采取行之有效的措施走出教学困境,成为摆在教师面前亟待解决的问题,下面我们就来做具体的研究和探讨。

一、小学英语教学面临的困境

(一)没有良好的语言学习环境

良好的语言环境是学生提高英语水平的有效举措之一,但当前很多小学并没有营造出良好的英语学习环境,主要是缺乏“说”英语的环境,英语是一门语言,是语言就要在实际当中运用,但是在小学英语教学中,根本就没有“说”英语的环境,除了教师在课堂上讲英语之外,学生们在课下根本就不用英语对话,更别提所谓的英语角了,致使学生学到的都是“哑巴英语”,口语能力极其低下。

(二)英语教师专业水平低下

英语教师自身专业水平不高,很多小学英语教师并非科班出身,只是受到几个月的培训就上岗了,由于未接受正规的英语专业教育,致使很多教师英语发音不准确,对语法知识了解不透彻,而小学生正处于语言学习的重要时期,语言模仿能力也最强,英语教师发音不准确势必会对孩子们造成误导,造成他们语音语调不正确,进而影响他们未来英语的顺利学习。

(三)学生学习英语的兴趣低下

造成孩子们学习英语兴趣低下的原因有很多,归结起来主要有以下几点,一是学校没有给予足够的重视,很多小学没有把英语置于和语文、数学同等的位置,致使英语课时被语文和数学老师无情地瓜分了,学生学习英语的机会较少,自然不会产生太大的兴趣;二是很多小学生在刚接触英语时,会感觉新奇、刺激,学习起来也会比较认真,比较有热情,但是随着英语神秘感的消失及学习难度的增大,很多学生开始对英语学习产生排斥、畏惧心理,激不起学习英语的兴趣。

(四)教师教学方法单一、教学模式陈旧落后

首先很多小学英语教学在授课过程中仍然采用“填鸭式”的教学方式,直接灌输给学生音标、词汇等英语基础知识,极少与学生沟通和交流,忽视学生感受和想法,这种单一的教学方法,不但缺乏新意,还难以激发起学生的学习兴趣;其次教师仍然把自身置于课堂的绝对主导地位,忽视学生的主体地位,不能把学生作为教学的中心,致使英语课堂常常出现这样的现状,教师在讲台上讲得兴趣盎然,学生在下面听得昏昏欲睡。

二、优化英语教学质量应该采取的举措

(一)教师要注意营造良好的英语学习环境

要营造良好的英语学习环境,教师要着重做好以下几方面工作,一是教师要注意给学生提供一个互动化的课堂语言环境,鼓励学生张开口说英语,引导学生与自己、学生与学生之间进行英语对话,尽力创设一个民主、和谐、轻松的交际气氛,让学生主动投入到英语语言学习中去;二是教师可创设专门的英语角,让学生们在课下有用英语交流的氛围和环境,鼓励学生们合理恰当运用英语角进行英语学习。

(二)教师要采取多种措施激发学生学习英语的兴趣

兴趣是最好的老师,只有学生对英语学习充满兴趣,才能促使他们自觉进行探索和学习,在遇到困难的时候也勇敢面对,因此教师必须注重对学生学习兴趣的激发,具体可采取如下措施,一是教师可以积极运用灵活多变的教学方法,满足小学生喜爱发挥创造及表现的心理需要,比如可经常组织英语演讲比赛、英语口语比赛、英语作文比赛等,给予学生充足的表现机会,相信学生们的积极性一定会被充分调动起来,踊跃参加这些活动。在这一过程中,不但提高了学生的英语水平,还增强了他们的`自信心。二是小学生正处于好奇心最强而注意力容易分散的阶段,鉴于这种情况,教师可采用直观教学的方式来吸引学生的注意力,比如利用实物、模型、语言的形象来帮助学生对单词的理解,使学生对学习的单词、句子及其所指事物形成深刻清晰的表象或情感体验,进而达到正确理解的效果。

(三)采用多样化的教学方法

陈旧的教学模式及单一的教学方法给英语教学带来诸多弊病,因此对其进行改善势在必行,首先教师要真正把学生当做教学的中心和主体,关注学生的兴趣、个性及不足之处,尊重学生的感受和想法,鼓励学生积极参与到课堂教学中来,形成师生良好互动的氛围;其次要采用多种方式不断丰富课堂内容,比如开展形式多样的英语课外活动,鼓励学生用英语朗诵、唱歌、讲故事等,这样既满足了小学生娱乐的需求,又激发了他们学习英语的兴趣。

(四)加强英语师资队伍建设

强有力的师资队伍是提高英语教学水平的基础和保障,没有充足的师资力量,提高教学质量就是纸上谈兵,因此学校必须采取行之有效的措施加强师资队伍建设,学校要采用优厚的福利待遇,面向社会广泛招聘英语科班出现的高素质人才,吸引英才投入到英语教学中来,此外还要加强对本校已有教师的业务培训,鼓励教师及时进修和学习,不断提高自身专业水平,进而在教学过程中做到游刃有余。

结语

从以上内容的论述中我们可知,要解决小学英语困境,提高英语教学质量并非一蹴而就的,需要我们作出长期艰苦的努力,在实践中注意总结和探索,争取找出更有效的方法,提高学生学习英语的兴趣和效果。

关于研究英国婚礼的论文

中西方结婚习俗对比与结合!自从汉武帝“废黜百家,独尊儒术”之后,世人的婚姻越来越重礼轻爱。为了促进社会的稳定,防止有人钻墙窥隙做出苟且的事,儒家特别提倡礼法制度,规定只有举行正式仪式的婚姻才被社会和家庭认可。所谓“婚姻之道,谓嫁娶之礼。”婚姻礼仪包括议婚、订婚和结婚等全部过程的礼仪程式,主要分为“成妻之礼”和“成妇之礼”。“成妻之礼”分为“六礼”,即纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期和亲迎。 “成妇之礼”即拜见公婆、拜谒祖庙。婚姻大事草率不得,当事人是没有自主权的,而是由媒人与父母参预或作主~中国婚礼的产生中西婚礼文化比较自古以来,婚姻是人伦之首,更重要的是人们可以透过纷繁绚丽的婚俗,更清楚地认识人类社会历史,探索人类社会发展的基本规律。随着中国加入WTO,中国和西方国家间的经济、文化交流日渐频繁,中国和西方国家人民之间的合作和往来与日俱增,这种要求更显迫切。而对西方国家文化、风俗习惯的了解仅限于课堂是远远不够的,因此开展对西方国家文化、风俗习惯的研究,所以我们选择此课题作为研究对象。几乎在每一种社会文化中,都有举办婚礼的习俗。人类似乎天生就有这么一种需要:用婚礼将丈夫和妻子之间的关系公开确定下来。但是,婚礼的形式却随着人类社会的进展不断地发生着变化,不过万变不离其宗,所有婚礼习俗中都设计了一些颇有难度的环节。西方在19世纪以前,少女们出嫁时所穿的新娘礼服没有统一颜色规格,直到1820年前后,白色才逐渐成为婚礼上广为人用的礼服颜色。这是因为英国的维多利亚女王在婚礼上穿了一身洁白雅致的婚纱。从此,白色婚纱便成为一种正式的结婚礼服。中西文化的差异表现在很多的方面,婚礼是其一。这主要是来自与中西不同的文化背景和历史背景,在不同的思想和风俗的作用下,慢慢演化而成的。但不论在哪个国家,婚礼都充满了祝福和笑声

在英美等西方国家,在婚礼仪式上,新娘和新郎有独特的婚礼证词,与中国传统的婚礼习俗和结婚仪式不大一样。 一般是由神父来主持,这些据说是源于北欧的古代婚礼习俗……面纱起初新娘戴面纱是作为年轻和童贞的象征,信奉天主教的新娘戴面纱代表纯洁。因此,许多新娘在赴教堂举行婚礼的时候都选择戴双层面纱,新娘的父亲将女儿交给新郎以后,由新郎亲手揭开面纱。钻戒《圣经》上说,在远古时代,男子向女子求婚时的证物就是指环。9世纪时,教皇尼古拉一世颁布法令,规定男方赠送婚戒给女方是正式求婚所不可缺少的步骤。头饰新娘子在婚礼当天佩戴头饰的习俗由来已久,古时的女子在适婚年龄都会头戴花环,以区别于已婚妇女,象征着童贞。新娘礼服的颜色代表着传统,也有特定的含义:白色代表纯洁童贞,美国和英国常用的黄色是爱神和富足的象征。花束鲜花代表激情和奖赏,传达出繁荣富饶和出类拔萃的讯息,有幸接到新娘花束的人将有好运气,也会是下一个喜结良缘的人。新娘站在新郎的左边这个习俗起源于抢婚盛行的年代,由于担心新娘的家人会在婚礼上将新娘抢回去,新郎必须空出右手来随时应战。互吻根据习俗,婚礼是以新人的亲吻而宣告结束。这一吻有着深刻的含义:通过接吻,一个人的气息和部分灵魂就留在了另一个人的体内,爱使他们合二为一。抱着新娘入洞房这一习俗是从一些土著部落的婚俗演变而来的,由于这些部落里的单身女子太少,所以男子们要到邻近的村落去抢亲,将她们扛走,免得她们一沾地就会逃走。今天,人们认为,新娘不能用左脚迈进新房的门,所以最好让新郎将新娘抱进房。当新婚夫妇乘车出发度蜜月时,汽车的后面会拴上许多易拉罐,它起源于古代扔鞋子的习俗,参加婚礼的宾客们向新人身上扔鞋子,认为如果有鞋子击中了新人乘坐的车子,那么就会带来好运。汽车鸣笛跟在新人汽车后面的车队一路不停地鸣笛,以驱走恶魔。都说法国巴黎是“浪漫之都”,法式婚礼也为不少女孩子所向往,那法国的婚礼到底有些什么讲究呢?其实,法式婚礼很简单,同时又不失庄重。白色是浪漫的法国婚礼的主色调,无论是布置用的鲜花,还是新娘的礼服,乃至所有的布置装饰,都是白色的,可以看出法国人眼中的婚姻应该是纯洁无瑕的。婚礼上,新娘子会准备手工精细、象征健康以及繁荣图案的柜子作嫁妆,所以此柜子又有“希望之匣”的美称。而新人选用的杯子也有特定的名称,名为“婚礼之杯”。法国人的婚礼既传统又随意。一般婚礼由市长或他的一名副手主持,习惯上是在周二、四、五、六日,从早上9时至下午5时之间。一般的法国人都喜欢选择在周末结婚。这样便于更多的亲友们前来观礼。美国人来源于世界各地,婚礼形式也就迥然各异。有热闹非凡的教堂婚礼;有根本没有宗教仪式的世俗婚礼;还有宾客在山顶上光着脚举行的婚礼。但不管形式多么怪异,仍然包含着一些传统的习俗。例如,新郎与新娘要交换戒指。戒指经常戴在左手的无名指上。婚礼仪式举行后,常常由家中的亲友往新郎新娘身上洒落一把把生米,以此祝愿他们多子多孙。在婚礼仪式后,经常会举行盛大的婚宴,这个婚宴也叫做招待酒会。食物的种类是以新郎新娘的文化传统以及新娘家的喜爱和经济状况来决定。一般都会在角落里放一个有许多层色彩缤纷的大蛋糕,新娘与新郎一起握着刀来切蛋糕。吃过蛋糕以后,新娘站在房间中央的一把椅子上,把花束抛给那些未婚姑娘。

首先,是在传统结婚仪式上面。中国的传统婚俗有“三书六礼”“三拜九叩”这些繁俗礼节。所谓“三书”,就是指聘书、礼书、迎亲书。(聘书:订亲之书,男女双方正式缔结婚约。纳吉(过文定)时用。 礼书:过礼之书,即礼物清单,详尽列明礼物种类及数量。纳征(过大礼)时用。 迎亲书:迎娶新娘之书。结婚当日(亲迎)接新娘过门时用。)而“六礼”是指纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。(纳采:古时婚礼之首,属意女方时,延请媒人作谋,谓之纳采,今称「提亲」。 问名:男方探问女方之姓名及生日时辰,以卜吉兆,谓之问名,今称「合八字」。 纳吉:问名若属吉兆,遣媒人致赠薄礼,谓之纳吉,今称「过文定」或「小定」。 纳征:奉送礼金、礼饼、礼物及祭品等,即正式送聘礼,谓纳征,今称「过大礼」。 请期:由男家请算命先生择日,谓之请期,又称「乞日」、今称 「择日」。 亲迎:新郎乘礼车,赴女家迎接新娘,谓之亲迎。)而在这之间更有换庚谱、过文定、过大礼、安床等一系列的活动。而在这些活动中有着大量的禁忌和礼俗,比如新娘嫁妆中要有剪刀(蝴蝶双飞)、痰盂(子孙桶)、尺(良田万顷)、片糖(甜甜蜜蜜)、银包皮带(腰缠万贯)、花瓶(花开富贵)、铜盆及鞋(同偕到老)、龙凤被、床单及枕头一对、两双用红绳捆着的筷子及碗(有衣食)、七十二套衣服,用扁柏、莲子、龙眼及利是伴着(丰衣足食)等物,每样物品都有其不同的含义。同时,在婚礼进行时也有一定的顺序,按一般的情况,在整个婚礼过程中有:祭祖(男方在出门迎娶新娘之前,先祭拜祖先。)、出发(迎亲车队以双数为佳。)、燃炮(迎亲礼车行列在途中,应一路燃放鞭炮以示庆贺。)、等待新郎(礼车至女方家时,会有一男童侍持茶盘等候新郎,新郎下车后,应赏男孩红包答礼,再进入女方家。)、讨喜(新郎应持捧花给房中待嫁之新娘,此时,新娘之闺中密友要拦住新郎,不准其见到新娘,女方可提出条件要新郎答应,通过后才得进入。)、拜别(新人上香祭祖,新娘应叩拜父母道别,并由父亲盖上头纱,而新郎仅鞠躬行礼即可。)、出门(新娘应由福高德劭女性长辈持竹筛或黑伞护其走至礼车,因为新娘子在结婚当天的地位比谁都大,因此不得与天争大。)、礼车( 在新娘上礼车后,车开动不久,女方家长应将一碗清水、白米撒在车后,代表女儿已是泼出去的水,以后的一切再也不予过问,并祝女儿事事有成,有吃有穿。)、掷扇(礼车起动后,新娘应将扇子丢到窗外,意谓不将坏性子带到婆家去,扇子由新娘的兄弟拾回,掷扇后必须哭几声,且在礼车之后盖「竹筛」以象征繁荣。)、燃炮(由女方家至男方家的途中,同样要一路燃放礼炮。)、摸橘子(迎新车队到达新郎家时,由一位拿着橘子或苹果的小孩来迎接新人,新娘要轻摸一下橘子,并赠红包答礼。这两个橘子要放到晚上,让新娘亲自剥皮,意谓招来「长寿」。)、牵新娘(新娘由礼车走出时,应由男方一位有福气之长辈持竹筛顶在新娘头上,并扶新娘进入大厅。进门时,新人绝不可踩门槛,而应横跨过去。)、喜宴(时下颇流行中西合壁式的婚礼,大都在晚上宴请客人同时举行观礼仪式,在喜宴上,新娘可褪去新娘礼服,换上晚礼服向各桌一一敬酒。)、送客(喜宴完毕后,新人立于家门口送客,须端着盛香烟、喜糖之茶盘。)、闹洞房(新人被整之灾情大小,端视新人是否曾在其他的婚礼上戏弄别人,或平素待人够不够忠厚等。)、三朝回门(在婚后第三天,新妇由夫婿陪同下,带备烧猪及礼品回娘家 祭祖,甚至小住一段日子,然后再随夫婿回家。)。有此可以见到我国文化的繁琐,但不要以为繁琐是我国婚礼的特有特征,其实,不同国家虽然有不同的婚俗,但从繁复的细节与用品的喻意,都可见对婚姻的尊重和期许无分国界。在西方国家中,婚礼时有旧(Something Old)、新(Something New)、借(Something Borrowed)、蓝(Something Blue)等习俗。旧是指母亲传下来之婚纱,头饰或首饰,代表承受美好的一切;新是指朋友送的礼物如裙子,饰物,象征新的生活;借是指可向任何人借东西回来,据说从富裕亲友借来金或银放在鞋内,象征带来财运;蓝是指新娘的一些小饰物或花束用蓝色,意味着新娘的纯洁及贞洁。而在进行婚礼时,西方亦有大量的习俗。比如,在结婚时新娘总要带着一方手帕,西方人认为白手帕象征好运。根据民俗说法,农夫认为新娘在磨擦婚当天所流下的泪能使天降甘露,滋润家作物。后来,新娘在新婚汉天流泪,就变成她将有幸福婚姻的好兆头。而在婚礼典礼时,新娘总是站在新郎的左边,据说,古时候,盎格鲁撒克逊的新郎必须保护新娘子免得被别人抢走。在结婚典礼时,新郎让新娘站在自己左边,一旦情敌出现,就可以立即挥出配带于右边的剑,吓退敌人。在进行结婚晚宴时,要特别定制结婚蛋糕,根据历史记载,自罗马时代开始,婚礼结束时,人们会在新娘头上折断一条面包的材料----小麦象征生育能力,面包屑则代表着幸运。新人必须以糖霜,就形成今天的结婚蛋糕了。由此可见,西方的婚俗并不比中方简洁。其次是在服装方面。在进行婚礼不只是有仪式习俗需要遵守,在穿着方面也有讲究。中国传统婚礼进行时新郎和新娘具着红色的礼服,象征的吉祥如意,预示在结婚后日子红红火火。而西方的新娘则穿白色的礼服。自罗马时代开始,白色象征欢庆。1850年到1900年之间,白色亦是富贵的象征。到了本世纪初,白色所代表的纯洁意义更远超其他。西方认为白色与童贞有关。古罗马的新娘穿着白色的婚纱,蒙着鲜橙黄色的面纱,象征着激情的火焰。在西方的天主教传统里,白色代表着快乐;其他一些地区,白色在他们的婚礼和葬礼里指示各种各样的通路典礼和意义。例如,在安达曼群岛(Andaman Islanders),白色代表一种地位的变化。“传统”的白色结婚礼服,在早期是贵族的特权。在多利亚女王时代,大多数的新娘只能穿传统的国家服装,只有上层阶级才能穿代表权力和身份的白色婚纱。一直到近代,贵族阶级的特权消失以后,白色的婚纱才成为普通新娘的礼服。而相对于西方白色婚纱的历史,中国婚礼中的大红色的凤袍的历史则较简单。龙凤在中国的神话中有着重要的地位。龙主阳凤主阴,而阳则代表男子,阴就表示女子。因此新娘就用凤表示。所以在红色的礼服上绣着凤也就很容易理解了。还有就是在一些小的习惯上面,中西方的婚俗有相似的地方。例如,中国古代有抛绣球迎亲的习俗;而西方的新郎新娘在教堂举行婚礼后,会把手中的鲜花抛向空中,如果有人接到的话就预示着他将很快结婚。中西方在婚俗上面有以上种种的差异,这和中西方人在思想思维的差异有直接的联系。中国人比较保守,喜欢热闹,思维较古板,所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。直到近代西方的文化传入以后,中国的传统文化才开始向西方转化,但在很大的程度上任有中国传统婚俗的礼仪。而中国人爱热闹的性格在中国传统婚礼中可以得到充分的体现。除了中西方都有的结婚晚宴以外,在中国的传统婚俗中,还有一个为新娘饯行的结婚午宴。其次在婚宴结束以后,新人的亲朋好友会去新房中闹洞房。认为在新房中越热闹,新人在婚后的生活越幸福。因此闹新房的成员们无不用所其极,用种种方法刁难新郎新娘。西方人的思想则比较开放,对于婚礼的要求也比较低,他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中:随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯,娇美的新娘手挽着父亲捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去,新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上,将女儿的一生托付给你,所有人的目光注视着这对新人,幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。她是今天最美的新娘。 在神圣的教堂上空,他们的誓言在回荡,带上永结同心的婚戒,只到神父说:“你可以亲吻你的新娘了…… 结婚是一生的盟约,你是要为之坚守一辈子的誓言。 主耶稣说:上帝所配合的人便不可分开。 这一生一世的爱情,因为今天而完美。”然后新郎新娘或是去晚宴地点或是去渡蜜月,并没有中国传统婚俗的种种礼节。另一个造成中西方差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主,而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地,拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。西方的婚礼是属于浪漫型的,整个婚礼从开始到结束到充满了浪漫气息。新娘的礼服一般为白色,新郎是黑色的礼服,使整个婚礼显的庄重严肃.到教堂去举行结婚仪式是整个婚礼最重要的环节.首先,随着婚礼进行曲的节奏,新娘挽她的父亲的手走到新郎面前,由她的父亲将她亲手交到新郎手中.牧师会要求新郎新娘对对方作出一辈子的承诺,这也是整个婚礼的高潮.然后他们会在牧师和众人的祝福下,交换结婚戒指并亲吻对方。而新娘手中的花球也不是一般的装饰用品.在婚礼结束时,新娘就会抛给到场的女宾客,如果谁接到花球,谁就是下一个结婚的人,这就使整个婚礼在欢声笑语中结束了。中国的婚礼就不同于西方,整个婚礼的主色调是红色,这也是中国的传统的代表喜气的颜色。这也就使婚礼变的喜气洋洋.在传统婚礼中,新娘一般穿着红色罗衣,头戴凤冠,上面还有一块红色丝巾.而新郎就穿着红色的长衫马褂,头戴红色大沿帽。新娘乘着大红花轿在后,新郎骑着马在前,随着红娘和迎亲队伍到新郎家中拜堂.双方家长坐在上堂,而新郎新娘在下堂成婚.整个婚礼由司仪主持,在他的指挥下,新郎新娘一拜天地,下拜高堂,然后夫妻对拜,送入洞房.闹洞房是婚礼的高潮,新娘先回洞房等待新郎,而新郎就在外招待客人,酒足饭饱后,新郎在一大堆人的簇拥下来到洞房.众人就开始闹洞房了,新郎新娘在大家的起哄下做各种游戏……这样整个婚礼就在一片笑声中结束了。

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