英语毕业论文翻译作品

Market Research and Export Promotion Export Marketing Plan The marking plan is the basis on which all the overseas promotion is formulated. To devise the marketing plan involves reconciling the export strategies and objectives of the manufacturer into marketing marketing plan embraces many elements including market research project, promotion/advertising details, products involved and their quantity available, distribution arrangements and total volume/value of goods Where relevant, various costing information should be included, particularly the research and advertising budget. Overall; the plan must be realistic and should have a clear sense of purpose and direction Export Market Research Before making goods for a new overseas market, as in the home trade, it is necessary to discover first of all if the goods can be sold profitably in that market. To answer that question is one of the objects of market research. Export market research, in particular, is a study of a given market abroad to determine the needs of that market and the methods by which the products; can best be supplied. It may be carried out to determine: 1. If a new product likely to find a market. 2. Whether an established product is likely to meet with a good demand in a new market. sales of a product have declined, either generally or in a certain area Here, in this chapter is laid on the first point: Market research is vital to success in overseas Markets To look for a suitable market an exporter must consider, for example: and Economic Conditions Countries with different political and economic systems take different attitudes toward foreign trade policies and regulations concerning import and export，foreign exchange control，customs, duties and other tariffs will greatly affect the suitability for a new market. and Climatic Conditions The suitability of his products: heavy clothing is not worn in hot climates; mountaineering equipment would not be in demand in a flat country. 3. Social Conditions If there is a low standard．of living with poor wage levels, there nay be no market for television sets or cars or luxury products. It may be desirable, even necessary,for price lists and sales promotion literature to be translated into a local language,with local units of measurement 5 and of the survey questionnaire and in the interviewing process. Surveys may be very expensive, and they are time--consuming: Another key weakness is that respondents often cannot or will not give true answers. The interviewing in the survey may be done by the researcher in person, by telephone, or by mail. Interviews Personal interviews are more flexible than the other two types because interviews can alter the questions to fit-the situation as they see it: They are able to probe snore deeply if an answer is not satisfactory. Ordinarily, it is possible to obtain more information by personal interview .than by telephone: or mail. Also, the interview can by observation; obtain data regarding the respondents'socioeconomic status-their home ,neighborhood, and apparent standard of living. The major limitations of this method of interviewing are its relative high cost, the length of time needed to conduct the survey, and the chance of introducing ,errors during the interviewing. 2. Telephone Survey In a telephone survey, the respondent, is approached by telephone, and interview is completed at that time. Telephone surveys can usually be conducted more rapidly and at less cost than either personal or mail surveys. Tele: phone surveys are lees flexible than personal Interviews, but more flexible than mail survey. Another significant advantage is that a telephone. survey -may be timely. For instance, people may be asked whether they are watching television at the moment and; if so, the name of the program and the sponsor. One limitation of the telephone survey is that interviews must be short: Lengthy interviews cannot be conducted satisfactorily over the phone. by Mail Interviewing by mail involves mailing a questionnaire to potential respondents and having them return the completed form by mail. Mailed questionnaires ape more economical than personal interviews and are particularly useful in national surveys,Also, if the respondents remain anonymous, they are more likely to give true answers because they do not feel the need to impress the interviewer. A major problem with mail' questionnaires is the Compilation of a good mailing list, especially for a broad-scale survey. If the sample can be drawn from a limited list, such as property taxpayers in certain counties or subscribers to a magazine, the list presents no significant limitation concerns the reliability of the questionnaire returns, Particularly when the returns are-anonymous. If the respondents have characteristics that 6 differentiate them from nonrespondents, the survey results will be invalid. Further,the questionnaire must be reasonably shorted the questions very simple; there is no to explain in a puzzling question. Ideally :Yes.'' or“No" or prechoice type of :produces the best results. Here is an example: Questionnaire for Market＿Research on Smoking A. Do you smoke cigarettes? Yes/No (If No,terminate) B How. many do you smoke a day? C. What size of cigarette do you smoke ? Mini ,Standard ,Large D. Do you smoke filter tips.? Yes/No E. Do you smoke menthol cigarettes?一Yes/No Observational Method In the observational method, the data are collected by observing some action of the respondent: No interviews are involved, although an interview may be used as a follow-up to-get additional information. For instance,if customers are observed buying beer in cans instead of bottles; they may be asked; why they prefer that one form of packaging to the other. Information may be gathered by personal or mechanical observation. In one form of personal observation the researcher poses as a customer in a store. This technique is useful in getting information about the caliber of the -sales people，or in determining what brands they push. Mechanical observation is illustrated by an electric cord stretched across a high way to count the number一of cars that pass during a certain time period The observation method has several merits. It can be highly accurate．Often it removes a11 doubt about what the customer does in: a given, situation. The consumers are unaware that they are being observed; so presumably they action theft usual fashion. The observation technique reduces interviewer bias. However, the possibility of bias is not- completely eliminated as long as people are used as :observers. Another disadvantage is that the technique is limited in its application. Observation tells what happened; but it cannot tell why. It cannot delve into motives, attitudes,or opinions. Experimental Method The experimental method of gathering primary data involves the establishment of a controlled experiment that stimulates the real market situation as much as possible. The theory is that' the small-scale experiment will furnish valuable information f tar designing a large scale marketing program. 7 The experimental method may be used in several different ways. In one instance, a firm may manufacture a few units of a product and give them to employees or consumers to try out: Probably the major application of the experimental method has been in market testing. This technique consist establishing a control market, in which all factors remain constant and one or more test markets,in which one factor is varied. A firm may be trying to determine whether to change the color of its city A, the product is marketed in its traditional color. In each of cities B, C, and D, a different color is used. All other factor are kept constant. By measuring sales in the four market over a period of time;．the manufacturer, hopes to determine which color is most effective. The outstanding merit of the experimental method is it realism. It is the only one of the three methods of gathering primary data that stimulate an actual maket situation. The problem is that it is requires long periods of careful planning and administration. Analyze the Data and Prepare a Report The final steps in market research project are to analyze the data and interpret the findings. Information gathered from market research is a guide to the invention，production and sales of the products for which there is a market. Today sophisticated electronic data processing equipment enables a researcher to tabulate and analyze masses of data quickly, and inexpensively. The end product of the investigation is the researcher's conclusion and recommendations, submitted, in written form on which the company's policy and proceedings concerning export promotion are based. Export Promotion-Advertising After deciding there are good prospects, for his goods abroad through the study of the market research investigation, the maker or the exporter will, of course; take measures to promote, exporting of the goods to that market. A most important measure in this respect is to advertise; the aid to trade that deals with the problem of giving information about the goods and 0helps to put buyers and sellers in touch with one another. By means of advertisements a supplier, tells people what goods he has for sale and emphasizes their good points in the hope that people will buy them. Advertising can, be undertaken by the company's sales or publicity department; or an advertising agcy is to be．engaged as an adviser. Purpose of Advertising Inform 8 Advertising can be used to place facts before public. An advertisement for a car may include some technical details, so that part of the advertisement is informative. Another advertisement may be .entirely informative,such as the announcement of the opening of a new To Persuade although the advertisement for the car may give some facts, its over-all objective is to persuade people to buy the car. To do this various subtle methods may be used. The illustration, for instance; may give an exaggerated impression of the car's power The wording and the lay-out may be designed to appeal to the emotion rather than the mind: If you study some advertisement for practical products, you will find that they contain little or no technical information. One would not expect to find a .scientific analysis in an' advertisement for a cake of toilet soap, of course, but an examination of advertisement for. medicinal goods will show that the appeal is mainly to the : To Remind Some advertisements aim merely to keep the name of :the product before the public. A newspaper advertisement may consist of only a picture of a packet of cigarettes; a bus may carry,the name of an insurance company; a poster may display a well-known advertising phrase. They say nothing but serve a useful. purpose in constantly reminding the public of, the, name of the product Advertising Media The term "media" means the forms used 'to carry advertisement. The choice of media depends upon the product and the audience the advertisement is aimed at For example, very few people are interested in coins. A coin dealer would want to appeal to that small number of people and to no one else. He would therefore advertise in a magazine which most coin enthusiasts read. The cost of advertising in newspapers large depends upon the circulation of each a newspaper sells a million copies, it is possible (although not probable) that a million people will read an advertisement in it. Some pages in a newspaper are more expensive to advertise in than are others, because most people will read the general news pages but only some will the pages devoted to sport, fashion, the arts; etc. Different一types of people read different newspapers, so an advertiser will use those papers whose readers are likely to be possible buyers of his products. For example, an art gallery would not advertise in a "popular" news paper because few of its readers would be likely to be visitors to art galleries. 2 Magazines The same principles about which media to use also apply to magazines. There are magazines which men read, those which women read and those which both read. Within each 9 group there is specialization, so that one magazine will be read by one "social group" and not by another. 3. Radio and Television These are the most、expensive of advertising media. A broadcast at a "peak time"will be heard or seen by millions of people: If only a tiny fraction of them respond, the huge cost twill have been justified. One reason for the success of such advertising is that it is difficult to ignore. A broadcast will be heard: or seen by everyone using a radio or television set; even if only subconsciously, it will make an impression. On the other hand, when you read a newspaper or a magazine you will not even notice most of the advertisements A radio or television advertisement must make an instant appeal. There may be only 30 seconds to get the message across; so its impacts must be immediate. 4 Outdoor Advertising This includes posters, advertisements on vans and buses and in trains. The message must be simple and short, perhaps with an immediately recognizable illustration. Selection of Customers-Credit information Once the overseas' market has been found, the next step is to look for suitable customers with whom the maker or exporter expects to establish good business relationships. Undoubtedly, he wishes to deal with those customers of high credit standing, and that is one of the chief factors to consider at the tune of setting up new business information about the credit or financial standing of an overseas trader can be obtained from various sources. They are chiefly banks, trade associations professional credit information services, and consulates abroad. Upon application for or on receipt of letters asking for the credit standing of the foreign trader in question these organizations are willing to provide, without any responsibility on their part,a credit or financial report on the trader, which is usually considered as private and confidential. The report is based on the relative references, files, and records they have kept or on the result of an investigation made accordingly. In view of the financial or credit status stated or recommended in the report alongside of other factors the maker .or manufacturer may freely consider the intended customer acceptable or not.

感谢培养教育我的XX学校，XX浓厚的学术氛围，舒适的学习环境我将终生难忘！祝母校蒸蒸日上，永创辉煌！祝校长财源滚滚，仕途顺利！感谢对我倾囊赐教、鞭策鼓励的XX大学X系诸位师长，诸位恩师的谆谆训诲我将铭记在心。祝恩师们身体健康，家庭幸福！感谢论文中引文的原作者，他们都是法学界的名师大家，大师风范，高山仰止。祝他们寿域无疆，德业永辉！感谢同窗好友XXX、XXX、XX、XX、XXX以及更多我无法逐一列出名字的朋友，他们和我共同度过了四年美好难忘的大学时光，我非常珍视和他们的友谊！祝他们前程似锦，事业有成！家有娇妻，外有二房！最最感谢生我养我的父母，他们给予了我最无私的爱，为我的成长付出了许多许多，焉得谖草，言树之背，养育之恩，无以回报，惟愿他们健康长寿！感谢我的牌友孙XX、杨XX、杨XX、王X、赵X，他们和我一起度过了大四无聊的时光，让我在写作之余能有很好的休闲活动。祝他们以后多培养牌坛新秀！感谢我的烟友姜X、丁X、冯XX、田XX。在我没烟抽的时候他们总能毫无吝惜的将自己的烟分给我抽，尤其是在本文写作过程中，我废寝忘食，足不出户，烟抽的很快，他们给予我很大帮助，燃上一支烟，文思如泉涌，快乐似神仙！祝他们永远都有好烟抽！最后要感谢我自己，没有自己的努力，本文是无论如何业完不成的！感谢我以最大的毅力完成了四年大学学习，在这个环境里我能洁身自爱，出淤泥而不染保持一颗纯洁的心，真的是很不容易！祝自己身体健康，权财两旺！家里红旗不倒，外面彩旗飘飘！ 大学三年学习时光已经接近尾声，在此我想对我的母校，我的父母、亲人们，我的老师和同学们表达我由衷的谢意。 感谢我的家人对我大学三年学习的默默支持；感谢我的母校桂林师专给了我在大学三年深造的机会，让我能继续学习和提高；感谢桂林师专的老师和同学们三年来的关心和鼓励。老师们课堂上的激情洋溢，课堂下的谆谆教诲；同学们在学习中的认真热情，生活上的热心主动，所有这些都让我的三年充满了感动。 这次毕业论文设计我得到了很多老师和同学的帮助，其中我的论文指导老师黄志敏老师对我的关心和支持尤为重要。每次遇到难题，我最先做的就是向黄老师寻求帮助，而黄老师每次不管忙或闲，总会抽空来找我面谈，然后一起商量解决的办法。黄老师平日里工作繁多，但 我做毕业设计的每个阶段，从选题到查阅资料，论文提纲的确定，中期论文的修改，后期论文格式调整等各个环节中都给予了我悉心的指导。这几个月以来，黄老师不仅在学业上给我以精心指导，同时还在思想给我以无微不至的关怀，在此谨向黄老师致以诚挚的谢意和崇高的敬意。 同时，本篇毕业论文的写作也得到了韦芳、谭冬柳等同学的热情帮助。感谢在整个毕业设计期间和我密切合作的同学，和曾经在各个方面给予过我帮助的伙伴们，在此，我再一次真诚地向帮助过我的老师和同学表示感谢！（编辑：pulp） 大学生活一晃而过，回首走过的岁月，心中倍感充实，当我写完这篇毕业论文的时候，有一种如释重负的感觉，感慨良多。 首先诚挚的感谢我的论文指导老师**老师。她在忙碌的教学工作中挤出时间来审查、修改我的论文。还有教过我的所有老师们，你们严谨细致、一丝不苟的作风一直是我工作、学习中的榜样；他们循循善诱的教导和不拘一格的思路给予我无尽的启迪。 感谢三年中陪伴在我身边的同学、朋友，感谢他们为我提出的有益的建议和意见，有了他们的支持、鼓励和帮助，我才能充实的度过了三年的学习生活。 在本人的写作过程中，XXX老师给予了大力的帮助和指导，在此深表感谢！同时也感谢其他帮助和指导过我的老师和同学。  最后要感谢在整个论文写作过程中帮助过我的每一位人。 首先，也是最主要感谢的是我的指导老师，XXX老师。在整个过程中他给了我很大的帮助，在论文题目制定时，他首先肯定了我的题目大方向，但是同时又帮我具体分析使我最后选择失地农民的养老保险这个具体目标，让我在写作时有了具体方向。在论文提纲制定时，我的思路不是很清晰，经过老师的帮忙，让我具体写作时思路顿时清晰。在完成初稿后，老师认真查看了我的文章，指出了我存在的很多问题。在此十分感谢李老师的细心指导，才能让我顺利完成毕业论文。 其次，要感谢帮我查资料的张超同学，后期因为实习的关系，不能随时去学校的图书馆查阅资料，在此也十分感谢他能抽出时间帮我找的一些外文资料。  值此本科学位论文完成之际，首先要感谢我的导师XXX老师。X老师从一开始的论文方向的选定，到最后的整篇文论的完成，都非常耐心的对我进行指导。给我提供了大量数据资料和建议，告诉我应该注意的细节问题，细心的给我指出错误。他对分时电价领域的专业研究和对该课题深刻的见解，使我受益匪浅。X老师诲人不倦的工作作风，一丝不苟的工作态度，严肃认真的治学风格给我留下深刻的影响，值得我永远学习。在此，谨向导师XXX老师致以崇高的敬意和衷心的感谢！My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor aaa , my supervisor, for her constant encouragement and guidance. She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not havereached its present , I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor aaa, who led me into the world of translation. I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the Department of English: Professor dddd, Professor ssss, who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years.       Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.

随着全球化的发展，英语在全球的运用越来越广泛。下文是我为大家整理的关于的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考! 一 1. 谢天振主编. 《当代国外翻译理论导读》. 天津：南开大学出版社，2008. 2. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京：外文出版社, 2004. 3. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 4. 毕继万. 《世界文化史故事大系——英国卷》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2003. 5. 蔡基刚. 《英汉汉英段落翻译与实践》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 6. 蔡基刚. 《英汉写作对比研究》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 7. 蔡基刚. 《英语写作与抽象名词表达》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2003. 8. 曹雪芹、高鄂. 《红楼梦》. 9. 陈定安. 《英汉比较与翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991. 10. 陈福康. 《中国译学理论史稿》修订本. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2000. 11. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 12. 陈廷祐. 《英文汉译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2001. 13. 陈望道. 《修辞学发凡》. 上海：上海教育出版社, 1979. 14. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与练习》. 北京：世界知识出版社. 1998. 15. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义佳译》. 上海：上海翻译出版公司. 1990. 16. 陈忠诚. 《词语翻译丛谈》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983. 17. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 吉林：吉林人民出版社, 1984. 18. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002. 19. 程镇球. 《翻译问题探索》. 北京：商务印书馆, 1980. 20. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京：北京理工大学出版社, 1993. 21. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1990. 22. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译讲评》. 北京：对外贸易教育出版社. 1989. 23. 邓炎昌、刘润清. 《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. 24. 丁树德. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》. 天津：天津大学出版社, 1996. 25. 杜承南等，《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆：重庆大学出版社, 1994. 26. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集1894-1948》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. 27. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集1949-1983》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. . 28. 范勇主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津：南开大学出版社. 2006. 29. 方梦之、马秉义编选. 《汉译英实践与技巧》. 北京：旅游教育出版社. 1996. 30. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津：天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994. 31. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2004. 32. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大全》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1995. 33. 冯庆华. 《文体与翻译》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 34. 冯庆华主编. 《文体翻译论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2002. 35. 冯胜利. 《汉语的韵律、词法与句法》. 北京：北京大学出版社, 1997. 36. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 37. 耿占春. 《隐喻》. 北京：东方出版社, 1993. 38. 郭建中. 《当代美国翻译理论》. 武汉：湖北教育出版社. 2000. 39. 郭建中. 《文化与翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2000. 40. 何炳威. 《容易误译的英语》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002. 41. 何刚强. 《现代英汉翻译操作》. 北京：北京大学出版社. 1998. 42. 何刚强. 《现代英语表达与汉语对应》. 上海：复旦大学出版社. 1994. 43. 何刚强. 《英汉口笔译技艺》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2003. 二 1. 何自然、张达三、杨伟钧等译. 《现代英语语法教程》. 北京：商务印书馆, 1990. 2. 何自然. 《语用学概论》. 长沙: 湖南教育出版社, 1988. 3. 侯维瑞. 《英语语体》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1988. 4. 胡庚申. 《怎样起草与翻译合同协议》. 合肥：中国科技大学出版社, 1993. 5. 胡曙中. 《英汉修辞比较研究》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1993. 6. 胡晓吉. 《实用英汉对比翻译》. 北京：中国人民大学出版社. 1990. 7. 胡燕平，张容建. 《实用英汉翻译类典》. 重庆：重庆出版社, 1997. 8. 胡裕树. 《现代汉语》. 上海：上海教育出版社, 1987. 9. 胡兆云. 《美学理论视野中的文学翻译研究》第2版. 北京：现代教育出版社. 2009. 10. 胡兆云. 《语言接触与英汉借词研究》. 济南：山东大学出版社. 2001. 11. 胡壮麟. 《语篇的衔接与连贯》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1994. 12. 胡壮麟. 《语言学教程》. 北京：北京大学出版社, 1988. 13. 黄伯荣, 廖序东. 《现代汉语》. 兰州：甘肃人民出版社, 1981. 14. 黄国文. 《语篇分析概要》. 长沙：湖南教育出版社, 1988. 15. 黄龙. 《翻译技巧指导》. 沈阳：辽宁人民出版社, 1986. 16. 黄任. 《英语修辞与写作》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1996. 17. 黄雨石. 《英汉文学翻译探索》. 西安：陕西人民出版社. 1988. 18. 黄振定. 《翻译学：艺术论与科学论的统一》. 长沙：湖南教育出版社. 1998. 19. 黄振定. 《翻译学的语言哲学基础》. 上海：上海交通大学出版社. 2007. 20. 黄忠廉. 《变译理论》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2002. 21. 贾尔斯 英译. 《孙子兵法》. 长沙：湖南出版社, 1993. 22. 贾文波. 《汉英时文翻译: 政治经济汉译英300句析》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1999. 23. 贾玉新. 《跨文化交际学》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1997. 24. 金堤. 《等效翻译探索》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 25. 金惠康. 《汉英跨文化交际翻译》. 贵阳：贵州教育出版社. 1998. 26. 金惠康. 《跨文华交际翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2003. 27. 金惠康. 《跨文华交际翻译续编》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2004. 28. 金立鑫. 《语法的多视角研究》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2000. 29. 居祖纯. 《新编汉英语篇翻译》. 北京：清华大学出版社, 2002. 30. 柯平. 《对比语言学》. 南京：南京师范大学出版社, 1999. 31. 孔慧怡. 《翻译·文学·文化》. 北京：北京大学出版社. 1999. 32. 李定坤. 《汉英辞格对比与翻译》. 武汉：华中师范大学出版社, 1994. 33. 李国南. 《辞格与词汇》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 34. 李国南. 《英汉修辞格对比研究》. 福州：福建人民出版社, 1999. 35. 李明编著. 《英汉互动翻译教程》. 武汉：武汉大学出版社. 2006. 36. 李瑞华主编. 《英汉语言文化对比研究》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 1996.

再怎么样，直接翻译一份东西做不了论文的吧，至少得有个主题去研究得出个结论才叫论文吧。