Wuthering Heights as a Religious NovelWuthering Heights is not a religious novel in the sense that it supports a particular religion (Christianity), or a particular branch of Christianity (Protestantism), a particular Protestant denomination (Church of England). Rather, religion in this novel takes the form of the awareness of or conviction of the existence of a overwhelming sense of the presence of a larger reality moved Rudolph Otto to call Wuthering Heights a supreme example of "the daemonic" in literature. Otto was concerned with identifying the non-rational mystery behind all religion and all religious experiences; he called this basic element or mystery the numinous. The numinous grips or stirs the mind so powerfully that one of the responses it produces is numinous dread, which consists of awe or awe-fullness. Numinous dread implies three qualities of the numinous: its absolute unapproachability, its power, and. its urgency or energy. A misunderstanding of these qualities and of numinous dread by primitive people gives rise to daemonic dread, which Otto identifies as the first stage in religious development. At the same time that they feel dread, they are drawn by the fascinating power of the numinous. Otto explains, "The daemonic-divine object may appear to the mind an object of horror and dread, but at the same time it is no less something that allures with a potent charm, and the creature, who trembles before it, utterly cowed and cast down, has always at the same time the impulse to turn to it, nay even to make it somehow his own." Still, acknowledgment of the "daemonic" is a genuine religious experience, and from it arise the gods and demons of later religions. It has been suggested that Gothic fiction originated primarily as a quest for numinous dread. For Derek Traversi the motive force of Brontë's novel is "a thirst for religious experience," which is not Christian. It is this spirit which moves Catherine to exclaim, "surely you and everybody have a notion that there is, or should be, an existence of yours beyond you. What were the use of my creation if I were entirely contained here? (Ch. ix, p. 64). Out of Catherine's–and Brontë's–awareness of the finiteness of human nature comes the yearning for a higher reality, permanent, infinite, eternal; a higher reality which would enable the self to become whole and complete and would also replace the feeling of the emptiness of this world with feelings of the fullness of being (fullness of being is a phrase used by and about mystics to describe the aftermath of a direct experience of God). Brontë's religious inspiration turns a discussion of the best way to spend an idle summer's day into a dispute about the nature of heaven. Brontë's religious view encompasses both Cathy's and Linton's views of heaven and of life, for she sees a world of contending forces which are contained within her own nature. She seeks to unite them in this novel, though, Traversi admits, the emphasis on passion and death tends to overshadow the drive for unity. Even Heathcliff's approaching death, when he cries out "My soul's bliss kills my body, but does not satisfy itself" (Ch. xxxiv, p. 254), has a religious John Winnifrith also sees religious meaning in the novel: salvation is won by suffering, as an analysis of references to heaven and hell reveals. For Heathcliff, the loss of Catherine is literally hell; there is no metaphoric meaning in his claim "existence after losing her would be hell" (Ch. xiv, p. 117). In their last interview, Catherine and Heathcliff both suffer agonies at the prospect of separation, she to suffer "the same distress underground" and he to "writhe in the torments of hell" (XV, p. 124). Heathcliff is tortured by his obsession for the dead/absent Catherine. Suffering through an earthly hell leads Healthcliff finally to his heaven, which is union with Catherine as a spirit. The views of Nelly and Joseph about heaven and hell are conventional and do not represent Brontë's views, according to has endured hell. Indeed, most of this novel becomes a test of what she can endure. Helen Burns and Miss Temple teach Jane the British stiff upper lip and saintly patience. Then Jane, star pupil that she is, exemplifies the stoicism, while surviving indignity upon indignity. Jane’s soul hunkers down deep inside her body and waits for the shelling to stop. Only at Moor’s End, where she teaches and grows, does her soul come out. She stops enduring and begins living. Jane begins to become an “I” in her 19th year. In the sentence, “Reader, I married him.” Jane makes clear who is in charge of her life and her marriage; she is. That “I” stands resolutely as the subject of the sentence commanding the verb and attaching itself to the object, “him.” She is no longer passive, waiting and sitting for Rochester’s attention. Rather, she goes out and gets him. She has gone a long way from the beginning of the novel. At Gateshead, Jane tries to direct her life. Her little “I” scolds Mrs. Reed and chastises John. Like the later Jane, she knows her mind and speaks it. Unlike the later Jane, however, she does not have the wherewithal to back up her soul. She does not have the physical strength, the mental skills, nor the finances to stand on her own. As a result, she can be thrown into the Red Room to repent her sins and can be cast into Lowood. At Lowood, her pernicious saints, Helen Burns and Miss Temple, suppress the young ego under a blanket of will, religion, and self-sacrifice. Helen teaches Jane to blame herself for everything and blame others for nothing. Helen suffers depredation upon humiliation in the name of dirty fingernails and disorganized socks, all the while chanting “Thank you sir, may I have another.” Jane internalizes this, so that she blames herself for Rochester’s faults and error and even forgives the unforgivable, Mrs. Reed. For her part, Miss Temple teaches Jane to be subversive, but charming. Rebellion is seed cake and a smile. Rebellion is not keeping the students from the ten-mile forced march to church. Jane follows these dictates as well, manipulating Rochester for scraps and sops. With one withering blast, Rochester dynamites these two icons into sanctimonious rubble and sends Jane back out into the elements. Her soul, long buried or locked away in the attic, bursts forth and sends Jane for the escape pods. Out in the moors, sucking on dirt, Jane chooses to live on and rebuilds herself. First with the help of her cousins, then with the arrogantly humble Rivers St. John, Jane rediscovers who she is and discards who she isn’t. Ironically, her final self-definition comes from Rivers when he proposes. Helen Burns and Miss Temple would have knelt at the chance, but Jane lets the cup pass by. In her rejection, she sweeps the debris away and stands by herself. So, when she returns to Thornfield, she comes with her own money and her own identity. Reduced or not, Rochester can only stand with Jane, not tower over her. She comes with a skill, cash, and self-knowledge. And under her own power, she submits herself to Rochester. She allows herself to be called Janet and to refer to him as “sir.” She willingly and momentarily drops her head. But not for long. In the ultimate chapter, Jane directly addresses her “Reader.” The final chapter takes place a year or two post-fire, as the mature Jane looks back on her life. By the act of writing, Jane has defined herself and stepped away from the saint-in-training. By writing the truth, in all of its ugliness, she separates herself from the persona. The Jane in the first 38 chapters is not the final Jane that addresses the reader. That Jane has had a child, has married a man, and has made a spot in the world. The great triumph of that line comes not from the man that she has married, but from the rediscovery and reaffirmation of the voice that once told off Mrs. Reed. The girl lost her voice at Lowood has become the woman who can tell us the story. The novel itself is Jane’s final "I."
There is a thin line between love and hate, and once Heathcliff crosses it, we see a grand, passionate and absorbingly interesting man turn into a fearsome thug. Thwarted in his love for his childhood soulmate, Catherine Earnshaw, Heathcliff turns his devastation outward, becoming a hateful -- and hated -- person all across the bleak moors that surround his Yorkshire village. Heathcliff courts and marries the sister of the man whom Catherine chose over Heathcliff, only to torture her emotionally as a way of getting even with her brother. Meanwhile, Catherine slowly wastes away pining for Heathcliff, for although she once rejected him, she eventually realizes that she has made an irredeemable error and can never be happy. Heathcliff sums up the tragedy of their lives in a single question near the end of the novel when he asks, "Why did you betray your heart, Cathy?" Sound depressing? It's not. Wuthering Heights is a grand and glorious novel that dramatically illustrates the power of love, for good and ill. But more importantly, it teaches us that the only path to happiness is to be true to one's heart, rather than one's head. Had Catherine honored her bond with Heathcliff and refused to bow to the social mores of her day, not only would the two of them been much happier, but all of the many people whose lives they stumbled into would have been much better off. Another reviewer said that those of us who love this novel probably have a strong identification with one of the characters, and for me that is quite true. That's the reason for reading a classic like Wuthering Heights, because when it speaks to you in the clear and true way that Bronte does, you know that you are not alone, and that some things transcend time and place. Think about it -- a prim, Victorian preacher's daughter living on the moors of England before there was electricity can reach across 150 years of time and speak to the heart of a wired American in the 21st century. Pretty amazing. 我看了看还行
'Thrushcross Grange is my own, sir,' he interrupted, wincing. 'I should not allow any one to inconvenience me, if I could hinder it - walk in!' The 'walk in' was uttered with closed teeth, and expressed the sentiment, 'Go to the Deuce:' even the gate over which he leant manifested no sympathising movement to the words; and I think that circumstance determined me to accept the invitation: I felt interested in a man who seemed more exaggeratedly reserved than myself. When he saw my horse's breast fairly pushing the barrier, he did put out his hand to unchain it, and then sullenly preceded me up the causeway, calling, as we entered the court, - 'Joseph, take Mr. Lockwood's horse; and bring up some wine.' 'Here we have the whole establishment of domestics, I suppose,' was the reflection suggested by this compound order. 'No wonder the grass grows up between the flags, and cattle are the only hedge- cutters.'
呼啸山庄英文简介：
Wuthering Heights is the work of Emily Bronte, one of the Bronte sisters, and one of the representative works of English literature in the 19th century. The novel describes the abandoned Gypsy son Heathcliff, who was adopted by the old owner of the villa, went out to become rich because of humiliation and failed love.
When he returned, he retaliated against Linton, the landlord who married his girlfriend Catherine, and his children. The whole article is full of a strong spirit of struggle against oppression and happiness, and is always covered with a strange and tense romantic atmosphere. This work has been adapted into film works many times.
呼啸山庄中文简介：
《呼啸山庄》是英国女作家勃朗特姐妹之一艾米莉·勃朗特的作品，是19世纪英国文学的代表作之一。小说描写吉卜赛弃儿希斯克利夫被山庄老主人收养后，因受辱和恋爱不遂，外出致富。
回来后，对与其女友凯瑟琳结婚的地主林顿及其子女进行报复的故事。全篇充满强烈的反压迫、争幸福的斗争精神，又始终笼罩着离奇、紧张的浪漫气氛。此作品多次被改编成电影作品。
扩展资料：
《呼啸山庄》创作背景：
艾米丽生性寂寞，自小内向的她，缄默又总带着几分以男性自居的感觉，诚如夏洛蒂所说的：“她的性格是独一无二的。”
少女时代，当她和姐妹们在家里“编造”故事、写诗的时候，她就显得很特别，后来收录在她们诗歌合集中艾米丽的作品总是如同波德莱尔或爱伦·坡那样被“恶”这一主题所困惑，在纯净的抒情风格之间总笼罩着一层死亡的阴影。
在她写作《呼啸山庄》时，这种困惑与不安的情绪变得更加急躁，她迫切需要创造一个虚构的世界来演绎它，把自己心底几近撕裂的痛苦借小说人物之口淋漓尽致地发泄出来。因此《呼啸山庄》是饱含作者心血与情感的作品。
参考资料来源：百度百科—呼啸山庄 （艾米莉·勃朗特著长篇小说）
艾米莉.勃朗特《呼啸山庄》中场景要素之研究我爱英语网 论文名称: 艾米莉.勃朗特《呼啸山庄》中场景要素之研究论文名称: The Elements Making Up the Setting of Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights关键词:呼啸山庄 Emily Bronte场景要素 Wuthering Heightselements of setting[摘要]十九世纪英国女作家艾米莉．勃朗特（Emily Bronte）穷其毕生精力所完成之伟大巨着《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights），于一九四八年被英国作家毛姆（W. S. Maugham）推崇为世界十大小说之一；二00二年五月，这本脍炙人口的的出色小说更获挪威文坛赏识，入选为「有史以来世界文学百部经典」之一。此本小说，系以十八世纪末狂风呼啸的英国约克夏荒野为其沉郁背景，次第开展出具毁灭性爱恨情仇的动人故事。本论文共分五章，以批评家霍尔门（C. Hugh Holman）对场景的定义为基础，详述构成此本小说场景的各个不同要素：第一章简介作者生平、写作背景及研究动机。第二章讨论地理要素，包括地形、景观，乃至房间门、窗之摆设。冬夏迥异的荒原，是主角们演出的壮丽舞台；呼啸山庄和画眉田庄两大庄院，不仅主控全景，更各具特色，各有其象征意义——前者草木稀疏，被视为粗鄙不羁、原始自然之生活代表；后者则座落于优美山谷，以绿树、高墙围绕，代表上流阶级之文明生活。而门、窗、锁、钥的意象，则凸显出人物角色之心与灵对内在和外在的领悟。第三章探索时间要素及小说引人入胜的叙述手法。艾米莉以巧妙的手法展现小说精细严密的时间之来龙去脉，其对天候和季节的描述象征人物角色的情感和举动，使场景生动逼真，富于戏剧效果。艾米莉采用洛克伍德（Lockwood）和乃莉（Nelly）二人的双轨主叙述法，结合少部分扼要的多重叙述法，组成故事的核心，提升了这部惊心动魄的原创小说之活泼本质与奥妙。第四章详论一般性的环境要素。在小说中，处处可见二元论的概念，呈现在各人物角色的工作和日常生活的态度上。两大庄院的宗教道德观与社经地位也都有对比的关联性。末章是结语，浓缩小说中丰富且严谨之场景所有要素，并说明《呼啸山庄》被公认为杰作的原由。
哥特式小说是西欧文学花园中的一朵奇葩。它充满着神秘与恐怖，给人以独特的心灵震撼和审美感受。它盛极一时，许多作家都受到过它的影响，直到今天，哥特式手法都以其极强的表现力和感染力而得到作家们的青睐。哥特式小说源远流长，本文试从其起源、发展、演变及对后世的影响来揭示：在西方文学中一直有这样一股“哥特传统”的暗流，它时隐时现，与“两希”源头并存，可谓 西欧文学与文化的第三条源流。 关键词 ：哥特式，神秘，恐怖，第三源头 近 20 年研究综述 一. 哥特式小说的特征和文学史地位 布兰丹 ·亨尼塞在 《哥特式小说》一书中总结了哥特式小说的特征： “哥特式” 这个术语有三种主要含义：野蛮，好像中世纪的哥特部落；中世纪，和与之相联的城堡、带甲武士和骑士精神；超自然，和随之而来的恐怖、未知与神秘。 《牛津简明英国文学史》中说：哥特式小说拒绝平淡，偏好峭壁和悬崖、折磨与恐怖、巫术、恋尸癖以及心神不定。它沉浸于鬼魅出没、突然死亡、地牢、妖术、幻觉和预言之中。这一批评式术语涵盖了大量的反常性作品，这些作品表现了自然力和超自然力的聚合与冲突。这类小说在18世纪的最后几年进入繁荣期，它的影响的余波，它的耸人听闻的手法的重要方面，从勃朗特到狄更斯时期直至当代的英语文学，可以连续的被感受到。 美国评论家赖特认为：要了解近两百年来的文学，必须具备一定的哥特式小说的知识。 肖明翰、刘新明等人也认为：哥特小说自 18 世纪中期从英国诞生以来，一直拥有广泛的读者，不仅在英国确定了自己的地位，而且还影响到其它一些国家，特别是德国和美国的文学创作。它吸引了各时期、各流派的作家，将哥特小说的手法大量运用于创作以安排情节，深化主题，增强作品的效果，取得了很高的艺术成就。二百多年来，在英美不仅通俗作家热衷于哥特作品的创作，而且许多第一流的诗人和作家，如英国的司各脱、柯勒律治、拜伦、雪莱、济慈、狄更斯、勃朗特姐妹、康拉德、福斯特、戈尔丁和美国的布朗、华盛顿·尔文、爱伦·坡、霍桑、马克·吐温、詹姆斯、福克纳、奥康纳、莫里森等人都要么直接创作过脍炙人口的哥特故事，要么把哥特小说的手法大量运用于创作之中，使哥特小说从通俗小说这一文学领域的“边缘地位”得以进入文学的中心和文学发展的主流，从而在英美文学中逐渐形成了十分突出的哥特传统。 二、解读“哥特”一词 人类学意义上：哥特是所谓的蛮族之一。古代欧洲的一个民族。他们住在日尔曼部落的最东部，占据南多瑙河盆地和黑海沿岸的土地，被第聂伯河划分成东哥特和西哥特，两个独立的部落。西哥特人善于移动，攻下罗马，最终被同化到已在西班牙建立起的罗马文化中， 8 世纪时被摩尔人征服，同伊比利亚的拉丁成分混为一体。东哥特人穿过巴尔干到意大利，公元 493 年占领了意大利，公元 555 被吸收到拜占庭帝国中 。 艺术风格上：出现于十二世纪晚期，主要体现在建筑与绘画上，起源于法国的巴黎附近。从来源上看，哥特式美术和建筑借鉴了罗马技术，但是把它们置于与前辈完全对立的一种革新的美学观点。哥特式风格在建筑上主要是运用了飞檐扶壁，这样可以使墙体的负担大为减轻，使在墙面上开出大幅的玻璃花窗成为可能，同时使建筑的整体具有强烈的向上的特征。这样，从视觉角度来看，建筑——主要是教堂——具有高耸入云的外观，而其内部空间则在大幅的彩色玻璃花窗透射出的迷离光线和更高的中庭的双重作用下给人强烈的升腾感，同时又优雅纤细。 主要用于建造教堂和城堡。法国的巴黎圣母院和英国的圣·保罗大教堂堪称代表性建筑。这种建筑的特点是高耸的尖顶，厚重的石壁，狭窄的窗户，染色的玻璃，幽暗的内部，阴森的地道甚至还有地下藏尸所等。在那些崇尚古希腊古罗马文明的文艺复兴思想家眼里，这种建筑代表着落后、野蛮和黑暗，正好是那取代了古罗马辉煌文明的所谓“黑暗时代“（ the Dark Ages ）的绝妙象征；因此，用那个毁灭了古罗马的“野蛮”、“凶狠”、“嗜杀成性”的部落的名字来指称这种建筑风格自然就再适合不过了。这样，在文艺复兴思想家们的影响下，哥特一词逐渐被赋予了野蛮、恐怖、落后、神秘、黑暗时代、中世纪等多种含义。 哥特式作为恐怖、黑暗的代名词则成为小说这种叙事艺术中的一种风格。恐怖的、黑暗的、怪诞的、野蛮的，就像“拜占庭式”意指了不必要的繁复那样，哥特式（ Gothic ）成为了一个形容词。 到了 18 世纪后期，哥特一词又成了一种新的小说体裁的名称。这种小说通常以古堡、废墟或者荒野为背景，故事往往发生在过去，特别是中世纪；故事情节恐怖刺激，充斥着凶杀、暴力、复仇、强奸、乱伦，甚至常有鬼怪精灵或其它超自然现象出现；小说气氛阴森、神秘、恐怖，充满悬念。 三. 哥特式小说和运用了哥特式手法的代表作家作品 1764 年，《奥特朗托堡》诞生，作者是英国的荷拉斯 · 沃尔浦尔，这是哥特式小说的开山之作。 其他的代表作有： 英国理查生的《克莱丽生》 英国 克拉拉·利弗的《年老的英国伯爵》 英国安娜 · 拉德克利弗的《乌多尔弗之谜》、《意大利人》 英国威廉 · 贝克福德的《瓦塞克》 英国马修·刘易斯的《修道士》 （ The Monk ， 1796 ） 爱尔兰马图林的《漫游者梅尔莫斯》 英国詹姆士 · 郝格的《一个已开释的罪者的自传和忏悔》 英国司各特的《玛米思》 英国玛丽 · 雪莱的《弗兰肯斯坦》 德国霍夫曼的大部分作品 英国 B ·斯托克的吸血鬼小说 美国爱伦坡的大部分作品 运用了大量哥特式手法的作品： 英国狄更斯的《荒凉山庄》，《远大前程》 英国勃朗特姐妹的《简·爱》和《呼啸山庄》 英国哈代 英国罗特特·布朗宁 法梅里美的《维纳斯雕像》、《熊人洛奇》 美国福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》、《去吧，摩西》、《我的弥留之际》、《圣殿》、《押沙龙！押沙龙！》、《坟墓的闯入者》、《纪念爱米莉的一朵玫瑰花》 美国霍桑的《红字》 美国费兰纳里·奥康纳的《妇人难寻》 美国特鲁曼·卡波特的《别的声音，别的屋子》 美国卡森·麦卡勒斯的《伤心咖啡馆之歌》、《金眼睛中的映像》 美国查德·赖特的《土生子》、《吸血鬼访谈录》 英国班布里奇的《裁缝》、《到瓶子工厂游玩》 英国 达夫妮 · 杜穆里埃的《蝴蝶梦》 美国斯蒂文金 四. 哥特式小说的心理和美学基础 哥特式小说的心理基础是人与生俱来的恐惧感。在阅读哥特故事时，我们既感到强烈的恐惧，同时又确信自己的安全，我们既能在幻觉中置身险境，但又从心底知道危险不会真的降临在自己身上，这时，我们就能感到一种强烈的愉悦。 哥特式小说的美学基础是和恐惧相关的壮美。 18 世纪时，英国美学家伯克（ Edmund Burke ）在讨论壮美时，就已经谈到人类最强烈的情感是恐惧，并且把壮美同恐惧联系起来。他把美分为秀美（ the beautiful ）和壮美（ the sublime ）。一般来说，秀美的事物小巧、精致、和谐，并且为人们所熟悉，它们在观赏者心中所引起的是甜蜜、温馨、热爱、安全的愉悦和激动。与之相对，当面对峻峭高山、滚滚大河、亘古荒原、莽莽林海、古老废墟或者雷鸣电闪时，我们似乎体验到一种神秘的超验力量，心中不由充满敬畏甚至恐惧。 如果我们仔细研究这些场面，我们会发现，它们全都是有关光明与黑暗、善与恶之间的冲突。从基督教的观点来看，这种冲突归根结底是上帝与魔鬼之间的永恒冲突。而这种光明与黑暗、善与恶、上帝与魔鬼的冲突是哥特小说最突出、最普遍、最持久的主题，它贯穿了哥特小说发展的整个历史。 五、哥特式小说的源头和它出现的原因 肖明翰认为：虽然哥特小说与哥特人毫无关系，但日尔曼民族（即条顿民族）中所流传的极为丰富的民间传说，以及以这些传说为素材的中世纪浪漫故事，是哥特小说的一个重要源泉。哥特小说的另一个重要源头是英国文艺复兴时期的戏剧。这时期的英国戏剧深受古罗马剧作家塞内加的影响，充满复仇、阴谋、暴力和凶杀，甚至还有鬼魂出没，因此情节惊险刺激。特别是莎士比亚的剧作和詹姆斯一世时期的悲剧，对哥特小说的出现与发展更是产生了巨大影响。 作者： 雾中寻你 2007-4-28 16:44 回复此发言 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 【资料】从哥特式小说看西欧文学中的哥特传统 (某学生毕业论文) 《圣经》和基督教传说也是哥特小说的重要源泉。《圣经》里面有许多极为恐怖的场面，而基督教传说也一直在极力渲染地狱的恐怖。这方面最突出的当数《启示录》，里面描写了天使同撒旦的战争，地上的屠杀、瘟疫、灾难和饥荒，以及其它大量关于末日审判的神秘而可怕的征兆。《启示录》因其生动的语言、奇异的想象、丰富的象征、鲜明的意象和震撼人心的气势，具有很高的文学成就，对西方文学产生了重大影响，从密尔顿的《失落园》到今天的许多恐怖电影都直接取材于《启示录》或者受到它的启示。哥特小说中的许多典型人物类型，比如魔鬼、恶棍英雄、“流浪的犹太人”等，都能在《圣经》中找到他们的原型（撒旦、该隐等）；而兄弟相残、夺人之妻、仇杀、强奸、乱伦、同性恋等等哥特小说中的通常主题，都无不在《圣经》中反复出现。至于哥特小说里最突出、最普遍、最持久的主题：善与恶之间永恒的冲突，那就更是一部《圣经》从头到尾的主线。 哥特小说之所以产生和繁荣于 18 世纪，最重要的是浪漫主义对理性主义的挑战。文艺复兴运动使人文主义得到空前发展，宗教改革运动与人文主义结盟终得以摧毁罗马天主教的一统天下，然而人文主义的大发展却反过来沉重打击了教会势力，并且使以上帝为中心的传统的基督教意识形态处于解体之中。到了 18 世纪，欧洲进入理性时代，启蒙运动思想家们热情讴歌、极力弘扬人的理性，却忽视并压抑情感、想象、直觉，否认神秘和超自然现象。席卷欧美的浪漫主义运动就是对理性主义和新古典主义的逆反。哥特小说是浪漫主义文学的一个特殊流派，被评论家们称为“黑色浪漫主义”（ dark romanticism ）。它的所谓“黑”，主要表现在两个方面：在情节上，它浓墨重彩地渲染暴力与恐怖；在主题思想上，它不是像一般浪漫主义那样侧重于正面表达其理想的社会、政治和道德观念，而主要是通过揭示社会、政治、教会和道德上的邪恶，揭示人性中的阴暗面来进行深入的探索，特别是道德上的探索。 肖明翰 教授还提出了一个新观点，那就是，哥特小说在英美和德国这样一些国家最繁荣、成就最高，而这些国家正是最主要的新教国家，其中英美更是长期为清教主义所统治。清教主义是基督教里的原教旨主义，它是新教的一个比较极端的重要流派。清教徒信奉加尔文主义，把《圣经》里的每一个字都看成上帝的话。 尽管在哥特小说兴起之时，对天主教徒和各种男女“巫”的残酷迫害已经成为过去，但其影响仍然十分明显。早期的许多哥特小说，比如前面提到的《奥特朗托城堡》、《乌多芙堡之谜》、《意大利人》、《修道士》以及爱伦·坡的名作《陷阱与钟摆》等等，都是以意大利、西班牙或者法国南部这样的天主教国度为背景，而且大都是在暴露天主教及其教士的邪恶。同样，“清巫”事件也被广泛运用于文学创作，这在美国文学中特别突出，比如 1692 年在塞勒姆发生的大规模残酷迫害所谓女巫的事件。几个世纪以来一直刺激着文学家们的艺术想象力，从约翰·尼尔、霍桑到现代剧作家亚瑟·米勒、当代作家斯蒂芬·金等许多文学家都以塞勒姆事件为素材创作出了气氛恐怖、寓意深刻的作品。 六、哥特式小说的发展 18 世纪末和 19 世纪初，浪漫主义成了文学的主流，哥特小说也进入最繁荣的时期，几乎所有主要的浪漫主义诗人和作家都创作了哥特故事或者使用了哥特手法并且推动了哥特文学的进一步发展。在一定意义上讲，所有浪漫主义者都是现实的叛逆者，但主流浪漫主义文学的核心在于理想化，而哥特小说却意不在此。尽管哥特小说中也有一些理想化人物，而且也在间接表达理想的价值观念，但其重点从来就是暴露罪恶与黑暗。 到了维多利亚时代，现实主义在文学中成为主导，但现实主义作家们并没有拒绝使用哥特手法。在这些作家笔下，哥特故事的背景从遥远的过去和古老的城堡搬到了现实中的工业化大都市。在维多利亚时代，哥特小说的一个重要发展就是社会化和现实化。 作者： 雾中寻你 2007-4-28 16:44 回复此发言 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 【资料】从哥特式小说看西欧文学中的哥特传统 (某学生毕业论文) 虽然哥特小说在英国产生和繁荣，但 19 世纪 20 年代以后，哥特小说发展的中心移到了美国。哥特小说能在美国迅速繁荣、持续发展有着深刻的历史、文化和文学根源。来到美洲的早期移民经历了饥饿、寒冷、瘟疫和死亡，一部美国史可以说就是他们在一个陌生而危险的环境中不断探险、冲突和征服的历史；而且美国小说兴起之时正好是哥特小说在英国和欧洲其它国家最繁荣的时候；不过，最重要的原因还是美国历史上和美国文化中极为突出的清教主义传统。 美国第一位有影响的作家查尔斯· B ·布朗在 18 世纪末推出的几部作品都是阴森恐怖并且充满血腥的小说，而第一个享有国际声誉的美国作家欧文在司各脱和德国作家的影响下创作出了《睡谷》等哥特故事。美国小说一开始就具有哥特色彩。 七、哥特小说不会消亡 人们对于这些罪恶往年视而不见，习以为常，甚至以恶为善，这在当今世界更是如此。所以，当人们问奥康纳，她为什么在作品中那样大量使用哥特手法时，她回答说：“对于那些听觉不灵的人，你得大声叫喊；而对于那些快失明者，你只能把图画得大大的。”也就是说，只有借助于哥特小说所特有的那种震撼人心的力量才能使人们认识到那些罪恶和危险。因此，只要有使人堕落或者践踏人性的罪恶存在，哥特小说就会继续发展。
】：《呼啸山庄》已被公认为世界文学史中的经典之作。长期以来,她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜,人们视作者为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。《呼啸山庄》男主人公希斯克利夫的心灵世界谜团重重,情感汹涌起伏,许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究,得出了不同的结论。 本文运用弗洛伊德精神分析学中“防御机制”的理论来解析和阐释希斯克利夫的内心世界及其在小说中的作用,同时着力探讨希斯克利夫的心理活动,及其对其他人物和小说结局的影响。本文分为五个部分：绪论、主体(三个章节)及结论。 “绪论”部分简要论述了艾米莉·勃朗特的生平、创作、《呼啸山庄》的批评史,并着力论述了国内外相关文献的基本观点、本文的批评视角及其理论。 第一章主要从内外两个方面来探讨希斯克利夫心理防御机制的形成：作为外部因素的维多利亚时期的社会、文化氛围,与作为内部因素的主人公自身的苦难经历。两种因素合谋,决定了希斯克利夫的防御机制,其基本特点就是一旦受到侮辱,即刻进行报复。第二章仔细分析了希斯克利夫心理防御机制的表现形式：没有其他发泄途径时,否认、压抑、复仇等就都成了他防御机制的作用方式。第三章进一步阐释了希斯克利夫心理防御机制与其悲剧的关系,认为他的悲剧是其另一个自我(凯瑟琳)的死亡及其心理防御机制的崩溃的必然结果。 最后,“结论”部分指出希斯克利夫的悲剧源自其心理防御机制的畸形发展,及这类机制在敌人不存在时表现出的疯狂。可以说,希斯克利夫的疯狂和死亡是艾米莉无意识中对爱情的忧虑的外化。
有呀，看点我主叶，，。就可以看啦，里面有很多免费的呢
楼上的看作者名字就知道不是外国人写的吧？=.=这个网址有超多资料的，有每一章节的分析、人物分析、故事总结等，绝对实用，以前我考试的时候用过。这个网址主要是分析《呼啸山庄》的中心思想和艺术元素，很有用，以前我考试的时候常常用。这个只是一篇相关的文章，随便在网上找的，看了一下，感觉还行，你也可以参考一下。
'Thrushcross Grange is my own, sir,' he interrupted, wincing. 'I should not allow any one to inconvenience me, if I could hinder it - walk in!' The 'walk in' was uttered with closed teeth, and expressed the sentiment, 'Go to the Deuce:' even the gate over which he leant manifested no sympathising movement to the words; and I think that circumstance determined me to accept the invitation: I felt interested in a man who seemed more exaggeratedly reserved than myself. When he saw my horse's breast fairly pushing the barrier, he did put out his hand to unchain it, and then sullenly preceded me up the causeway, calling, as we entered the court, - 'Joseph, take Mr. Lockwood's horse; and bring up some wine.' 'Here we have the whole establishment of domestics, I suppose,' was the reflection suggested by this compound order. 'No wonder the grass grows up between the flags, and cattle are the only hedge- cutters.'
《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights），英国女作家艾蜜莉·勃朗特（Emily Brontë）的小说，也是她唯一的一部小说，于1847年首度出版。当时因为内容对人性丑恶的描写而遭致非议，被称为是一本“可怕而野蛮”的书，书中写尽了寂寥的荒野、偏僻的古堡、粗暴的爱情，气氛阴霾而深刻，于时人所不容。但是随着时间的推移，这部小说逐渐的被主流社会所认同，并且被认为是勃朗特姐妹所有的作品中最为出色的一部。艾米丽独特的气质，对世界的感悟，对荒原的依恋和描写，给这部小说增添了独特的审美意味，这是这部小说明显不同于维多利亚时代其他小说的原因。其中也继承了象征、恐怖和神秘等哥特小说手法。 Wuthering Heights is Emily Brontë's only novel. It was first published in 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell, and a posthumous second edition was edited by her sister Charlotte. The name of the novel comes from the Yorkshire manor on the moors on which the story centers (as an adjective, Wuthering is a Yorkshire word referring to turbulent weather). The narrative tells the tale of the all-encompassing and passionate, yet thwarted, love between Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw, and how this unresolved passion eventually destroys them and many around them. Now considered a classic of English literature, Wuthering Heights met with mixed reviews by critics when it first appeared, mainly because of the narrative's stark depiction of mental and physical cruelty. Though Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre was originally considered the best of the Brontë sisters' works, many subsequent critics of Wuthering Heights argued that its originality and achievement made it superior. Wuthering Heights has also given rise to many adaptations and inspired works, including films, radio, television dramatisations, a musical by Bernard J. Taylor and songs (notably the hit "Wuthering Heights" by Kate Bush), ballet and opera.
Wuthering Heights as a Religious NovelWuthering Heights is not a religious novel in the sense that it supports a particular religion (Christianity), or a particular branch of Christianity (Protestantism), a particular Protestant denomination (Church of England). Rather, religion in this novel takes the form of the awareness of or conviction of the existence of a overwhelming sense of the presence of a larger reality moved Rudolph Otto to call Wuthering Heights a supreme example of "the daemonic" in literature. Otto was concerned with identifying the non-rational mystery behind all religion and all religious experiences; he called this basic element or mystery the numinous. The numinous grips or stirs the mind so powerfully that one of the responses it produces is numinous dread, which consists of awe or awe-fullness. Numinous dread implies three qualities of the numinous: its absolute unapproachability, its power, and. its urgency or energy. A misunderstanding of these qualities and of numinous dread by primitive people gives rise to daemonic dread, which Otto identifies as the first stage in religious development. At the same time that they feel dread, they are drawn by the fascinating power of the numinous. Otto explains, "The daemonic-divine object may appear to the mind an object of horror and dread, but at the same time it is no less something that allures with a potent charm, and the creature, who trembles before it, utterly cowed and cast down, has always at the same time the impulse to turn to it, nay even to make it somehow his own." Still, acknowledgment of the "daemonic" is a genuine religious experience, and from it arise the gods and demons of later religions. It has been suggested that Gothic fiction originated primarily as a quest for numinous dread. For Derek Traversi the motive force of Brontë's novel is "a thirst for religious experience," which is not Christian. It is this spirit which moves Catherine to exclaim, "surely you and everybody have a notion that there is, or should be, an existence of yours beyond you. What were the use of my creation if I were entirely contained here? (Ch. ix, p. 64). Out of Catherine's–and Brontë's–awareness of the finiteness of human nature comes the yearning for a higher reality, permanent, infinite, eternal; a higher reality which would enable the self to become whole and complete and would also replace the feeling of the emptiness of this world with feelings of the fullness of being (fullness of being is a phrase used by and about mystics to describe the aftermath of a direct experience of God). Brontë's religious inspiration turns a discussion of the best way to spend an idle summer's day into a dispute about the nature of heaven. Brontë's religious view encompasses both Cathy's and Linton's views of heaven and of life, for she sees a world of contending forces which are contained within her own nature. She seeks to unite them in this novel, though, Traversi admits, the emphasis on passion and death tends to overshadow the drive for unity. Even Heathcliff's approaching death, when he cries out "My soul's bliss kills my body, but does not satisfy itself" (Ch. xxxiv, p. 254), has a religious John Winnifrith also sees religious meaning in the novel: salvation is won by suffering, as an analysis of references to heaven and hell reveals. For Heathcliff, the loss of Catherine is literally hell; there is no metaphoric meaning in his claim "existence after losing her would be hell" (Ch. xiv, p. 117). In their last interview, Catherine and Heathcliff both suffer agonies at the prospect of separation, she to suffer "the same distress underground" and he to "writhe in the torments of hell" (XV, p. 124). Heathcliff is tortured by his obsession for the dead/absent Catherine. Suffering through an earthly hell leads Healthcliff finally to his heaven, which is union with Catherine as a spirit. The views of Nelly and Joseph about heaven and hell are conventional and do not represent Brontë's views, according to has endured hell. Indeed, most of this novel becomes a test of what she can endure. Helen Burns and Miss Temple teach Jane the British stiff upper lip and saintly patience. Then Jane, star pupil that she is, exemplifies the stoicism, while surviving indignity upon indignity. Jane’s soul hunkers down deep inside her body and waits for the shelling to stop. Only at Moor’s End, where she teaches and grows, does her soul come out. She stops enduring and begins living. Jane begins to become an “I” in her 19th year. In the sentence, “Reader, I married him.” Jane makes clear who is in charge of her life and her marriage; she is. That “I” stands resolutely as the subject of the sentence commanding the verb and attaching itself to the object, “him.” She is no longer passive, waiting and sitting for Rochester’s attention. Rather, she goes out and gets him. She has gone a long way from the beginning of the novel. At Gateshead, Jane tries to direct her life. Her little “I” scolds Mrs. Reed and chastises John. Like the later Jane, she knows her mind and speaks it. Unlike the later Jane, however, she does not have the wherewithal to back up her soul. She does not have the physical strength, the mental skills, nor the finances to stand on her own. As a result, she can be thrown into the Red Room to repent her sins and can be cast into Lowood. At Lowood, her pernicious saints, Helen Burns and Miss Temple, suppress the young ego under a blanket of will, religion, and self-sacrifice. Helen teaches Jane to blame herself for everything and blame others for nothing. Helen suffers depredation upon humiliation in the name of dirty fingernails and disorganized socks, all the while chanting “Thank you sir, may I have another.” Jane internalizes this, so that she blames herself for Rochester’s faults and error and even forgives the unforgivable, Mrs. Reed. For her part, Miss Temple teaches Jane to be subversive, but charming. Rebellion is seed cake and a smile. Rebellion is not keeping the students from the ten-mile forced march to church. Jane follows these dictates as well, manipulating Rochester for scraps and sops. With one withering blast, Rochester dynamites these two icons into sanctimonious rubble and sends Jane back out into the elements. Her soul, long buried or locked away in the attic, bursts forth and sends Jane for the escape pods. Out in the moors, sucking on dirt, Jane chooses to live on and rebuilds herself. First with the help of her cousins, then with the arrogantly humble Rivers St. John, Jane rediscovers who she is and discards who she isn’t. Ironically, her final self-definition comes from Rivers when he proposes. Helen Burns and Miss Temple would have knelt at the chance, but Jane lets the cup pass by. In her rejection, she sweeps the debris away and stands by herself. So, when she returns to Thornfield, she comes with her own money and her own identity. Reduced or not, Rochester can only stand with Jane, not tower over her. She comes with a skill, cash, and self-knowledge. And under her own power, she submits herself to Rochester. She allows herself to be called Janet and to refer to him as “sir.” She willingly and momentarily drops her head. But not for long. In the ultimate chapter, Jane directly addresses her “Reader.” The final chapter takes place a year or two post-fire, as the mature Jane looks back on her life. By the act of writing, Jane has defined herself and stepped away from the saint-in-training. By writing the truth, in all of its ugliness, she separates herself from the persona. The Jane in the first 38 chapters is not the final Jane that addresses the reader. That Jane has had a child, has married a man, and has made a spot in the world. The great triumph of that line comes not from the man that she has married, but from the rediscovery and reaffirmation of the voice that once told off Mrs. Reed. The girl lost her voice at Lowood has become the woman who can tell us the story. The novel itself is Jane’s final "I."
它狂放不羁的浪漫主义风格源自于人物“爱”与“恨”的极端的冲突，而在希克厉和凯瑟琳这对旷世情侣身上，极度的爱中混合着极度的恨，失去凯瑟琳使希克厉成为一个复仇狂。加之，作者把故事背景放置在一个封闭的小社会——两个山庄，和开放的大自然——荒原之中，整个小说的情境就格外地“戏剧化”，阴冷而暴力，神秘怪烈又隐含着神圣的温情。 其次，女作家放弃了那种从头说起，原原本本的叙事手法，19世纪的女作家，像她姐姐写《简·爱》，奥斯丁写《傲慢与偏见》，都采用的是这样一种易于为大众接受的传统手法，艾米莉则为了讲清楚发生在两代人身上的复杂故事，别出心裁地采用了当时少见的“戏剧性结构”，借用了一位闯入呼啸山庄的陌生人洛克乌先生之耳目从故事的中间切入，这时候，女主人公凯瑟琳已死去，希克厉正处于极度暴虐地惩罚两家族的第二代的时候，这就设置了一个巨大的悬念，使读者急于追索事情的前因，又时时关注着人物未来的命运。当然，对于当时读惯古典小说的人们来说，接受这种叙事系统是有些吃力的，以致于有人指责此书“七拼八凑，不成体统”。 《呼啸山庄》深层次的主题是什么： 现在，多数人认为是对于人性的探索，洛克乌先生到来时所做的恶梦可谓是开启故事主题的钥匙，那是人性的冻结，之后30年旧事的倒叙正说明人性的堕落的过程，而最后四章，则顺叙了人性的复苏，希克厉终于悟到了无止境的报复只会带来糟糕的结局。小说基本上在讲叙恶的过程中最终发现了善的可能。 在当时的文坛，艾米莉远远地走于人们之前： 直至那个世纪结束后，才有人一反前说，认为“在19世纪，《呼啸山庄 》是一位女作家所能写出的最好的散文诗”；不仅如此，在本世纪，人们重新阅读与评价勃朗特三姐妹的文学作品时，开始提出：艾米莉·勃朗特是“三姐妹中最伟大的天才”，《呼啸山庄》也成为西方学者们欲琢磨个究竟的一块玉石，笼罩在它身上的百思不得其解的谜面背后那丰富的答案将渐渐被解释开来，毕竟，它是部可读性很强的天才之作，而非是云雾团里的“天书”。 这部小说的独特之处： 首先在于它揭示了人性的复杂与深刻，在于它所蕴含的爱与恨的激情。凯瑟琳与希思克利夫的爱情是以他们的性格和兴趣完全认为同为基础的，他们之间的爱情主要是精神上一致而非外貌上的相互吸引，是心灵的契合而非欲望上的需要，就在他们最后一次见面中那狂风暴雨般不可遏制的激情，也不夹杂有丝毫的情欲成份，这也寄托了作家对理想的、纯洁的爱情的向往。 一本书看久了，感觉和感悟也就淡了： 我不欣赏书中的情与恨相互交织，如果爱过，就不要有恨，如果有恨就没有真正的爱过。人是有情感的动物，只有有情感的人才是真正的至真至情至诚中人，才会更显得可爱，但这种狂热到将爱变成了恨，我不赞同，幸好最后希思克利夫终于没有了恨，也让小凯瑟琳和哈里顿这对有情人能够走到一起，也说明真情能感动所有的人。 结合我自己的感情经历来说，我对爱最大的体会却是宽容，如果真正的爱，那么没有得到又有何访呢？只要他（她）是幸福的，只要他（她）曾经也真心地爱过自己，留下美好的记忆，彼此祝福，在无人的夜晚能静静的想想彼此，这就够了。 读一本名著，真的是一件很累很享受的事，当我被其中的人物感情所打动时，我会流泪，更会得到启发。 附：故事简介 《呼啸山庄》讲的是一个爱情与复仇的故事，弃儿希思克利夫在利物浦的大街上被好心的恩肖先生捡起，抱回家收养，与恩肖的儿子辛德雷和女儿凯瑟琳在一起生活，辛德雷讨厌希思克利夫，而他的妹妹却喜欢希思克利夫，恩肖死后，辛德雷成了一家之主，把希思克利夫当仆人和佃农对待，剥夺了他受教育的权利，半百般侮辱，虐待他。与此同时，凯瑟琳和希思克利夫由于性格和爱好上的一致而成为最好的朋友并产生了朦胧的爱情。邻近的富绅之子林顿向凯瑟琳求爱，频繁登门拜访，凯瑟琳对他表示了好感并决定嫁给他，希思克利夫愤而出走。三年后凯瑟琳嫁给了林顿。希思克利夫也发财回来，同时实施报复。辛德雷因丧妻而染上了酗酒和同赌博的恶习，希思克利夫引诱他进一步堕落，轻而易举地占有了他的全部家产，并将他的儿子教唆成一个文盲和无赖。希思克利夫利用欺手段娶了林顿的妹妹伊莎贝拉为妻，婚后百般虐待她。凯瑟琳在病疼中生下女儿小凯瑟琳后去世，伊莎贝拉在认清希思克利夫的真面目后也离他而去，并生下了儿子小林顿。后来，伊莎贝拉列死去，儿子被希思克利夫夺回到自己手中，并诱使他与小凯瑟琳相爱。在林顿病重之时，他设计劫持了小凯瑟琳，强迫她与自己的儿子小林顿成亲，吞并了林顿的全部家产，完成了他的复仇计划。小林顿不久死去，小凯瑟琳与辛德雷的儿子哈里顿产生了爱情。与此同时，希思克利夫被凯瑟琳的鬼魂缠绕得坐卧不宁，不思饮食睡眠，他从哈里顿与小凯瑟琳的眼睛里看到了凯瑟琳的那双眼睛不愿再阻挠他们的爱情，在抑郁和精神错乱中死去。
索尼论文网上关于呼啸山庄的论文题目呼啸山庄中的爱与仇呼啸山庄中Heathcliff 性格分析开题报告文献综述论文参考资料 英文论文呼啸山庄环境分析 开题报告文献综述论文参考资料 英文论文论呼啸山庄中卡瑟琳的婚姻论《呼啸山庄》的哥特式风格
把《呼啸山庄》的人物分成几组。。。分析他们的性格差异。。以及代际的继承问题。。还可以写一下书里反映的宗教观
1 曹召伦,李晓明;医学心理学的新发展[J];安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版);2002年04期 2 邹颉;;复仇者的同与异:希思克利夫和仇虎——《呼啸山庄》和《原野》中男主人公之比较[J];安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版);2006年06期 3 王喆;;《呼啸山庄》中窗意象的文化解读[J];安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版);2008年06期 4 张舒予;论伍尔夫与勃朗特的心灵与创作之关联[J];安徽师范大学学报(人文社会科学版);2003年03期 5 刘俊;;爱与恨的复合体——浅析希克厉这一人物形象[J];安徽文学(下半月);2006年09期 6 叶琴;刘爱花;;从阿德勒的人格理论谈心理健康与治疗[J];安徽文学(下半月);2006年09期 7 王华颖;;回归家庭——女性悲哀和幸福的双重所在——对《简爱》结局的新解读[J];安徽文学(下半月);2009年01期 8 肖晶;;心理学视角下的凯瑟琳·恩肖形象再议[J];安徽文学(下半月);2009年02期 9 唐正;;试分析艾米莉在《呼啸山庄》中的个性体现[J];安徽文学(下半月);2009年06期 10 唐正;;试分析《简·爱》中独特的女性主义声音[J];安徽文学(下半月);2009年07期
1、主题说描写吉卜赛弃儿希斯克利夫被山庄老主人收养后，因受辱和恋爱不遂．外出致富。回来后对与其女友凯瑟琳结婚的地主林顿及其子女进行报复的故事。全篇充满强烈的反压迫、争幸福的斗争精神，又始终笼罩着离奇、紧张的浪漫气氛。2、写作背景艾米丽生性寂寞，自小内向的她，缄默又总带着几分以男性自居的感觉，诚如夏洛蒂所说的：“她的性格是独一无二的。”少女时代，当她和姐妹们在家里“编造”故事、写诗的时候，她就显得很特别，后来收录在她们诗歌合集中艾米丽的作品总是如同波德莱尔或爱伦·坡那样被“恶”这一主题所困惑，在纯净的抒情风格之间总笼罩着一层死亡的阴影。在她写作《呼啸山庄》时，这种困惑与不安的情绪变得更加急躁，她迫切需要创造一个虚构的世界来演绎它，把自己心底几近撕裂的痛苦借小说人物之口淋漓尽致地发泄出来。因此《呼啸山庄》是饱含作者心血与情感的作品。3、作者简介艾米莉·简·勃朗特（Emily Jane Bronte，1818年7月30日－1848年12月19日），19世纪英国作家与诗人，著名的勃朗特三姐妹之一，世界文学名著《呼啸山庄》的作者。这部作品是艾米莉·勃朗特一生中唯一的一部小说，奠定了她在英国文学史以及世界文学史上的地位。此外，她还创作了193首诗，被认为是英国一位天才型的女作家。
讲的是高与低的不等于。
有爱引发的悲剧，人类浑浊思想的罪孽！
如果你们老师不是刻意为难的话，只会问一些基本的问题，比如说：为什么会选择这个作为论文题目；这个作者一共有多少作品，因为艾米莉·勃朗特是女作家而且家中姐妹也都有过好的作品，所以可能会问及她是否有姐妹，叫什么，有什么作品； 然后会关于《呼啸山庄》本身所反映的问题，所隐射的社会问题，你对此的感想；剩下的回到论文本身，对你论文的那个part或者是句子进行提问...差不多就这些。