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英文医学论文常用语法

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英文医学论文常用语法

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前段时间文章被接收后编辑校对后反馈给我,满屏都是关于the的改动,由于没有请人润色,增加了别人的工作量自感羞愧。现在仍被(医学)文章写作中冠词、单复数的使用所困扰,特此再次学习。本文整理自网络数篇相关文章,感谢原作者(已无法知晓最初来源)。(以下from周豪Stanley) 前几天导师返给我修改稿的时候,说了一句:“你那冠词的问题如果解决了,在学术领域基本上就是一个母语写作者了。”我听了受宠若惊,但同时又很羞愧,因为这个问题已经折磨他三年了:每次给我改文章,返回来的批注里大多是各种a变the、the变an、删the、加the…… 那天我看他的眼神,似乎在说:你去看看语法书吧我真求你了。 作者推荐书籍: 1. Wallwork, A. (2013). English for Research: Usage, Style, and Grammar. , A. J. (1986). A Practical English Grammar (4th ed.) New York, NY: Oxford University Press.用a/an: 1.用于单个可数名词之前,表示第一次提到(无特定指代) 2.用于单个可数名词之前,指代整个类属里的任一(相当于any)不用a/an:   3.复数之前不用 4.不可数名词之前不用用the: 5.用于特殊事物(the sky, the sun, the earth…) 6.用于第二次提到的事物 7.当有短语或从句将某事物特定化的时候(the girl I met) 8.当某事物在语境中被地点限定的时候 9.用于序数词之前 10.用于单个可数名词之前,指代整个类属里的全部(相当于all) 11. 用于某一特定人群里的某一个(the small shopkeeper)  不用the:   12.抽象事物之前(除非该抽象事物被赋予了特定含义) 13.特定词汇加the后意义可能改变,如:nature,自然;the nature,本质。 14.非特定地点的的地点名词之前(at home, at school, at prison)==========复杂的来了==========  a/an 与the   用于第一次出现的事物,the用于继续出现的事物  用于类属里某的任一事物(any),the用于类属里的全部事物(all) 17.用the对某一事物做普遍性的陈述   =========更复杂的来了=========  零冠词(即不用冠词)与a/an   18.在概念层面上的事物,即使是单数可数名词,也不用冠词。  零冠词 与the   19.复数名词,且用于泛指,用零冠词 20.不可数名词,且用于泛指,用零冠词 21.抽象名词,无论可数或不可数,都用零冠词 22.论文标题的第一个词,如果是名词,通常省略the 23.图表标题的名词,通常省略the   ========以我的句子举例========   以下这些句子都是我曾经写过然后被导师修改的,这些类型的错误我犯了无数次。  我的:The multiple factors influence children’s evaluation of scientific claims. 修改:Multiple factors influence children’s evaluation of scientific claims.    反思:这里的multiple factors是上文没有出现过的,且是泛指某些factors(下文才会具体地谈到它们是什么),所以不能用冠词。我的:The news article may contain a chart of CO2 emissions by gasoline-powered cars. 修改:A news article may contain a chart of CO2 emissions by gasoline-powered cars.   反思:首先,article是单个可数名词,所以不能用零冠词;其次,这个article并没有被短语或从句限定住,所以读者并不知道是“哪个”article,它是指news article这个类属里的任一个,所以要用a。  我的:How can an argument-oriented instruction play a role in students' reasoning? 修改:How can argument-oriented instruction play a role in students' reasoning?   反思:此处的argument-oriented instruction是一个概念层面的事物(可以理解为术语),而既不是泛指某类属,也不是instruction类属里的某一个,所以用零冠词。我的:Another data source is the videotaped observation of classroom instruction.   修改:Another data source is videotaped observations of classroom instruction.   反思:此处的observation不需要用the特指,因为之前并没有出现过,用零冠词的复数名词更符合学术写作惯例。(不过我还没完全理解清楚。)   --------- 我的:One camera will be fixed at the front of the classroom to capture the whole-class interaction. 修改:One camera will be fixed at the front of the classroom to capture whole-class interactions.   反思:同上。   ---------  我的:The analysis of observation protocols and video-based interaction analysis were conducted. 修改:Analysis of observation protocols and video-based interaction analysis were conducted.   反思:首先,这个analysis之前并未出现过,也不是泛指整个类属,所以不能用the;其次,analysis在此处是一个概念层面的术语,所以比an analysis要更符合学术写作惯例。   反思:或许也可以用analyses of observation protocols and...   =============又及=============   晚上跟一个朋友吃饭,她在进博士班之前,在州立大学里当了十多年的TESOL(Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages),现在也是学校的writing center的老师。我满脑子a/an/the,就正好和她讨论。其间说到一个句子:   ... because of the financial situation.   我问:为什么要用the呢?   她说——   首先,这是一个可数名词,没有用复数形式,而且不是术语,所以必须加冠词(即不能用零冠词)。然后,如果用a financial situation,这个句子严格来说是没有结束的,因为我用a的话,是向你传达一个意思:这个situation是你之前不知道的,我也没有提到过的,现在我要告诉你了,这个situation是这个那个……所以如果不接完,就显得非常奇怪。最后,如果这确实是个新situation,但我并不准备告诉你具体是个什么situation,那怎么说呢?就应该说:...because of a CERTAIN financial situation.   我又问:那用the怎么就行了呢?这又不是在指代整个situation类属里的全部,也不是我们之前提到的某个特定situation呀。   她说——   因为在我们谈话的这个语境中,其实是有从句被省略了的,我们想表达的完整句子其实是:...because of the financial situation that we've been facing for years. 说话者默认双方都知道这是个特定化的事物(见第7条),只是没有说出来而已,所以仍然要用the。(以下from启德张老师: 雅思写作语法--从冠词和单复数说起)名词,可以分为“可数名词”与“不可数名词”两种。如果是可数名词,可首先考虑使用复数形式。例如:Today many students use computers to do homework.其次,如果语境是想表达一个,并且任何一个都可以,则用不定冠词 a 或 an。例如:Many parents choose to buy a computer as a birthday gift for their children.如果语境是想表达特定的那一个,则用不定冠词 the。例如:You can use the computer in the sitting room to surf the Internet.切记,可数名词一般不能“裸奔”,要有冠词或者用复数形式。例如This policy has positive effect on companies这样的句子就是错误的,因为effect是可数名词,这里出现了“裸奔”的情况。可以改成:This policy has a positive effect on companies. 或This policy has positive effects on companies.需要注意的是,可数名词有时会出现在介词后面,有可能是词组搭配,此时该名词前不需要加冠词。例如:at university/school; by car等等。另外,可数名词复数的前面通常不需要加定冠词,除非是特指。有些小“烤鸭”们喜欢这样做,觉得冠词和复数都用上,就能“万无一失”,实则是很有问题的。例如:Learning can be personalised to help the students.这个句子里的the students就是不恰当的,因为这里所说的学生并非特指哪一些学生。可以改成:Learning can be personalised to help students.或Learning can be personalised to help the students with learning difficulties.改正的第二个句子里的students因为后面有了介词短语做修饰,指那些“有学习障碍的学生”,是特指,因此前面加上定冠词the才比较准确。说完了可数名词的情况,我们再来看看不可数名词是怎样的呢?首先,不可数名词不用复数形式。例如句子Some young people can receive trainings就是错的,因为training是不可数名词,应改为Some young people can receive training.其次,不可数名词不加不定冠词 a 或 an。例如句子It is difficult to find a full-time employment就是不对的,因为employment是不可数名词,应改为It is difficult to find full-time employment或It is difficult to find a full-time job,job是可数名词,前面可以加不定冠词a。最后,不可数名词一般不用定冠词 the。例如句子We can acquire the knowledge by reading books,这句话里的knowledge并不特指是哪些知识,什么知识,所以不用加the来特指,可以改为We can acquire knowledge by reading books. 当然,如果特指是什么knowledge,可以在前面加定冠词the,例如:We can acquire the knowledge about history by reading books.(以下from美伦论文网: 医学论文写作冠词使用解析)在英文论文写作中,冠词的使用特别讲究,我们必须根据英语的习惯加上必要的冠词,例如:新术式对防止术后腰痛有积极的作用(The new surgical procedure plays a positive role in the prevention of postoperative back pain)。本文例举英语医学论文中冠词的一些习惯用法,供医学专业的留学生们参考。1.器官、组织和解剖部位名称 器官、组织和解剖部位名称的单数形式前一般要用定冠词: the mall intestine(小肠),the adrenal gland(肾上腺),the internal thoracic artery(胸廓动脉),the dentate line(齿状线),the diaphragmatic surface of the liver(肝膈面),the urinary system(泌尿系统)。这类名称并列出现时,可以只保留第一个而省略其他的定冠词:the heart, (the) lung and (the) kidney。2.疾病名称 疾病名称前一般不用冠词: biliary fistula,adenoma(瘤),groinhernia(腹股沟疝),intestinal obstruction(肠梗阻)。Syndrome一词与专有名词合用时不用冠词:Cushing's syndrome(柯兴氏综合征),与非专有名词合用时习惯上要用定冠词: the adrenal cortical syndrome(肾上腺皮质综合征)。3.手术名称 手术名称前一般不用冠词: hysterectomy(子宫切除术),laparoscopy(腹腔镜术),liver transplant(肝脏移植),urinary diversion(尿路分流术).有approach、technique、method等表示技术方法的单词的词组前习惯上要用冠词the或a/an:(1)the transsphenoidal approach(经蝶手术径路),the immunohistochemical technique(免疫组化技术),the sequence-based-typing method(直接测序法);(2)a modified approach(一种改良径路),a new technique(一种新技术),a relatively simple and convenient method(一种相对简便的方法)。4.药物名称 药物名称前不用冠词: gentamicin(庆大霉素),dicynone(止血敏),cephalosporin(先锋霉素),cyclosporinA (环孢素A)。5.缩略词 缩略词前一般不用冠词:GERD(gastroesophageal reflux disease胃食管返流病),LapUS(laparoscopic ultrosonography腹腔镜超声技术),CHPS(congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄),FNAB(fine needle aspiration biopsy细针抽吸活检)。6.序数词和基数词 含序数词的词组前要用定冠词,而名词加基数词的词组前则不用任何冠词:(1)the first group,the first stage,the first step, the first 2 weeks,the first costae;(2)Group 1,Stage 1,Step 1, Table 1,Figure 1。7.重复出现的名词 研究对象或方法第一次出现在摘要或论文中时,视其单复数形式或是否可数名词等情况采用不定冠词或不用任何冠词,再次或重复出现时要用定冠词修饰: (1)A patient with olfactory groove meningioma received microsurgical treatment. … Follow-up studies showed that the patient recovered well (2)Nineteen patients underwent the modified Madigan prostatectomy. … Of the 19 cases,17 showed no complications.  (3)Microsurgery was performed on 12 patients.… After the operation, improvement was observed in .标题中的研究对象 英文中可数名词泛指一般事物有三种方法:加定冠词the,加不定冠词a/an或使用复数。以下论文标题中rat既无冠词又无复数s的用法是错误的:Effect of somatostatin on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rat(生长抑素对大鼠部分肝切除后肝再生的影响)。研究对象出现在标题中时,为了达到简洁的目的,最好采用不加冠词的名词复数形式: for cancer patients,in rabbits。9.论文作者单位 论文作者的单位(科室、院系、附属医院、大专院校、研究机构等)名称前的定冠词可以省略,以求简洁,并且同一期刊应采用统一的用法: (the) Department of General Surgery, (the) Fourth Military Medical University, (the) Institute of Cancer Research。以专有名词命名的单位名称前不用冠词: Sun Yet-sen University of Medical Sciences,Bethune International Peace Hospital,Hunan Children's Hospital。对于医学专业的留学生们来说,要掌握好英语冠词的用法,比较可行的办法是在了解英语冠词基本用法的基础上,多阅读英语医学文献。如果实在拿不准,可以将各种情况加引号在google学术中搜索,看哪种情况返回的结果多,在搜索时可以指定特别的期刊,如Nature、BMJ、Lancet等,这样结果更加准确。

【关键词】  医学英语论文; 标题写作; 修辞原则; 策略Abstract:As an important component part of a medical research paper,the English title plays a crucial role in promoting international academic exchanges. Its main functions are to summarize and reveal the subject, guide reading, and to be used for storage and retrieval. This paper mainly investigates the strategies of title writing for medical English research paper and presents four principles:focuse on subject,be accurate,be concise,be words: Medical English research paper;   Title writing;   Rhetorical principle;   Strategy人们读书看报,首先要看的是标题,题目常常能概括地反应文章的内容。题目取得好,简练又吸引人,才会引起读者的兴趣。标题“居文之首,句文之要”,被人们比喻为文章的眼睛。标题在学术论文中同样起着至关重要的作用。随着经济全球化的发展,医学界国际交流活动日趋频繁,在交流活动中起主导作用的学术期刊更加“规范化、标准化”,国内越来越多刊物须附英文标题和摘要。因此,学术论文的标题英译也越来越重要。医学论文题名具有高度概括集中反映文献主题的功能,指导读者查找文献资料的导读功能和信息储存提供编制文献检索的功能[1]。本文主要探讨医学论文英文标题写作中应遵循的主要修辞原则及表达策略,以期更好地发挥学术论文标题的功能,促进学术交流。1  突出主题原则及修辞策略    题名是论文最重要的、浓缩的信息点,是读者最先得到的直接信息,即文章的主要观点和主要论点。因此,标题应简明扼要、重点突出、反映论文主题。根据国际医学期刊编辑委员会制定的《生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求》中对文题的要求:简练和反映论文主题,英文标题应切题准确,反映文章的中心内容,便于索引,利于论文广泛流通。    好的标题不仅能起到“画龙点睛”的作用,还可以提高论文索引的利用价值。通常读者总是先浏览期刊的文章标题,在对其感兴趣后才会通读全文。因此,在标题英译时,应从以下两个方面注意修辞策略:    在信息传递上,要充分反映论文的创新内容,重要内容前置,突出中心;准确使用题名的必要结构要素来完整表达医学文献主题,在医学论文中最常见的结构类型是由研究对象、研究目的和研究方法三要素组成的题名。在表达方式上,多用名词、名词词组、动名词来表达。文字安排应结构合理、选词准确、详略得当,重要的词放在文题的起始,如association, application, determination,effect,detection,establishment等词所引导的短语都是研究的中心内容。2  准确规范原则及修辞策略    准确是修辞的基本原则,也是翻译必须遵循的原则。科技文体写作更应遵循这一原则,因为学术研究特别强调准确,不能模糊不清、模棱两可。措辞准确、表达客观、逻辑严密、行文简洁、词义明确、含义固定是科技文体所共有的文体特征[2]。医学英语除了具备以上特征外,它还有大量的专业词汇、术语以及特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和语篇结构。因此,在医学论文题名写作时语言表达要合乎医学论文写作的规范标准。论文标题英译要在正确理解原文的基础上进行,必须忠实地传达原文的内容,保持原文的风格。具体可采取以下方法:    首先,格式要求规范。标题译文可采用首字母大写,其余的用小写(首字母缩略词全大写,专有名词的首字母大写);也可采用标题首字母大写,其余实词首字母大写,虚词小写(4个字母以上的介词或连词的首字母大写);排列时可根据具体学术期刊的规范分别采用居中排与左对齐的方式;书名应用斜体表示。    其次,选词应强调专业化。与其它学科的英语术语相比,医学英语术语特征相对明显,专业化是医学英语的一大特色。因此,熟知医学英语术语,选择专业词汇,避免使用通俗语是医学工作者治学严谨的表现。例如,“先天性皮肤并指畸形” 应译为“syndactyly of fingers”而不是“congenital skin webbed fingers”;“大黄”“丹参”分别为“Rhubarb”和 “Salvia miltiorrhiza”,而不是“Da Hunag” 和“Dan Shen”。另一方面,科技英语用词强调词义单一、准确,忌用多义词。根据科技英语的这一修辞特点,在英译时应用词义明确单一的词来代替词义较多的词,如用to transmit, to convert, to obtain, to insert, to consume, to absorb, application, sufficient, superior来替代常用的to send, to change, to get, to put in, to use up, to take in, use, enough, better。    此外,用词要准确。注意不使用非标准化的缩略语,应使用公认的缩略词语、代号、符号、公式等。国际上《核心医学期刊文摘》中,对缩写词的使用非常谨慎,对非公认的缩略词语,第一次出现必须先写全名,缩写附后加括号。如丙型肝炎病人:hepatitis C virus (HCV),维甲酸:all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)。    语言的习惯搭配也是医学论文英语标题写作特征的一种重要表现形式。在英语中,有相当数量的动词、名词、形容词都有其固定的介词搭配,在使用此类词语时一定要多加注意,以避免错误。医学英语标题多采用逻辑动宾关系的名词性组合形式,常见的搭配如:patients with, cases of, operation on, cure for, response to, effect on, research in/into/on, approach to, observation(s) of/on/in, treatment of等等。下面的标题译文很好地说明了正确使用介词搭配能有助于准确明了地反映论文的主题。    例: The acupuncture effect on left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris (针疗对冠心病心绞痛患者左心功能状态的影响)    “影响”为中心词,但它在文中的意思为“疗效”,因为“针疗”是一种治疗疾病的方法,“针疗的疗效”可译为“acupuncture effect (on)”。“左心功能状态”是表类属的定语,应紧跟“影响”。“患者patients (with)”修饰“左心功能状态”,“冠心病心绞痛”修饰“患者”。层层修饰关系在译文中均以介词表示,译文准确而明晰。[3]3  简明有效原则及修辞策略    好的标题应是高度概括、言简意赅、便于检索。在完整、准确地概括全文内容的基础上,用尽量少的文字恰当反映所研究的范围和深度,不可夸大其词,以偏概全,也不可缩小研究范围,以偏代全。做到简明有效主要从以下两个方面着手:    在信息处理上,遵循科技写作中语言运用的最小信息差原则以谋求语言运用的最大信息量的输出和最佳交际效果,即“作者应该写的都能写出来,读者对作者所表达的意思都能读明白”[4]。    在选词用语上,文题力求语言精炼,中心词突出,一般在10个单词以内,通常不超过16个单词。标题起始处的冠词“A”“The”可以省略,但文题中间的“the”不能省。采用短语翻译题名,医学论文英语标题采取的主要短语结构有:名词+动词不定式;名词或名词短语+过去分词;现在分词短语;介词短语结构;名词或名词短语+介词短语;以动词形式开始的短语结构等。以短语形式来表达一个句子,结构言简意赅,内部组织严密,而且可以把更多的信息融于一体,使彼此的逻辑关系更明确,表达更细密,更有利于达到交际目的。    由于医学英语要求客观和精确,一些旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的修辞格不常见。但是,医学英语强调注重有效的语法和词汇修辞,如英语讲求结构平行对称。论文标题中并列的内容,应注意到语法结构上的对称,即名词与名词并列,动名词与动名词并列,不要混杂使用。例如:The Role of Arthroscopy in Diagnosing and the Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children(关节镜在儿童关节疾病诊治中的作用)宜改为:The Role of Arthroscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children。修改后两个动名词并列,既简化了文字,符合修辞原则,而且还更为醒目。平行结构的使用可以增强修辞效果,不仅使主题更加突出,而且还富有美感,引起读者兴趣。请看下面两个例子:例1:“Clinical, physiological, and radiological study of a new purpose-designed artificial bowel sphincter”例2:“Socioeconomic status,standard of living,and neurotic disorder”例1中3个形容词平行排列加强了语音的节奏感,也明确了与中心词的修饰关系,既美观又醒目;例2中的3个并列名词短语排列有序、结构工整、逻辑关系明确,读者能很快抓住论文的中心。4  得体原则及修辞策略    一个修辞行为的有效性,还取决于它是否合乎语体的规范,是否符合言语交际环境的规定,是否符合社会交往的礼仪,是否符合文化的习俗,是否符合双方的审美倾向。[5]如用戏曲语体撰写科技论文是不得体的。科技论文的行文要符合科技文体的特点,保持文体的严肃性,是为得体。医学论文的英语题名写作与翻译要求标题与论文的内容协调一致,包括风格的一致,语言表达应符合英语习惯。因此,在医学论文标题英译时,要考虑其语法、修辞特点,尽可能体现出英语的固有风格,避免中式英语的弊病。下面介绍几种表达得体的主要修辞策略。    英文标题的写作可以不拘一格,但应突出主题,服从英语的表达习惯,避免使用中国式的英语表达形式。比如,汉语医学论文标题中常常出现“初探”、“探讨”、“经验”、“体会”等词以示谦逊,而在国外的医学刊物中使用带有“浅谈”“初探”这类句式的题名会被认为所论述的内容没有多大参考价值,缺乏严肃性。这是因为欧美人认为科技论文应立足于事实材料,不必谦虚客套。    汉语论文主标题与副标题之间一般用破折号,而英文的主标题与副标题之间通常用冒号表示。病例数在汉语中一般放在正标题中,在英语中大多放在副标题中,如:Post transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases (输血后肝炎60例报告)。    由于受汉语语法的限制和语言习惯的影响,在中文标题中常含有“……的研究”和“……的观察”等词语,题名英译时应省略“Regarding …”、“Observation(s) of …”、“Investigation of …”、“Studies on …”、“Research(es) on …”、“Some thoughts on …”、“Introduction to …”等冗余套语,使之更简洁且符合英语的表达习惯。    名词化结构较多地使用抽象名词表达动作和状态,这也是英语表达和汉语表达上的主要差别之一。在汉语中用行为动词表达的意思在英语中多转换为名词。英汉语的用词顺序有很大的不同。在汉语中,定语置于中心词之前,而在英语中,“中心词+后置定语”的结构应用非常广泛。例如:葡萄糖在体外和体内对神经细胞瘤的疗效:Effect of Glucose on Neuroblastoma in Vitro and in Vivo;心脏病患者肌酐激酶同功酶的测定:Detection of Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes Inheart Disease;严重脑外伤患者大断面骨折接骨时间选择:Timing of Osteosynthesis of Major Fracture in Patients with Severe Brain Injury。    总之,标题在论文中起着至关重要的作用。论文的标题应能准确地概括论文的内容,提纲挈领、点明主题、吸引读者、便于检索。要写好译好英文标题,作者不仅要有严谨的治学态度,还要掌握专业英语知识,熟悉医学英语文体的写作特点,熟记常用的句式结构及英语习惯表达方法,在正确理解论文主旨的基础上,力求重点突出,行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。

句子结构——短句是准则用清楚的英语书写的文章更容易被发表,这一点需要牢记。据统计,1600年,平均每个英文句子有 40到60个单词;1900年,平均每个英文句子有 21个单词;1970年,平均每个句子有 17个单词;而现在,平均每个英语句子只有 12到 17个单词。由此可见,现代英语的发展趋势是由繁至简的。中文写作惯用长句,而英语,特别是科技英语,通常使用非常精炼的句子。短句是准则,使用简短而表意清楚的句子并不显得幼稚。专业的英语作者使用短句。No. 2可数名词和不可数(物质)名词Posted十二月 10th, 2007 by admin单数可数名词(可以计数的事物)通常用冠词修饰;复数可数名词有时用冠词修饰。不可数名词(难以计数的事物;也称物质名词)没有复数形式;不可数名词有时也用冠词修饰。首先要确定该名词是可数名词还是不可数名词,然后考虑如何对这个名词计数。No. 3逗号的正确使用方法逗号是最难掌握的标点符号类型,逗号使用不当会改变句子的意思。在表示重要的和非重要的信息时,请多留意逗号的用法。推荐用法:The equipment that we used was madeby the XX Company.可行用法:The equipment which we used was made by the XX Company.错误用法:The equipment, which we used, wasmade by the XX Company.正确用法:The equipment, which was made in Shanghai, was very expensive.当你校对标点符号的使用时,要特别注意以下单词:that、which和 who;此时应再次确认,此信息是重要信息还是是可以省略的多余信息。如果此信息是重要的,切勿使用逗号。如果此信息是附加的、不重要的,必须使用逗号。No. 4动词时态一般过去时用于表示你所做过的事:In this study, a number of functional and structuralproperties of sodium were compared to determine the underlying reason for theobserved functional changes.过去时通常用于描述研究的结果:Assessment of size using standarddenaturing gel conditions showed multiple bands whose size was consistent withdiscrete oligomeric forms of A.一般现在时用于陈述事实:Alzheimer's disease is a fatalprogressive dementia.一般现在时用于指代图表内容:The amino acid sequence of the synthetic Vpu (1-40) peptidesused in this study is shown in Figure 1A.现在完成时用于指代持续有效的已经进行过的研究或过去开始的现正正在进行的动作:The current state of GPCR researchhas evolved in large measure from observations made in two et al have shown that …检查文章是否使用了正确的动词时态:介绍性的语言的时态应该主要使用现在时和现在完成时。描述材料和方法的语言的时态应该主要使用一般过去时。对于结果和讨论的描述,结果应该主要使用过去时;而对于其他研究的观察一般使用现在时或现在完成时。No. 5冠词使用规则定冠词“the”指代当前情况:We began the experiment;the ”指代常识:The situation in Iraq isdeteriorating;the”指代之前提到的名词:We tested a new measuring device anda new mixer. The new mixer worked well.不定冠词“A/an”指代在前面没有提到的名词:We planned anew fluidwas separated with a centrifuge.冠词的使用取决于冠词出现的上下文以及冠词之后名词的类型。什么时候使用“a/an”或者“the”(所有例句选自最近的 ACS Chemical Biology):The emergence of antibioticresistance poses a major threat to human health, prompting interest in theexploration of new antibiotic is the second most abundant “trace”element in the body. This metal ion is vitalfor normal cellular function as acofactor in numerous enzymes, in transcription factors, in the immune system,and in the reproductive data provided solid evidence that theobserved IgG antibody response is T-cell dependenNo. 6词首字母大小写问题关于地名和地理学术语如何正确大写的问题。因为中文不牵涉大写问题,所以中文母语的作者可能会有点迷惑。其实大写问题对于英语母语的作者而言也不太容易理顺。大写问题虽然棘手,但是下面的小贴士会对您有所帮助。一般而言定义明确的地区的首写字母要大写,以下是 The Economist Style Guide的建议:“Use upper case for definitegeographical places, regions, areas and countries, and for vague but recognisedpolitical or geographical areas…lower case for east, west, north, south exceptwhen part of a name.”(大写用于明确的地理学位置、地区、区域、国家以及模糊但是被认可的行政或地理区域 east, west, north, south等用小写,但当他们是名称一部分的时候除外。)这条通用法则也适用于地球表面的地带,如 North Temperate Zone, the Equator等。No. 7常见易混单词英语中有许多对单词很容易混淆。此贴士主要讨论拼写相近而意义不同单词,或者充当不同词性的单词。优..助服务

医学论文常用英语表达法

医学常用的词汇英语有口腔解剖生理学Oral Anatomy and Physiology、口腔组织病理学Oral Histology and Pathology、口腔粘膜病学Diseases of the Oral Mucosa等。

其他还有:

1、牙体牙髓病学:Cariology And Endodontics。

2、牙周病学:Periodontics。

3、口腔正畸学:Orthodontics。

4、口腔修复学:Prosthodontics。

5、口腔颌面外科学:Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery。

6、影像物理学:Physics of Medicine Imaging。

7、影像设备学:Medical Imaging Equipment。

8、医用电子学:Medical Electronics。

9、超声诊断:Ultrasonic Diagnosis。

10、眼科学:Ophthalmology等。

常用药物概况:

家庭必备的常用药物包括有感冒药、止咳药物、止泻药物、消炎的药物、中药等。如果出现轻度的身体不适,可以适当地服用这些药物来帮助改善症状。除了一些口服的药物外,平时还需要准备一些外用药物。推荐储存的外用药物有红药水、紫药水、碘酒、酒精、高锰酸钾、风油精、创可贴、金霉素眼膏等。

在使用药物的时候一定要严格遵从说明书,了解药物的适应症、副作用以及禁忌证,才能够达到最佳的治疗效果。家里常备一些药品可以缓解日常出现的一些小毛病,比如感冒、头疼、发烧等等。可以在家里常备的药品包括感冒药、退烧止痛药、腹泻药、便秘药、胃药以及避孕药、外伤护理药等等,这些药品都可以在药店自行购买。

这个建议楼主多看一些医学论文的范文。或者缠一下老师什么的,总之得靠自己..哈哈

英文摘要书写技巧信 息 来 源:创 新 医 学 网 英文摘要的内容要求与中文摘要一样,包括目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。但是,英文有其自身特点,最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长,同样内容的一段文字,若用英文来描述,其占用的版面可能比中文多一倍。因此,撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了,力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。第一,对所掌握的资料进行精心筛选,不属于上述"四部分"的内容不必写入摘要。第二,对属于"四部分"的内容,也应适当取舍,做到简明扼要,不能包罗万象。比如"目的",在多数标题中就已初步阐明,若无更深一层的目的,摘要完全不必重复叙述;再如"方法",有些在国外可能早已成为常规的方法,在撰写英文摘要时就可仅写出方法名称,而不必一一描述其操作步骤。 中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性,目前对这个问题的认识存在两个误区,一是认为两个摘要的内容"差不多就行",因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容,或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容,这样很容易造成文摘重心转移,甚至偏离主题;二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译,对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏,这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复,显得拖沓、冗长。英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容,不能随意增删,但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动,具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则,符合英文专业术语规范,并照顾到英文的表达习惯。 选择适当的时态和语态,是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提。通常情况下,摘要中谓语动词的时态和语态都不是通篇一律的,而应根据具体内容而有所变化,否则容易造成理解上的混乱。但这种变化又并非无章可循,其中存在着如下一些规律: 1、时态:大体可概括为以下几点。 1)叙述研究过程,多采用一般过去时。 2)在采用一般过去时叙述研究过程当中提及在此过程之前发生的事,宜采用过去完成时。 3)说明某课题现已取得的成果,宜采用现在完成时。 4)摘要开头表示本文所"报告"或"描述"的内容,以及摘要结尾表示作者所"认为"的观点和"建议"的做法时,可采用一般现在时。

医学论文翻译挺难的,没有一点的水平完全翻译不过来,建议还是找机构,让清北医学翻译帮忙把。

医学论文常用英语表达方法

无论哪个翻译软件翻出来的都是比较生硬的,一眼就能看出来。如果非要用软件翻的话,谷歌在线翻译相对来说好一些,不过还是推荐人工来翻译,北京译顶科技那边都是人工给你翻译的

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为了帮助大家学好 医学英语 ,下面我给大家带来医学 英语口语 表达大全,希望对大家有所帮助!

医学英语口语表达:胃肠

胃肠Stomach & Bowels

(1)当空腹时,他感觉胃里不舒服。

He has a certain disagreeable felling in the stomach when it is empty.

胃不调upset stomach

消化不良have bad(impaired:defective)digestion;suffer from indigestion(dyspepsia)

胃有毛病have a disordered stomach(stomach disorder);something is wrong with one's stomach.

因过食而伤胃injure one's stomach by overeating oneself

觉食物积滞胃中feel heavy on the stomach

食物不易消化lie(sit)heavy on one's stomach

自从那时起,消化便已失常。

Thereafter,the digestion was not really good.

曾有过一时性的恶心和呕吐,但并没有食欲不振或体重减少发生。

Transient nausea and vomiting was present,but no anorexia or weight loss occurred.

欲呕feel nauseated

有晨吐have morning sickness

夜吐(饭后恶心)nocturnal(postprandial)nausea

晕船(车)be sea-(car-)sick

有点恶心have(experience)some nausea

严重的作呕have considerable retching

里急后重时发生恶心和呕吐have a spell of N & V while straining at stool

患食欲不振和恶心be anorexic and nauseated

偶而恶心和呕吐develop occasional nausea and vomiting

老是溢酸,感觉腹胀burp all the time,feel bloated

吐出清净透明的胃容物with vomiting of clear gastric contents

呕吐停了,消失了vomiting stopped(ceased),cleared

止吐settle the stomach

打噎belch(eruct;eructate)

这病人恶心,曾呕吐了含有胆汁液体数次。

The patient developed nausea and vomited bile-stained fluid on several occasions.

当要呕吐时,他发觉有严重的腹上部痛和剧烈的头痛。

With the advent of vomiting,he noted severe epigastric pain as well as severe headache.

在第2天中午,她开始呕吐,随后呕吐胆汁质物。

At noon on the following day she stared vomiting food,which was followed by bile- stained material.

在病发时呕吐2次vomit twice at the onset

极度反胃regurgitate food violently

一小时后,他吐出不含血液的水质样东西。

One hour later,he vomited watery material containing no blood.

有时这病人在发作最厉害时,呕吐1、2次。

Sometimes the patient vomited once or twice at the height of the attack.

昨天早晨的呕吐物,被形容为含有未消化的食物和绿水,无血。

The vomitus of yesterday morning was described as containing indigested food and

greenish water with no evidence of blood.

最初的呕吐物是透明的,但据说住院治疗之前的呕吐物,带有褐色。

The vomitus was initially clear but just before hospitalization was said to brownish.

他开始有多次、带泡沫和臭味的大便。

He began to have frequent,frothy,foul-smelling stools.

解大便open(relax;evacuate)the bowel;have a passage

有便意have a call of nature

有1次(2次)大便have a motion(two motions)

没有大便be constipated

平均每天大便12次averaged 12 stools daily

发觉粪便中有很多血noticed gross blood in one's stools

开始一天解8次松的多脂粪便began to pass 8 loose greasy stools per day

大便增加到一天4~5次stools increased in number to 4 or 5 daily

更换尿布时有些粪便have some stool in each diaper change

大便次数减少了,但他仍然每天继续有2~3次大量的稀大便。

The stools became fewer in number but he still continued to have 2~3 large loose stools daily.

住院前2个月,她发觉黑色大便,但却把它忽略过去了。

Two months before admission she had noticed black stools but she disregarded them.

种类ordinary,dry,hard,loose(soft),large,watery(liquid),formed,formless,frothy,mucous,bloody,rice-water,pea-soup,tarry

臭味odorless,extremely foul,sour,putrid,less offensive in odor,offensive but no excessively foul

颜色black,tarry,brownish-black,brown,red,green,yellow,light-brown,grey- white(clay-colored)

大便的粗细和硬度正常,且从未呈黑色。

The stools were of normal caliber and consistency and have never been black.

大便颜色很淡,并且软如泥。

Stools were very light in color and of mushy consistence.

他诉说间歇性腹泻与便秘交替发生。

He complained of intermittent diarrhea alternating with constipation.

便秘suffer from constipation

惯性便秘habitual constipation

时常便秘be always constipated

有便秘倾向have a tendency to be constipated

只有灌肠才能缓和严重的便秘one's severe constipation was relieved only by enemas

便秘很难治,他以前常乞灵于泻药。

The constipation was very obstinate(stubborn)and he resorted to the frequent use of cathartics.

她的便秘逐渐严重起来,同时发觉到粪便直径变细。

She became progressively more constipated and noted a narrowing in the caliber of

the stools.

晨泻,水泻,粘液性腹泻,慢性腹泻diarrhea(morning,watery,mucous,dysenteric,chronic)

腹泻diarrhea(轻症mild,拖延的protracted,无法控制的uncontrolled,难医的intractable)

患腹泻suffer from diarrhea;have(an attack of)diarrhea;have loose bowels

短期的腹泻发生了a brief episode of diarrhea occurred

开始泻腹(自然消失,于两天后消失)diarrhea commenced(spontaneously disappeared,cleared after 2 days)

偶而泻肚子have occasional diarrhea

腹泻厉害,在3~7次之间diarrhea varied in severity from 3 to 7 .

不得不服药be obliged to take physics

腹泻未因吃脱脂牛奶而转佳received skim milk without any improvement in the diarrhea

用泻药use a purgative

他患腹泻,每天有8~10次带有粘液,脓和鲜红色血的大便。

He developed diarrhea with the daily passage of 8~10 stools containing mucous,pus,and bright red blood.

Ex2:以前他患过同样的腹泻,但从来没有这么严重过。

He previously had similar attacks of diarrhea but they were never so severe.

医学英语口语表达:排尿

排尿Urination,生殖器Genitalia

(1)他诉说,在两侧鼠蹊部和睾丸有拉痛,且有夜尿,小便时有灼热感,间或放红色的尿。

He complained of a drawing pain in both groins and testicles,nocturia,burning on urination and the intermittent voiding of red-colored urine.

排便micturate;make(pass)water;void;piss

一夜有2次小便have nocturia twice nightly (a night)

这次住院时解出一个结石pass a stone on this admission

小便浑浊one's urine is thick(colored)

解出极浑浊,乳白色的尿the passage of highly turbid,milky urine

频尿frequent urination(micturition)

无法忍受的频尿intolerable frequency of urination

终末性血尿terminal hematuria

终末尿带有几滴血urine terminates with a few drops of blood

排尿痛micturition pain

解尿时左腰疼痛have pain in the left loin on micturition

小便流势良好void with a good stream

尿流细小small urinary stream

常解少量的尿pass small amounts of urine frequently

小便发生困难dysuria(inability to void)developed

小便时非常的痛piss pins and needles

变成失禁become incontinent

患便尿失禁develop urinary and fecal incontinence

把尿失禁完全治好obtain complete cure of incontinence

不能把尿尽行解出be unable to void without residual urine

小便时有强烈的烧灼感,当他工作时受到很大的困扰。

His voiding was accompanied by severe burning,and he was greatly inconvenienced at work.

他尿意频频,但每次仅出2、3滴。

He has a frequent desire to urinate,but only a few drops cone out each time.

(2)性欲减退,但仍能射精。

There was a decrease in libido but ejaculation was still present.

发觉性欲减退note decreased libido

发觉性欲渐减note gradual loss of libido

性欲有些减退have some decrease in libido

没有性欲have no libido

性冷感be frigid(unaffectionate)sexually

性欲正常libido is normal

性要求过高(太低)be oversexed(undersexed)

对于性交无热诚be unenthusiastic about intercourse

性感不快已有几个月了had dyspareunia for a few months

不起劲的性关系devitalized sexual relationship

25至35岁夫妻的正常次数normal frequency of intercourse for married couples of 25 to 35

未曾达到高潮never achieve(reach)climax

在结婚头一年时常不容易达到极致frequently have difficulty in reaching orgasm in one's marital coitus in the first year of marriage

未曾尝过情欲高潮的极致have not experienced orgasm

仅有过一次情欲高潮的极致have only had an orgasm once

享受每一动作greatly enjoy every act of sexual intercourse

节欲be continent

仍能射精,但阴茎勃起力却减退了。

Ejaculation was possible but penile erectile strength decreased.

后来月经停止了,而她对于「性」冷淡了起来。

Later,menstruation ceased and she became sexually aopathetic.

阴蒂边发痒、有刺激感itching and irritation around the clitoris

婚前的纵欲premarital sexual indulgence

婚前有过性关系engaged in premarital sexual relationship

接交过性病病人venereally exposed;venereal exposure

染淋疾,患梅毒contract gono.,get syphilis

否认与性病有染deny . contact

不能人道inability to perform sexual intercourse

交媾疼痛painful coitus(coition)

突然变成阳萎suddenly became impotent

一星期以前,他发觉在右鼠蹊部,发生无压痛的肿胀,时起时消。

He noticed a nontender swelling appearing on and off in his right groin one week ago.

这病人诉说阴茎和足底发痒,并且齿龈有不舒服感。

The patient complained of pruritus of the penis and itching in the soles of the feet,and an annoying sensation in the gingiva.

月经于13岁开始,一直到发生月经过多症以前,经期正常。

Menarche occurred at 13 years of age and the menstrual cycle remained within normal limits until the onset of menorrhagia.

月经开始(少量、中等、厚、多) (mild,moderate,frank,heavy)menses begin (start;commence;take place)

经期正常28~30日一次have normal period at 28-to 30-day intervals

月经规则,周期为28天,继续4天have regular period every 28 days that lasted 4 days

月经周期为28天have menstrual cycles of 28 days

月经开始不规则,并且长期无月经began to have menstrual irregularities with long period of amenorrhea

月经未曾失常have no previous menstrual aberrations

周期变成不定interval became variable

比平常多heavier than usual

发觉到月经持续不断并且过多noted persistent excessive menstrual flow

月经不来menses did not occur

停经已4年be 4 years postmenopausal

在46岁时停经passed(underwent;went through)the menopause at age 46

多量(块状,厚多)阴道出血加多,有几个月之久increasingly profuse (massive,frank)vaginal bleeding of several months duration.

月经过多,并且流出血块experience(develop)menorrhagia with passage of clots

有些轻微、无痛性阴道出血some slight painless vaginal bleeding

发觉经期外和性交后出血noted intermenstrual and postcoital bleeding

分泌少量厚汁物质drained a small amount of purulent material

间歇性的剧烈下腹痛intermittent,sharp,lower abdominal pains

她于13岁开始有正常的月经,周期为28~32天,有轻度的月经痛。

She began to menstruate regularly at 13 at intervals of 28~32 days with slight dysmenorrheal.

月经痛性而不规则,大约一个月发生2次。

The menstrual periods were painful and irregular,occurring approximately twice monthly.

医学英语口语表达:护理英语80句

.Receiving the patient(接待病人)

do you do?/ Good morning!您好!(初次见面时使用)/早上好!

can I do for you?/Can I help you?您需要我帮助吗?

'll bring you to your bedside, please follow me. This is your bed……

我要领您到床边去.请跟我来.这是您的床位.

toilet is over there.卫生间在那边

supply hot water.我们供应热水

wait a moment. I'll let your doctor know. /I'll inform your doctor.请等一会儿,我去通知医生.

is the nurse /doctor in charge of you.玛丽是您的负责护士/医生

let us know if you need any help.您需要帮助时,请告诉我们.

is not allowed here.这里不允许吸烟

二.information collection(收集信息)

you mind if I ask you a few questions?您介意我问您几个问题吗?

need some information from you.我们需要从您这儿收集一些信息.

your tummy still sore?您的肚子还疼吗?

your pain come on after or before meals?您的疼痛是在饭前还是饭后发作?

it hurt to pass urine?/when I press here?排尿时痛吗?/当我按压这儿时痛吗?

your back ache?您的后背痛吗?

your feet swell?您的脚肿了吗?

you have a cough/fever?您咳嗽吗?/您有发热吗?

you bring up any sputum?您咳痰吗?

there any radiation of the pain ?(to the shoulder)有放射(到肩部的)痛吗?

long have you had the pain?您的痛有多长时间了?

did the pain start?/where is your pain?疼痛从什么时候开始的/什么地方疼痛?

your periods regular?您的月经规则吗?

三.Physical examination(查体)

you please undress for medical examination?请您脱下衣服做体检好吗?

off your clothes, please.请把衣服脱下来

down on the couch, please./Just lie still on the couch and relax.请躺在治疗床上./请安静地躺在治疗床上,放松.

your knees, please.请屈膝.

your mouth and say 'ah“张开口,说:啊

deeply, please./take a deep breath, please.请深呼吸

I examine your tummy, please?我要检查下您的肚子,好吗?

up your sleeves, please.请卷起袖子.

四.communication.(交流)

am going to take your temperature./Please put the thermometer under your armpit.我要测一下您的体温/请把体温计放在您的腋下.

me feel your pulse.让我测一下您的脉搏.

'll test/take your blood pressure.我要测量您的血压.

34. I'm afraid I have to prick your finger and take a drop of blood for blood sugar level.我要取一滴指血做血糖测定,需要刺一下手指.

'll take some blood from your arm now.现在我要从您的胳膊抽血.

't take any thing by mouth after midnight until the blood is drawn tomorrow morning .半夜之后不要吃喝任何东西,明天早上抽血.

bring a specimen of your urine/stool/sputum./ please collect your mid-stream specimen of urine.请留一份尿/便/痰的标本/请收集您的中段尿.

have your blood and urine tests done.请做一下您的血和尿试验.

are going to have a CT-scan of your chest/head today.今天您要做一个胸部/头部CT.

are going to have a chest X-ray this morning.今天早上您要拍一个胸片.

are going to have a B-mode ultrasonic exam. Please keep your bladder full.您要做B超检查,请留尿,使膀胱充盈.

are going to have an gastric endoscopy tomorrow morning. please don't eat or drink

anything after 12 o'clock tonight.明天上午您要做胃镜检查,今晚12点之后,请不要吃喝任何东西。

are going to have urine catheterization now.现在您需要导尿.

'm going to do an ECG for you.我要给您做心电图.

'm going to put a gastric tube into your stomach, this is for gastrointestinal decompression.我要放胃管到您的胃内,这是胃肠减压.

We can feed you the necessary nutrients through the tube. Please swallow the tube as I put it down.我们通过胃管给您必要的营养.当我放管时,请做吞咽动作.

'm going to make your bed./ we'll change the bed linen at once.我要给您整理床铺/我们马上给您换床单.

'll apply a cold(hot)compress to your ankle.我要给您的踝部冷/热敷

operation will be done tomorrow/ an emergency operation must be done now.

Will you please sign to give your permission for your operation?明天将做手术/现在马上做急诊手术.同意手术请您签字好吗?

'm going to shave your skin. / I'm going to do skin preparation for you.我要给您做备皮/我要给您做皮肤准备。

're going to have a local/general/epidural anaesthesia.要给您做局麻/全身麻醉/硬膜外麻醉.

you allergic to any medication?/ penicillin?您对什么药物/青霉素过敏吗?

52. I'm going to do a skin test of pennicillin for you./ If you feel itchy or short of breath, please let me know at once. I'll see the result in fifteen minutes. /I'm going to do a tetanus hypersensitive test for you.我要给您做青霉素皮试.如果您感到痒或气短,请立刻告诉我./我十五分钟后看结果./我要给您做破伤风皮试.

'm going to give you an intramuscular injection./intravenous infusion/hypodermic injection.我要给您做肌肉/静脉/皮内注射

'm going to give you an enema to help you pass motion.我要给您灌肠,帮助您排便

doctor will change your dressing. /The doctor will remove your stitches.医生要给您换药/医生要给您拆线.

'm going to give you oxygen now.我要给您吸氧

'm going to give you nebulization.我要给您(雾化)吸入.

58. I'm going to do bladder irrigation for you.我要给您做膀胱冲洗

have to rest in bed for at least one week您至少要卧床休息一周.

are you today? How was your sleep last night? How is your appetite?您今天怎么样?您昨晚睡得怎么样?您的食欲怎么样?

you pass motion yesterday?/Are your bowel movements normal?昨天您排便了吗?/您的大便正常吗?

color of your urine?您的尿液什么颜色?

much urine do you pass each time?您每次排尿多少?

will have skin/cervical traction.要给您做皮肤/颈部牵引

65. Take more exercises./Do some light work, have a happy outlook, avoid excitement and too much worry. Be careful not to stumble.

多做锻炼/做一些轻体力活动,保持良好的心态,避免兴奋和过度忧虑,小心不要摔倒

are going to have a blood transfusion.要给您输血

results are normal.结果正常

are suffering from ~/Your disease was diagnosed as ~您的病诊断为~

have to stop smoking and alcohol.您必须戒烟、戒酒

五.about medication and nutrition(关于药物和营养)

two tablets three times a day after/before food.饭前/饭后服,每日三次,每次两粒.

the medicine with a lot of water.服用此药,要多饮水.

'll give you an injection twice a day.我要给您注射,每日两次.

medicine is used for preventing infection/treating infection/relieving your pain/protecting your stomach/supplying nutrients/ bringing down your temperature/ intracranial pressure/stopping bleeding/

这种药是为了预防感染/治疗感染/减轻疼痛/保护您的胃/提供营养/降低体温/降低颅内压/停止出血

should have a low fat/ low salt/ light diet/high caloric diet/high protein/soft diet/liquid food.

您的进食应该是低脂/低盐/轻淡/高热量/高蛋白/软食/流食的食物

take some more nourishing food.请食营养多的食物.

六.comforting(安慰)

mind/It doesn't matter没关系

't worry不要担心

't be nervous. You are in good hands.不要紧张,操作者是高手

will recover soon.您很快就会康复的

come back to see the doctor for check-up in two weeks.请两周后来看医生复查

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★ 最常用100句英语口语,有了它,再也不怕雅思口语了!

医学论文常用英语

下面是我整理的常用 医学英语 词汇 ,以供大家学习参考。 医学 英语口语 :常用医学英语词汇 Medical Terminology 常用医学名词 Medical Terminology 过敏 Allergy 健康诊断 Gernral Check-up Physical Examination 检查 Examination 入院 Admission to Hospotial 退院 Discharge from Hospital 症状 Symptom 营养 Nutrition 病例 Clinical History 诊断 Diagnosis 治疗 Treatment 预防 Prevention 呼吸 Respiration便通 Bowel Movement 便 Stool 血液 Blood 脉搏 Pulse, Pulsation 尿 Urine 脉搏数 Pulse Rate 血型 Blood Type 血压 Blood Pressure 麻醉 Anesthesia 全身麻醉 General Anesthesia 静脉麻醉 Intravenous Anesthesia 脊椎麻醉 Spinal Anesthesia 局部麻醉 Local Anesthesia 手术 Operation 切除 Resectionlie 副作用 Side Effect 洗净 Irrigation 注射 Injection X光 X-Ray 红外线 Ultra Red-Ray 慢性的 Chronic 急性的 Acute 体格 Build 亲戚 Relative 遗传 Heredity 免疫 Immunity 血清 Serum 流行性的 Epidemic 潜伏期 Incubation Period 滤过性病毒 Virus 消毒 Sterilization 抗生素 Antibiotic 脑波 洗肠 Enema 结核反映 Tuberculin Reaction 华氏 Fahrenheit 摄氏 Celsius, Centigrade

为了帮助大家学好 医学英语 ,下面我给大家带来医学 英语口语 表达大全,希望对大家有所帮助!

医学英语口语表达:胃肠

胃肠Stomach & Bowels

(1)当空腹时,他感觉胃里不舒服。

He has a certain disagreeable felling in the stomach when it is empty.

胃不调upset stomach

消化不良have bad(impaired:defective)digestion;suffer from indigestion(dyspepsia)

胃有毛病have a disordered stomach(stomach disorder);something is wrong with one's stomach.

因过食而伤胃injure one's stomach by overeating oneself

觉食物积滞胃中feel heavy on the stomach

食物不易消化lie(sit)heavy on one's stomach

自从那时起,消化便已失常。

Thereafter,the digestion was not really good.

曾有过一时性的恶心和呕吐,但并没有食欲不振或体重减少发生。

Transient nausea and vomiting was present,but no anorexia or weight loss occurred.

欲呕feel nauseated

有晨吐have morning sickness

夜吐(饭后恶心)nocturnal(postprandial)nausea

晕船(车)be sea-(car-)sick

有点恶心have(experience)some nausea

严重的作呕have considerable retching

里急后重时发生恶心和呕吐have a spell of N & V while straining at stool

患食欲不振和恶心be anorexic and nauseated

偶而恶心和呕吐develop occasional nausea and vomiting

老是溢酸,感觉腹胀burp all the time,feel bloated

吐出清净透明的胃容物with vomiting of clear gastric contents

呕吐停了,消失了vomiting stopped(ceased),cleared

止吐settle the stomach

打噎belch(eruct;eructate)

这病人恶心,曾呕吐了含有胆汁液体数次。

The patient developed nausea and vomited bile-stained fluid on several occasions.

当要呕吐时,他发觉有严重的腹上部痛和剧烈的头痛。

With the advent of vomiting,he noted severe epigastric pain as well as severe headache.

在第2天中午,她开始呕吐,随后呕吐胆汁质物。

At noon on the following day she stared vomiting food,which was followed by bile- stained material.

在病发时呕吐2次vomit twice at the onset

极度反胃regurgitate food violently

一小时后,他吐出不含血液的水质样东西。

One hour later,he vomited watery material containing no blood.

有时这病人在发作最厉害时,呕吐1、2次。

Sometimes the patient vomited once or twice at the height of the attack.

昨天早晨的呕吐物,被形容为含有未消化的食物和绿水,无血。

The vomitus of yesterday morning was described as containing indigested food and

greenish water with no evidence of blood.

最初的呕吐物是透明的,但据说住院治疗之前的呕吐物,带有褐色。

The vomitus was initially clear but just before hospitalization was said to brownish.

他开始有多次、带泡沫和臭味的大便。

He began to have frequent,frothy,foul-smelling stools.

解大便open(relax;evacuate)the bowel;have a passage

有便意have a call of nature

有1次(2次)大便have a motion(two motions)

没有大便be constipated

平均每天大便12次averaged 12 stools daily

发觉粪便中有很多血noticed gross blood in one's stools

开始一天解8次松的多脂粪便began to pass 8 loose greasy stools per day

大便增加到一天4~5次stools increased in number to 4 or 5 daily

更换尿布时有些粪便have some stool in each diaper change

大便次数减少了,但他仍然每天继续有2~3次大量的稀大便。

The stools became fewer in number but he still continued to have 2~3 large loose stools daily.

住院前2个月,她发觉黑色大便,但却把它忽略过去了。

Two months before admission she had noticed black stools but she disregarded them.

种类ordinary,dry,hard,loose(soft),large,watery(liquid),formed,formless,frothy,mucous,bloody,rice-water,pea-soup,tarry

臭味odorless,extremely foul,sour,putrid,less offensive in odor,offensive but no excessively foul

颜色black,tarry,brownish-black,brown,red,green,yellow,light-brown,grey- white(clay-colored)

大便的粗细和硬度正常,且从未呈黑色。

The stools were of normal caliber and consistency and have never been black.

大便颜色很淡,并且软如泥。

Stools were very light in color and of mushy consistence.

他诉说间歇性腹泻与便秘交替发生。

He complained of intermittent diarrhea alternating with constipation.

便秘suffer from constipation

惯性便秘habitual constipation

时常便秘be always constipated

有便秘倾向have a tendency to be constipated

只有灌肠才能缓和严重的便秘one's severe constipation was relieved only by enemas

便秘很难治,他以前常乞灵于泻药。

The constipation was very obstinate(stubborn)and he resorted to the frequent use of cathartics.

她的便秘逐渐严重起来,同时发觉到粪便直径变细。

She became progressively more constipated and noted a narrowing in the caliber of

the stools.

晨泻,水泻,粘液性腹泻,慢性腹泻diarrhea(morning,watery,mucous,dysenteric,chronic)

腹泻diarrhea(轻症mild,拖延的protracted,无法控制的uncontrolled,难医的intractable)

患腹泻suffer from diarrhea;have(an attack of)diarrhea;have loose bowels

短期的腹泻发生了a brief episode of diarrhea occurred

开始泻腹(自然消失,于两天后消失)diarrhea commenced(spontaneously disappeared,cleared after 2 days)

偶而泻肚子have occasional diarrhea

腹泻厉害,在3~7次之间diarrhea varied in severity from 3 to 7 .

不得不服药be obliged to take physics

腹泻未因吃脱脂牛奶而转佳received skim milk without any improvement in the diarrhea

用泻药use a purgative

他患腹泻,每天有8~10次带有粘液,脓和鲜红色血的大便。

He developed diarrhea with the daily passage of 8~10 stools containing mucous,pus,and bright red blood.

Ex2:以前他患过同样的腹泻,但从来没有这么严重过。

He previously had similar attacks of diarrhea but they were never so severe.

医学英语口语表达:排尿

排尿Urination,生殖器Genitalia

(1)他诉说,在两侧鼠蹊部和睾丸有拉痛,且有夜尿,小便时有灼热感,间或放红色的尿。

He complained of a drawing pain in both groins and testicles,nocturia,burning on urination and the intermittent voiding of red-colored urine.

排便micturate;make(pass)water;void;piss

一夜有2次小便have nocturia twice nightly (a night)

这次住院时解出一个结石pass a stone on this admission

小便浑浊one's urine is thick(colored)

解出极浑浊,乳白色的尿the passage of highly turbid,milky urine

频尿frequent urination(micturition)

无法忍受的频尿intolerable frequency of urination

终末性血尿terminal hematuria

终末尿带有几滴血urine terminates with a few drops of blood

排尿痛micturition pain

解尿时左腰疼痛have pain in the left loin on micturition

小便流势良好void with a good stream

尿流细小small urinary stream

常解少量的尿pass small amounts of urine frequently

小便发生困难dysuria(inability to void)developed

小便时非常的痛piss pins and needles

变成失禁become incontinent

患便尿失禁develop urinary and fecal incontinence

把尿失禁完全治好obtain complete cure of incontinence

不能把尿尽行解出be unable to void without residual urine

小便时有强烈的烧灼感,当他工作时受到很大的困扰。

His voiding was accompanied by severe burning,and he was greatly inconvenienced at work.

他尿意频频,但每次仅出2、3滴。

He has a frequent desire to urinate,but only a few drops cone out each time.

(2)性欲减退,但仍能射精。

There was a decrease in libido but ejaculation was still present.

发觉性欲减退note decreased libido

发觉性欲渐减note gradual loss of libido

性欲有些减退have some decrease in libido

没有性欲have no libido

性冷感be frigid(unaffectionate)sexually

性欲正常libido is normal

性要求过高(太低)be oversexed(undersexed)

对于性交无热诚be unenthusiastic about intercourse

性感不快已有几个月了had dyspareunia for a few months

不起劲的性关系devitalized sexual relationship

25至35岁夫妻的正常次数normal frequency of intercourse for married couples of 25 to 35

未曾达到高潮never achieve(reach)climax

在结婚头一年时常不容易达到极致frequently have difficulty in reaching orgasm in one's marital coitus in the first year of marriage

未曾尝过情欲高潮的极致have not experienced orgasm

仅有过一次情欲高潮的极致have only had an orgasm once

享受每一动作greatly enjoy every act of sexual intercourse

节欲be continent

仍能射精,但阴茎勃起力却减退了。

Ejaculation was possible but penile erectile strength decreased.

后来月经停止了,而她对于「性」冷淡了起来。

Later,menstruation ceased and she became sexually aopathetic.

阴蒂边发痒、有刺激感itching and irritation around the clitoris

婚前的纵欲premarital sexual indulgence

婚前有过性关系engaged in premarital sexual relationship

接交过性病病人venereally exposed;venereal exposure

染淋疾,患梅毒contract gono.,get syphilis

否认与性病有染deny . contact

不能人道inability to perform sexual intercourse

交媾疼痛painful coitus(coition)

突然变成阳萎suddenly became impotent

一星期以前,他发觉在右鼠蹊部,发生无压痛的肿胀,时起时消。

He noticed a nontender swelling appearing on and off in his right groin one week ago.

这病人诉说阴茎和足底发痒,并且齿龈有不舒服感。

The patient complained of pruritus of the penis and itching in the soles of the feet,and an annoying sensation in the gingiva.

月经于13岁开始,一直到发生月经过多症以前,经期正常。

Menarche occurred at 13 years of age and the menstrual cycle remained within normal limits until the onset of menorrhagia.

月经开始(少量、中等、厚、多) (mild,moderate,frank,heavy)menses begin (start;commence;take place)

经期正常28~30日一次have normal period at 28-to 30-day intervals

月经规则,周期为28天,继续4天have regular period every 28 days that lasted 4 days

月经周期为28天have menstrual cycles of 28 days

月经开始不规则,并且长期无月经began to have menstrual irregularities with long period of amenorrhea

月经未曾失常have no previous menstrual aberrations

周期变成不定interval became variable

比平常多heavier than usual

发觉到月经持续不断并且过多noted persistent excessive menstrual flow

月经不来menses did not occur

停经已4年be 4 years postmenopausal

在46岁时停经passed(underwent;went through)the menopause at age 46

多量(块状,厚多)阴道出血加多,有几个月之久increasingly profuse (massive,frank)vaginal bleeding of several months duration.

月经过多,并且流出血块experience(develop)menorrhagia with passage of clots

有些轻微、无痛性阴道出血some slight painless vaginal bleeding

发觉经期外和性交后出血noted intermenstrual and postcoital bleeding

分泌少量厚汁物质drained a small amount of purulent material

间歇性的剧烈下腹痛intermittent,sharp,lower abdominal pains

她于13岁开始有正常的月经,周期为28~32天,有轻度的月经痛。

She began to menstruate regularly at 13 at intervals of 28~32 days with slight dysmenorrheal.

月经痛性而不规则,大约一个月发生2次。

The menstrual periods were painful and irregular,occurring approximately twice monthly.

医学英语口语表达:护理英语80句

.Receiving the patient(接待病人)

do you do?/ Good morning!您好!(初次见面时使用)/早上好!

can I do for you?/Can I help you?您需要我帮助吗?

'll bring you to your bedside, please follow me. This is your bed……

我要领您到床边去.请跟我来.这是您的床位.

toilet is over there.卫生间在那边

supply hot water.我们供应热水

wait a moment. I'll let your doctor know. /I'll inform your doctor.请等一会儿,我去通知医生.

is the nurse /doctor in charge of you.玛丽是您的负责护士/医生

let us know if you need any help.您需要帮助时,请告诉我们.

is not allowed here.这里不允许吸烟

二.information collection(收集信息)

you mind if I ask you a few questions?您介意我问您几个问题吗?

need some information from you.我们需要从您这儿收集一些信息.

your tummy still sore?您的肚子还疼吗?

your pain come on after or before meals?您的疼痛是在饭前还是饭后发作?

it hurt to pass urine?/when I press here?排尿时痛吗?/当我按压这儿时痛吗?

your back ache?您的后背痛吗?

your feet swell?您的脚肿了吗?

you have a cough/fever?您咳嗽吗?/您有发热吗?

you bring up any sputum?您咳痰吗?

there any radiation of the pain ?(to the shoulder)有放射(到肩部的)痛吗?

long have you had the pain?您的痛有多长时间了?

did the pain start?/where is your pain?疼痛从什么时候开始的/什么地方疼痛?

your periods regular?您的月经规则吗?

三.Physical examination(查体)

you please undress for medical examination?请您脱下衣服做体检好吗?

off your clothes, please.请把衣服脱下来

down on the couch, please./Just lie still on the couch and relax.请躺在治疗床上./请安静地躺在治疗床上,放松.

your knees, please.请屈膝.

your mouth and say 'ah“张开口,说:啊

deeply, please./take a deep breath, please.请深呼吸

I examine your tummy, please?我要检查下您的肚子,好吗?

up your sleeves, please.请卷起袖子.

四.communication.(交流)

am going to take your temperature./Please put the thermometer under your armpit.我要测一下您的体温/请把体温计放在您的腋下.

me feel your pulse.让我测一下您的脉搏.

'll test/take your blood pressure.我要测量您的血压.

34. I'm afraid I have to prick your finger and take a drop of blood for blood sugar level.我要取一滴指血做血糖测定,需要刺一下手指.

'll take some blood from your arm now.现在我要从您的胳膊抽血.

't take any thing by mouth after midnight until the blood is drawn tomorrow morning .半夜之后不要吃喝任何东西,明天早上抽血.

bring a specimen of your urine/stool/sputum./ please collect your mid-stream specimen of urine.请留一份尿/便/痰的标本/请收集您的中段尿.

have your blood and urine tests done.请做一下您的血和尿试验.

are going to have a CT-scan of your chest/head today.今天您要做一个胸部/头部CT.

are going to have a chest X-ray this morning.今天早上您要拍一个胸片.

are going to have a B-mode ultrasonic exam. Please keep your bladder full.您要做B超检查,请留尿,使膀胱充盈.

are going to have an gastric endoscopy tomorrow morning. please don't eat or drink

anything after 12 o'clock tonight.明天上午您要做胃镜检查,今晚12点之后,请不要吃喝任何东西。

are going to have urine catheterization now.现在您需要导尿.

'm going to do an ECG for you.我要给您做心电图.

'm going to put a gastric tube into your stomach, this is for gastrointestinal decompression.我要放胃管到您的胃内,这是胃肠减压.

We can feed you the necessary nutrients through the tube. Please swallow the tube as I put it down.我们通过胃管给您必要的营养.当我放管时,请做吞咽动作.

'm going to make your bed./ we'll change the bed linen at once.我要给您整理床铺/我们马上给您换床单.

'll apply a cold(hot)compress to your ankle.我要给您的踝部冷/热敷

operation will be done tomorrow/ an emergency operation must be done now.

Will you please sign to give your permission for your operation?明天将做手术/现在马上做急诊手术.同意手术请您签字好吗?

'm going to shave your skin. / I'm going to do skin preparation for you.我要给您做备皮/我要给您做皮肤准备。

're going to have a local/general/epidural anaesthesia.要给您做局麻/全身麻醉/硬膜外麻醉.

you allergic to any medication?/ penicillin?您对什么药物/青霉素过敏吗?

52. I'm going to do a skin test of pennicillin for you./ If you feel itchy or short of breath, please let me know at once. I'll see the result in fifteen minutes. /I'm going to do a tetanus hypersensitive test for you.我要给您做青霉素皮试.如果您感到痒或气短,请立刻告诉我./我十五分钟后看结果./我要给您做破伤风皮试.

'm going to give you an intramuscular injection./intravenous infusion/hypodermic injection.我要给您做肌肉/静脉/皮内注射

'm going to give you an enema to help you pass motion.我要给您灌肠,帮助您排便

doctor will change your dressing. /The doctor will remove your stitches.医生要给您换药/医生要给您拆线.

'm going to give you oxygen now.我要给您吸氧

'm going to give you nebulization.我要给您(雾化)吸入.

58. I'm going to do bladder irrigation for you.我要给您做膀胱冲洗

have to rest in bed for at least one week您至少要卧床休息一周.

are you today? How was your sleep last night? How is your appetite?您今天怎么样?您昨晚睡得怎么样?您的食欲怎么样?

you pass motion yesterday?/Are your bowel movements normal?昨天您排便了吗?/您的大便正常吗?

color of your urine?您的尿液什么颜色?

much urine do you pass each time?您每次排尿多少?

will have skin/cervical traction.要给您做皮肤/颈部牵引

65. Take more exercises./Do some light work, have a happy outlook, avoid excitement and too much worry. Be careful not to stumble.

多做锻炼/做一些轻体力活动,保持良好的心态,避免兴奋和过度忧虑,小心不要摔倒

are going to have a blood transfusion.要给您输血

results are normal.结果正常

are suffering from ~/Your disease was diagnosed as ~您的病诊断为~

have to stop smoking and alcohol.您必须戒烟、戒酒

五.about medication and nutrition(关于药物和营养)

two tablets three times a day after/before food.饭前/饭后服,每日三次,每次两粒.

the medicine with a lot of water.服用此药,要多饮水.

'll give you an injection twice a day.我要给您注射,每日两次.

medicine is used for preventing infection/treating infection/relieving your pain/protecting your stomach/supplying nutrients/ bringing down your temperature/ intracranial pressure/stopping bleeding/

这种药是为了预防感染/治疗感染/减轻疼痛/保护您的胃/提供营养/降低体温/降低颅内压/停止出血

should have a low fat/ low salt/ light diet/high caloric diet/high protein/soft diet/liquid food.

您的进食应该是低脂/低盐/轻淡/高热量/高蛋白/软食/流食的食物

take some more nourishing food.请食营养多的食物.

六.comforting(安慰)

mind/It doesn't matter没关系

't worry不要担心

't be nervous. You are in good hands.不要紧张,操作者是高手

will recover soon.您很快就会康复的

come back to see the doctor for check-up in two weeks.请两周后来看医生复查

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Are you feeling all right? 您是感觉好吗? Are you feeling nausea? 您是感觉恶心吗? Are your bowels acting properly? 您的肠能适当地行动吗? Are your bowels regular? 您的肠的运动是规则吗? Did you have pains here before? 您这里有以前痛吗? Do you cough? 你咳嗽吗? Do you feel short of breath sometimes? 您有时感觉呼吸急促吗? Do you feel short-winded? 你有时感觉短促的喘气吗? Do you feel tired? 您感到疲乏吗? Do you have any appetite? 您有胃口吗?Do you have difficulty breathing? 您有呼吸困难吗?

英语医学论文常用

下面是我整理的常用 医学英语 词汇 ,以供大家学习参考。 医学 英语口语 :常用医学英语词汇 Medical Terminology 常用医学名词 Medical Terminology 过敏 Allergy 健康诊断 Gernral Check-up Physical Examination 检查 Examination 入院 Admission to Hospotial 退院 Discharge from Hospital 症状 Symptom 营养 Nutrition 病例 Clinical History 诊断 Diagnosis 治疗 Treatment 预防 Prevention 呼吸 Respiration便通 Bowel Movement 便 Stool 血液 Blood 脉搏 Pulse, Pulsation 尿 Urine 脉搏数 Pulse Rate 血型 Blood Type 血压 Blood Pressure 麻醉 Anesthesia 全身麻醉 General Anesthesia 静脉麻醉 Intravenous Anesthesia 脊椎麻醉 Spinal Anesthesia 局部麻醉 Local Anesthesia 手术 Operation 切除 Resectionlie 副作用 Side Effect 洗净 Irrigation 注射 Injection X光 X-Ray 红外线 Ultra Red-Ray 慢性的 Chronic 急性的 Acute 体格 Build 亲戚 Relative 遗传 Heredity 免疫 Immunity 血清 Serum 流行性的 Epidemic 潜伏期 Incubation Period 滤过性病毒 Virus 消毒 Sterilization 抗生素 Antibiotic 脑波 洗肠 Enema 结核反映 Tuberculin Reaction 华氏 Fahrenheit 摄氏 Celsius, Centigrade

医学常用专业英语词汇

医学,是通过科学或技术的手段处理人体的各种疾病或病变的学科。以下是我为大家整理的医学常用专业英语词汇,希望对大家的`学习有所帮助。

心血管系统 The Cardiovascular System

Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) 急性心机梗塞

Electrocardiogram (DCG) 心电图

Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease 高血压性心脏血管疾病

Congential Heart Disease 先天性心脏病

Hemangioma 血管瘤

Vasodilatation 血管扩张

Arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化

Hypertension 高血压

Hypertrophy 肥大

Hypotension 低血压

Varicose veins 静脉曲张

血液及淋巴系统 The Hemic and Lymphatic System

Adenitis 腺炎

Acute Lymphogenous Leukemia 急性淋巴球性白血病

Leukocyte 白血球

Leukocytopenia白血球减少

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 全身性红斑性狼疮

Splenomegaly 脾肿大

Anemia贫血

Aseptic 无菌的

Septicemia败血症

Hemostasis 止血

Transfusion输血

呼吸系统 The Respiratory System

Pulmonary embolism 肺栓塞

Mucosa 黏膜

Exhale呼吸

Apnea窒息

Tachypnea呼吸急促

Pneumonia肺炎

Bronchitis支气管炎

Lung Empyema 肺积脓

消化系统 The Digestive System

Short of breath 呼吸短促

Dysphasia说话困难

Aphasia 失语症

Aphonia失声

Dysphagia 吞咽困难

Gingivitis 齿龈炎

Pharyngitis 咽炎

Laryngitis 喉炎

Esophagoscopy 食道镜检查

Esophagus stricture 食道狭窄

Abdominocentesis腹部穿刺术

Gastric cancer 胃癌

Gastritis 胃炎

Gastroenteritis胃肠炎

Gastrorrhagia胃出血

Pyloric obstruction 幽门阻塞

Duodenal Ulcer 十二指肠溃疡

Peritonitis 腹膜炎

Enterorrhagia 肠出血

Enterorrhexis 肠破裂

Appendicitis 阑尾炎

Colon cancer结肠癌

Proctoscopy 直肠镜检查

Rectal cancer 直肠癌

Anal Fistual 肛门廔管

External hemorrhoid 外痔

Internal hemorrhoid 内痔

Excretion 排泄

Hepatitis肝炎

Hepatomegaly 肝肿大

Gall Stone 胆结石

Cholelithiasis 胆石症

Liver Cirrhosis 肝硬化

Ascites腹水

内分泌系统 The Endocrine System

Glycemia糖血症

Goiter 甲状腺肿

Diabetes Mellitus 糖尿病

Diabetes Insipidus尿崩症

Bromidrosis汗臭症

Pituitary Tumor 脑下垂体肿瘤

神经系统 The Nervous System

Cerebral Arteriosclerosis 脑动脉硬化

Cerebral Hemorrhage 脑出血

Cerebral Edema 脑水肿

Cerebra Palsy脑性麻痹

Cerebral Thrombosis 脑栓塞

Cranial Neruritis 脑神经炎

Intracranial Hemorrhage 颅内出血

Encephalitis 脑炎

Electromyography 肌电图

Neuritis神经炎

Epilepsy 癜痫

Trigeminal Neuralgia 三叉神经痛

Rachitis 痀偻症

Rachioscoliiosis脊柱侧弯

Spondylitis 脊椎炎

Quadriplegia 四肢麻痹

Paraplegia 下半身瘫痪

Immediately loss of consciousness 立即丧失意识

Eye opening睁眼反应

Verbal response 语言反应

Motor response 运动反应

Corneal reflex 角膜反射

Plantar reflex 膝反射

Sciatica坐骨神经痛

Chorea 舞蹈症

Muscle atrophy 肌萎缩

Migraine 偏头痛

Parkinson's Disease 巴金森式症

肌肉骨骼系统 The Musculoskeletal System

brain Concussion 脑震荡

brain Anoxia脑缺氧症

brain Death 脑死

Anterior Cruciate Ligament 前十字韧带

Rheumatoid Arthritis 类风湿性关节炎

Arthrosclerosis关节硬化

Degenerated Joint Disease变性关节炎

Clavicle Fracture 锁骨骨折

Pelvic Fracture 骨盆骨折

Plastic Paris Cast 整形硬石膏

Matastatic Lesion转移性损害

Osteoporosis骨质疏松症

Amputation 截肢

Bone graft 骨移植

Hallux Valgus大拇指外翻

Prosthesis Replacement 人工弥补置换术

Range of Motion 运动范围

Varus 内翻

Chondromalacia软骨软化症

泌尿及男性生殖系统 The Urinary and Male Reproductive System

Cystitis 膀胱炎

Circumcision包皮环割术

Cystoscopy 膀胱镜检查

Hydronephrosis肾水肿

Renal Stone 肾结石

Acute Renal Failure 急性肾衰竭

Cryptorchidism 隐睾症

Spermatogenesis精子生成

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy 良性摄护腺肥大

Ureteral stenosis 输尿管狭窄

Dysuria 排尿困难

Hematuria血尿

Uremia尿毒症

Urinary Tract Infection 尿路感染

Vasoligation 输精管结扎

Impotence 阳萎

特殊感觉器官 The Organs of Special Senses

Audiometer 听力计

Otitis耳炎

Otorrhea耳漏

Tympanitis中耳炎

Tympanotomy 鼓膜穿破术

Nasitis鼻炎

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma鼻咽癌

Rhinorrhea 鼻溢

Intraocular Foreign Body 眼内异物

Intraocular pressure 眼内压

Oculus Uterque 双眼

Oculus Sinister 左眼

Oculus Dexter 右眼

Extraocular Muscle 眼外肌

Ophthalmologist 眼科医师

Diplopia 复视

Myopia 近视

Blepharoptosis 眼睑下垂

Corneitis 角膜炎

Pupil Size Anisocoria瞳孔大小不等

Retinopexy 视网膜固定术

Retinal Detachment 视网膜剥落

Visual field 视野

Vocal nodular 声带结节

Dermatologist 皮肤科医师

Dermatitis皮肤炎

Cataract白内障

Glaucoma青光眼

综合性字汇

Contraceptive避孕的

Contraindication 禁忌症

Biology 生物学

Hyperemesis 剧吐

Polydipsia剧渴

Homosexual 同性的

Heterosexual 异性的

Inject 注射

Lipoma 脂肪瘤

Lipoid 脂肪样的

Lipomatosis 脂肪过多症

Malformaiton 畸形

Malaise 不适

Necrosis坏死

Nocturia 夜尿症

Ployuria 多尿

Narcotics 麻醉药

Hyperplasia 增殖

Dysplasia 发育不良

Dyspepsia 消化不良

Prognosis 预後

Antipyretic 解热剂

Hydrophobia 恐水症

Photophobia 畏光

Antibiotic 抗生素

Syndrome 症候群

Hydrotherapy 水疗法

Perforation 穿孔

Percussion叩诊

Visceralgia脏器痛

你可以去创新医学网上看看,而且还有翻译服务。

【关键词】  医学英语论文; 标题写作; 修辞原则; 策略Abstract:As an important component part of a medical research paper,the English title plays a crucial role in promoting international academic exchanges. Its main functions are to summarize and reveal the subject, guide reading, and to be used for storage and retrieval. This paper mainly investigates the strategies of title writing for medical English research paper and presents four principles:focuse on subject,be accurate,be concise,be words: Medical English research paper;   Title writing;   Rhetorical principle;   Strategy人们读书看报,首先要看的是标题,题目常常能概括地反应文章的内容。题目取得好,简练又吸引人,才会引起读者的兴趣。标题“居文之首,句文之要”,被人们比喻为文章的眼睛。标题在学术论文中同样起着至关重要的作用。随着经济全球化的发展,医学界国际交流活动日趋频繁,在交流活动中起主导作用的学术期刊更加“规范化、标准化”,国内越来越多刊物须附英文标题和摘要。因此,学术论文的标题英译也越来越重要。医学论文题名具有高度概括集中反映文献主题的功能,指导读者查找文献资料的导读功能和信息储存提供编制文献检索的功能[1]。本文主要探讨医学论文英文标题写作中应遵循的主要修辞原则及表达策略,以期更好地发挥学术论文标题的功能,促进学术交流。1  突出主题原则及修辞策略    题名是论文最重要的、浓缩的信息点,是读者最先得到的直接信息,即文章的主要观点和主要论点。因此,标题应简明扼要、重点突出、反映论文主题。根据国际医学期刊编辑委员会制定的《生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求》中对文题的要求:简练和反映论文主题,英文标题应切题准确,反映文章的中心内容,便于索引,利于论文广泛流通。    好的标题不仅能起到“画龙点睛”的作用,还可以提高论文索引的利用价值。通常读者总是先浏览期刊的文章标题,在对其感兴趣后才会通读全文。因此,在标题英译时,应从以下两个方面注意修辞策略:    在信息传递上,要充分反映论文的创新内容,重要内容前置,突出中心;准确使用题名的必要结构要素来完整表达医学文献主题,在医学论文中最常见的结构类型是由研究对象、研究目的和研究方法三要素组成的题名。在表达方式上,多用名词、名词词组、动名词来表达。文字安排应结构合理、选词准确、详略得当,重要的词放在文题的起始,如association, application, determination,effect,detection,establishment等词所引导的短语都是研究的中心内容。2  准确规范原则及修辞策略    准确是修辞的基本原则,也是翻译必须遵循的原则。科技文体写作更应遵循这一原则,因为学术研究特别强调准确,不能模糊不清、模棱两可。措辞准确、表达客观、逻辑严密、行文简洁、词义明确、含义固定是科技文体所共有的文体特征[2]。医学英语除了具备以上特征外,它还有大量的专业词汇、术语以及特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和语篇结构。因此,在医学论文题名写作时语言表达要合乎医学论文写作的规范标准。论文标题英译要在正确理解原文的基础上进行,必须忠实地传达原文的内容,保持原文的风格。具体可采取以下方法:    首先,格式要求规范。标题译文可采用首字母大写,其余的用小写(首字母缩略词全大写,专有名词的首字母大写);也可采用标题首字母大写,其余实词首字母大写,虚词小写(4个字母以上的介词或连词的首字母大写);排列时可根据具体学术期刊的规范分别采用居中排与左对齐的方式;书名应用斜体表示。    其次,选词应强调专业化。与其它学科的英语术语相比,医学英语术语特征相对明显,专业化是医学英语的一大特色。因此,熟知医学英语术语,选择专业词汇,避免使用通俗语是医学工作者治学严谨的表现。例如,“先天性皮肤并指畸形” 应译为“syndactyly of fingers”而不是“congenital skin webbed fingers”;“大黄”“丹参”分别为“Rhubarb”和 “Salvia miltiorrhiza”,而不是“Da Hunag” 和“Dan Shen”。另一方面,科技英语用词强调词义单一、准确,忌用多义词。根据科技英语的这一修辞特点,在英译时应用词义明确单一的词来代替词义较多的词,如用to transmit, to convert, to obtain, to insert, to consume, to absorb, application, sufficient, superior来替代常用的to send, to change, to get, to put in, to use up, to take in, use, enough, better。    此外,用词要准确。注意不使用非标准化的缩略语,应使用公认的缩略词语、代号、符号、公式等。国际上《核心医学期刊文摘》中,对缩写词的使用非常谨慎,对非公认的缩略词语,第一次出现必须先写全名,缩写附后加括号。如丙型肝炎病人:hepatitis C virus (HCV),维甲酸:all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)。    语言的习惯搭配也是医学论文英语标题写作特征的一种重要表现形式。在英语中,有相当数量的动词、名词、形容词都有其固定的介词搭配,在使用此类词语时一定要多加注意,以避免错误。医学英语标题多采用逻辑动宾关系的名词性组合形式,常见的搭配如:patients with, cases of, operation on, cure for, response to, effect on, research in/into/on, approach to, observation(s) of/on/in, treatment of等等。下面的标题译文很好地说明了正确使用介词搭配能有助于准确明了地反映论文的主题。    例: The acupuncture effect on left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris (针疗对冠心病心绞痛患者左心功能状态的影响)    “影响”为中心词,但它在文中的意思为“疗效”,因为“针疗”是一种治疗疾病的方法,“针疗的疗效”可译为“acupuncture effect (on)”。“左心功能状态”是表类属的定语,应紧跟“影响”。“患者patients (with)”修饰“左心功能状态”,“冠心病心绞痛”修饰“患者”。层层修饰关系在译文中均以介词表示,译文准确而明晰。[3]3  简明有效原则及修辞策略    好的标题应是高度概括、言简意赅、便于检索。在完整、准确地概括全文内容的基础上,用尽量少的文字恰当反映所研究的范围和深度,不可夸大其词,以偏概全,也不可缩小研究范围,以偏代全。做到简明有效主要从以下两个方面着手:    在信息处理上,遵循科技写作中语言运用的最小信息差原则以谋求语言运用的最大信息量的输出和最佳交际效果,即“作者应该写的都能写出来,读者对作者所表达的意思都能读明白”[4]。    在选词用语上,文题力求语言精炼,中心词突出,一般在10个单词以内,通常不超过16个单词。标题起始处的冠词“A”“The”可以省略,但文题中间的“the”不能省。采用短语翻译题名,医学论文英语标题采取的主要短语结构有:名词+动词不定式;名词或名词短语+过去分词;现在分词短语;介词短语结构;名词或名词短语+介词短语;以动词形式开始的短语结构等。以短语形式来表达一个句子,结构言简意赅,内部组织严密,而且可以把更多的信息融于一体,使彼此的逻辑关系更明确,表达更细密,更有利于达到交际目的。    由于医学英语要求客观和精确,一些旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的修辞格不常见。但是,医学英语强调注重有效的语法和词汇修辞,如英语讲求结构平行对称。论文标题中并列的内容,应注意到语法结构上的对称,即名词与名词并列,动名词与动名词并列,不要混杂使用。例如:The Role of Arthroscopy in Diagnosing and the Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children(关节镜在儿童关节疾病诊治中的作用)宜改为:The Role of Arthroscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children。修改后两个动名词并列,既简化了文字,符合修辞原则,而且还更为醒目。平行结构的使用可以增强修辞效果,不仅使主题更加突出,而且还富有美感,引起读者兴趣。请看下面两个例子:例1:“Clinical, physiological, and radiological study of a new purpose-designed artificial bowel sphincter”例2:“Socioeconomic status,standard of living,and neurotic disorder”例1中3个形容词平行排列加强了语音的节奏感,也明确了与中心词的修饰关系,既美观又醒目;例2中的3个并列名词短语排列有序、结构工整、逻辑关系明确,读者能很快抓住论文的中心。4  得体原则及修辞策略    一个修辞行为的有效性,还取决于它是否合乎语体的规范,是否符合言语交际环境的规定,是否符合社会交往的礼仪,是否符合文化的习俗,是否符合双方的审美倾向。[5]如用戏曲语体撰写科技论文是不得体的。科技论文的行文要符合科技文体的特点,保持文体的严肃性,是为得体。医学论文的英语题名写作与翻译要求标题与论文的内容协调一致,包括风格的一致,语言表达应符合英语习惯。因此,在医学论文标题英译时,要考虑其语法、修辞特点,尽可能体现出英语的固有风格,避免中式英语的弊病。下面介绍几种表达得体的主要修辞策略。    英文标题的写作可以不拘一格,但应突出主题,服从英语的表达习惯,避免使用中国式的英语表达形式。比如,汉语医学论文标题中常常出现“初探”、“探讨”、“经验”、“体会”等词以示谦逊,而在国外的医学刊物中使用带有“浅谈”“初探”这类句式的题名会被认为所论述的内容没有多大参考价值,缺乏严肃性。这是因为欧美人认为科技论文应立足于事实材料,不必谦虚客套。    汉语论文主标题与副标题之间一般用破折号,而英文的主标题与副标题之间通常用冒号表示。病例数在汉语中一般放在正标题中,在英语中大多放在副标题中,如:Post transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases (输血后肝炎60例报告)。    由于受汉语语法的限制和语言习惯的影响,在中文标题中常含有“……的研究”和“……的观察”等词语,题名英译时应省略“Regarding …”、“Observation(s) of …”、“Investigation of …”、“Studies on …”、“Research(es) on …”、“Some thoughts on …”、“Introduction to …”等冗余套语,使之更简洁且符合英语的表达习惯。    名词化结构较多地使用抽象名词表达动作和状态,这也是英语表达和汉语表达上的主要差别之一。在汉语中用行为动词表达的意思在英语中多转换为名词。英汉语的用词顺序有很大的不同。在汉语中,定语置于中心词之前,而在英语中,“中心词+后置定语”的结构应用非常广泛。例如:葡萄糖在体外和体内对神经细胞瘤的疗效:Effect of Glucose on Neuroblastoma in Vitro and in Vivo;心脏病患者肌酐激酶同功酶的测定:Detection of Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes Inheart Disease;严重脑外伤患者大断面骨折接骨时间选择:Timing of Osteosynthesis of Major Fracture in Patients with Severe Brain Injury。    总之,标题在论文中起着至关重要的作用。论文的标题应能准确地概括论文的内容,提纲挈领、点明主题、吸引读者、便于检索。要写好译好英文标题,作者不仅要有严谨的治学态度,还要掌握专业英语知识,熟悉医学英语文体的写作特点,熟记常用的句式结构及英语习惯表达方法,在正确理解论文主旨的基础上,力求重点突出,行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。

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