英语物流毕业论文

楼上这位的英文文献是google华文文献而来的，很不通顺。。。电子商务环境下物流配送Logistics Distribution under E-business Environment 楼上译成了E-business environment under the logistics and distribution 电子商务环境下的物流配送摘要：本文从阐述电子商务与物流配送的相互关系出发，就如何建立与我国国情发展相适应的物流配送模式，降低物流成本，提高配送效率，解决配送问题进行探讨。 关键词：电子商务；物流配送；第三方物流 在互联网技术的不断发展及全球电子商务大环境的引导下，跨国物流和跨区域物流更加频繁，对物流的需求也更加强烈。但电子商务在我国的发展却具有其不成熟性的特点，物流基础设施及技术水平落后,供应商(或制造商)以及客户之间没有形成供应链,配送效率低下,所以电子商务要在中国继续发展必须解决——"物流瓶颈"。 一、电子商务与物流配送 电子商务是在Internet开放的网络环境下，基于浏览器/服务器的应用方式，实现消费者的网上购物、企业之间的网上交易和在线电子支付的一种新型的交易方式。电子商务与传统商务本质区别，就是它以数字化网络为基础进行商品、货币和服务交易，目的在于减少信息社会的商业中间环节，缩短周期，降低成本，提高经营效率，提高服务质量，使企业有效地参与竞争。 物流配送定位在为电子商务的客户提供服务，根据电子商务的特点，对整个物流配送体系实行统一的信息管理和调度，按照用户订货要求，在物流基地进行理货工作，并将配好的货物送交收货人的一种物流方式。这一先进的、优化的流通方式对流通企业提高服务质量、降低物流成本、优化社会库存配置，从而提高企业的经济效益及社会效益具有重要意义。 二、电子商务环境下的物流配送模式 发展现代物流配送，是转变经济增长方式，促进经济增长由粗放型向集约型转变的需要。过去我国长期实行计划经济体制，几乎每个工业企业都建立了仓库、车队负责包装、运输等业务，大而全、小而全、粗放管理问题比较突出，造成企业原材料和产成品库存过大，占压大量资金；自备仓储和自备运输利用率低，成本过高；销售配送体系不健全，产品实体分配效率不能满足售后和服务要求。市场经济条件下，企业要在激烈的竞争中站稳脚跟，必须集中精力发展其核心业务，对传统的物流管理模式进行改革，提高物流管理的社会化和组织程度，变粗放管理为集约经营，才能使企业真正适应市场经济的发展。 发展现代物流配送，是适应加入WTO，提高企业市场竞争能力的需要。目前世界上大多数地区，约1／3的物流运作是承包给第三方的，发达国家甚至达5－8成。而我国的物流服务行业竞争力很弱，没有形成一定的规模优势和资本优势，服务质量与国外企业相比也存在着很大差距。加入WTO后，根据协议，我国将进一步开放物流服务行业，国外成熟的物流企业会大举进入我国，因此，面对经济全球化趋势和我国加入WTO的挑战，实施物流改造，发展现代物流配送是企业参与竞争，赢得竞争优势的必然选择。 在电子商务条件下，构建我国物流配送体系，可以有以下三种模式：一是电子商务与传统商务共用一套物流系统；二是由电子商务企业组建自己的物流系统；三是电子商务企业将所有的物流业务以外包的形式委托第三方物流企业运作。所谓第三方物流是指根据供应商或销售商的委托，由供应商和销售商以外的第三方负责对物流的中间环节进行有效管理，提供从货源供应到最终商品销售之间的全方位物流服务。鉴于发达国家的成功经验和目前我国物流业的发展状况，我认为，委托第三方物流企业运作是我国电子商务企业最理想的物流模式。其理由如下： （1）物流通常不是大多数的电子商务企业的核心业务，电子商务企业把物流业务运作外包于第三方物流企业，可以把资源集中在自身的核心竞争力业务上，以获取最大的投资回报。 （2）第三方物流企业拥有发达的物流网络和针对不同物流市场的专业能力，包括运输、仓储和其它增值服务，同时第三方物流企业还拥有信息技术，他们与独立的软件供应商结盟或者开发了内部信息系统，这使其能够最大限度地利用运输和分销网络，有效进行跨运输方式的货物追踪。 （3）第三方物流企业具有规模经济优势。由于其可以从运输商那里大批量购买运输能力，然后集中配载许多客户的货物，大幅度降低单位运输成本。 （4）通过“共享租用”模型，多个电子商务企业可以共享分发和售后服务。外包也缓和了内部物流执行并减少建造和装备仓库。内部完成电子物流费用高，耗时多，并且由于不具备第三方的专业技术，许多公司会严重损害花很多时间建立的客户关系。 诚然，第三方物流企业的运作不仅要针对生产厂家能否合理经营并优化库存结构，还要针对客户，保证商品来源于最佳路线，以切实降低物流成本，提高产品附加值，同时真正使客户省钱，省力，省时。 三、我国发展第三方物流应注意的问题 （1）物流业务的范围不断扩大。商业机构和各大公司面对日趋激烈的竞争不得不将主要经理放在核心业务，将运输、仓储等相关业务环节交由更专业的物流企业进行操作，以求节约和高效；同时，物流企业为提高服务质量，也在不断拓宽业务范围，提供配套服务。 （2）提供客户定制的物流服务。很多成功的物流企业根据第一方、第二方的谈判条款，分析比较自理的操作成本和代理费用，灵活运用自理和代理两种方式。 （3）物流产业的发展潜力巨大，具有广阔的发展前景。长期以来，由于受计划经济的影响，我国物流社会化程度低，物流管理混乱，机构多元化，物资、商业、经贸、交通、建设等部门均有各自的物流系统。这种分散的多元化物流格局，导致社会化大生产、专业化流通的集约化经营优势难以发挥，规模经营、规模效益难以实现，设施利用率低，布局不合理，重复建设，资金浪费严重。由于利益冲突及信息不通畅等原因，造成余缺物资不能及时调配，大量物资滞留在流通领域，造成资金沉淀，产生大量库存费用。另外，我国物流企业与物流组织的总体水平低，设备陈旧，损失率大，效率低，运输能力严重不足，形成了瓶颈，制约了物流的发展。 在电子商务飞速发展的21世纪，谁掌握了物流和配送，谁就掌握了市场。建立电子商务模式下的物流配送体系，客观上需要那种放网全国，点指世界超强的物流服务企业。当前，我国的一些传统物流企业（如，中远，中外运等）应积极加大市场调研和开拓力度，加大与跨国公司、大型制造商等行业企业以及与连锁、超市零售行业等的合作，与其建立伙伴关系，为其提供一体化的物流配送服务，并尽快发展电子商务，从而提供高质量的、高水平的电子商务环境下的现代物流配送服务，为我国建立良好的现代配送机制贡献自身的一份力量。 参考文献： 《中国物流与采购》 《我国物流企业如何迎接电子商务》 张铎 《电子商务配送问题浅析》 关洪杰、

物流管理的定义 物流管理（Logistics Management）是指在社会再生产过程中，根据物质资料实体流动的规律，应用管理的基本原理和科学方法，对物流活动进行计划、组织、指挥、协调、控制和监督，使各项物流活动实现最佳的协调与配合，以降低物流成本，提高物流效率和经济效益。现代物流管理是建立在系统论、信息论和控制论的基础上的。 物流管理主要有4个特点 （1）以实现客户满意为第一目标； （2）以企业整体最优为目的； （3）以信息为中心； （4）重效率更重效果。 实施物流管理的目的 实施物流管理的目的就是要在尽可能最低的总成本条件下实现既定的客户服务水平，即寻求服务优势和成本优势的一种动态平衡，并由此创造企业在竞争中的战略优势。根据这个目标，物流管理要解决的基本问题，简单地说，就是把合适的产品以合适的数量和合适的价格在合适的时间和合适的地点提供给客户。 物流管理强调运用系统方法解决问题。现代物流通常被认为是由运输、存储、包装、装卸、流通加工、配送和信息诸环节构成。各环节原本都有各自的功能、利益和观念。系统方法就是利用现代管理方法和现代技术，使各个环节共享总体信息，把所有环节作为一个一体化的系统来进行组织和管理，以使系统能够在尽可能低的总成本条件下，提供有竞争优势的客户服务。系统方法认为，系统的效益并不是它们各个局部环节效益的简单相加。系统方法意味着，对于出现的某一个方面的问题，要对全部的影响因素进行分析和评价。从这一思想出发，物流系统并不简单地追求在各个环节上各自的最低成本，因为物流各环节的效益之间存在相互影响、相互制约的倾向，存在着交替易损的关系。比如过分强调包装材料的节约，就可能因其易于破损造成运输和装卸费用的上升。因此，系统方法强调要进行总成本分析，以及避免次佳效应和成本权衡应用的分析，以达到总成本最低，同时满足既定的客户服务水平的目的。 物流管理的发展经历 物流管理的发展经历了配送管理、物流管理和供应链管理3个层次。物流管理起源于第二次世界大战中军队输送物资装备所发展出来的储运模式和技术。在战后这些技术被广泛应用于工业界，并极大地提高了企业的运作效率，为企业赢得更多客户。当时的物流管理主要针对企业的配送部分，即在成品生产出来后，如何快速而高效地经过配送中心把产品送达客户，并尽可能维持最低的库存量。美国物流管理协会那时叫做实物配送管理协会，而加拿大供应链与物流管理协会则叫做加拿大实物配送管理协会。在这个初级阶段，物流管理只是在既定数量的成品生产出来后，被动地去迎合客户需求，将产品运到客户指定的地点，并在运输的领域内去实现资源最优化使用，合理设置各配送中心的库存量。准确地说，这个阶段物流管理并未真正出现，有的只是运输管理、仓储管理和库存管理。物流经理的职位当时也不存在，有的只是运输经理或仓库经理。 现代意义上的物流管理出现在20世纪80年代。人们发现利用跨职能的流程管理的方式去观察、分析和解决企业经营中的问题非常有效。通过分析物料从原材料运到工厂，流经生产线上每个工作站，产出成品，再运送到配送中心，最后交付给客户的整个流通过程，企业可以消除很多看似高效率却实际上降低了整体效率的局部优化行为。因为每个职能部门都想尽可能地利用其产能，没有留下任何富余，一旦需求增加，则处处成为瓶颈，导致整个流程的中断。又比如运输部作为一个独立的职能部门，总是想方设法降低其运输成本，但若其因此而将一笔必须加快的订单交付海运而不是空运，这虽然省下了运费，却失去了客户，导致整体的失利。所以传统的垂直职能管理已不适应现代大规模工业化生产，而横向的物流管理却可以综合管理每一个流程上的不同职能，以取得整体最优化的协同作用。 在这个阶段，物流管理的范围扩展到除运输外的需求预测、采购、生产计划、存货管理、配送与客户服务等，以系统化管理企业的运作，达到整体效益的最大化。高德拉特所著的《目标》一书风靡全球制造业界，其精髓就是从生产流程的角度来管理生产。相应地，美国实物配送管理协会在20世纪80年代中期改名为美国物流管理协会，而加拿大实物配送管理协会则在1992年改名为加拿大物流管理协会。 一个典型的制造企业，其需求预测、原材料采购和运输环节通常叫做进向物流，原材料在工厂内部工序间的流通环节叫做生产物流，而配送与客户服务环节叫做出向物流。物流管理的关键则是系统管理从原材料、在制品到成品的整个流程，以保证在最低的存货条件下，物料畅通的买进、运入、加工、运出并交付到客户手中。对于有着高效物流管理的企业的股东而言，这意味着以最少的资本做出最大的生意，产生最大的投资回报。 国网提示：如果认为我们提供的本词条还有不当的地方欢迎批评指正。【物流的概念】 解释一： 物流是指为了满足客户的需要，以最低的成本，通过运输、保管、配送等方式，实现原材料、半成品、成品及相关信息由商品的产地到商品的消费地所进行的计划、实施和管理的全过程。 物流构成：商品的运输、配送、仓储、包装、搬运装卸、流通加工，以及相关的物流信息等环节。 物流活动的具体内容包括以下几个方面：用户服务、需求预测、定单处理、配送、存货控制、运输、仓库管理、工厂和仓库的布局与选址、搬运装卸、采购、包装、情报信息。 解释二： 在我国国家标准《物流术语》的定义中指出：物流是“物品从供应地到接收地的实体流动过程，根据实际需要，将运输、储存、装卸、搬运、包装、流通加工、配送、信息处理等基本功能实施有机结合。” 解释三： 物流中的“物”是物质资料世界中同时具备物质实体特点和可以进行物理性位移的那一部分物质资料。“流”是物理性运动，这种运动有其限定的含义，就是以地球为参照系，相对于地球而发生的物理性运动，称之为"位移"。流的范围可以是地理性的大范围，也可以是在同一地域、同一环境中的微观运动，小范围位移。“物”和“流”的组合，是一种建立在自然运动基础上的高级的运动形式。其互相联系是在经济目的和实物之间，在军事目的和实物之间，甚至在某种社会目的和实物之间，寻找运动的规律。因此，物流不仅是上述限定条件下的“物”和“流”的组合，而更重要在于，是限定于军事、经济、社会条件下的组合，是从军事、经济、社会角度来观察物的运输，达到某种军事、经济、社会的要求。 解释四： stream ：在化工生产过程中，需要进行化学或物理变化的物料常常以气态或液态参与生产过程，并以管道输送，这样参与过程的原料、中间产物、产品等称为物流。在连续操作过程中不断地加入或排出的固体物料也可称为物流。 The definition of logistics management Logistics Management (Logistics Management) is in the process of social reproduction, according to the material flow of information entities, the application of the basic principles of management and the scientific method, the logistics activities of planning, organization, command, coordination, control and supervision, so that all Logistics activities to achieve the best possible coordination and cooperation in order to reduce logistics costs and enhance logistics efficiency and economic benefits. Modern logistics management system is built on the theory, information theory, cybernetics and on the basis of. Logistics Management has four major characteristics of (1) in order to achieve customer satisfaction as the first target; (2) to enterprises as a whole for the purpose of optimal; (3) with information as the center; (4) more emphasis on efficient results. The purpose of the implementation of logistics management The purpose of the implementation of logistics management is to the lowest possible total cost of conditions to achieve the established level of customer service, or service advantages and seek cost advantages of a dynamic equilibrium, and thus create competitive enterprises in the strategic advantage. According to this goal, logistics management to solve the basic problem, simply put, is to the right products to fit the number and the right price at the right time and suitable sites available to customers. Logistics management systems that use methods to solve the problem. Modern Logistics normally be considered by the transport, storage, packaging, handling, processing in circulation, distribution and information constitute part of all. All have their own part of the original functions, interests and concepts. System approach is the use of modern management methods and modern technology so that all aspects of information sharing in general, all the links as an integrated system for organization and management, so that the system can be as low as possible under the conditions of the total cost, provided there Competitive advantage of customer service. Systems approach that the system is not the effectiveness of their various local links-effective simple sum. System means that, there's a certain aspect of the problem and want to all of the factors affecting the analysis and evaluation. Starting from this idea, the logistics system is not simply the pursuit of their own in various areas of the lowest cost, because the logistics of the link between the benefits of mutual influence, the tendency of mutual constraints, there is the turn of the relationship between vulnerability. For example, too much emphasis on packaging materials savings, it could cause damage because of their easy to transport and handling costs increased. Therefore, the systems approach stresses the need to carry out the total cost analysis, and to avoid the second best effect and weigh the cost of the analysis, so as to achieve the lowest cost, while meeting the established level of customer service purposes. The development of logistics management experience The development of logistics management has experienced distribution management, logistics management and supply chain management three levels. Logistics management originated in World War II military transport supplies and equipment developed by the storage and transportation modes and technologies. After the war, these technologies are widely used in industry, and greatly improve the operational efficiency of enterprises, for enterprises to win more customers. At that time, logistics management, aimed at the distribution of the finished product that is produced, how fast and efficient products through distribution centers to serve customers, and as far as possible to maintain a minimum inventory. Logistics Management Association of the United States at that time called the Physical Distribution Management Association and the Canadian supply chain and logistics management is called the Canadian Association of Physical Distribution Management Association. In this initial stage, logistics management is the established number of products produced by, passively to meet the needs of customers, products will be transported to the designated locations, and in the field of transport to achieve the most optimal use of resources, a reasonable set of distribution Center inventory. Rather, this stage of logistics management has not really there, there are only transportation management, warehousing management and inventory management. Logistics manager positions do not exist at that time, there are only the manager or warehouse manager. Modern sense of logistics management in the 1980s. People find that the use of cross-functional process management approach to observe, analyze and solve business problems in the very effective. By analyzing the material from raw materials shipped to factories and production lines running through each workstation, product output, and then transported to distribution centers, the final delivery to customers throughout the circulation process, enterprises can eliminate a lot of high-efficiency appears to have actually reduced Optimize the overall efficiency of the local acts. Because everyone wants to functional departments as far as possible use of its capacity, left no surplus, once the increased demand, everywhere a bottleneck, resulting in the suspension of the entire process. For instance the Ministry of Transport as a separate functional departments, always trying to reduce their transport costs, but its result will be a need to speed up the delivery of orders rather than shipping by air, although this saved the freight, it lost customers, resulting in The overall loss. Therefore, the traditional vertical management functions no longer suited to modern large-scale industrial production, and horizontal logistics management can be integrated management of each process on the different functions, in order to get the overall optimization of synergies. At this stage, to expand the scope of logistics management in addition to transport, the demand forecasts, procurement, production planning, inventory management, distribution and customer service, so as to systematic management of the operation of enterprises, to maximize the overall efficiency. Goldratt's The "goal" in a sweep of the global manufacturing industry, its essence is from the perspective of the production process to manage the production. Accordingly, the Physical Distribution Management Association of the United States in the mid-1980s changed its name to the United States Logistics Management Association, Canada and the Physical Distribution Management Association in 1992 changed its name to the Canadian Association of Logistics Management. A typical manufacturing enterprise, its demand forecasts, purchase of raw materials and transport links are usually called into the logistics and raw materials in the factory processes within the logistics supply chain called the production, distribution and customer service link called out to the logistics. Logistics management is the key systems management from raw materials, finished products to the entire process to ensure that the lowest inventory conditions, the flow of buying materials, imported, processed, shipped out and delivered to the customer. For a highly efficient logistics management companies shareholders, this means that the capital to at least make the most of the business, produce the greatest return on investment. State Net: If we think of this term is also available in inappropriate places welcome criticism correction. [] The concept of logistics One explanation: Logistics is that in order to meet customer needs, the lowest cost, through the transport, storage, distribution, etc., and raw materials, semi-finished products, finished goods and related information from the origin to the consumption of goods and conducted by the planning, implementation and management of the The entire process. Logistics form: the transport of goods, distribution, warehousing, packing, loading and unloading handling, circulation processing, logistics and related information, and other areas. The specific content of logistics activities, including the following areas: customer service and demand forecasts, order processing, distribution, inventory control, transport, storage management, factories and warehouses and the layout of the site, removal handling, procurement, packaging, intelligence and information. Explanation 2: China's national standards, "the logistics of terms" that the definition of: logistics is "items from the suppliers to receive and process flow of the entity, according to actual needs, transportation, storage, handling, transport, packaging and distribution processing, distribution, information processing , And other basic functions of the organic integration. " Three explanations: The logistics of the "objects" is material information in the world along with material entities can be physical characteristics and the displacement of that part of material information. "Flow" is the physical movement, such movement has its limited meaning, that is, for the reference to the Earth in relation to the earth and the physical movement, known as "displacement." The scope of flow can be rational and large-scale, may also be in the same area, the micro-environment of the same movement, small-scale displacement. "Objects" and "flow" of the combination is a natural movement built on the basis of the senior forms of exercise. Their mutual ties in the economic objective and in-kind between the military and in-kind, and even in certain social objectives and in-kind between the movement to find the laws. Therefore, logistics is not only the qualification of "objects" and "flow" of the portfolio, but more important is that is limited to the military, economic and social conditions under the portfolio, is from the military, economic and social point of view of observation Transport, to achieve some kind of military, economic, social requirements. 4 explained: stream: in the chemical production process, the need for chemical or physical changes of materials, often in gaseous or liquid involved in the production process, and piped, to participate in this process of raw materials, intermediate products, products known as logistics. In continuous operation in the process of constantly adding or from the solid material can also known as logistics.

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