原则上讲,中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要,摘要的内容主要是 ① 点明主题,解析文章的目的或意图; ② 介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌; ③ 提出结论或建议,以供读者参考。但是,英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯,最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长,同样内容的一段文字,若用英文来描述,其占用的篇幅可能比中文多一倍。因此,撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了,力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性。对这个问题的认识存在两个误区,一是认为两个摘要的内容“差不多就行”,因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容,或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容,这样很容易造成文摘重心转移,甚至偏离主题。二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译,对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏,这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复,显得拖沓、冗长。英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容,不能随意增删,但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动,具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则,符合英文专业术语规范,并照顾到英文的表达习惯。选择适当的时态和语态,是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提。通常情况下,摘要中谓语动词的时态和语态都不是通篇一律的,而应根据具体内容而有所变化,否则容易造成理解上的混乱。但这种变化又并非无章可循,其中存在着如下一些规律: 1) 英文摘要的时态。 英文摘要时态的运用以简练为佳,常用一般现在时、一般过去时,少用现在完成时、过去完成时,进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。A. 一般现在时。用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。例如: This study (investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to… , The result shows (reveals) that… , It is found that… , The conclusions are… , The author suggests that… .涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等,也要用一般现在时。B. 一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查等过程)。例如: The techniques of questionnaire and interview were applied to study women customers' demand for cosmetics in January and August, 2005. 需要指出的是,用一般过去时描述的发现、现象,往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的,而只是当时如何如何;所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。C. 现在完成时和过去完成时。完成时少用,但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来,而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情,或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。例如: Concrete has been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy. 2) 英文摘要的语态。 采用何种语态,既要考虑摘要的特点,又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短,尽量不要随便混用,更不要在一个句子里混用。在多数情况下采用被动语态。采用被动语态的情况主要有:说明事实经过时,某件事是谁做的,无须一一证明;为强调动作承受者;有些情况必须用强调的事物做主语,例如: In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained. 在某些情况下,特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时,又常使用主动语态,其优点是鲜明有力。而且有时摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。例如: The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically 语感要强。 3) 英文摘要的人称。 摘要的首句多用第三人称 This paper… 等开头,或采用更简洁的被动语态,一般不用第一人称。 4)遣词造句。 掌握一定的遣词造句技巧,简单、准确地表达作者的观点,减少读者的误解。A. 用词力求简单,在表达同样意思时,尽量用短词代替长词,以常用词代替生僻词。但是当描述方法、步骤时,应该用狭义词代替广义词。例如,英文中有不少动词 do, run, get, take 等,虽简单常用,但其意义少则十几个,多则几十个,用这类词来描述研究过程,读者难免产生误解,甚至会不知所云,这就要求根据具体情况,选择意义相对明确的词诸如 perform, achieve 等,以便于读者理解。B. 造句。尽量使用短句,长句容易造成语义不清;但要避免单调和重复。一是熟悉英文摘要的常用句型:尽管英文的句型种类繁多,丰富多彩,但摘要的常用句型却很有限,而且形成了一定的规律,大体可归纳为( 1 )表示研究目的,常用在摘要之首 In order to……This paper describes……The purpose of this study is…… ( 2 )表示研究的对象与方法 The curative effect/function] of certain drug was observed/studied… ( 3 )表示研究的结果: The result showed/It proved/The authors found that… ( 4 )表示结论、观点或建议: The authors suggest/conclude/consider that… 。 二是尽量采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语,少用关系代词 which , who 等引导的定语从句。由于摘要的时态多采用一般过去时,使用关系代词引导的定语从句不但会使句式变得复杂,而且容易造成时态混乱(因为定语和它所修饰的主语、宾语之间有时存在一定的 “时间差”,而过去完成时、过去将来时等往往难以准确判定。采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语,在简化语句的同时,还可以减少时态判定的失误。 5) 注意事项。 在英文摘要的写作过程中应避免一些常见的错误。 A. 冠词。主要是定冠词 the 易被漏用。 the 用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握,用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则,即当我们用 the 时,听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如: The author designed a new machine. The machine is operated with solar energy. 由于现在缩略语越来越多,要注意区分 a 和 an ,如 an X ray. B. 数词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词,如: Three hundred samples are collected… 中的 Three hundred 不要写成 300. C. 单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认,从而造成谓语形式出错。总之,多看英文文献,积累经验,摸索规律,提高英文写作水平,才能写好英文摘要。 英文摘要常见句型1) This paper deals with... 2) This article focuses on the topics of...3) This essay presents knowledge that... 4) This thesis discusses...5) This thesis analyzes... 6) This paper provides an overview of...7) This paper elaborates on ... 8) This article gives an overview of...9) This paper provides a method of ... 10) This paper considers...11) The writer of this paper discusses... 12) This paper strongly emphasizes...13) This article explores... 14) This paper tries to describe...15) This article covers the role of chemicals in...16) This paper presents up to date information on...17) This article not only describes...but also suggests...18) This paper includes discussions concerning...19) This article compares...and summarizes key ) This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...21) This paper offers the latest information regarding...22) This paper is devoted to examining the role of...23) This paper addresses important topics including... 24) This paper expresses views on...25) This paper reports the latest information on ... 26) This paper provides an analysis of ...27) This paper gives an account of ... 28) The aim of this paper is to determine...29) The objective of this paper is to explore...30) The purpose of this article is to review/ prove/ show/ present/ develop/ generalize/ investigate 4. 关键词关键词是反映文章最主要内容的术语,对文献检索有重要作用。关键词一般用名词,而且从标题或摘要中选取,每篇文章可选 3 ~ 8 个关键词,文章题名中的人名、地名也可作为关键词标出。应标注中英文关键词。中、英文关键词应一一对应。中文关键词前应冠以“关键词:”,英文关键词前冠以“ Key words :”作为标识。多个关键词之间应以分号分隔,以便于计算机自动切分。将关键词扩展成词组 / 短语,毋用单一词汇,而是在单一词汇基础上进行扩展,如:营销→网络营销→网络营销管理。切记避免关键字堆砌。
那是因为你的单词在一行没有写完跳到第二行了,这个不影响的,如果你实在不想这样,就把你第一行的最后那个单词拆开写到第二行一部分,但记住要把用一个连接符号“-”,不然别人会以为你那是2个单词了哦,这个符号写在第一行最后单词的拆开处。
英文论文摘要模板
英文论文摘要怎么写,你会写了吗?下面是我为大家收集的关于英文论文摘要模板,希望能够帮到大家!
ABSTRACT
As an important part of Chinese academic journals, sci-tech periodicalshave great significance to the spread of knowledge of science and to thedevelopment of technology. The level of internationalization of a sci-tec journalrepresents its recognition degree in the field of international publishing,besides, it is also a key criteria of the success for launching the journals. Thereare the largest number of sci-tech periodicals launched in Beijing, which leadsto a central role that taken by this area. Therefore, result from the researchwhich focus in Beijing can, to a certain extent, reflect the international level ofChinese sci-tech periodicals.
This paper is divided into six chapters: Chapter one is a brief review of theacademic theories and description about the practice status and the currentsystem of Chinese sci-tech periodicals. Also, it summarizes the stages andcharacteristics of the development of sci-tech periodicals in Beijing. In chaptertwo, it provides the historical foundation, system condition and thedevelopment of digital technology for the following analysis. Chapter three, tofive respectively elaborates the current situation of the development of sci-techperiodicals in Beijing area by 3 aspects: content innovation, business strategyand media. In chapter six, it concluded the problems that China's sci-techperiodicals are facing during the globalization and then provides possiblecountermeasures based on the analysis in previous chapters.
Key Words: Beijing; sci-tech periodicals; internationalization; impact factor
Abstract
Within the framework of feminism and archetypal criticism, this thesis, by taking ThePassion of New Eve as its discourse, analyzes and discusses Angela Carter's application ofdemythologizing as a feminist strategy. By rewriting and subverting those female archetypes,Carter aims to break the fetters and shackles of patriarchy, exploring the way to women'sliberation as well as the reconciliation between two genders.
Believing that human society has been established on patriarchy, feminists endeavor tochange women's subordinate status and achieve gender equality. Archetypal criticism, as oneof the most influential branches in literary criticism,regards myth as the origin of literature.
Myths,especially the Bible,cover all the forms and motifs known as archetypes in literature.
As a devoted pioneer and advocator of feminism, Carter realizes that those female archetypesare usually stereotyped and dogmatic, which is actually invented by patriarchy for theoppression and exploitation of women.
Based on intensive reading and exhaustive textual analysis, this thesis illustrates Carter'sdemythologizing of three female archetypes in The Passion of New Eve, which are“Temptress,,,”Mother Goddesses“ and ”Eve“ respectively. Firstly, the sufferings that Leilahencounter in the novel reveal that ”Temptresses“ are in fact victims of patriarchy instead oforigins of disloyalty and disasters. While seen by men as objects of their sexual desires, theyalso risk self-objectification, which results in the deprivation of subjectivity as independenthuman beings. Secondly, ”Mother“ in Beulah is just an artificial myth,汪 consolatory toolfabricated by patriarchy, behind the glorification of which are patriarchal values and codes.
Thirdly, the transformative journey Eve experienced from a chauvinist to a real womandemonstrates that femininity, rather than an inherent quality, is the result of social influenceand persistent imitations.
Through the demythologizing of those female archetypes, Carter overthrows thepatriarchal hegemony as well as Utopian matriarchal dreams,offering androgyny as a potentialsolution to the current sexual conflicts. In her opinion, the real reconciliation between twogenders should be based on mutual respect and understanding, which is confirmed by theunion between the new Eve and Tristessa in The Passion of New Eve.
Keywords: female archetype; demythologizing; Angela Carter; The Passion of New Eve
Abstract
In recent years, with the development of the financial sector, more and morepeople pay attention to the financial information search. However, the traditionalkeyword search method could hardly meet the needs of financial users. Therefore,semantic search products have gained more popularity. However, the semanticparsing process is complex and diverse. During the process of the analysis oflarge-scale real text, the sentence analysis which based on word granularity is verydifficult, but after chunk analysis, the accuracy can be significantly improved andthe complexity can be clearly reduced. At present, the user input method is almostthe Pinyin input method, thus it could probably happen that the input phonetic lettersare correct, while the Chinese character is wrong. In order to achieve the purpose ofimproving the user experience, the Pinyin text proofreading appears.
The content of this paper is a pretreatment subsystem of the finance Q & Asystem, and it contains two functions, Pinyin text proofreading and chunk partition.
Text proofreading is based on Pinyin, in the first place, putting the query sequenceinto phonetic sequence. Then it uses the multiple grammars, three grammars and twogrammars to fill the Chinese characters sequence. And if there is no ambiguity whenfilling, then it uses the text proofreading, otherwise, ignores the text proofreading.
For the chunk partition, this paper uses three different methods: the method ofthe shortest path chunk partition, the method of CRF chunk partition and the methodof neural network chunk partition. The subsystem designed and implemented thethree methods. The shortest path chunk partition is similar to the dictionary wordsegmentation method. CRF chunk partition divided the problem into the annotationproblem, through getting the optimal sequence labels, to reach the purpose of chunkpartition. Chunk neural network chunk partition is based on word segmentation,changing the query sequence into a sequence of nodes. If the sequence of possibilityimproved after adding chunk tag on each node sequence, the tag position is a chunkposition.
In practical test, the shortest path chunk partition based on the dictionary,cannot process the query which is not in the dictionary of chunk. CRF chunkpartition can solve the unknown chunk query, but the mark information is too simplewhen the training corpus increased,and the error percentage of results increasedsignificantly. When using neural networks in chunk partition, the predicted timeincreases significantly, however, the query generalization is a good idea. Throughthe above research, a reasonable way to chunk partition is the CRF method, whichproperly uses the query generalization.
Finally after testing, the pretreatment subsystem has not only met the needs ofthe finance Q & A system, largely improving the financial Q & A system userexperience, but also reduces the analytical complexity, significantly improved thecorrectness and performance.
Keywords: Pretreatment system question analysis, chunk, text proofreading, CRF,neural network
英语论文摘要
一篇合格的英语硕士论文不仅要按要求规范撰写,还必须是内容完整的,每一部分都不可或缺。论文摘要是英语硕士论文写作必不可少的写作环节,具有高度概括性,独立完整性,自明自含性等特点,起着重要的作用,我们必须加以重视。那么英语硕士论文摘要怎么写?有哪些写作要点?下面笔者具体来讲讲,大家继续往下看。
英语论文摘要写作内容须知
一般来说,英语论文对摘要主要包括了论文所研究的目的和范围、方法和过程、结果和结论三个方面。
就目的和范围而言,主要是简明扼要地陈述撰写论文的原因,常用名词短语前置的句型表示,把重点部分置于最显著的位置加以强调,但同时要兼顾平衡,避免头重脚轻。
就其方法和过程而言。主要源于实践性的论文摘要,能简约地叙述其基本原理、操作程序,使用了哪些新方法,采用了哪些新手段,如词汇手段、语法手段和逻辑承接语等,论文不宜繁琐、沉长。
就其结果和结论而言。是英语论文的核心和焦点,需要在摘要中清楚地表述出来,能直观地表达读者最为关注的问题,也同时反映论文所研究的价值、用途以及意义。
英语论文摘要写作文体要求
英语论文摘要与其他论文摘要在叙述方法上相同,能开门见山、直截了当,用词质朴无华,按照英语论文摘要的标准,一般在200——250个单词左右,要求用语准确,语法规范,句子完整,信息准确,文字精练,逻辑性强,通俗易懂,要避免带感情色彩或广告宣传的词语,不用口语体和非规范缩写词,语句中尽量使用动词靠近主语和重要事实开头,(不得用短语和从句开头),要减少或取消不必要的背景信息,使之缩小摘要的篇幅。
英语硕士论文摘要写作疑问解答
1. 怎样写英文摘要?
可以按照论文的逻辑结构撰写摘要,如概述、目的、方法、结果、结论、展望的顺序。
概述(30词左右):用最简洁的语言概括论文内容。例如:This paper is… 或 This study focuses on…
目的'(30词左右):用To…就可以了,没有必要使用 in order to 或者 for the purpose of 等较长的表述。
方法(50词左右):尽可能具体地说明操作的步骤,其中注意时态的使用。常用的词汇有:test, study, investigate, examine, analyze, measure, application 等。
结果(50词左右):直入主题地摆出结果,如 This paper shows… 或 The results are…
结论(60词左右):删去类似于“The result of the study showed that…” 的赘语,逐条罗列出结论。
展望(20词左右):指出研究对未来的意义,如 This paper is of great significance in… 或指出不足。
2. 英文摘要有多长?
一般情况下用一段的篇幅完成英文摘要,特殊情况可以分成两到三段,但最好不要超过三段。长度一般为200字到300字之间。
3. 英文摘要用什么语态和人称?
规范的学术文章通常采用被动语态,突出信息。但由于主动语态的表述更为清楚,现在有些地方也要求采用主动语态。
4. 英文摘要用什么人称?
最好不要出现I,we等第一人称代词,而是使用第三人称,如the author等。
5. 英文摘要用什么时态?
摘要的时态以一般现在时为主,表示一种存在于自然界的客观规律。在特殊的情况下可以使用一般过去时或现在完成时,用来表明一定范围内的结论或是某一过程的延续性。描述具体的动作时通常用一般过去时,总结主要的结果时通常用一般现在时。
注意:用paper 做主语来描述论文概况时后面常用一般现在时:This paper aims to focus on… 而采用study 来描述相同的内容时则常用一般过去时:This study investigated…
英语论文摘要写作六大要点
1.要善于运用自己的语言来撰写。摘要是从论文中提炼而成,是一篇论文的骨干和核心,所以又高于论文,这是运用论文的新境界,让读者能一目了然地领会作者对问题的认识和见解,所以,不能在原文词语的基础上简单堆砌和重新编排,需要重新运用语言来写,形成文字上的再创造。
2.要遵循论文的写作顺序来写。对于摘要的撰写要结构严谨,表达简明,语义确切,先写什么,后写什么,应按照逻辑顺序来安排,句子之间上下连贯,互相呼应。只要不是特殊情况,比如倒序,就不得随意更改论文的内容顺序,这样更能体现论文条理清晰。
3.要突出撰写的全面性。一篇摘要应保证内容的完整,作者要慎重恰当地处理,合理加以吸收、集中做到没有大的遗漏,能让读者直观地获取信息。摘要不同于引言,引言往往可以是文章内容的一个方面。
4.要注重撰写的高度概括。摘要是论文的“眼睛”,具有画龙点睛的效果,所以要用全面的、理性的、辩证的分析提炼和升华总结出带有总概括性的观点,学会压缩文字,英语论文就要学会压缩词组词汇,只取要点,删去细枝末节,省去例子,简化描述,避免重复,慎用长句,努力压缩一些繁沉的句子,力争把短语改成字词。如下面的例子:
(1)将His courage; in battle might withoutexaggeration be called lion-like压缩为:
He Was very brave in battle.
(2)将They acted in a manner that rendered them liable toprosecution .压缩为:
They acted illegally.
(3)将John fell into the river and,beforehelp could reach him,he sank.压缩为:
John was drowned in the river.
(4)习惯用but,then,thus,yet,for等最简短的过渡词语,禁止用at,the,Same,time,on the other hand等。
5.要慎重摘要的架构选词。一方面,在针对同一个汉语词对应的英语单词可能会有几个的情况下,要选择专业领域的常用词汇,凸显论文的专业度,同时,对词汇的选择要与句型、语法对应;另一方面,在选择句型上,在不曲解汉语摘要的愿意的前提下,尽量使用复合句,这样,更符合母语使用的阅读习惯。
6.摘要需要反复修改。要对照论文再次疏理,在时态运用上也以简练为佳,常用一般现在时,一般过去时,少用现在完成时,过去完成时,进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用,做到该压缩的压缩,该删减的删减,该充实的充实,该补失的补失,使之形成一篇完整的短文。
综上所述,英语硕士论文摘要对于整篇论文起着不可替代的重要作用,可以毫不夸张的说,它就是论文的精华所在。因此,我们要认真对待该部分的撰写,笔者以上分享了英语硕士论文摘要的写作的相关内容和要点细节,希望对大家有所指导作用。
一、引出开头1:It is well-known to us that……(我们都知道……)==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …( 就我所知…)2:Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……(最近……问题引起了关注)3:Nowadays(overpopulation)has become a problem we have to face.(现今,人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题)4:Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.(互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色,它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题)5:With the rapid development of science and technology,more and more people believe that……(随着科技的迅速发展,越来越多的人认为……)6:It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……(人们一般认为……)7:A lot of people seem to think that……(很多人似乎认为……)8:It is universally acknowledged that + 句子(全世界都知道...)二、表达不同观点1:People's views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……(人们对……的观点因人而异,有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……)2:People may have different opinions on……(人们对……可能会持有不同见解)3:Attitudes towards (drugs)vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards(failure)(人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异)4:There are different opinions among people as to……(对于……人们的观点大不相同)三、表示结尾1:In short, it can be said that……(总之,他的意思是……)2:From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……(从上面提到的,我们可以得出结论……)3:Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……(把所有的这些因素加以考虑,我们自然可以得出结论……)4:Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that……(因此,我们最好的出这样的结论……)5:There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as merits.(毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点)6:All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.(总之,我们没有……无法生活,但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题)四、提出建议1:It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).(该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了)2:There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……(毫无疑问,对……问题应予以足够重视)3:Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……(显然,如果我们想要做么事,很重要的是……)4:Only in this way can we ……(只有这样,我们才能……)5:Sparenoeffortto+V(不遗余力的)五、预示后果1:Obviously,if we don't control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.(很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险)2:No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……(毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,否则我们很可能会……)3:It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation(很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展)六、表示论证1:From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.(在我看来,支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理)2:I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……(我无法完全同意这一观点)3:As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……(就我来说……)4:I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句.(我真诚地相信……)5:Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……(最后,坦率地说,还有另外一个实际的原因……)七、给出原因1:The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的原因是...) 2:This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First,…….Second,…….Third,……。这一现象存在有很多原因的,第一……第二……第三……3:For one thing,…… For another thing,…… ==On the one hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面……4:I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述,即……。其主要原因如下。八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法1:The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……2:As far as something is concerned,……就某事而言,……3;It is obvious that……很显然……4:It may be true that……but it doesn't mean that……可能……是对的,但这并不意味着……5;It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn't ignore that……认为……是自然的,但我们不应忽视……6:There is no evidence to suggest that……没有证据表明……九、表示好处和坏处1:It has the following advantages.它有如下优势2:It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处3:It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处十、表示重要、方便、可能1:It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是……2:It plays an important role in our life.十一、采取措施1:We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施2:We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难3:We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……4:We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难十二、显示变化1:Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化2:Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化3:It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从…增加/减少到…4:The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15%十三、表明事实现状1;We cannot ignore the fact that……我们不能忽略这个事实……2:No one can deny the fact that……没人能否认这个事实……3:This is a phenomenon that many people are interested (与...息息相关)十四、进行比较1:Compared with A,B……与A比较,B……2;I prefer to read rather than watch TV.十五、常用英语谚语1:Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩2:All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子3:All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马4:A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半5:Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊6:A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘,差之千里7:Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母8:Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母9:It is never too old to learn.活到老,学到老10:Knowledge is power.知识就是力量11:Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事,只怕有心人
Recently,the problem of__________has aroused people's concern. However, different people hold different attitudes toward. A lot of people seem to think that__________________ There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem does us much harm(good)I quite agree with the statement that ________________,The reason are chiefly as follows, to start with___________,in addition_________,perhaps the primary reason is ___________,It has more advantages than disadvantages(disadvantages thanadvantages)。In my opinion, Taking all these factors into consideration, We naturally came to the conclusion that_________________. Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem. 最近,_______问题已引起人们的关注,然而,人们的态度各不相同,很多人似乎以为_________ 毫无疑问,对________问题应该给予足够的重视。它对我们很有坏处(好处)。我十分赞同这一论述_________________,主要的原因包括_____________一个原因是_________ 另一个原因_________或许最主要的是_________________.它的利多弊少。弊多利少 在我的观点,把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论_______________________。显然,现在我们提出解决问题方案正是时候。
英文摘要只需抓住两点即可:汉语的归纳概括和英语的清晰表述。
所以,要写出一篇高分的摘要,考生应具备两种基本能力:首先应具备理解原文、掌握全文中心思想的能力。其次应具备用简练的语言将原文的中心思想表达出来的能力。这也正好与《大纲》中规定的小作文的测试要点“归纳、概括、表述”相一致。
模板句型:
开头句:自我介绍、说明写信目的。
I’m interested in … Could you provide me with more details?
我对……感兴趣,你能提供我更多的细节吗?
I would be very grateful to you if you let me know.
如果你让我知道,我将非常感谢你。
结尾句:表示感谢,期盼回复。
I am expecting your early reply/ your immediate response.
我期待着你的早日答复。
Your prompt attention to this letter would be highly appreciated.
如能及时收到此信,我们将不胜感激。
英语论文格式模板2017
英语论文格式模板是怎样的呢?撰写一篇优秀的毕业论文,除了细心严谨之外,还要了解论文格式。下面是我分享的英语论文格式模板,欢迎阅读!
英文论文格式均以美国土木工程师协会出版社发布的标准格式为准。
英语论文用激光打印机打印,打印稿为黑白稿,彩色打印件会影响出版效果。 版心:a4纸,上、下页边距 cm,左、右页边距均为 mm。论文内容宽不得超过, 长不得超过。
字体和字号:正文,标题,作者联络信息和图表中的文字均为times new roman 12号字。可以跟据需要使用同类字体中的粗体,斜体。
行距:单倍行距。
页码:论文正文和文后所附图例都需添加页码。页码为阿拉伯数字,位于页面下方居中。
文体:文章应语法正确,技术用词准确。标题应该以最简洁的语言概括文章内容。如果标题较长,请采用title: subtitle的形式。
数学公式:文中的数学公式不得手写,必须打印。公式如果在文中多次被引用,应该编号。公式之间,公式和正文之间都应该空一行。 单位: 文中所用的度量衡单位应为国际单位。可在括号内,单位对应表中列出其他单位。有关国际单位的使用(standard practice for use of the international system of units)可以通过电话1-向asce索取。其他相关使用参考文献,如anmc metric editorial guide, 5th ed,1992 可向美国国家公制协会 索取(american national metric council, 1735n. lynn street, suite 950, arlington, va 22209-2022)
图表:
标题说明和图例:插入的图表应该以出现顺序编号(figure 1,figure 2,table 1,table 2)。图的说明和标题,包括图的序号应该位于图的下方。表的说明和标题,包括表的序号应该位于表格上方。
位置:图可以插入到正文中,或者集中放在文章最后。如果在正文中插入图,尽量放在页面的顶部或尾部。不要选择文字环绕图形的对齐方式,可选择上下环绕方式。
底纹:插图中不要选择带阴影或底纹,否则会影响印刷效果。
照片:如果文中需要附上照片,在文中出现照片的地方贴上其黑白光面冲洗照片,标题说明位于照片下方。照片将和正文一起缩印,请不要提供彩色照片,以免影响印刷效果。
扫描图:印刷后的扫描图不如原件清晰。如果文中有扫描图,请提供灰色色标扫描图。
作者联络信息:请用横线和正文隔开。联络信息可以为一位作者或所有作者的,包括以下内容:作者全名;所属学会;学历或授予的荣誉;所在单位;通讯地址和电子邮箱;电话和传真。
参考文献:所有参考文献为单倍行距,放在文章最后,按照第一作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。如有同一作者的两篇以上文献,按出版年代先后排列。正文中引用参考文献时,作者和出版年代应该放入括号内。由于上标缩印后会变小,难于辨认,正文中不使用上标标注参考文献。所列出的参考文献应当在正文中都有所引用,如果正文中没有引用,请将文献列入文章最后的附加信息(additional information)部分,或者相关材料(related materials)部分。
论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成,其中部分组成(例如附录)可有可无。论文各组成的'排序为:题名、作者、摘要、关键词、英文题名、英文摘要、英文关键词、正文、参考文献、附录和致谢。
1、毕业论文格式的写作顺序是:标题、作者班级、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、中文摘要及关键词、英文摘要及英文关键词、正文、参考文献。
2、毕业论文中附表的表头应写在表的上面,居中;论文附图的图题应写在图的下面,居中。按表、图、公式在论文中出现的先后顺序分别编号。
3、毕业论文中参考文献的书写格式严格按以下顺序:序号、作者姓名、书名(或文章名)、出版社(或期刊名)、出版或发表时间。
4、论文格式的字体:各类标题(包括参考文献标题)用粗宋体;作者姓名、指导教师姓名、摘要、关键词、图表名、参考文献内容用楷体;正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体;英文用TimesNewRoman字体。
5、论文格式的字号:论文题目用三号字体,居中;一级标题用四号字体;二级标题、三级标题用小四号字体;页眉、页脚用小五号字体;其它用五号字体;图、表名居中。
6、格式正文打印页码,下面居中。
7、论文打印纸张规格:A4210297毫米。
8、在文件选项下的页面设置选项中,字符数/行数选使用默认字符数;页边距设为上:3厘米;下:厘米;左:厘米;右:厘米;装订线:厘米;装订线位置:左侧;页眉:厘米;页脚厘米。
9、在格式选项下的段落设置选项中,缩进选0厘米,间距选0磅,行距选倍,特殊格式选(无),调整右缩进选项为空,根据页面设置确定行高格线选项为空。
10、页眉用小五号字体打印XX大学XX学院20XX级XX专业学年论文字样,并左对齐。
11、使用软件:MicrosoftWord2000以上版本。
文献注释
注释不同于参考文献。参考文献是作者写作论著时所参考的文献书目,集中列于文末。而注释则是作者对正文中某一内容作进一步解释或补充说明的文字,不要列入文末的参考文献,而要作为注释放在页下,用①②标识序号。注释中提到的论著保持通常格式,如:
①与正文部分空出两行;②按照文中的索引编号分别或合并注释;③注释采用五号黑体,注释内容汉语采用小五号宋体,英语采用Times New Roman 9号。
楼主,直接让人翻译费时费力啊,这样不会有人帮你。你应该先用在线翻译翻译出个大概,然后求大家修改。个人建议。以下是用福昕翻译译出的结果:Abstract: With the improvement of people's living standards and the improvement of material conditions, children's body size is quite different from before. On the other hand, China's vast territory, affected by climatic conditions, economic development and other factors, children of different regions are not the same size. Children's body shape changes have a great impact on children's wear enterprises. At present, China's current children's wear type implementation standards can not meet the current children's wear market, bringing great difficulties to the production and sales of children's wear enterprises and consumer choice. The contact anthropometric method was used to measure 18 parts of a total of 101 children aged 3 to 6 years old in a randomly selected kindergarten in Zhengzhou. The mathematical analysis software spss was used to descriptively analyze the measured human data. Analysis, factor analysis and other methods of analysis, summed up the body shape characteristics of children of this age. On this basis, according to the thoracolumbar difference, the children's body types are divided into three types: A, B, and C. The clothing type series suitable for the body type of this age group in Zhengzhou area, the series values of each series, and each series are developed. Control position value. I hope that I can provide a certain degree of reference for children's wear manufacturers in Zhengzhou and consumers who buy children's wear in : 3-6 years old children; anthropometrics; body type classification; number series
导语:这里要讨论的主要是中文科技论文所附的英文摘要,其内容包含题名、摘要及关键词。GB 7713—87规定,为了国际交流,科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文应附有外文(多用英文)摘要。原则上讲,以上中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要,但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯,在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。
英文题名
1) 题名的结构
英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见,即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。例如: The Frequent Bryophytes in the Mountain Helanshan(贺兰山习见苔藓植物);Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water Absorption of Heattreated Wood(热处理木材的水分吸着热力学特性)。短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准。题名一般不应是陈述句,因为题名主要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义;况且陈述句不够精练和醒目,重点也不易突出。少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名,因为疑问句可有探讨性语气,易引起读者兴趣。例如:Can Agricultural Mechanization be Realized Without Petroleum?(农业机械化能离开石油吗?)。
2) 题名的字数
题名不应过长。国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。例如,美国医学会规定题名不超过2行,每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格;美国国立癌症研究所杂志J NatCancer Inst要求题名不超过14个词;英国数学会要求题名不超过12个词。这些规定可供我们参考。总的原则是,题名应确切、简练、醒目,在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下,题名词数越少越好。
3) 中英文题名的一致性
同一篇论文,其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。例如:工业湿蒸汽的直接热量计算,The Direct Measurement of Heat Transmitted Wet Steam。英文题名的直译中译文是“由湿蒸汽所传热量的直接计量”,与中文题名相比较,二者用词虽有差别,但内容上是一致的。
4) 题名中的冠词
在早年,科技论文题名中的冠词用得较多,近些年有简化的趋势,凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。例如:The Effect of Groundwater Quality on the Wheat Yield and Quality.其中两处的冠词the 均可不用。
5) 题名中的大小写
题名字母的大小写有以下3种格式。
全部字母大写。例如:OPTIMAL DISPOSITION OF ROLLER CHAIN DRIVE
每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写。例如:The Deformation and Strength of Concrete Dams with Defects
题名第1个词的首字母大写,其余字母均小写。例如:Topographic inversion of interval velocities.
目前b.格式用得最多,而c.格式的使用有增多的趋势。
6) 题名中的`缩略词语
已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语,才可用于题名中,否则不要轻易使用。
作者与作者单位的英译
1) 作者
中国人名按汉语拼音拼写;其他非英语国家人名按作者自己提供的罗马字母拼法拼写。
2) 单位
单位名称要写全(由小到大),并附地址和邮政编码,确保联系方便。前段时间一些单位机构英译纷纷采取缩写,外人不知所云,结果造成混乱。FAO,WHO,MIT尽人皆知,而BFU是Beijing Forestry University,恐怕只有“圈内”人知。另外,单位英译一定要采用本单位统一的译法(即本单位标准译法),切不可另起炉灶。
英文摘要
1) 英文摘要的时态
英文摘要时态的运用也以简练为佳,常用一般现在时、一般过去时,少用现在完成时、过去完成时,进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。
一般现在时
用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。分别举例如下:This study(investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to…The anatomy of secondary xylem(次生木质部) in stem of Davidia involucrata (珙桐) and Camptotheca acuminata (喜树) is compared. The result shows(reveals)…,It is found that…The conclusions are…The author suggests….涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等,当然也要用一般现在时。
一般过去时
用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程)。例如:The heat pulse technique was applied to study the stemstaflow (树干液流) of two main deciduous broadleaved tree species in July and August,1996.需要指出的是,用一般过去时描述的发现、现象,往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的,而只是当时如何如何;所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。
现在完成时和过去完成时
完成时少用,但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来,而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情,或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。例如:Concrete has been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy.?
2) 英文摘要的语态
采用何种语态,既要考虑摘要的特点,又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短,尽量不要随便混用,更不要在一个句子里混用。
主动语态
现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多,因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically语感要强。必要时,The author systematically都可以去掉,而直接以Introduces开头。
被动语态
以前强调多用被动语态,理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过,至于那件事是谁做的,无须一一证明。事实上,在指示性摘要中,为强调动作承受者,还是采用被动语态为好。即使在报道性摘要中,有些情况下被动者无关紧要,也必须用强调的事物做主语。例如:In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained.?3) 英文摘要的人称。原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper…等开头,现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。例如:To describe…, To study…, To investigate…, To assess…,To determine…,The torrent classification model and the hazard zone mapping model are developed based on the geography information system.行文时最好不用第一人称,以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。
4) 注意事项。应避免一些常见的错误
冠词
主要是定冠词the易被漏用。the用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握,用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则,即当我们用the时,听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如:The author designed a new machine is operated with solar energy.?由于现在缩略语越来越多,要注意区分a和an,如an X ray.
数词
避免用阿拉伯数字作首词,如:Three hundred Dendrolimus tabulaeformis larvae are collected…中的 Three hundred?不要写成300.?
单复数
一些名词单复数形式不易辨认,从而造成谓语形式出错。
尽量使用短句
因为,长句容易造成语义不清;但要避免单调和重复。科技期刊涉及专业多,英文更是不易掌握,各行各业甚至表达方式、遣词造句都有区别。如果有机会,要多与英语国家同行接触,多请他们改一些国人所撰写的摘要或论文,积累经验,摸索规律。如果缺少这样的机会,多看英文文献,也会有助于我们英文写作及水平的提高。
英文摘要的内容要求与中文摘要一样,包括目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。
但是,英文有其自身特点,最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长,同样内容的一段文字,若用英文来描述,其占用的版面可能比中文多一倍。因此,撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了,力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。
第一,对所掌握的资料进行精心筛选,不属于上述"四部分"的内容不必写入摘要。第二,对属于"四部分"的内容,也应适当取舍,做到简明扼要,不能包罗万象。
比如"目的",在多数标题中就已初步阐明,若无更深一层的目的,摘要完全不必重复叙述;再如"方法",有些在国外可能早已成为常规的方法,在撰写英文摘要时就可仅写出方法名称,而不必一一描述其操作步骤。 中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性,目前对这个问题的认识存在两个误区,一是认为两个摘要的内容"差不多就行",因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容,或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容,这样很容易造成文摘重心转移,甚至偏离主题;二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译,对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏,这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复,显得拖沓、冗长。
英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容,不能随意增删,但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动,具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则,符合英文专业术语规范,并照顾到英文的表达习惯。 选择适当的时态和语态,是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提。
通常情况下,摘要中谓语动词的时态和语态都不是通篇一律的,而应根据具体内容而有所变化,否则容易造成理解上的混乱。但这种变化又并非无章可循,其中存在着如下一些规律: 1、时态:大体可概括为以下几点。
1)叙述研究过程,多采用一般过去时。 2)在采用一般过去时叙述研究过程当中提及在此过程之前发生的事,宜采用过去完成时。
3)说明某课题现已取得的成果,宜采用现在完成时。 4)摘要开头表示本文所"报告"或"描述"的内容,以及摘要结尾表示作者所"认为"的观点和"建议"的做法时,可采用一般现在时。
2、语态:在多数情况下可采用被动语态。但在某些情况下,特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时,又常用主动语态,其优点是鲜明有力。
掌握一定的遣词造句技巧的目的是便于简单、准确的表达作者的观点,减少读者的误解。 1、用词力求简单,在表达同样意思时,尽量用短词代替长词,以常用词代替生僻词。
但是当描述方法、步骤时,应该用狭义词代替广义词。例如,英文中有不少动词,do,run,get,take等,虽简单常用,但其意义少则十几个,多则几十个,用这类词来描述研究过程,读者难免产生误解,甚至会不知所云,这就要求根据具体情况,选择意义相对明确的词,诸如perform,achieve等,以便于读者理解。
2、造句 1)熟悉英文摘要的常用句型:尽管英文的句型种类繁多,丰富多彩,但摘要的常用句型却很有限,而且形成了一定的规律,大体可归纳为 (1)表示研究目的,常用在摘要之首In order to……This paper describes……The purpose of this study is…… (2)表示研究的对象与方法The [curative effect/sensitivity/function] of certain [drug/kit/an….] was [observed/detected/studied…] (3)表示研究的结果:[The result showed/It proved/The authors found] that…… (4)表示结论、观点或建议:The authors [suggest/conclude/consider] that… 2)尽量采用-ing 分词和-ed 分词作定语,少用关系代词 which , who 等引导的定语从句。由于摘要的时态多采用一般过去时,使用关系代词引导的定语从句不但会使句式变的复杂,而且容易造成时态混乱(因为定语和它所修饰的主语、宾语之间有时存在一定的"时间差",而过去完成时、过去将来时等往往难以准确判定)。
采用-ing 分词和-ed 分词作定语,在简化语句的同时,还可以减少时态判定的失误。 以上所述只是撰写英文摘要时应注意的问题中的一小部分,尚有许多问题,需要进一步探讨。
总之,英文摘要作为医学论文的重要组成部分,其修改和完善是永无止境的。英文摘要的内容要求与中文摘要一样,包括目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。
但是,英文有其自身特点,最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长,同样内容的一段文字,若用英文来描述,其占用的版面可能比中文多一倍。因此,撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了,力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。
第一,对所掌握的资料进行精心筛选,不属于上述"四部分"的内容不必写入摘要。第二,对属于"四部分"的内容,也应适当取舍,做到简明扼要,不能包罗万象。
比如"目的",在多数标题中就已初步阐明,若无更深一层的目的,摘要完全不必重复叙述;再如"方法",有些在国外可能早已成为常规的方法,在撰写英文摘要时就可仅写出方法名称,而不必一一描述其操作步骤。 中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性,目前对这个问题的认识存在两个误区,一是认为两个摘要的内容"差不多就行",因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容,或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容,。
1.摘要的作用 摘要也就是内容提要,是论文中不可缺少的一部分.论文摘要是一篇具有独立性的短文,有其特别的地方.它是建立在对论文进行总结的基础之上,用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括,留主干去枝叶,提取论文的主要信息.作者的观点、论文的主要内容、研究成果、独到的见解,这些都应该在摘要中体现出来.好的摘要便于索引与查找,易于收录到大型资料库中并为他人提供信息.因此摘要在资料交流方面承担着至关重要的作用.2.书写摘要的基本规范和原则 (1)论文摘要分为中文摘要和外文(一般为英文)摘要.摘要在篇幅方面的限定,不同的学校和机构有不同的要求,通常中文摘要不超过300字,英文摘要不超过250个实词,中英文摘要应一致.毕业论文摘要可适当增加篇幅.(2)多向指导教师请教,并根据提供的意见及时修改,以期达到更高水平.(3)摘要是完整的短文,具有独立性,可以单独使用.即使不看论文全文的内容,仍然可以理解论文的主要内容、作者的新观点和想法、课题所要实现的目的、采取的方法、研究的结果与结论.(4)叙述完整,突出逻辑性,短文结构要合理.(5)要求文字简明扼要,不容赘言,提取重要内容,不含前言、背景等细节部分,去掉旧结论、原始数据,不加评论和注释.采用直接表述的方法,删除不必要的文学修饰.摘要中不应包括作者将来的计划以及与此课题无关的内容,做到用最少的文字提供最大的信息量.(6)摘要中不使用特殊字符,也不使用图表和化学结构式,以及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式,不列举例证.3.摘要的四要素 目的、方法、结果和结论称为摘要的四要素.(1)目的:指出研究的范围、目的、重要性、任务和前提条件,不是主题的简单重复.(2)方法:简述课题的工作流程,研究了哪些主要内容,在这个过程中都做了哪些工作,包括对象、原理、条件、程序、手段等.(3)结果:陈述研究之后重要的新发现、新成果及价值,包括通过调研、实验、观察取得的数据和结果,并剖析其不理想的局限部分.(4)结论:通过对这个课题的研究所得出的重要结论,包括从中取得证实的正确观点,进行分析研究,比较预测其在实际生活中运用的意义,理论与实际相结合的价值.4.撰写步骤 摘要作为一种特殊的陈述性短文,书写的步骤也与普通类型的文章有所不同.摘要的写作时间通常在论文的完成之后,但也可以采用提早写的方式,然后再边写论文边修改摘要.首先,从摘要的四要素出发,通读论文全文,仔细将文中的重要内容一一列出,特别是每段的主题句和论文结尾的归纳总结,保留梗概与精华部分,提取用于编写摘要的关键信息.然后,看这些信息能否完全、准确的回答摘要的四要素所涉及的问题,并要求语句精炼.若不足以回答这些问题,则重新阅读论文,摘录相应的内容进行补充.最后,将这些零散信息,组成符合语法规则和逻辑规则的完整句子,再进一步组成通畅的短文,通读此短文,反复修改,达到摘要的要求.5.关于英文摘要 (1)英文摘要的写作方法要依据公认的写作规范.(2)尽量使用简单句,避免句型单调,表达要求准确完整.(3)正确使用冠词.(4)使用标准英语书写,避免使用口语,应使用易于理解的常用词,不用生僻词汇.(5)作者所做工作用过去时,结论用现在时.(6)多使用主动语态.6.关键词 关键词是为了文献标引工作从报告、论文中选出来用以表示全文主题内容信息目的单词术语.每篇报告、论文选取3~8个词作为关键词,以显著的字符另起一行,排在摘要的左方.如有可能,尽量用《汉语主题词表》等词表提供的规范词.为了国际交流,应标注与中文对应的英文关键词.关键词是主题词中的一类.主题词是一种新型检索词汇,多用于计算机网络检索.关键词分为中文关键词和与之对应的英文关键词,分别置于中文摘要和英文摘要之下.为便于他人的检索,不能使用过于宽泛的词语.选择关键词既可以从论文的各级标题入手,也可以从论文本身的内容选取,将选出的关键词按照所涉及领域的范围从大到小顺序列出.。
1. 打好扎实的英语语言基础要写好英语作文,首先必须掌握一定数量的英语单词.英语文章就象是一幢建筑物,单词则象是建筑用砖.此外,还得掌握好一定的英语语法知识,否则在英语便会频频出错.
2. 广泛进行英语阅读:进行英语阅读,既可以开阔视野,扩在词汇,又可以学习地道的英语表达方式,从而运用到自己的英语写作实践当中.
3. 掌握一定的英语写作技巧: 英语写作有许多技巧,如怎样选词,造句,怎样展开段落,各种体裁的英语作文怎样布局等,只有对这些基本的写作技巧加以掌握,在英语作文时才可得心应手.
4. 多观察思考,在日常生活中,有许多人和事可引起我们的注意,我们对他们应多进行观察,进行分析,凡事问个"为什么",并用英语来进行思考,那么在英文写作时,便不至于找不到话写.
5. 多练习,常言道:Practice makes perfect.大凡知名作家并不是一开始就写出了惊人之作,他们的在艰苦的写作实践中得到提高的,我们在学习英语作文时也应多练,可采取英文日记,周记,课文摘要等形式来加以训练,亦可找个writing partner(写作伙伴)相互督促,相互学习,相互提高.
.书 写:在用英语写作时,书写应工整,规范,力求认人容易认读.注意大写字母比小写字母应写得大些高些,注意"a-o" "n-u'书写的差异,I 和 j要记得上面加".",字母t中间的横线亦不要忘记.单词与单词间不要靠得紧,标条符号之后应留一定空间.
有很多的同学在写英语作文的时候,也会写一些经典的议论文,我整理了相关范文,希望会对大家有所帮助!
英语作文范文带中文翻译
Many years ago, the movie about the youth became very popular, every year, we can see many hot movies about the protagonist’s passed youth. People like to recall their passed youth, which makes such movies sell good. But I find the common things about these movies, all the protagonists’ youth are about fighting, love and other negative things. I understand the directors’ intention, they want to tell people youth is not perfect and having pities. Of course movie is exaggerating, the real youth is about studying, at least, most people have worked so hard to get into their ideal colleges. What the movies describe make up some people’s youth, for which they don’t have the chance to experience. We should not be misled by these movies, for the teenagers, their job is to study, so that they can have a bright future.
【翻译】很多年以前,关于青春的电影很受欢迎,此后每年,我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。人们喜欢回忆他们逝去的青春,这才是让这类电影好卖的原因。但是我发现了这些电影的共同点,那就是所有的主人公的青春都是关于大家,恋爱和其他消极的东西。我明白导演们的意图,他们想要告诉人们青春是不完美的,存在遗憾。当然电影是夸张化的,真正的青春是关于学习,至少,大部分人是如此努力的学习,为了进入理想的大学。电影所刻画的弥补了一些人的青春,对于他们没有机会去体验这些东西。我们不应该被电影误导,对于青少年来说,他们的工作是学习,这样他们才能有一个美好的未来。
高中英语作文范文80词
I like English. I think I can share my English learning method with you. First of all, develop interest on English. My way to make it is to watch movies from abroad. At first, I will watch the movie with subtitle. Then I will remove the subtitle, only English left. Gradually, show great interest in English. Secondly, recite vocabularies. Vocabulary is the necessary foundation to start learn English. This time you have to force yourself to remember words. Thirdly, understand basic grammar thoroughly. It is hard for me to understand the meaning of a sentence if I don’t know the basic grammar. Last but not least is to speak more. The basic purpose to learn a language is to communicate. So talk in English as much as you can. And don’t worry about losing face, because everyone makes mistakes. Those are my methods.
我喜欢英语。我觉得我可以和你分享一下我的英语学习方法。首先,培养对英语的兴趣。我的方法是看国外电影。一开始,我会留着字幕一起看。之后我就会不看字幕,只留英文。渐渐地,我对英语表现出极大的兴趣。其次,背诵词汇。词汇是学习英语的必要根基。这一点你只能强迫自己去背了。第三,完全理解基本语法。如果我不懂基本语法,我会很难理解一整个句子的意思。最后但并非最不重要的是要多说。学习语言的基本目的就是进行沟通。因此,尽可能多的用英语交谈。不要担心丢脸,因为每个人都会犯错误的。这些就是我的方法。
英语作文100词左右带翻译——珍惜时间
Chinese Spring Festival celebrating the end of winter and the warmth of spring. It began in the last day of the lunar year, end in the 15th day of lunar New Year, also is the Lantern Festival. During the Spring Festival, people use red lantern and Spring Festival couplets decorate a house, put on all kinds of colored clothes, often
An English proverb says that time is money. I consider it (this) wrong. Why? Because we all know that we can earn money be work but can not in any way get back time (in anyway). For this reason, we may (can) say that time is more valuable than money.
Many people do not know the value of time. It (this) is indeed a great pity. We must bear (keep) in mind that wasting time is equal to wasting your life.
【翻译】英国有句谚语说,时间就是金钱。我认为这是不对的。为什么?因为我们大家都知道我们能够用工作赚钱,但无论如何却无法把时间争取回来。基于此种理由,我们可以说时间比钱钱更宝贵。
许多人不知爱惜时光。这确实是可惜的。我们必须记住浪费时间等于浪费生命。
议论文是以议论为主要表达方式,通过摆事实,讲道理,直接表达作者的观点和主张的常用文体。接下来给大家分享英语议论文模板及范文,供参考。
Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题) Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧)
Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点) Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2-3个赞成的理由)
However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点) Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2-3个反对的理由)
Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点)
Nowadays,there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive
aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To
begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same
time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
Shall we send children to study abroad?
With more and more people becoming rich in recent years, it is a new tendency for them to send their children to study abroad. But I don’t think it is a good idea. First of all, children are too young to look after themselves. Second, the language barrier is a serious problem. Many children are not proficient in the foreign language before going abroad. As a result, they have difficulty in understanding what the native speakers are talking about. Third, they may get into trouble when dealing with various situations for lack of knowledge of the customs in the strange land. Furthermore, the cost of living is much higher than that in our country, which might cause a heavy burden to the family. #p#分页标题#e#
In conclusion, there are more disadvantages in sending children to study abroad. So, we’d better not do it.
下面是我整理的高中英语 议论文 范文 ,欢迎大家阅读!
高中英语议论文范文:The Olympic Games
The Olympic Games, first held in 776BC, has a history of more than one thousand years. The modern Games is held every four years. Many countries try their best to bid for hosting the Olympic Games. And every country does its best to get more medals in the Games.
There are five rings on the Olympic flag, which are considered to symbolize the five continents: Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania and America. The Olympic motto is: "Swifter, higher, stronger." The Games can promote the understanding and friendship among different peoples and different nations.
高中英语议论文范文:Internet Changes Life
Internet Changes Life
Globally, we have moved from a culture centered on network television, cable, AM and FM radio and telephone into a digital society with mass media,streaming information, intelligent shift to a digital economy, best demonstrated by the explosive growth of the Internet, is transforming everyday products and expressed in soft wares, chips, communication systems, financial institutions and mass media have enormous leverage emails and online shopping, the Internet promises to change dramatically huge spectrum benefits can be well illustrated in the following aspects.
在全球范围内,我们已经从一个 文化 中心为网络电视,有线电视,AM和FM收音机,电话的社会进入到以大众媒体,信息流,智能计算机的数字社会。转变 成数字经济,最明显体现在互联网的爆增,它正在改变日常产品和实践。思想体现在软件,芯片,通信系统,金融机构和大众媒体拥有巨大的全球影响力上。除了电 子邮件和网上购物,互联网还承诺大改光谱活动。它的好处可以在以下几个方面说明。
In the first place, it contributes to escape us from laborious work, save our time, facilitate our , with computer’s extensive reach into every corner of the world, a perspective of human life can be shown only with a single matter where we are, in school, business workshops, operating rooms, labs, banks of halls of government, the Internet appears to reflect a perspective of human , computer profits us by relaxation and entertainment it provides.
首先,它有助于我们摆脱费力的工作,节省时间,方便了我们的生活。其次,计算机的广泛延伸到世界的每个角落,只需一个单一的按键就可以透视人类生 活。不管我们在哪里,在学校,企业车间,手术室,实验室,银行政府大厅,因特网似乎都可以反映人类生活。此外,电脑不仅提供放松和娱乐还有利润。
But on the other hand, some people debate that it is also inconvenient, waste the time, isolated us from people, and make our lives more people repair the most sophisticated computer but can’t mend a pair of in fact, computer collapse the distances and demolishes all computer is a blessing or a curse, depends on
高中英语议论文范文:My View on Mistakes
Mistakes are something done, said, or believed, as a result of wrong thinking or understanding, lack of knowledge or skills. No one is perfect, and no one never makes any mistakes.
Because many people are afraid of making mistakes, they don't believe, say or do much. They behave like this just because they want to make no mistake. As I said, it's impossible, Being afraid of making mistakes is a mistake through mistakes can there be discovery or progress. Making mistakes for pursuing truth is much better than doing nothing. Failure is the mother of success. Many scientists may make a great number of mistakes before they make any discovery. If we humans didn't make mistakes, we would make no progress and still live a primitive life.
Mistakes are the best teachers who guide us through difficulties. Don't let mistakes scare you. Let's learn from mistakes.
高中英语议论文范文:自律不容易
When people are in the public, they have the sense that they should not speak loudly in the public place and they should not jump the line and so on, these are rules for them, though it is not the law makes it, but the power of morality. Self-behave seems easy to do, but when the great temptation comes, self-behave will be changed quickly.
当人们身处公共场所的时候,他们意识到不应该在公共场合大声说话和不应该插队等等,这些是规则,虽然法律没有规定,但是这是道德的力量。自律看起来很容易做到,但是面对巨大的诱惑时,自律很快就会被打破。
It has been reported that in Hong Kong, a police car which was loaded with crash attracted many people to grab the money when the crash slipped down from the police car. It was such crazy, the money should be handed to the band, while on its way to the bank, people grabbed some and then left quickly. Two days later, the police found back most of the money, some people who refused to return the money were caught into the prison.
据报道,在香港,一辆装载着钱的警车,当现金从警车上滑下来的时候,吸引了很多人去抢。这是多么疯狂啊,钱本应该上交到银行,然而在运去银行的途中,人们拿走了一些,然后快速离开。两天以后,警察找回了大部分的钱,一些拒绝还钱的人被抓到,并坐牢。
Self-behave is not easy, people are easy to obey the public rules on the small issues, while when the great temptation comes, these rules are easy to be broken. The one who can refuse to the great temptation can say he is totally self-behave.
自律不容易,人们很容易遵守关于小事的公共规则,然而当面临巨大诱惑的时候,这些规则很容易就会被打破。谁能拒绝大诱惑,谁就能说他是完全的自律。
高中英语议论文范文:
Nowadays, we can see some boys and girls who live in a small world of their own. They bury themselves among books and are proud of themselves. They think that it will make them lose their face if they do housework for they often think themselves very noble.
These young people are wrong. In my opinion every student should have a knowledge of housework. After all, they will have a family of their own, and they should do their part in keeping a good home. Boys should also learn to do housework, for what will they do if they remain single? Though not all boys remain single, yet they will be very helpful in the family if they know some housework. Anyhow they will not lose anything, but, on the contrary, they will gain something useful.
For what I said above, we can find some examples of our fellow-students studying abroad. All young men do housework as girls do. Someone would argue that we can employ servants. This is true. However, what shall we do if the servant leaves us and all things are left to ourselves? We just cannot leave our clothes as they are and let worms and ants eat them up. And what can we do it we go and study in a foreign country where servants are out our means to employ?
We must work for ourselves. Why not start to learn to do housework now or else it will be too late?Everyone should learn to do housework. What do you think about my idea?
那是因为你的单词在一行没有写完跳到第二行了,这个不影响的,如果你实在不想这样,就把你第一行的最后那个单词拆开写到第二行一部分,但记住要把用一个连接符号“-”,不然别人会以为你那是2个单词了哦,这个符号写在第一行最后单词的拆开处。
关键词:Title of Thesis:Name of Institute: Pages:Graduation Time:(MM/YY)Degree Conferred:Student Name: Advisor Name:Abstract:Key words:
英文摘要格式如下:
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文(内容基本与中文摘要相同,但不用完全逐句对应)。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页(1页即可),放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距:统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”,倍行间距。
4、英文题目:使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要:“Absract”顶格,使用四号字,并加粗。英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。
6、英文关键词:“Key Words”顶格,使用四号字并加粗。每个关键词使用四号字。
论文摘要应包含以下内容:
(1)从事这一研究的目的和重要性。
(2)研究的主要内容,指明完成了哪些工作。
(3)获得的基本结论和研究成果,突出论文的新见解。
(4)结论或结果的意义。
以上内容参考:百度百科-摘要
以上内容参考:百度百科-论文摘要
英语中的SUMMARY撰写的具体格式步骤如下:1、写之前,需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料,让理解更深刻。2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序,对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括,全面清晰地表明原文信息。3、给摘要起一个好标题,比如:可以采用文中的主题句。4、尽量使用自己的话完成,不要引用原文的句子,篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一长。5、写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧:(1)筛选1-2个例子。(2)避免重复,删除细节,只保留主要观点。(3)把长段描述压缩变成短小精悍的句子。如下例: “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为:”He was very brave in battle.”(5)你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。(6)使用概括性的名词代替具体的词,比如: “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括为:”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”(7) 使用最短的连接词。比如,可以使用可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though,不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。(8)把文章中的第一人称转换成第三人称,把对白简化。