楼上这位的英文文献是google华文文献而来的，很不通顺。。。电子商务环境下物流配送Logistics Distribution under E-business Environment 楼上译成了E-business environment under the logistics and distribution 电子商务环境下的物流配送摘要：本文从阐述电子商务与物流配送的相互关系出发，就如何建立与我国国情发展相适应的物流配送模式，降低物流成本，提高配送效率，解决配送问题进行探讨。 关键词：电子商务；物流配送；第三方物流 在互联网技术的不断发展及全球电子商务大环境的引导下，跨国物流和跨区域物流更加频繁，对物流的需求也更加强烈。但电子商务在我国的发展却具有其不成熟性的特点，物流基础设施及技术水平落后,供应商(或制造商)以及客户之间没有形成供应链,配送效率低下,所以电子商务要在中国继续发展必须解决——"物流瓶颈"。 一、电子商务与物流配送 电子商务是在Internet开放的网络环境下，基于浏览器/服务器的应用方式，实现消费者的网上购物、企业之间的网上交易和在线电子支付的一种新型的交易方式。电子商务与传统商务本质区别，就是它以数字化网络为基础进行商品、货币和服务交易，目的在于减少信息社会的商业中间环节，缩短周期，降低成本，提高经营效率，提高服务质量，使企业有效地参与竞争。 物流配送定位在为电子商务的客户提供服务，根据电子商务的特点，对整个物流配送体系实行统一的信息管理和调度，按照用户订货要求，在物流基地进行理货工作，并将配好的货物送交收货人的一种物流方式。这一先进的、优化的流通方式对流通企业提高服务质量、降低物流成本、优化社会库存配置，从而提高企业的经济效益及社会效益具有重要意义。 二、电子商务环境下的物流配送模式 发展现代物流配送，是转变经济增长方式，促进经济增长由粗放型向集约型转变的需要。过去我国长期实行计划经济体制，几乎每个工业企业都建立了仓库、车队负责包装、运输等业务，大而全、小而全、粗放管理问题比较突出，造成企业原材料和产成品库存过大，占压大量资金；自备仓储和自备运输利用率低，成本过高；销售配送体系不健全，产品实体分配效率不能满足售后和服务要求。市场经济条件下，企业要在激烈的竞争中站稳脚跟，必须集中精力发展其核心业务，对传统的物流管理模式进行改革，提高物流管理的社会化和组织程度，变粗放管理为集约经营，才能使企业真正适应市场经济的发展。 发展现代物流配送，是适应加入WTO，提高企业市场竞争能力的需要。目前世界上大多数地区，约1／3的物流运作是承包给第三方的，发达国家甚至达5－8成。而我国的物流服务行业竞争力很弱，没有形成一定的规模优势和资本优势，服务质量与国外企业相比也存在着很大差距。加入WTO后，根据协议，我国将进一步开放物流服务行业，国外成熟的物流企业会大举进入我国，因此，面对经济全球化趋势和我国加入WTO的挑战，实施物流改造，发展现代物流配送是企业参与竞争，赢得竞争优势的必然选择。 在电子商务条件下，构建我国物流配送体系，可以有以下三种模式：一是电子商务与传统商务共用一套物流系统；二是由电子商务企业组建自己的物流系统；三是电子商务企业将所有的物流业务以外包的形式委托第三方物流企业运作。所谓第三方物流是指根据供应商或销售商的委托，由供应商和销售商以外的第三方负责对物流的中间环节进行有效管理，提供从货源供应到最终商品销售之间的全方位物流服务。鉴于发达国家的成功经验和目前我国物流业的发展状况，我认为，委托第三方物流企业运作是我国电子商务企业最理想的物流模式。其理由如下： （1）物流通常不是大多数的电子商务企业的核心业务，电子商务企业把物流业务运作外包于第三方物流企业，可以把资源集中在自身的核心竞争力业务上，以获取最大的投资回报。 （2）第三方物流企业拥有发达的物流网络和针对不同物流市场的专业能力，包括运输、仓储和其它增值服务，同时第三方物流企业还拥有信息技术，他们与独立的软件供应商结盟或者开发了内部信息系统，这使其能够最大限度地利用运输和分销网络，有效进行跨运输方式的货物追踪。 （3）第三方物流企业具有规模经济优势。由于其可以从运输商那里大批量购买运输能力，然后集中配载许多客户的货物，大幅度降低单位运输成本。 （4）通过“共享租用”模型，多个电子商务企业可以共享分发和售后服务。外包也缓和了内部物流执行并减少建造和装备仓库。内部完成电子物流费用高，耗时多，并且由于不具备第三方的专业技术，许多公司会严重损害花很多时间建立的客户关系。 诚然，第三方物流企业的运作不仅要针对生产厂家能否合理经营并优化库存结构，还要针对客户，保证商品来源于最佳路线，以切实降低物流成本，提高产品附加值，同时真正使客户省钱，省力，省时。 三、我国发展第三方物流应注意的问题 （1）物流业务的范围不断扩大。商业机构和各大公司面对日趋激烈的竞争不得不将主要经理放在核心业务，将运输、仓储等相关业务环节交由更专业的物流企业进行操作，以求节约和高效；同时，物流企业为提高服务质量，也在不断拓宽业务范围，提供配套服务。 （2）提供客户定制的物流服务。很多成功的物流企业根据第一方、第二方的谈判条款，分析比较自理的操作成本和代理费用，灵活运用自理和代理两种方式。 （3）物流产业的发展潜力巨大，具有广阔的发展前景。长期以来，由于受计划经济的影响，我国物流社会化程度低，物流管理混乱，机构多元化，物资、商业、经贸、交通、建设等部门均有各自的物流系统。这种分散的多元化物流格局，导致社会化大生产、专业化流通的集约化经营优势难以发挥，规模经营、规模效益难以实现，设施利用率低，布局不合理，重复建设，资金浪费严重。由于利益冲突及信息不通畅等原因，造成余缺物资不能及时调配，大量物资滞留在流通领域，造成资金沉淀，产生大量库存费用。另外，我国物流企业与物流组织的总体水平低，设备陈旧，损失率大，效率低，运输能力严重不足，形成了瓶颈，制约了物流的发展。 在电子商务飞速发展的21世纪，谁掌握了物流和配送，谁就掌握了市场。建立电子商务模式下的物流配送体系，客观上需要那种放网全国，点指世界超强的物流服务企业。当前，我国的一些传统物流企业（如，中远，中外运等）应积极加大市场调研和开拓力度，加大与跨国公司、大型制造商等行业企业以及与连锁、超市零售行业等的合作，与其建立伙伴关系，为其提供一体化的物流配送服务，并尽快发展电子商务，从而提供高质量的、高水平的电子商务环境下的现代物流配送服务，为我国建立良好的现代配送机制贡献自身的一份力量。 参考文献： 《中国物流与采购》 《我国物流企业如何迎接电子商务》 张铎 《电子商务配送问题浅析》 关洪杰、
第三方物流 Third-Party Logistics A third-party logistics provider (abbreviated 3PL) is a firm that provides outsourced or "third party" logistics services to companies for part, or sometimes all of their supply chain management function. Third party logistics providers typically specialize in integrated warehousing and transportation services that can be scaled and customized to customer’s needs based on market conditions and the demands and delivery service requirements for their products and of 3PL providersHertz and Alfredsson (2003) describe four categories of 3PL providers:[1]Standard 3PL provider: this is the most basic form of a 3PL provider. They would perform activities such as, pick and pack, warehousing, and distribution (business) – the most basic functions of logistics. For a majority of these firms, the 3PL function is not their main activity. Service developer: this type of 3PL provider will offer their customers advanced value-added services such as: tracking and tracing, cross-docking, specific packaging, or providing a unique security system. A solid IT foundation and a focus on economies of scale and scope will enable this type of 3PL provider to perform these types of tasks. The customer adapter: this type of 3PL provider comes in at the request of the customer and essentially takes over complete control of the company’s logistics activities. The 3PL provider improves the logistics dramatically, but do not develop a new service. The customer base for this type of 3PL provider is typically quite small. The customer developer: this is the highest level that a 3PL provider can attain with respect to its processes and activities. This occurs when the 3PL provider integrates itself with the customer and takes over their entire logistics function. These providers will have few customers, but will perform extensive and detailed tasks for them. [edit] Non Asset-based Logistics ProvidersThis 3PL performs duties such as quoting, booking, routing, and auditing, but doesn't need to own warehousing facilities, vehicles, aircraft, or any other transportation assets. This type of 3PL may possess only desks, computers, and freight industry be useful, this type of provider must show its customers a benefit in financial and operational terms by leveraging exceptional expertise and ability in the areas of operations, negotiations, and customer service in a way that complements its customers' preexisting physical assets.[edit] On-Demand TransportationOn-Demand Transportation is a relatively new term coined by 3PL providers to describe their brokerage, ad-hoc, and "flyer" service Transportation has become a mandatory capability for today's successful 3PL providers in offering client specific solutions to supply chain shipments do not usually move under the "lowest rate wins" scenario and can be very profitable to the 3PL that wins the business. The cost quoted to customers for On-Demand services are based on specific circumstances and availability and can differ greatly from normal "published" Transportation is a niche that continues to grow and evolve within the 3PL modes of transport which may be subject to the on-demand model include (but are not limited to) the following:FTL, or Full Truck Load Hotshot (direct, exclusive courier) Next Flight Out, sometimes also referred to as Best Flight Out (commercial airline shipping) International Expedited [edit] Fourth-party logisticsFourth-party logistics (4PL), Lead Logistics Provider or 4th Party Logistics, is a term coined by global consulting firm Accenture:“ A 4PL is an integrator that assembles the resources, capabilities, and technology of its own organization and other organizations to design, supply chain solutions. ” of their supply chain management function. A 4PL uses a 3PL to supply service to customers, owning only computer systems and intellectual capital.[2]It has been argued that a 4PL is the same thing as a Non Asset-Based 3PL.第三方物流(Third-Party logistics,3PL)，也称作委外物流(logistics outsourcing) 或是合约物流(contract logistics),第三方物流一直是物流和供应练管理中最容易被误解的名词。第三方物流目前没有公认的定义，不过原则在於，某"专门公司"提供另一家公司(比方说制造商)一项或多项的物流功能。 (如仓储、对外运输)知名的第三方物流供应商包DanzasAEI、Exel Logistics、Menlo Logistics、Penske Logistics等...第三方物流公司需具备下列几点： 1.与使用者之间备有正式的合约，期限至少一年 2.强调双方关系式，而非交易式。 3.强调双方的利益以及客制化的可行性。 4.与客户维持长期的关系。 5.会主动寻求可能的政策和实务物流系统也可像互联网般，促进全球化。在贸易上，若要更进一步与世界连系，就得靠良好的物流管理系统。我们手上的商品很多是『游历』各国后才来到的。原料可能来自泰国，加工可能在新加坡，生产却在台湾，最后才入口到美国。产品的「游历」路线就是由物流师决定，目标就是要快且低开销。物流师 (Logistician）即是负责物流系统管理的专才。物流师就是一个专家，地位与会计师、律师、医生或工程师同等。
Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, wharehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may both be used for interchange of passengers and cargo, and for traveling on these networks include vehicles of appropriate types such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks people, helocopters and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but has a deteriorizing impact on the environment. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban article: Mode of transportA mode of transport is a technological solution that used a fundamentally different vehicle, infrastructure and operations. The transport of a person or cargo may be by one or more modes, the latter called intermodal transport. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip depended on the nature of the purpose, cargo and destination. While there transport in air and on water has their own mode, land transport has several transport remains common in developing countries[edit] Human-poweredMain article: Human-powered transportHuman-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle-power. Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-power. Many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise and environmentalism. Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions. It is considered an ideal form of sustainable humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for highly encumbering environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowings and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft.[edit] Animal-poweredMain article: Animal-powered transportAnimal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Animals are superior to people in their speed, endurance and carrying capacity; prior to the Industrial Revolution they were used for all land transport impracticable for people, and they remain an important mode of transport in less developed areas of the world.[edit] AirMain article: Aviation Scandinavian Airlines System MD-80 airliner at Kiruna Airport, SwedenA fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 875 kilometres per hour (544 mph), single-engine aircraft 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be used.[1]InterCityExpress, a German high-speed passenger train[edit] RailMain article: Rail transportRail transport is where train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. They rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and train consists of one or more connected vehicle that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by a trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[2] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially-built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominentsolution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains.[edit] RoadMain article: Road transport Interstate 80 near Berkeley, United StatesA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.[3] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[4] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.[5] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.[6]The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.[7] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.[edit] WaterMain article: Ship transport Automobile ferry in CroatiaWater transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continental shipping;[8] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.[9][10]Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil[edit] OtherPipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can send solid capsules using compressed air. Any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been send to all the planets of the Solar System.[edit] Elements Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water[edit] InfrastructureMain article: InfrastructureInfrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of both a way, terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However, they require fixed infrastructure at such as airports, ports and stations, are locations were passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operates from simple stops.[11] For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can involve large spendings, and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of Peugeot 206 participating in the World Rally Championship[edit] VehiclesMain article: VehicleA vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Vehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called crafts. Unless being pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver.[edit] Operation Incheon International Airport, South KoreaPrivate transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation,[12] but ports can be public owned.[13][edit] FunctionRelocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai, India[edit] PassengerMain article: TravelPassenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway travel may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa requirements.[edit] FreightMain article: ShippingFreight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing.[14] With increased specialization and globalization, production is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport.[15] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.[16] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of information.[17] Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk during transport.[18]Freight train with containers in the United KingdomContainerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering huge reduction in transshipment costs. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.[19]Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, coal, cereals and petroleum. Because of the uniformity of the product, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid products with sufficient volume may also be transported by freight has become more common for products of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio.[20] In addition to mail, common items send by air include electronics and fashion clothing.[edit] HistoryMain article: History of transport Bullock team hauling wool in AustraliaHumans first means of transport was walking and swimming. The domestication of animals introduces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and duration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were first built by the Roman Empire, to allow armies to travel quicky; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities, that grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, ofter at the intersection of two bodies of water. Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption were located as close to each other as feasible.
物流管理论文精选参考文献
物流管理论文参考文献一：
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[4]李晓蓉：《西方不同流派学者论企业多元化经营》[J],《外国经济与管理》，2003年第25卷第12期，7-11页.
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[7]傅俊元、丁慧平：《物流企业成长能力的逻辑演进研究》[J],《物流技术》，2008年第27卷第1期，28-30页
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交给我来做吧
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当今经济社会的纷繁复杂和瞬息万变的物流市场环境，使物流人对物流市场的认知的复杂性大大增加了，也越来越重视物流的 市场营销 战略的作用了。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于物流市场营销论文 范文 的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!
浅析物流企业市场营销存在的问题
[摘 要]在企业的发展过程中，为增强核心竞争力，物流企业就要利用外部资源来完成自身的业务，应该形成制造专家和物流行家的联合与协同，并延伸其业务服务内容，制定发展战略，从而为企业发展提供更大的空间。市场营销作为企业的生存和发展之本，物流企业要认真对待市场营销中存在的若干问题，从而制定出相关营销战略及策略。
[关键词]物流企业 市场营销 服务
一、概念分析
1、物流的概念
物流是一个控制原材料、制成品、产成品和信息的系统，指的是从供应者向需求者的物质实体的物理运动，它由一系列的时间和空间价值创造的经济价值活动构成，其中包括基本的运输、储存、包装、装卸、流通、统一配送及信息处理管理等一系列活动。也可以将其理解为为了满足客户的需求，拿最低的成本投入，通过运输、仓储、配送等，实现原材料、成品半成品及相关信息从原产地到商品消费地的转化交流。
2、市场营销的概念
市场营销是个人和企业等组织通过创造产品和价值，并自由地同别人交换产品，以获取共同的利益的一种交易行为。也指的是在不断变化的市场环境中，以满足消费者的需求为目的，实现企业业务流程的目标，包括 市场调查 研究、目标市场甄选、产品研发等一系列与市场产品推广有关的企业经营活动。
二、物流企业市场营销中出现的若干问题
我国现代物流企业，是适应中国经济快速发展和对外开放、市场竞争日益加剧的形势，在中国传统计划经济体制下的物资计划分配和运输体制的基础上发展起来的。中国加入WTO后，信息化进程的加快，促使物流企业也得到了较快的发展。但是现代物流企业大都是以前的货运代理商和运输公司，大多数中小规模的本土物流企业仍然处于低水准运作的状态，传统物流企业服务营销意识薄弱。长期以来，企业受计划经济体制的影响，尤其是国有物流企业它们拥有自己的仓库、车队、甚至远洋船队，造成物流过程的人员浪费，仓库的闲置、车辆的空驶等状况。而能够提供一体化、现代化、专门化、准时化、高效率服务的专业性物流企业则寥若晨星。我国现代物流企业形成多元化的物流格局，大多所采用的是传统的营销方式，物流企业营销意识不强，缺乏有效的营销理念。总的来说，现代物流企业存在的问题主要体现于以下几个方面：
(一)管理方面
1、缺乏品牌意识，影响整体竞争力
中国企业已经进入品牌竞争时代，缺乏品牌意识的企业形象是模糊的，是很难给客户以稳定的概念。有很多物流企业不重视品牌建设，缺乏知名度，从而影响到物流企业的整体竞争力。在品牌建设与维护上的不足，导致绝大多数物流企业只能在低端市场“抢饭吃”。此外，企业规模普遍偏小，创牌意识相对淡薄，培养专业人员以及市场推广等方面的投入不足，致使品牌意识差已成为了我国物流企业一个普遍现象。物流企业要想在激烈的竞争中获得长足快速的发展，就要实施正确的市场营销策略，要认真对企业进行认证和评估，将各种营销因素优化组合成一个系统化的整体策略，以实现企业的战略目标，从而建立起正确的品牌理念，提高企业竞争力。
2、营销观念淡薄，缺乏成长活力
在营销策略上，我国物流企业大部分员工的服务观念、营销观念相对淡薄，当今一些物流企业还停留在“等顾客找上门”或是依靠一些固定的客源维持的原始营销阶段，企业自主宣传促销意识薄弱，竞争观念、服务观念不能到位。物流企业经营思想没有真正以市场为导向，市场营销意识淡薄，市场营销知识欠缺，市场观念落后于市场规律的变化，没有深入分析市场需求，市场了解不够，市场的开拓力度不够。除此之外，企业没有认真研究客户的消费要求和消费心理，没有推出适应客户的多样化需求的服务项目，营销人员没有树立起现代营销理念，从而造成物流企业规模偏小，业务范围狭窄，缺乏成长的活力，不利于企业发展。
(二)服务方面
1、服务功能较为单一，增值服务十分薄弱
我国现代物流企业经济规模小，无论是人员规模、资产规模、服务营业额规模等都比较小;各种物流设施及装备的技术水平和设施结构不尽合理，设施和装备的标准化程度较低，无法发挥出现有物流设施的效率;由于对现代综合物流的意义和作用缺乏足够的认识，受企业规模较小，传统物流体制和模式的制约，没有充分地释放出现代综合物流的现实需，主动接受现代综合物流服务的规模较小。当前大多数物流企业缺少包装、加工、配货等增值服务，完整的物流供应链尚未形成，所以导致我国整体物流企业水平低已成为不争的事实。
2、物流企业经营管理水平偏低
多数物流企业都缺乏内部管理规程及服务规范，采取的是粗放型管理，结果就会缺少规范化的物流服务，也降低了服务质量。?
(三)人才方面
物流行业发展到今天，最大的阻碍就是物流人才缺乏。与国外相比，我国的物流培训起步较晚，急缺物流人才。物流企业经营管理人员大多数都学历水平不高，从而也造成了 企业管理 水平的低下以及观念的落后，同时这也使得它们吸引不到专业的物流管理人才的加入。
三、物流企业市场营销策略的实施
1、产品策略
任何企业的资源都是有限的，要利用好这有限的资源为客户更好的服务，这将是关系到企业成败的关键。物流企业要看到市场上物流需求的差异程度，满足物流市场的激烈竞争。针对未被满足的市场，应结合着企业资源状况，从中形成并确立适宜自身发展和壮大的目标市场，并以此为出发点设计相应的营销组合策略，就可以夺取竞争优势，在市场占有较大的份额，为企业的下一步发展打下良好的基础。从产品角度看，产品的规模不断扩大，但是企业的利润逐步下降。鉴于营销模式，企业就要向市场推出新的产品，或加宽、加深原有产品的系列，以抵消该种产品销量下降而引起的利润减少，成功的企业莫不如此。物流企业的产品策略选择，可以相互配合，不断调整，突出产品特色，而不应固守一种不变的模式。
2、服务营销策略
首先，将“客户”要领引入企业内部。在营销服务中，企业领导不仅要满足外部客户的需求，更要满足内部客户(即其他员工)的需要，二线员工必须尽力向一线员工提供支援。其次，创建“服务至上”的物流 企业 文化 。现在有很多物流公司都重视起客户服务，也将其引入到物流公司的经营活动中去，并制定出一系列市场营销的 规章制度 ，迫使员工去执行，结果却适得其反。问题的关键就在于制定的制度要得到员工的认可才行，使员工能主动的去为客户服务。
3、品牌策略
由于我国物流企业正处于起步发展阶段，所以对自身品牌形象并不重视。但是高速发展的国内物流行业，吸引着国外物流品牌积极拓展中国市场。他们先进的物流管理 经验 和成熟的品牌战略都极具优势。企业发展理念、企业文化、社会信任度、服务品质和附加值等都集中体现在品牌上，品牌在市场资源整合和竞争中的影响越来越大。品牌是企业的无形资产，必须要树立起正确的品牌理念，从而为企业带来更多的经济效益。同时，品牌也影响着客户对企业的忠诚度，只有树立起品牌意识，才能给物流服务的消费者提供了更多的选择余地。
参考文献
[1] 王雪.《浅谈物流管理与市场营销的相互作用》[J].《中国商贸》2012年04期.
[2] 高红岩.《论当前我国物流行业的发展及营销策略》[J].《经营管理者》2013年01期.
浅谈第三方物流市场营销环境
[摘要]随着我国经济的稳步上升和企业的迅速发展，物流服务的需求日益增大，特别是随着外资企业的进入和市场竞争的加剧，企业对物流重要性的认识逐渐深化，对专业化、多功能的第三方物流需求日渐增加。
[关键词]第三方物流 市场营销环境产业信息化
2006年，全国社会物流总费用为万亿元，同比增长，增速上升个百分点，物流总费用与GDP的比率为，刚过去的2010年我国社会物流总额达到万亿元，同比增长15%;全国社会物流总费用万亿元，同比增长。由此可见，我国物流市场的潜力和发展空间相当巨大，第三方物流的发展也稳步上升。同时，由于市场的开放外资物流的进入，国内外经济形势的改变，国家相关法律和产业政策以及社会基础设施和科技水平等因素的制约，我国第三方物流的发展并非一帆风顺。本文对我国第三方物流企业的内外部环境进行了研究分析。
一、我国第三方物流企业外部环境分析
1、宏观环境的PEST分析
(1)政治法律环境。与发达国家相比较，我国政府规制体制中“纵向部门分割、横向地区封锁，多头管理、政出多门”的现象依然十分严重;法律规范虽然很多，但是过于分散、层次低，条文笼统缺乏一定的实际操作性。
(2)社会技术环境。尽管物流人才培养取得了较大进展，但是与国外先进企业相比，仍然存在较大的差距，存在着物流人才总体供不应求、物流基础研究和应用 教育 滞后、供求存在严重结构性矛盾等问题。在物流基础设施建设方面，基础设施投入逐年增加，有利于缓解了交通运输全面紧张的局面。然而，总体规模仍然很小，运输网路密度不仅远远落后于欧美发达国家，而且东中西部布局不均衡，交通运输矛盾还比较突出。物流节点的集约化水准不高，现代化物流集散和储运设施较少，物流节点建设滞后、少而分散的状况。物流设施与装备技术水准较低，物流运作中机械化、自动化水准不高，物流作业效率不高。物流产业信息化建设刚刚起步，还处于较低层次的模仿阶段，物流产业信息技术应用水准较为落后，加之物流信息网路化建设受条块体制的束缚。另一方面，EDI、MRP、ERP、GPS等围绕物流信息交流、管理和控制的技术的应用，在一定程度上提高了我国物流信息管理水准和物流效率。
2、产业环境波特五力分析
(1)潜在进入者分析。第三方物流行业的潜在进入者包括国外大型物流企业、大型制造企业、流通批发企业、大型连锁企业、货运代理企业等。很多生产企业和销售企业仍然沿用自己的物流力量，他们有可能将自有物流剥离，组建第三方物流。我国的物流业在2005年12月儿日对外资全面开放。外资公司成熟的管理 方法 和强大的资金实力，给国内的物流企业带来了强大的压力。同时外资公司由于不熟悉中国内地市场的运作和文化，为了减低经营风险，可能与本土企业合作拓展市场。
(2)替代品分析。第三方物流要么独自提供服务，要么通过与自己有密切关系的转包商来为客户提供服务，它不大可能提供技术、仓储和运输服务的最佳整合。从而出现利用分包商来控制与管理客户公司的点到点式供应链运作的集成商――第四方物流。它最大的优越性，是它能保证产品得以“更快、更好、更廉”地送到需求者手中。第四方物流成为第三方物流的“协助提高者”，也是货主的“物流方案集成商”。未来最有可能成为第三方物流的发展方向。
(3)供应方分析。我国存在大量的小规模、提供单一物流服务功能的基础性传统物流企业，例如小型车队与货代企业、没有网路体系的仓库，它们的管理能力和独立开发市场的能力比较弱，对采购其物流服务的现代第三方物流企业具有依赖性，可以通过整合战略将其纳入到自己的运作管理体系，成为第三方物流服务的重要执行者。另外一些实力雄厚、能够提供网路化基础服务、标准化程度高的大型公共平台性物流提供商，它们拥有较大的直接客户群，具备较强的讨价还价能力。
(4)购买方分析。物流服务需求方的议价能力由于物流服务的需求方倾向于与物流服务提供商接成长期的紧密合作伙伴关系，因此双方在努力构建这种双赢的同时，生产商(物流需求方)对第三方物流企业的业务依赖性很强，所以相关的议价能力也有些下降。
3、竞争环境分析
(1)第三方物流产业现有企业类别。第一类是由某一传统仓储、运输领域全国性的国有企业演变成的物流企业，他们是由传统仓储、运输企业经过改造转型而来的，占主导地位，占据较大市场份额。第二类是大型外资跨区域物流企业，主要是外资和港资物流企业，它们一方面为原有客户――跨国公司进入中国市场提供延伸服务，另一方面用它们的经营理念、经营模式和优质服务吸引中国企业，逐渐向中国物流市场渗透。第三类是新兴内资跨区域的物流企业，主要是新兴的民营物流企业，是在第三方物流概念引入和发展的过程中诞生的，占据了中国第三方物流市场的约25%。第四类是生产流通企业内部物流，这些新办的国有或国有控股的新型物流企业，是现代企业改革的产物。除了上述几种具有代表性的物流服务供应商以外，目前在中国市场上还有大量的、在某些方面具有特色、专业性更强的第三方物流服务供应商。
(2)各类竞争对手优劣势分析。通过以上对各类第三方物流企业的分析，可以将各类物流企业的优劣势以及目前的发展战略作出归纳 总结 ，如表1所示。
二、我国第三方物流企业的自身资源SWOT分析
通过运用SWOT分析法，结合第三方物流业所处的环境对企业的内部能力和外部环境进行较为客观的评价。
1、优势
(1)中国经济高速增长提升第三方物流业的发展空间。中国经济的高速增长、外资企业的大量涌入、企业物流外包认识的提高，都将成为第三方物流业稳定市场需求的保证。
(2)国家重视推进产业政策的制定。国家和各级政府抓紧研究发展物流产业的具体政策及 措施 ，政策、资金向国有物流企业倾斜，将进一步加快推进我国现代物流的发展，这将有利于我国第三方物流业的发展。
(3)国内第三方物流业的地缘优势。中国的许多第三方物流企业都是从传统流通企业转型而来，本身就有一定的基础，对中国的国情了解程度高，适应快。通过专业化的发展，我国一些大型第三方物流企业通常已经开发了信息网路并积累了针对不同物流市场的专业知识，包括运输、仓储和其他增值服务，在国内外有一定的运输和分销网路。
2、劣势
(1)服务项目单一。大多数第三方物流企业只能提供单项或分段的物流服务，物流功能主要停留在储存、运输和城市配送上，相关的包装、加工和配货等增值服务不多，不能形成完整的物流供应链。
(2)服务成本较高。第三方物流企业大多数管理水准不高，或是自身实力不够，不能提供较为满意的服务和较低的价格， 其竞争力比不过企业的第～方物流和第二方物流。
(3)信息技术水准落后。信息技术落后主要表现为：缺乏现代化的物流设施、设备，机械化程度不高，先进的现代科技手段没有得到充分的应用。
(4)缺乏现代物流知识和专业物流管理人才。物流知识，尤其是现代综合物流知识远未得到普及，许多人只是知道物流能提供运输和仓储服务，而不知道它是对这些传统业务进行新的整合。此外，一些物流企业对员工缺乏进行相关的业务知识、业务技能培训。
(5)与自营物流相比较，第三方物流业存在着一些缺陷。主要有：企业不能直接控制物流职能;不能保证供货的准确和及时;不能保证顾客服务的品质和维护与顾客的长期关系;企业将放弃对物流专业技术的开发等。
3、机会
(1)WTO带来的机遇。从短期来看，我国加入WTO后，国际投资和贸易大幅增长，为第三方物流企业提供了广阔的物流发展空间。从长期来看，第三方物流业发展的本身又将降低贸易的运输费用，从而对国内统一市场的形成、资源配置效率的提高和区域经济发展水准差距的缩小带来积极影响，从而为我国第三方物流业的发展提供持续扩张的市场空间。
(2)企业物流外包的需求增长快速。由于竞争的加剧，越来越多的中国企业把自己的核心放在主营业务上，因此逐步地把自己的物流业务外包给第三方物流公司，整合、利用外部最优秀的专业化资源为自身服务。特别是制造与流通企业物流外包释放速度加快。
4、威胁
(1)外资进入带来的竞争加速。在加入WTO以后，由于物流业的市场准入承诺，大型跨国物流企业迅速进入我国，利用他们在发展综合物流方面的技术、管理和人才优势，抢占迅速增长的物流市场，我国物流市场的竞争将更趋激烈。
(2)国内第三方物流业竞争激烈。我国现有大部分第三方物流业是从原来的储运业转型而来，多数企业未形成核心竞争力，竞争对手间的模仿相对容易，企业之间是一种粗放式为主的竞争格局。另一方面，各地的第三方物流企业数量与基础投资猛增，低价恶性竞争严重扰乱了市场秩序，造成业界业绩普遍不佳，发展后劲不足。
三、对我国第三方物流市场发展的建议
企业应根据自身的实际，借鉴国外企业的成功经验，转变管理理念，制定有效的第三方物流市场管理战略。第一，政府应加大政策扶持力度，促进我国第三方物流市场良性发展，为我国第三方物流市场提供宽松的发展环境。具体为：制定相关的政策，开放第三方物流市场，加快与国外先进的物流管理接轨，拓宽第三方物流管理的发展空间;加强第三方物流管理理论的研究，更好地把握市场信息并作出相应的反应。第二，第三方物流企业应加强企业间的合作，组建有针对性的战略联盟。采用物流战略联盟可以使企业迅速有效地获得规模经济，提升共同的竞争优势，满足物流需求企业的服务要求;协同化发展的方式避免市场上的恶性竞争，维护竞争秩序，有利于实现战略联盟的双赢或多赢。第三，第三方物流企业应尽陕实现物流系统信息化管理。企业实现物流管理系统信息化的基本目标就是使物流快速、准确的运行，以最低的费用完成产品的循环周期，以此吸引物流需求企业。
四、结束语
从长远发展角度来看，中国第三方物流业拥有中国经济高速增长、物流外包速度加快和加入WTO带来巨大物流市场空间，国家的重视和产业政策的完善，自身具有的地缘优势等大好环境，这些都是我国第三方物流业发展过程中最有利的竞争优势。
总的来说，中国第三方物流业面临大好的发展环境，应当积极抓住机会提高自身竞争力更好地参与国内外的市场竞争。
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[1] 刘宇晶，徐端，李尚春. 基于 RFID 技术的船板物流管理[J]. 信息技术与标准化. 2010(11)
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参考文献如果是网页的话应该按照相关要求进行书写。
网站类参考如下：
1、【格式】[序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名.电子文献出处[电子文献及载体类型标识].或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期。
2、【21】中科院报告:我国现代物流2007年将保持快速发展，中央政府门户网站，2007年2月24日，这里写具体网址。
3、【22】2006年全国物流运行情况通报，中国仓储与物流网，2007年4月29日，这里写具体网址。
参考文献注意事项：
一、引用文献不宜过于陈旧。文后参考文献的标引，在很大程度上取决于作者学术造诣的程度及对同类文献的检索水平、利用能力。作者在撰写论文的过程中，引用的参考文献较新颖，能反映同行业最新科研动态和学术水平。
二、引用文献类型应呈一定比例。根据相关规定，文后参考文献的类型主要有：专著、论文集、学位论文、报告、连续出版物(期刊)、论文集析出文献、报纸、标准、专利及电子文献等。
提供一些物流管理毕业论文的参考文献，供写作参考。[1] 刘凌. 第三方物流的发展现状及对策研究[J]. 中国高新技术企业, 2009,(02) . [2] 于承恩. 第三方物流与供应链绩效分析[J]. 现代商贸工业, 2009,(01) . [3] 李明睿. 第三方物流的价值分析[J]. 商场现代化, 2009,(03) . [4] 章思平. 浅议我国第三方物流企业核心竞争力培育[J]. 现代商业, 2009,(02) . [5] 靳荣利. 基于供应链一体化的第三方物流增值服务模式实践的研究[J]. 浙江国际海运职业技术学院学报, 2007,(03) . [6]第三方物流能为客户创造哪些经济效益[J]. 北京物资流通, 2008,(01) . [7]何谓第三方物流[J]. 广东交通, 2008,(05) . [8] 王玲玲,李晓萍. 第三方物流企业核心竞争力评价研究[J]. 交通科技与经济, 2009,(01) . [9] 马普. 第三方物流组织运作模式探讨[J]. 机械管理开发, 2009,(01) . [10] 杜鸣. 扫除沟通障碍 提高物流效率———浅析第三方物流企业的沟通障碍及对策[J]. 陕西国防工业职业技术学院学报, 2006,(03) .
题目都这么大，都可以写书了。最好和教授商量下把题目现在某一地区的特定的物流范围，这样的话我倒有好几篇，还加上英文文献和翻译。
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《物流管理》专业毕业论文参考题目 1. 企业供应链管理策略研究 2. 网络时代供应链管理模式的研究 3. 供应链风险形成机理分析 4. 构建我国企业间供应链的对策初探 5. 供应链管理下企业采购管理的发展趋势 6. 基于供应链管理的库存管理模式比较 7. 企业内部供应链流程中的时间分析 8. 某商品供应链各环节的时间分析 9. 供应链的风险防范对策研究 10. 供应链运作对企业的影响研究 11. 供应链管理中的信息共享问题研究 12. 供应链管理的发展及运行机制探讨 13. 供应链企业间的委托代理问题研究 14. 供应链管理环境下的运输问题研究 15. 供应链管理环境下的物流成本研究 16. 条码技术在物流中的应用研究 17. 物流信息技术应用研究 18. 配送中心仓储管理信息系统设计 19. 采购管理信息系统设计 20. 国内ERP应用状况分析 21. 物流企业物流信息化建设案例分析 22. RFID应用案例研究 23. EPC应用案例研究 24. 某企业ERP实施方案分析 25. 电子产品代码(EPC)在物流中的应用 26. 物流技术的经济性研究 27. 货物运输方案优化研究 28. 物流配送中货物装载问题研究 29. 货物运输系统优化分析 30. 车船配载理论与方法研究 31. 城市建材配送中心选址研究 32. 城市日用品配送中心选址研究 33. 配送中心作业计划优化方法研究 34. 物流设施选址问题研究 35. 随机需求的最优库存策略研究 36. 逆向物流网络中的选址问题研究 37. 试论某地区回收物流网络的形成与发展 38. 试论废弃物物流体系的建立 39. 某企业物流规划案例分析 40. 某地区物流发展规划研究 41. 信息时代物流企业网络化发展模式探讨 42. 物流网络化运营模式的探讨 43. 物流网络化中的风险分析 44. 虚拟库存案例分析 45. 仓储企业向现代物流转型研究 46. 企业生产物料的合理采购及存储 47. 制造企业原料库存量的控制研究 48. 企业仓库管理流程中的时间分析 49. 物流成本核算研究 50. 运用物流成本进行企业物流决策 51. 商业企业物流成本分析 52. 企业物流作业环节费用的比较分析 53. 物流行业客户满意度研究 54. 物流客户服务策略的制定 55. 某企业物流业务流程分析 56. 企业物流作业流程的再造与控制 57. 医药品储备应急物流研究 58. 医药储备问题研究 59. 农业供应物流研究 60. 农产品物流发展现状和对策 61. 我国农产品物流与发达国家的差距分析 62. 农业销售物流研究 63. 建设项目物流管理模式的比较 64．图书物流合理化研究 65．印刷行业物流发展战略 66．汽车企业供应物流研究 67．出版物物流标准化研究 68．企业销售物流研究 69．企业供应物流研究 70．敏捷制造与精益制造中的物流管理比较 71．市场营销渠道组合与物流模式分析 72．企业物流资产经营模式分析 73．我国物流企业上市公司现状分析 74．物流外包决策分析 75．物流企业综合竞争力评价的探讨 76．第四方物流对中国物流产业发展战略的影响研究 77．我国物流企业策略创新研究 78. 某地区物流发展史研究 79．物流产业发展初探 80．第三物流的发展现状及趋势研究 81．城市物流需求分析 82．城市居民消费结构与物流需求研究 83．物流服务的价格问题分析 84．物流设施投资风险管理研究 85. 区域经济与物流产业发展研究 86．循环经济条件下逆向物流体系的建立 87．废弃集装箱的收集、加工与再生 88．绿色包装在物流企业中的应用 89．政府行为在物流业发展中的地位与作用 90．运输路径优化问题研究 91．试论企业降低物流成本的途径 92．物流企业提高物流服务质量的探讨 93．试论提高物流设施（设备）利用率的途径 94．市场经济条件下合理运输的探讨 95．生产企业内部物流合理化探讨 96．试论流通加工对物流合理化的影响 97．试论电子商务环境下的物流对策 98．我国发展第三方物流面临的挑战与对策研究99. 专业课程教学改革与创新型物流管理人才培养100. 物流管理专业教学手段改革与创新的思考
看看以下20段短文,是我根据物流的培训教材自己总结的:1. The Definition of Logistics 物流的定义After completing a commercial transaction, logistics will execute the transfer of goods from the supplier( seller) to the customer( buyer) in the most cost-effective manner. This is the definition of logistics. During the transfer process, hardware such as logistics facilities and equipment( logistics carriers) are needed, as well as information control and standardization. In addition, supports from the government and logistics association should be in place.在完成商业交易之后,物流将以最低成本和最高效益的方式执行将商品从供应商(卖方)流转到顾客(买方)的过程。这就是物流的定义。在物流过程中,既需要诸如物流设施和设备(物流运输工具等)的硬件,也需要对物流实施信息化管理进行物流标准化。此外,政府和物流组织的支持也不可或缺。Three major functions of logistics物流的三大主要功能(1) Creating time value: same goods can be valued different at different times. Goods often stop during the transfer process, which is professionally called the storage of logistics. It creates the time value for goods.(1)创造时间价值:同种商品因所处时间的不同而有着不同的价值。在商品流转过程中,往往会处于某种停滞的状态,物流的专业术语就称之为储存。储存创造了商品的时间价值。(2) Creating location value: same goods can be valued differently at different locations. The value added during the transfer process is the location value of logistics.(2)创造场所价值: 同种商品因所处位置的不同而有着不同的价值。这种因商品流转过程中而产生的附加增值称之为物流的场所价值。(3) Distribution processing value: sometimes logistics create distribution processing value, which changes the length, thickness and packages of the goods. Like popular saying, “ cutting into smaller parts” is the most commonly seen distribution processing within logistics create added value for goods.(3) 同配送加工价值:有时,物流活动也能创造配送加工价值,这种物流加工主要改变商品的长度、厚度和包装形态。物流中经常提到的“分割成更小的部分”就是配送加工中最为常见的形式。大多数物流加工都能创造商品的附加价值。2. Logistics is a new commercial area, developing from the traditional stage to a modern one. The main differences between these two stage include:物流作为新兴的商务领域,经历了从传统物流向现代物流发展的两个阶段。这两个阶段的不同主要体现在以下两个方面:(1) Modern logistics adopts containerization techniques. The goods transfer process starts with packaging, followed by transportation, storage and distribution. The whole process is operated under logistics standards. Based on the logistics base module of 600×400mm, from the logistics module of 1,200×1,000mm, and enlarge to the size of 2,591×2,438mm-the size of high×wide of the container. It can be adjusted to the standard sizes of containers for trains, trucks and ships.(1)现代物流采用了集装技术。商品物流往往从包装开始,而后经历运输、储存和配送等过程。整个过程始终在物流标准化的前提下运行。以物流基础模数尺寸600×400MM为基础,制定出物流模数尺寸1200×1000MM,并将其放大至2591×2438MM,即形成集装箱的高度与宽度标准尺寸。并能调整成适合铁运、汽运和船运的集装箱标准规格尺寸。(2) Information technologies are most important for modern logistics. Bar Code, POS, EDI and GPS systems dramatically improve the efficiency and accuracy of the logistics activities. Internet further assists the market development, operation and management of the logistics industry.(2)信息技术在现代物流中尤其重要。条形码、销售时点系统、电子数据传输系统、全球卫星定位系统的使用,极大地提高了物流活动的效率和精确程度。而互联网更加有助于物流管理的市场开发、运营和管理。 Logistics 国际物流An increasing number of companies are involving in international markets through exporting, licensing, joins ventures, and ownership. This trend should continue. With such expansion there is a need to develop worldwide logistics networks. Integrated logistics management and cost analysis will be more complex and difficult to manage.很多企业正通过出口、许可、合营或跨国经营涉足国际市场。这种趋势仍将持续。随着这种趋势的发展，开发国际物流网络成为必须。整合物流管理和成本分析将更加复杂和困难。There are some future trends in internationalization:国际化将呈现出以下未来趋势：(1) More logistics executives with international responsibilities(1)物流将更多地承担起国际义务(2) Expansion of the number and size of foreign trade zones.(2)对外贸易区的数量和规模的扩大(3) Reduction in the amount of international paperwork and documentation(3)国际有纸作业和单据制作的数量的减少(4) More foreign warehousing is owned and controlled by the exporting firm(4)更多的涉外仓储业务由出口企业经营和控制(5) Increasing number of smaller firm(5)小企业的数量增长(6) Foreign ownership of logistics service firms, e. g., public warehousing and transportation carriers.(6)物流服务企业的涉外经营，如公营仓储业务和国际运输商(7) Increasing multiple distribution channels(7)增加多配送渠道The international transport and the international logistics are same things in some way. So, when the international trading involved, the firm must establish international logistics systems to provide the products and service demanded. The most significant development in international logistics will be the increasing sophistication information system adopted and independent departments to operate.从某些方面讲，国际运输等同于国际物流。因此，当涉足国际贸易领域时，企业必须建立国际物流系统以提供需要的产品或服务。国际物流的更重要的发展在于大力采用先进的信息系统和实行独立的部门运作。. Packaging performs two basic functions–marketing and logistics. In marketing the packaging acts promotion and advertising. Its size, weight, color, and printed information attract customers and convey knowledge of the product. When firms are involved in international marketing, packaging becomes even more important. Products sold to foreign countries travel greater distances and undergo more handling operations. The logistics package is to protect the products during the process of logistics.包装。包装执行两个基本的功能—营销和物流。就市场营销而言，包装承担促销和广告的功能。其尺寸、重量、颜色和印制的信息会对顾客产生吸引力并将产品信息传达给顾客。当企业涉足国际市场营销时，包装就显得更为重要。出口到国外的产品需要运输更长的距离，经历更多的装卸搬运。而物流包装在物流过程中起到了保护产品的作用。Scrap disposal. The logistics process must effectively and quickly handle, transport, and store waste products. If they can be reused or recycled, logistics company should arrange and move them to the re–production and re–processing locations.废弃物处理。物流过程中的活动也应当包括高效快速地对废弃物进行装卸、运输和仓储。如若废弃物能够重新利用或回收，物流企业应当合理安排并将其运送到再生产或再加工地点。Return goods handling. The handling of return goods is often called reverse distribution. Buyers may return items to the seller for a number of reasons. Most logistics systems are not good enough to handle such cases. In many industries, consumers return products for warranty repair, replacement, or recycling, reverse distribution costs may be very high. Reverse distribution will become more important as customers demand more flexible and favorable return policies.退货处理。退货处理通常叫做反向配送。买方可能因各种原因将产品退回卖方。多数物流系统未能对此类事件作出足够妥善的处理。在很多行业，消费者因维修保证、更换或回收而退回产品，因而反向配送的成本可能会很高。由于顾客对退货政策的要求更加灵活、更加实惠，反向配送将更加重要。 Part Logistics ( TPL) 第三方物流Third Part Logistics provides all the logistics services. They act as a bridge or facilitator between the first part( supplier or producer) and the second part( buyer or customer). The primary objectives of third part logistics providers are to lower the total cost of logistics for the supplier and improve the service level to the customer.第三方物流提供了所有的物流活动。他们在第一方（供应商或生产商）和第二方（买方或顾客）之间扮演着桥梁或设施供应商的角色。第三方物流提供商的基本目标是降低供应商的整体物流成本，提高顾客服务水平。Third Part Logistics have been growing rapidly. Cost reduction and demands for batter and cheaper services are the main drives behind the growth. A third part logistics provider will be in a position to consolidate business from several companies and offer frequent pick–ups and deliveries, whereas in–house transportation cannot. Other reasons are as follows:第三方物流增长十分迅速。成本降低和对更好更便宜的服务的需求是增长背后的动力。第三方物流提供商能够将来自几家企业的业务进行整合，并能提供频繁的提货和交货，而企业内部运输无法做到。（第三方物流发展的）其它原因如下：* The company does not specialize in logistics;* 企业并不专长于物流* The company does not have sufficient resources;* 企业自身没有足够的物流资源* Eager to implement better logistics operation or does not have time to develop the required capabilities in–house;* 对实施更好的物流运作的期盼，或没有时间开发内部物流所需要的能力* The company is venturing into a new business with totally different logistics requirements;* 企业正投资一项新领域，该领域有着不同的物流需求* Merger or acquisition may make outsourcing logistics operations more attractive than to integrate logistics operations.* 外包物流运营可能比整合物流运营更加有吸引力 Logistics 全球物流Developed countries often deal with globalization in two ways: to be more cost competitive with third world countries, and to look for new partners in other countries to manufacture components, subassemblies and even the final products. The second approach forces most developed countries to get into a new area called “ global logistics”.发达国家常在两个方面实施全球化:在第三世界国家谋求更大的成本优势,以及在其他国家寻找新的合作伙伴生产零配件、半成品甚至制成品。这第二个方面迫使发达国家不得不进入一个叫做“全球物流”的新领域。Benefits of global operations include cheap raw materials and end products, lower labor cost, better quality, increased internal competition and better customer service. Some of the disadvantages are unreliable delivery, poor communication and longer time from design to finish production. Challenges are often cultural and linguistic differences, legal requirements, logistics suppliers or manufacturers, exchange rates.全球经营的利益包括(获得)廉价的原材料和终端产品,降低的劳动成本,更好的质量,提升国际竞争力以及更好的客户服务。其缺点主要是交货的不可靠性,艰难的沟通以及从产品的设计到产品的生产完成需要更长的时间。面临的挑战经常来自于文化和语言的差异,法律要求,物流支持,寻求合适的全球供应商或生产商,外汇汇率等。There are three major flows involved in global logistics: material flow, document flow and cash flow.全球物流涉及到三种流转:物料流转,单据流转和资金流转。 into the Future 物流走向未来Logistics is changing at a rapid and acceleration rate. There are two reasons are its rapid growth: 物流正以高速改变着。其高速增长原因有二:Firstly, pressure to change by the development of the system itself第一,因自身系统的发展而被迫变革(1) High–speed computing and data transmission can instantly transmit and react to user demand(1)高速计算机系统和数据交换系统能持续地对用户需求实行流转和操作(2) More flexible and accurate logistic planning and control through computers and data processing (2)通过计算机和数据加工能实现更加灵活的精确的物流计划和管理(3) Flexible computer facilities help problem solving and increase decisions accuracy(3)柔性计算机设施有助于问题的解决和提高决策的精确度(4) Awareness of total cost measurement and management accounting(4)对整体成本衡量和财务管理的清醒认识Secondly, pressures for changes from the wider economy.第二,来自范围经济变革的压力。(1) Be flexible in handling markets of different sizes for better competition(1)为了谋求更大竞争力,对于不同规模市场的处理需要有灵活性(2) There is increasing specialization in markets and growth in retailing.(2)市场规格和零售增长的大幅度提升(3) Life cycles for products are shortening. Logistics systems need to be more efficient, faster and more flexible(3) 产品的生产周期缩短。物流系统就要更高效、更快、更灵活(4) Move from mass production towards flexible manufacturing system( FMS). These systems enable a company to switch production quickly from one product to another(4) 从规模生产转向柔性生产系统(FMS) 。这些系统能使企业从一种产品的生产迅速转向另一种产品的生产(5) Competitive pressures lead to more efforts to improve customer service.(5)竞争的压力导致企业更加努力地提高客户服务水平。 process of logistical integration can be divided into four stages:物流整合的过程可分为四个阶段:Stage 1. Began in the early 1960s in the USA and involved the integration of all activities associated with distribution. Separate distribution departments were to coordinate the management of all processes within physical distribution management( PDM).第一阶段:开始于0世纪60年代的美国,涉及到所有相关的配送活动的整合。分离的经销部门得协调与货物配送管理(PDM)相关的所有过程的管理。Stage 2. PDM was applied to the inbound movement of materials, components, and subassemblies, generally known as “ materials management”. By the late 1970s, many firms had established “ logistics department” with overall responsibility for the movement, storage, and handling of products upstream and downstream of the production operation.第二阶段:PDM应用于物流、部件和半成品的往返流转活动,通常称之为“物料管理”。至20世纪70年代晚期,很多企业业已建立了“物流部门”以全权负责与生产运作相关的上游和下游产品的搬运、仓储和装卸等。Stage 3. Logistics plays an important coordinating role, as it interfaces with most other functions. With the emergence of business process re–engineering( BPR) in the early 1990s, the relationship between logistics and related functions was redefined. “ System integration” occurred. Cross–functional integration should achieve greater results.第三阶段:因其成为面对众多功能的接口,物流承担起重要的协调作用。随着20世纪90年代早期业务流程再造(BPR)的出现,物流及其相关功能的关系被重新定义。“系统整合”开始出现。功能交叉整合应该大幅度实现。Stage 4. Establish Supply Chain Management( SCM) to achieve supply chain optimization and minimize inventory.第四阶段:建立供应链管理系统(SCM)以实现合理的供应链管理并实现库存的最小化。 System 运输系统There are five transportation modes—motor, rail, air, water, or pipeline. In addition, certain modal combinations are available, including rail–motor, motor–water, motor–air, and rail–water. Such inter–modal combinations offer specialized or lower cost services not generally available than a single transport mode. Other transporters include freight forwarders, shipper cooperatives, parcel post, United Parcel Service( UPS), and other parcel service.有五种运输模式—汽运、铁运、水运、空运和管道运输。此外,多式联运也是常用的,它包括铁运—汽运联运,汽运—水运联运,汽运—空运联运和铁运—水运联运等。与单独运输方式相比,国际多式联运可提供更加专业化和低成本的服务。其他运输商还有货运代理人,托运人合作社,邮包运输,联合邮包快递(UPS),以及其他包裹运输服务。Factors Influencing Transportation Costs与运输成本相关的因素As transportation cost can be significant, the firm must identify and control the factors that affect these costs. In general, factors influencing transportation costs can be grouped into two major categories–product related factors and market–related factors.因运输成本的重要性,企业应当识别和控制与成本相关的因素。通常来说,与运输有关的成本可以分成两大类—与产品相关的因素和与市场相关的因素。Factors to influence the cost of transportation can be grouped into the categories: (1) transport distances; (2) transport linkages; (3) transport equipment, and (4) transport time.涉及到运输成本的因素可以分成以下几类:1)运输距离；2)运输线路；3)运输设备；和4)运输时间。Important market–related factors also affect transportation costs. The most significant ones include: (1) competition from different carriers; (2) location of markets; (3) government regulation of transportation carriers; (4) freight traffic in a region; (5) seasonality of product movements; and (6) whether the product is being transported domestically or internationally. Each of these factors will affect the overall transportation costs.重要的市场关联因素也影响到运输成本。最有影响的一些因素包括:1)来自不同承运人的竞争；2)市场地位；3)政府制定的承运规则；4)地区交通；5)产品流动的季节性；和6)产品是进行国内还是国际运输。这其中每个因素都影响着整个运输成本。10. The Economic and Service Characteristics of Motor Transportation汽车运输的经济性和服务特性Motor carries transport over 75 percent of the tonnage of agricultural products, many manufactured products and consumer goods. Usually, motor carries compete with air for small shipments and rail for large shipments. An efficient motor carrier can compete with an air carrier on door-to-door service for many size shipment if the distance involved is 1,000 miles or less. This is because motor carriers realize greater efficiencies in terminal, pickup and delivery operations.如以吨位记,在农产品、多数工业制造品和消费品的运输中,汽车运输的运量超过了75%。通常,汽车运输与小批量的空运和大批量的铁运相比,都有其竞争力。如果运距不小于1000英里,对于任何批量的货物的门到门运输,汽车运输都能比空运拥有更大的竞争力。这是因为汽运承运人意识到在终端运输、提交货操作中,汽运拥有极高的效率。Motor carriers are more flexible than other modes. Motor carriers can use a wide range network of roads, and can transport products of varying sizes and weights over and distance. Truly, motor carriers can transport and product. Their flexibility has enabled them to become the dominant form of transport in the United States and in many other parts of the world.与其他运输方式相比,汽运更加灵活。汽运可使用宽阔的公路网络,可运输不同规格和重量的商品,不受运输距离的制约。事实上,汽运可承担各种商品的运输。这种灵活性使得汽运成为美国乃至世界上多数地区主要的运输方式。In general, motor carriage offers the customer fast, reliable service with little damage or loss in transit. Motor carriers give much faster service than railroads and compare favorably with air carriers on short hauls. Many motor carriers, particularly those involved in “just-in-time” programs, operate on a scheduled timetable. This results in very short and reliable transit times. Loss and damage ratios for motor carriers and substantially lower than for rail and are slightly higher than for air freight. No other mode can provide the market coverage offered by motor carriers.一般地说,汽运能向客户提供迅速而可靠的服务,而在转运中几乎没有损失、损坏。汽运比铁运的速度更快,而就短途托运而言,汽运比空运有优势。多数汽运承运人,尤其是执行“JIT”(及时作业)计划的承运人,往往按照承运时间表运营。这就使得转运的时间更短、更可靠。汽运的损失和损坏的比例远比铁运低而比空运要高得多。没有其他任何运输方式能像汽运那样提供市场覆盖面。The amount of freight transported by motor carriers has steadily increased over the years. That trend is likely to continue in the years ahead. As long as it is able to provide fast, efficient service at rates between those offered by rail and air, the motor carriage industry will continue to prosper.近年来,汽运承担的运输量持续稳步地上升。这种趋势在未来仍将可能持续下去。只要汽运比铁运和空运能提供更快、更高效的服务,汽运行业就将持续繁荣。 transport generally costs less than air and motor carriage. For many shipments, rail does not compare favorably with other modes on loss and damage ratios. It has disadvantages compared to motor carriers in terms of transit time and frequency of service. Trains travel on timetable schedules, but departures are less frequent than those of a motor carrier. If a shipper has strict arrival and departure requirements, railroads are at a competitive disadvantage compared to motor carriers. Some of this disadvantage may be overcome through combined transport, which offers the economy of rail movement linked with the flexibility of trucking. Truck trailers are delivered to the rail terminals, where they are loaded on flatbed railcars. At the destination ter