我们单位买了和多数据库，给你发部分文献，个人所得税的改革，是日本人写的，我的邮箱是，索取全部，因为无法一次性发完。Taxreform inJapan:Thecaseofpersonaltaxesa,b*harlesYujiHorioka,ShizukaSekitaaInstituteofSocialandEconomicResearch,OsakaUniversity,6-1,Mihogaoka,Ibaraki,Osaka567-0047,JapanbJapanSocietyforthePromotionofScience(JSPS)ResearchFellowandGraduateSchoolofEconomics,OsakaUniversity,c/oInstituteofSocialandEconomicResearch,6-1,Mihogaoka,Ibaraki,Osaka567-0047,JapanReceived21March2006;receivedinrevisedform 31May2006;accepted1June2006AbstractInthispaper,weconductatheoreticalanalysisofpersonaltaxes(definedtoincludeconsumptionandincometaxes),describeandevaluatethepastandpresentstructureofpersonaltaxesinJapan,andbasedonourfindings,makeanumberofpolicyrecommendationsabouthowtoreform findthatthestructureofJapan’scurrentconsumptionandincometaxesisproblematicfrom theviewpointsofbothefficiencyandequityandproposeareform packagethatimprovesboththeefficiencyandequityofJapan’spersonaltaxesand,atthesametime,achievesfiscalreconstruction.#fication:H21;H23;H24Keywords:Consumption;Consumptiontax;CorlettandHague;Countercyclicalpolicy;Economicstimulus;Efficiency;Equity;Excessburden;Fiscalreconstruction;Fiscalreform;Governmentdebt;Imputedrent;Incometax;Inverseelasticityrule;Japan;Japaneseeconomy;Laborsupply;Leisure;Luxurygoods;Necessities;Optimaltaxation;Personaltaxes;Primarybalance;Progressivity;Ramsey;Regressivity;Saving;’soutstandingdebtasaratioofGDPiscurrentlyinexcessof150percentandisbyfarthehighestamongthemajorindustrializednations,,fiscalreconstructionisanurgentpriorityoftheJapanesegovernment,andithaspledgedtorestoretheprimarybalance(definedasgovernmentrevenuesexcludingbondrevenuesminusgovernmentexpendituresexcludinginterestpaymentsanddebtredemption)fiscalreconstructionthrougha
Before we start, let's talk a bit about collocations. Collocations are groups of words that are commonly used together. Native speakers are so used to using them, they know what sounds "right" and what sounds "wrong."在我们开始之前，我们来谈下搭配。搭配是指常用的词组搭配到一起。当地人很习惯于用这些，他们知道什么的搭配听起来是对的，什么是错的。For example, in English the phrase "go online" is a natural way to refer to using the internet. But it wouldn't be natural to say something like "proceed online" or "travel online", even though "proceed" and "travel" are other ways to express “go.” You’ll hear lots of collocations related to office life in today's dialog. Listen out for them and we'll explain what they mean and how to use them in the debrief. 比如，英语中的短语上网，就是使用网络的意思，甚至用前进和旅游来表达这个意思。在今天的播客中，你将听到很多和办公生活有关的搭配。仔细听，我们将会解释它们的意思以及如何在听取报告的时候使用它。Now, on to the role of an administrative assistant. The job title of "administrative assistant", or "admin assistant" for short, can cover quite a broad range of responsibilities. Admin assistants typically spend a lot of time handling data—whether it's timesheets recording the working hours of other employees, or rosters used for scheduling meeting rooms. Much of what they do involves making sure that other employees are working as efficiently as possible. 现在，来谈谈一个行政助理的职责。通常他们要花很长时间处理数据，不论是日程表记录，雇员的工作时间，还是会议地点安排的执勤人员表。这些很多都牵涉到确认是否有效地工作。In this episode we'll talk with Christina, who works as an admin assistant in the human resources department of an auto parts manufacturer. Christina's going to tell us about some of the responsibilities of her position. 在这节播客中，我们将和克里斯蒂娜交谈，她是汽车配件生产商的人事部的行政助理。克里斯蒂娜将会告诉我们有关她职责的细节。Collocations are a challenge for anyone learning English. There aren't any specific rules to follow. You just have to listen for what sounds right. Still, they're essential for English communication and important to keep in mind when you learn new vocabulary—don't just think about the new word, think about what other words it might be used with. We'll point out some useful collocations related to daily office work as we go through this lesson. 词语搭配对于英语学习者来说是一个挑战。没有严格的条款去依循。你必须去听听起来是对的。并且，当你学 学了新的词汇，不要只是觉得他们是新的词汇，要想到其他的一些可能会用到的其他词语，而搭配对于记住这些新的词至关重 要。Administrative assistants are important to any business organization. For example, they make sure data is handled responsibly and records are maintained properly. It might seem like they work in the background, but their jobs are critical to the smooth running of a company. 行政助理对于任何商业组织都很重要。比如，他们要确保 数据正确，记录好公司正常运行的数据。In the last episode we met Christina, the Head Administrative Assistant in the Human Resources department at LaFarge Automotive. In an interview, Christina told us about some of her usual job duties. Today, she'll talk about why her work is so important to the company. 上一集中，我们了解了克里斯蒂娜，在拉法基汽车公司人事部门的 总的行政助理。在这个访谈中，克里斯蒂娜告诉了我们她的日常工作。今天，她将要谈论她的工作对于整个公司的重要性。
Half-way from rags to richesApr 24th 2008From The Economist print editionVietnam has made a remarkable recovery from war and penury, says Peter Collins (interviewed here). But can it change enough to join the rich world?EyevineCorrection to this articleKNEES and knuckles scraping the ground, the visitors struggle to keep up with the tour guide who is briskly leading the way through the labyrinth of claustrophobic burrows dug into the hard earth. The legendary Cu Chi tunnels, from which the Viet Cong launched waves of surprise attacks on the Americans during the Vietnam war, are now a popular tourist attraction (pictured above). Visitors from all over the world arrive daily at the site near the city that used to be called Saigon, renamed Ho Chi Minh City after the Communists took the south in the wreckage of an abandoned M41 tank another friendly guide demonstrates a dozen types of improvised booby-traps with sharp spikes that were set in and around the tunnels to maim pursuing American soldiers. The Vietnamese not only welcome the tourist dollars Cu Chi brings in, but are also rather proud of it. They feel it demonstrates their ingenuity, adaptability, perseverance and, above all, their determination to resist much stronger foreign invaders, as the country has done many times down the centuries. These days Vietnam also has plenty of other things to be proud of. In the 1980s Ho Chi Minh's successors as party leaders damaged the war-ravaged economy even more by attempting to introduce real communism, collectivising land ownership and repressing private business. This caused the country to slide to the brink of famine. The collapse soon afterwards of its cold-war sponsor, the Soviet Union, added to the country's deep isolation and cut off the flow of roubles that had kept its economy going. Neighbouring countries were inundated with desperate Vietnamese “boat people”. Since then the country has been transformed by almost two decades of rapid but equitable growth, in which Vietnam has flung open its doors to the outside world and liberalised its economy. Over the past decade annual growth has averaged . Young, prosperous and confident Vietnamese throng downtown Ho Chi Minh City's smart Dong Khoi street with its designer shops. The quality of life is high for a country that until recently was so poor, and its larger cities have retained some of their colonial charm, though choking traffic and constant construction work are beginning to take their toll. An agricultural miracle has turned a country of 85m once barely able to feed itself into one of the world's main providers of farm produce. Vietnam has also become a big exporter of clothes, shoes and furniture, soon to be joined by microchips when Intel opens its $1 billion factory outside Ho Chi Minh City. Imports of machinery are soaring. Exports plus imports equal 160% of GDP, making the economy one of the world's most open. All this has kept government revenues buoyant despite cuts in import tariffs. The recent introduction of company taxes is also helping to fill the government's coffers. Spending on public services has surged, yet public debt, at an acceptable 43% of GDP, has remained fairly stable. Having made peace with its former foes, Vietnam hosted Presidents Bush, Putin and Hu at the Asia-Pacific summit in 2006 and joined the World Trade Organisation in 2007. This year it has one of the rotating seats on the UN Security Council. Vietnam's Communists conceded economic defeat 22 years ago, in the depths of a crisis, and brought in market-based reforms called doi moi (renewal), similar to those Deng Xiaoping had introduced in China a few years earlier. As in China, it took time for the effects to show up, but over the past few years economic liberalisation has been fostering rapid, poverty-reducing World Bank's representative in Vietnam, Ajay Chhibber, calls Vietnam a “poster child” of the benefits of market-oriented reforms. Not only does it comply with the catechism of the “Washington Consensus”—free enterprise, free trade, sensible state finances and so on—but it also ticks all the boxes for the Millennium Development Goals, the UN's anti-poverty blueprint. The proportion of households with electricity has doubled since the early 1990s, to 94%. Almost all children now attend primary school and benefit from at least basic no longer really needs the multilateral organisations' aid. Multilateral and bilateral donors together have promised the country $ billion in loans and grants this year, but with so much foreign investment pouring in, Vietnam's currency reserves increased by almost double that figure last year. At least the aid donors have learned from the mid-1990s, when excessive praise discouraged Vietnam from continuing to reform, prompting an exodus of investors. Now the tone in private meetings with officials is much franker, says a diplomat who attends them. Vietnam has become the darling of foreign investors and multinationals. Firms that draw up a “China-plus-one” strategy for new factories in case things go awry in China itself often make Vietnam the plus-one. Wage costs remain well below those in southern China and productivity is growing faster, albeit from a lower base. When the UN Conference on Trade and Development asked multinationals where they planned to invest this year and next, Vietnam, at number six, was the only South-East Asian country in the top ten. The government's programme of selling stakes in publicly owned firms and exposing them to market discipline has recently gathered pace. At the same time the switch from a command economy to free competition has allowed the Vietnamese people's entrepreneurialism to flourish. Almost every household now seems to be running a micro-business on the side, and a slew of ambitious larger firms is coming to the stockmarket. Much of the praise now being showered anew on the country is deserved. The government is well on course for its target of turning Vietnam into a middle-income country by 2010. Its longer-term aim, of becoming a modern industrial nation by 2020, does not seem unrealistic. But from now on the going may get tougher. As Mr Chhibber notes, few countries escape the “middle-income trap” as they become richer. They tend to lose their reformist zeal and see their growth fizzle. A study in 2006 by the Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences concluded that further reductions in poverty will require higher growth rates than in the past because the remaining poor are well below the poverty line, whereas many of those who recently crossed it did not have far to stench of corruptionThe Communist Party leadership openly admits that the Vietnamese public is fed up with the endemic corruption at all levels of public life, from lowly traffic policemen and clerks to the most senior people in ministries. In 2006, just before the party's five-yearly congress, the transport minister resigned and several officials were arrested over a scandal in which millions of dollars of foreign aid were gambled on the outcome of football matches. The leadership insists it is doing its best to clean up, but a lot remains to be as bad as the corruption is the glacial speed of legislative and bureaucratic processes. Proposed laws have to pass through all sorts of hoops before taking effect, with endless rounds of consultations to build consensus. The dividing line between the Communist Party, the government and the courts is not always clear. The justice system is rudimentary. Lawyers have no formal access to past case files, so they find it hard to use precedent in legal government is part-way through a huge project to slim the bureaucracy and streamline official procedures. It recently cut the number of ministries from 28 to 22. Yet for the moment the bureaucratic logjam is stopping the country building the roads, power stations and other public works it needs to maintain its growth rate. Nguyen Tan Dung, the prime minister, says that if growth is to continue at its current rate, the country's electricity-generating capacity needs to double by 2010. That seems a tall order, to put it mildly. Soaring car-ownership is leaving the country's underdeveloped roads increasingly gridlocked. In an admirably liberal attempt to limit price distortions as oil surged above $100 a barrel, the government slashed fuel subsidies in February. But one effect will be to stoke inflation, already worryingly high at in March. Bank lending surged by 38% last year as firms and individuals borrowed to speculate on shares and government is finding it much harder to manage an economy made up of myriad private companies, banks and investors than to issue instructions to a limited number of state institutions, especially as the public sector is currently suffering a drain of talent to private firms that are able to offer much higher pay. What could go wrongAll this leaves Vietnam's continued economic development exposed to a number of risks: • Rising inflation—which is hurting low earners in particular—and a growing shortage of affordable housing could create a new urban underclass among unskilled workers who have left the land for the cities. Combined with rising resentment at official corruption and the increasing visibility of Vietnam's new rich, this could cause social friction and bring strikes and protests, chipping away at the political stability that has underpinned Vietnam's strong growth and investment.• Trade liberalisation and increased domestic competition will benefit some firms and farmers but hurt others—especially inefficient state enterprises. These could join forces and press the government to halt or even reverse the reforms.• The slumping stockmarket or perhaps a property crash could cause a big firm or bank to fail. Given the country's weak and untested bankruptcy laws and financial regulators, the authorities may find it hard to deal with that kind of calamity.• Natural disasters, from bird flu to floods, could cause chaos.• The economy could come up against the limits of its creaking infrastructure and the shortage of people with higher skills. Jammed roads, power blackouts and the inability to fill managerial and professional jobs could all bring Vietnam's growth rate crashing has set itself such demanding standards that even if some combination of these factors did no more than push annual growth below 5%, it would be seen as a serious setback. The foreign minister, Pham Gia Khiem, notes that Vietnam's current growth of around 8-9% is lower than that in Asia's richest economies at the same stage in their development. Despite the risks ahead, Vietnam has already provided the world with an admirable model for overcoming war, division, penury and isolation and growing strongly but equitably to reach middle-income status. This model could be followed by many impoverished African states or, closer to home, perhaps by North Korea. If it can be combined with gradual political liberalisation, it might even offer something for China to think about.
经济管理属于一个高端的专业。下面是我收集的经济管理大专毕业论文，欢迎参考。
【摘要】在我国经济体制改革逐步深化的过程中，出现了一系列的新的社会矛盾和问题，其中一个重要方面就是县乡基层的财政困难问题。
造成我国县乡财政困难的原因很多，从根源上看是由于财权事权不对等所导致的，其解决就是寻求县乡政府间财权事权的合理配置。
县乡财政困难的现况
年建立的以分税制为基础的分级财政管理体制初步理顺了中央与省级之间的财力分配关系。
但同时出现许多地方县乡财政困难现象，财政收支矛盾尖锐，实际债务负担沉重，财政风险膨胀，这不仅影响了城乡和区域的协调发展，而目。
严重影响了地方的社会稳定和政府权威，进而影响经济的高速发展。
因此，当前的县乡财政困难是一个迫切需要解决的重大问题。
建立一个有效的财政制度，缓解县乡财政的困难，再通过县乡财政支出促进地区经济发展，这不仅关系到公共财政体系的建立，财政职能的实现，还牵涉到农村税费改革、政府机构改革等一系列改革的成败。
县乡财政困难的根源：财权事权不对等
财权上收，县乡政府财源减少。
财力向中央集中是我国1994年分税制财政体制改革的主要目标之一。
中央75%，地方25% 的财政分配制度，实际上就是将地方财力通过二次分配上收中央。
从结果来看，财力上收的效果明显。
地方级财政自给能力由1987年的降到2015年的，以年均4%的速度下降，其中，省级为 ，地市级为，县级为，乡级为4%。
从乡镇、县级、地市级到省级，层层需要依靠上级政府转移支付资金 过日子 。
这样一来，在县乡财源减少和财权不断上收的双重冲击下，县乡财政困难明显。
事权下放，县乡政府事权负担过重。
县乡财政事权负担不合理主要表现为县乡政府承担了许多本该由中央、省级政府承担的事权负担，如农村义务教育、公共卫生、社会保障这些大额支出事项，将这些事权责任都压到县乡财政头上，导致其沉重的负担。
由于行政集权体制及人事上的行政任命制， 我国高层级政府对下级政府享有绝对的权威，而上下级政府的财政却是相互独立的，上级政府很容易把各种事权责任尽量推诿到下级政府，即 事权下放 。
如中央只给承诺不给钱，将一些政策负担转移到地方政府的身上，形成所谓 中央请客，地方出钱 的情况。
我国上级政府诸种 下放事权 的行为大大增加了县乡基层政府的财政压力，对当前的县乡财政困难有不可推卸的责任。
解决县乡财权事权不对等的几点思考
为了解决县乡财政困难问题，必须改革和完善现行财政体制，坚持事权与财权相结合的原则。
从建立公共财政的角度，科学界定各级政府的事权，使每一级政府所拥有的财权与事权相对称，支出与责任相统一，要事随钱走，财力与责任挂钩，从根本上改变上级层层剥夺县乡财力的状况。
完善法治，以法律形式确定各级政府事权与财政支出范围。
我国政府间的财政关系缺乏宪法和法律的保障，各级行政官员只重视上级政府的行政命令，而忽视本地民众的实际要求，这必然导致我国政府间的财政关系缺乏内在的稳定性。
因此，应加快推动我国法制化财政的建设步伐，以法制来规范和监督财政。
要确保政府行为的规范，应科学合理地界定县乡政府的事权范围，使之明确，并以法律形式确定下来，改变目前县乡政府集中过多的事权，与其掌握的财权严重不对称的`现状，促进财政的法制化发展。
界定政府之间的事权，应以公共产品的受益范围为标准，属于全国受益范围的公共产品应由中央政府来提供，属于地方受益的公共产品，再按受益范围的大小由相应级次的政府来提供，跨区域的事务由中央协调，与受益地方共同承担。
对于科学合理界定政府间的事权范围，以对义务教育的支出为例，应该实行中央财政与地方财政共担的办法，切实减轻基层财政的负担。
目前，教育支出是地方财政支出中最大的支出项目之一，对大多数县乡财政而言，教育支出在财政支出中的比重至少在70%。
目前，法律规定财政的教育支出要高于财政经常性收入增长的速度，而目前我国农村义务教育实行的是 在国务院领导下，由地方政府负责、分级管理、以县为主 的管理体制，这种体制与其重要地位是不配套的。
因此，应该把 以县为主 改为 中央和地方共同出资 ，这样才能发展事业的同时缓解县乡财政困难。
保障县乡政府的财力，强化其财源建设。
目前来看，县乡政府通过可以发展民营经济，利用民营经济的优势来增加财源。
民营经济因为产权清晰，主体明确，机制灵活，越来越显示出旺盛的生命力、强烈的吸引力和极大的竞争力。
首先，要引导规模企业实现规模发展，建立现代企业制度，实施强强联合，以龙头优势辐射带动民营经济整体水平的迅速提升，从上到下实现以大带小策略。
其次，要通过建立新型的农村互助组织，利用县乡政府的信息优势，鼓励支持更多的农户介入务工经商，壮大民营经济群体规模，扩大富裕面。
最后，要激励中小企业在现有基础上增强技术创新能力，发挥优势，扬长避短，在某一产品、某一环节上做优做强，提高市场竞争能力。
在这个过程中，基层政府可以利用集体土地产权收益、公共财政催化三种核心力量启动农户自身和农村经济发展的资本积累机制，促进财源建设的多元化发展。
尽快解决县乡财政债务问题。
首先，要明确县乡的债务规模，只有明确了才能有效控制。
对于乡镇、村债务，要认真清理，分清性质，分清责任，不能将所有债务都由县乡财政偿还。
对账外的非财政管制原因所造成的隐性债务部分，应该坚持 谁受益、谁负担 的屠-贝0，清查现有政府债务，明确其规模、结构和责任人，落实到具体债务人、责任人等，主动科学地清理财政债权与债务。
其次，要加强对债务的监管，完善县乡财政管理办法。
认真清理核实县乡债权债务，将乡镇各项债权债务逐 登记报县政府备案，有步骤地减少债务增量、控制债务存量。
一是要建立债务预警机制，即不同的县乡及财政部门要根据自身债务承受能力，研究出正常的、可控的、能够承受的负债临界点，对可能出现的政府债务风险及早预警。
二是建立债务化解长效机制，要通过深化改革，规范乡镇政府经济行为，坚持实行村务公开，大力推行村级财务会计委托代理和村账乡代管等制度，控制政府和部门经费支出的增长，加快债务化解进程。
做好对财政体制运行过程中的问责，完善责任追究机制。
要加强财政立法和财政监督的力度，保证政府间财政关系的稳定性和严肃性，杜绝各级官员的不规范行为，很重要的一点就是要实施对财政体制运行过程的问责。
通过问责，可以保证财政资金按照既定的方向和用途进行使用，避免人为因素干扰财政政策措施的运行，维护财政政策措施的准确性、效益性和及时性。
要想使得财权事权真正实现对等，就需要科学合理地界定县乡政府的事权范围，并且以法律形式确定，落实法律政策的实施情况。
在落实过程中最重要的就是问责，建立责任追究机制，要确保政府行为的规范。
对于类似上级政府把各种事权责任推诿到下级政府等违反规定的行为，不仅要发现，更要通过责任追究机制及时纠正，落实到具体部门、具体人员，约束政府官员的不良行为，实现财权与事权的对等。
参考文献
[1]罗丹、陈洁。
中国县乡财政调查[M].上海：上海远东出版社，2015.
[2]毕秋丽。
县乡财政解困的路径探索[J].辽宁财专学报，2015(5)。
[3]郭家虎、崔文娟。
财政合理分权与县乡财政解困[J].中央财经大学学报，2015(9)。
经济管理专业毕业论文篇二
摘要：县域经济是指在县域内以城镇为中心，以农村为基地，各种经济成分有机构成的一种区域性经济，它是国民经济的重要组成部分。
党的中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会进一步明确提出壮大县域经济。
因此，正确认识县域经济发展问题，对实现全面建设小康社会和解决三农问题都有重要的意义。
当前县域经济发展中存在的问题
县域经济同城市经济之间发展不协调
县域经济之间，经济基础好、资源丰富的县比较富余，财政资金雄厚;而经济基础较差，资源匮乏的县，财力紧张，有的甚至举步维艰，干部职工工资发放都有困难。
不仅如此，县域经济与城市经济之间的发展更不平衡，主要表现在：一是县域经济发展速度明显低于城市经济，并且这种差距不是在缩小，而是在拉大。
二是县域经济与城市经济 两层皮 问题仍然存在。
一方面，城市对县域的辐射带动作用不强，辐射的传导机制尚未真正形成;另一方面，客观上仍然存在着城市与县域争项目、争资金、争资源等问题，城市与县域仍然相互独立。
三是城市与县域在产业整合、分工协作等方面还没有形成有效的协作机制和紧密的产业链与配套关系。
传统农业的效率低下
传统农业是指完全以农民世代使用的各种生产要素为基础的农业。
当前，中国县域传统农业可以归纳为6个特征：一是农业在县域经济中占有很高的比重。
二是农业发展片面追求产量和产值的增长，而对市场需求以及与此相联系的农产品质量、农业结构升级和农业效益等关注不够。
三是农业的种养、加工、流通相脱节，利益关系不紧密。
四是高度分散的小规模家庭经营方式。
五是农业的资本有机构成低下，技术进步水平不高。
六是农业仍然是农民主要的收入来源。
建国以来，尽管中国的农业生产取得了稳步增长，但是，由于人口的增加，以及工业化和城镇化发展不足，大量农业富余劳动力停留在有限的土地上，导致中国农业发展缓慢。
县域工业尚未发挥主导作用
目前大多数地区县域工业不仅发展缓慢、总量过小，而且档次也比较低，突出表现：一是深加工能力不强，生产经营的基本方式仍然是 收获 初加工 销售 为主要形式的粗放式经营，真正能够发挥较大带动作用的深加工企业仍然很少。
二是产品档次不高，科技含量低，主导产品和优势产品少，难以形成积累和提升自我发展能力，严重制约县域工业的发展。
三是县域工业发展仍在一定程度上受传统计划经济思维模式的影响，迟迟走不上发展的坦途。
县域民营经济发展迟缓
县域民营经济发展迟缓主要表现为：从民营经济自身来看，主要问题是：数量少、规模小、档次低;产业分布不合理，多数集中在第三产业中的餐饮服务业;以家族式管理为主，管理上的非规范性和非科学性问题较为明显;自身发展潜力有限，大部分民营企业产品结构不合理，生产规模小、技术含量低、产品档次低，市场前景不广阔;借贷能力低，多数民营企业预期收益不明显，自有资金少，由此导致其偿贷能力低，甚至部分民营企业缺乏还贷意识和法制意识，信誉度低。
加快县域经济发展的主要对策
根据以上分析，就如何加快县域经济发展提出如下几点对策：
解放思想，确立新的发展理念
在新阶段实施县域新突破，加快发展和壮大县域经济，从某种意义讲，最缺的是适应现代市场经济和社会生产力发展的思想理念和制度保障。
因此，解放思想、转变观念、深化改革、扩大开放是加快发展和壮大县域经济的首要动力。
我们要联系工作实际，要冲破各种制约县域经济发展的思想观念约束及体制机制性障碍，彻底转变机关工作作风，增强服务意识，提高工作效率和服务水平，为加快县域经济发展营造宽松良好的软环境。
立足自身优势，发展特色经济
结合县域实际，立足自身优势，发展特色产业，培育特色经济，这是市场经济条件下加快县域经济发展和富民强县的重要途径。
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卓有成效 读后感
我的人生我做主 ——《卓有成效的管理者》读后感我的人生，我做主。每一个人都是一个管理者，每一个人都是自己走完自己的人生，任何人代替不了，究竟怎么走完这一生，自己说了算，自己管理自己。几点起床自己说了算，起床以后刷不刷牙，自己说了算，吃不吃早点自己说了算，是抽支烟冥想片刻呢，还是跑向操场，竞走十公里呢，没人管。做什么，怎么做，任由自己做主，想做成卓越的人，一定是能够管住自己的人。每一个人又是从属于一个家庭的。是父母的孩子，是孩子的父母，既有责任，又有义务。做好自己对得起生养我们的人，做好自己给我们生的人做个表率，不给别人添堵，尽己所能给爱我们的人和我们爱的人以帮助，实现个人价值，又能实现社会价值，即是最理想的人生。有效性是可以经过训练而养成的一种习惯、是可培养的一种技能、是经过一段时间的刻意练习而获得、首先要在思想上养成的五种习惯。 1、卓有成效的管理者知道他们的时间用在什么地方，做事有优先次序、有条理性、有系统性，善用每一分每一秒。 2、卓有成效的管理者重视对外界的贡献，他们并非为工作而工作，而是为成果而工作，他们不会一接到工作就一头钻进去，更不会一开头就探究工作的技术和手段，他们会首先自问：“别人期望我做出什么成果?” 3、卓有成效的管理者善于利用长处，包括自己的长处、上司的长处、同事的长处和下属的长处。 4、卓有成效的管理者集中精力于少数重要的领域，在这少数重要的领域中，如果能有优秀的绩效就可以产生卓越的成果。 5、最后，卓有成效的管理者必须善于做有效的决策，有效的决策总是在“不同意见讨论”的基础上做出的判断，它绝不是“一致意见”的产物。我的人生我做主，掌握自己的思想、掌握自己的行为、做出有效的决策，在正确的事情上，坚持下去就是成就多样的人生。
经济管理 必读书目 精选16篇相关 文章 ：
Half-way from rags to richesApr 24th 2008From The Economist print editionVietnam has made a remarkable recovery from war and penury, says Peter Collins (interviewed here). But can it change enough to join the rich world?EyevineCorrection to this articleKNEES and knuckles scraping the ground, the visitors struggle to keep up with the tour guide who is briskly leading the way through the labyrinth of claustrophobic burrows dug into the hard earth. The legendary Cu Chi tunnels, from which the Viet Cong launched waves of surprise attacks on the Americans during the Vietnam war, are now a popular tourist attraction (pictured above). Visitors from all over the world arrive daily at the site near the city that used to be called Saigon, renamed Ho Chi Minh City after the Communists took the south in the wreckage of an abandoned M41 tank another friendly guide demonstrates a dozen types of improvised booby-traps with sharp spikes that were set in and around the tunnels to maim pursuing American soldiers. The Vietnamese not only welcome the tourist dollars Cu Chi brings in, but are also rather proud of it. They feel it demonstrates their ingenuity, adaptability, perseverance and, above all, their determination to resist much stronger foreign invaders, as the country has done many times down the centuries. These days Vietnam also has plenty of other things to be proud of. In the 1980s Ho Chi Minh's successors as party leaders damaged the war-ravaged economy even more by attempting to introduce real communism, collectivising land ownership and repressing private business. This caused the country to slide to the brink of famine. The collapse soon afterwards of its cold-war sponsor, the Soviet Union, added to the country's deep isolation and cut off the flow of roubles that had kept its economy going. Neighbouring countries were inundated with desperate Vietnamese “boat people”. Since then the country has been transformed by almost two decades of rapid but equitable growth, in which Vietnam has flung open its doors to the outside world and liberalised its economy. Over the past decade annual growth has averaged . Young, prosperous and confident Vietnamese throng downtown Ho Chi Minh City's smart Dong Khoi street with its designer shops. The quality of life is high for a country that until recently was so poor, and its larger cities have retained some of their colonial charm, though choking traffic and constant construction work are beginning to take their toll. An agricultural miracle has turned a country of 85m once barely able to feed itself into one of the world's main providers of farm produce. Vietnam has also become a big exporter of clothes, shoes and furniture, soon to be joined by microchips when Intel opens its $1 billion factory outside Ho Chi Minh City. Imports of machinery are soaring. Exports plus imports equal 160% of GDP, making the economy one of the world's most open. All this has kept government revenues buoyant despite cuts in import tariffs. The recent introduction of company taxes is also helping to fill the government's coffers. Spending on public services has surged, yet public debt, at an acceptable 43% of GDP, has remained fairly stable. Having made peace with its former foes, Vietnam hosted Presidents Bush, Putin and Hu at the Asia-Pacific summit in 2006 and joined the World Trade Organisation in 2007. This year it has one of the rotating seats on the UN Security Council. Vietnam's Communists conceded economic defeat 22 years ago, in the depths of a crisis, and brought in market-based reforms called doi moi (renewal), similar to those Deng Xiaoping had introduced in China a few years earlier. As in China, it took time for the effects to show up, but over the past few years economic liberalisation has been fostering rapid, poverty-reducing World Bank's representative in Vietnam, Ajay Chhibber, calls Vietnam a “poster child” of the benefits of market-oriented reforms. Not only does it comply with the catechism of the “Washington Consensus”—free enterprise, free trade, sensible state finances and so on—but it also ticks all the boxes for the Millennium Development Goals, the UN's anti-poverty blueprint. The proportion of households with electricity has doubled since the early 1990s, to 94%. Almost all children now attend primary school and benefit from at least basic no longer really needs the multilateral organisations' aid. Multilateral and bilateral donors together have promised the country $ billion in loans and grants this year, but with so much foreign investment pouring in, Vietnam's currency reserves increased by almost double that figure last year. At least the aid donors have learned from the mid-1990s, when excessive praise discouraged Vietnam from continuing to reform, prompting an exodus of investors. Now the tone in private meetings with officials is much franker, says a diplomat who attends them. Vietnam has become the darling of foreign investors and multinationals. Firms that draw up a “China-plus-one” strategy for new factories in case things go awry in China itself often make Vietnam the plus-one. Wage costs remain well below those in southern China and productivity is growing faster, albeit from a lower base. When the UN Conference on Trade and Development asked multinationals where they planned to invest this year and next, Vietnam, at number six, was the only South-East Asian country in the top ten. The government's programme of selling stakes in publicly owned firms and exposing them to market discipline has recently gathered pace. At the same time the switch from a command economy to free competition has allowed the Vietnamese people's entrepreneurialism to flourish. Almost every household now seems to be running a micro-business on the side, and a slew of ambitious larger firms is coming to the stockmarket. Much of the praise now being showered anew on the country is deserved. The government is well on course for its target of turning Vietnam into a middle-income country by 2010. Its longer-term aim, of becoming a modern industrial nation by 2020, does not seem unrealistic. But from now on the going may get tougher. As Mr Chhibber notes, few countries escape the “middle-income trap” as they become richer. They tend to lose their reformist zeal and see their growth fizzle. A study in 2006 by the Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences concluded that further reductions in poverty will require higher growth rates than in the past because the remaining poor are well below the poverty line, whereas many of those who recently crossed it did not have far to stench of corruptionThe Communist Party leadership openly admits that the Vietnamese public is fed up with the endemic corruption at all levels of public life, from lowly traffic policemen and clerks to the most senior people in ministries. In 2006, just before the party's five-yearly congress, the transport minister resigned and several officials were arrested over a scandal in which millions of dollars of foreign aid were gambled on the outcome of football matches. The leadership insists it is doing its best to clean up, but a lot remains to be as bad as the corruption is the glacial speed of legislative and bureaucratic processes. Proposed laws have to pass through all sorts of hoops before taking effect, with endless rounds of consultations to build consensus. The dividing line between the Communist Party, the government and the courts is not always clear. The justice system is rudimentary. Lawyers have no formal access to past case files, so they find it hard to use precedent in legal government is part-way through a huge project to slim the bureaucracy and streamline official procedures. It recently cut the number of ministries from 28 to 22. Yet for the moment the bureaucratic logjam is stopping the country building the roads, power stations and other public works it needs to maintain its growth rate. Nguyen Tan Dung, the prime minister, says that if growth is to continue at its current rate, the country's electricity-generating capacity needs to double by 2010. That seems a tall order, to put it mildly. Soaring car-ownership is leaving the country's underdeveloped roads increasingly gridlocked. In an admirably liberal attempt to limit price distortions as oil surged above $100 a barrel, the government slashed fuel subsidies in February. But one effect will be to stoke inflation, already worryingly high at in March. Bank lending surged by 38% last year as firms and individuals borrowed to speculate on shares and government is finding it much harder to manage an economy made up of myriad private companies, banks and investors than to issue instructions to a limited number of state institutions, especially as the public sector is currently suffering a drain of talent to private firms that are able to offer much higher pay. What could go wrongAll this leaves Vietnam's continued economic development exposed to a number of risks: • Rising inflation—which is hurting low earners in particular—and a growing shortage of affordable housing could create a new urban underclass among unskilled workers who have left the land for the cities. Combined with rising resentment at official corruption and the increasing visibility of Vietnam's new rich, this could cause social friction and bring strikes and protests, chipping away at the political stability that has underpinned Vietnam's strong growth and investment.• Trade liberalisation and increased domestic competition will benefit some firms and farmers but hurt others—especially inefficient state enterprises. These could join forces and press the government to halt or even reverse the reforms.• The slumping stockmarket or perhaps a property crash could cause a big firm or bank to fail. Given the country's weak and untested bankruptcy laws and financial regulators, the authorities may find it hard to deal with that kind of calamity.• Natural disasters, from bird flu to floods, could cause chaos.• The economy could come up against the limits of its creaking infrastructure and the shortage of people with higher skills. Jammed roads, power blackouts and the inability to fill managerial and professional jobs could all bring Vietnam's growth rate crashing has set itself such demanding standards that even if some combination of these factors did no more than push annual growth below 5%, it would be seen as a serious setback. The foreign minister, Pham Gia Khiem, notes that Vietnam's current growth of around 8-9% is lower than that in Asia's richest economies at the same stage in their development. Despite the risks ahead, Vietnam has already provided the world with an admirable model for overcoming war, division, penury and isolation and growing strongly but equitably to reach middle-income status. This model could be followed by many impoverished African states or, closer to home, perhaps by North Korea. If it can be combined with gradual political liberalisation, it might even offer something for China to think about.
经济学人：加拿大的住宅市场Finance and Economics; 财经；Canada's housing market; 加拿大的住宅市场；Time for a bigger needle; 该出手时就出手；The latest attempt to prick a bubble;戳破泡沫的最新举措；经济学人：Canada's reputation for financial regulation is starry. Its banksgot through the crisis unscathed. According to Moody's, a ratings agency, Royal Bank of Canadasits alongside HSBC and JPMorgan Chase in the top tier of global banks. And Canadianpolicymakers are old hands at pulling “macroprudential” levers of the sort now in vogue amongrich-world central banks.加拿大的金融监管一向广受赞誉。它的银行业在这场危机中做到了独善其身。根据评级机构穆迪的报告，加拿大皇家银行与汇丰银行以及摩根大通同列，跻身全球银行界的第一梯队。同时，加拿大的政策制定者也是运用宏观审慎政策的老手，这一政策如今也常被其他富国的央行使用。But questions still nag. Some say that Canada's banks are flattered by a huge indemnity offeredby Canada Mortgage and Housing Corp (CMHC), a public institution that insures mortgages witha loan-to-value ratio of more than 80%. CHMC's book grew to 567 billion Canadian Dollar(557 billion Dollar) in 2011, up from 345 billion Canadian Dollar four years earlier. And Canada'shousing market looks very frothy on some measures: The Economist's analysis of price-to-rentratios suggests that Canadian properties were about 75% above their long-run “fair value” in thefirst quarter of 2012 (see chart). Although less than of CHMC's mortgages are in arrears, such exuberance is a worry. The central bank recently labelled housing as “the most importantdomestic risk to financial stability in Canada”.但是，仍有问题缠身。部分人士认为，加拿大的银行被加拿大抵押和住房公司（CMHC）提供的巨额补偿金美化了，CMHC是一家为贷款估值比率超过80%的抵押贷款提供保险的公共机构。在2011年，CHMC的抵押贷款额从四年前的3450亿增长到了5670亿加元（合5570亿美元）。并且，从一些指标来看，加拿大的房地产充斥着泡沫：《经济学人》以房价租金比所做的分析显示，在2012年第一季度，加拿大的物业价格高出它们的长期公允价值75%。纵然仅有低于的CHMC抵押贷款存在拖欠的情况，但这样的繁荣仍让人忧虑。最近，央行也冠以楼市 “危及加拿大金融稳定性的最大国内隐患”。Repeated efforts by policymakers to take the heat out of housing have not had a noticeableeffect. So on June 21st Jim Flaherty, the finance minister, had another go, his fourth in fouryears. Some of the new measures were cosmetic. Buyers of homes worth more than 1m Dollarhave been able to get mortgage-default insurance from CMHC with a downpayment of only 5%. In practice, it is hard to find buyers in this bracket who do not have lots of equity in their homes. But after July 9th mortgages for homes of this value will not be eligible for CMHC coverage.政策制定者们给楼市降温的不断尝试并无明显成效。于是，在6月21日，加拿大财长吉姆·费拉逖，在四年来第四次出台了一些新举措。新措施中的一些不过是表面功夫。价值过百万美元住宅的买主能得到由CMHC担保的债务违约保险以及首付仅付5%的优惠待遇。而事实上，很少有这类购房者在购房时不以大量自有资金支付价款的。不过，在6月9日之后，这类住宅将不再适用于CMHC的保险范围。Other measures have more teeth. The maximum amortisation period for a mortgage will now be25 years, down from 30. That should hurt demand: last year about 40% of new mortgages werefor terms longer than that. Refinancing a home will be allowed only up to 80% of its value, downfrom 85%. Homebuyers will have to demonstrate their housing costs are no more than 39% oftheir gross household income. On top of Mr Flaherty's measures, the Office of theSuperintendent of Financial Institutions, Canada's banking regulator, slapped a loan-to-value limitof 65% on borrowing against home equity.其他那些则更为有力。抵押贷款最长还贷期限如今将从30年降低至25年。这势必将减少需求：去年约有40%的新贷款的期限是超过25年的。允许的房屋再融资的上限从房屋价值的85%降至只有80%。购房者还须证明他们的住房支出不超过家庭总收入的39%。费拉逖的举措中，紧随其后的是，加拿大的银行监管部门，联邦金融机构监督办公室，将贷款和自有资金间的贷款估值比率的限制猛降至65%。Craig Alexander, the chief economist for TD Financial Group, estimates all this will be theequivalent of about a 1% rise in mortgage rates for most homebuyers. He believes that willproduce a slow unwinding of the housing market. If he is right, and Mr Flaherty's variousinterventions avoid the collateral damage that would be caused by an actual interest-rate rise, Canada's admirers will have another thing to swoon over.多伦多道明银行金融集团首席经济学家，克雷格·亚历山大估计，所有这些措施对于购房者而言将等同于抵押贷款利率上升1%。他认为这将促使房产市场缓慢回归。如果他的观点正确，并且费拉逖的各种干预手段能够避免可能引发实际利率上升的附带伤害，那么如此一来，加拿大的崇拜者们又将有一个可以津津乐道的话题了。
next and the joy of the game of livin
一, 与市场,运营情况有关的形容词小结形容市场活跃, 繁荣1 dynamic 有活力的,有生机的2 prosperous 繁荣的3 brisk 兴隆的4 volatile 不稳定的, 活跃浮动的形容市场萧条,不景气5 bleak 惨淡凄凉的6 declining 下滑的,衰退的7 slump 委靡的8 sluggish 不景气,萧条的9 stagnant 停滞不前的, 萧条的二, 关于是“商品”的小结10 merchandise 商品(集合名词)(单数)11 goods 货物(复)12 commodity 商品, 期货futures 13 product 产品 14 produce 农产品 15 freight 运输的货物 ; 运费 16 cargo (船,飞机) 装载的货物 三, 和会议,集会有关的词小结17 convoke 召集18 rally 集合 19 gathering 聚会 20 function 集会，仪式event, happeningOur sports day is the most important function of the year.运动会那一天是我们一年里最盛大的活动。21 adjourn 延会,休会22 confer 商谈四, 常见犯罪小结23 mug 抢劫,(从背后袭击)24 steal 偷 25 loot 抢夺26 pickpocket 扒手27 burglary 夜盗28 smuggle 走私五, 常见支付方式小结29 by cash 现金 30 by check 支票31 by credit card 信用卡32 by money order 汇票33 by installment 分期伏款34 by mail 邮寄六, 关于性格的描述小节35 outgoing 外向活泼36 sociable 善于交际37 adaptable 适应性强38 ambitious 有野心39 hard-working 工作努力40 energetic 有活力41 enterprising 富于进取,有创业精神42 honest 诚实43 reserved 保守,稳重44 responsible 负责 45 optimistic 乐观46 independent 独立 七, 名词1 inflation 通货膨胀2 deflation 通货紧缩3 feasibility 可行性4 overhaul 彻底检查 5 custom 海关6 bruise 擦伤7 indices 是index的复数 注意读音是 / / (听力) 8 commotion 暴动,骚乱9 interest rate 利率10 disposition (1)性情气质 (2) 处理11 carat, karat 克拉12 hallmark 品质证明, 纯正之证明13 asylum 收容所, 养老院 14 orphanage 孤儿院15 morale 士气,人心16 pennant 锦旗17 vicinity 附近, 短语是 in the ~ of 18 interrogation 询问,审讯 短语是 put sb under ~19 intersection 交点20 intermission 休息时间 21 physician 内科医生22 surgeon 外科医生, 军医,船医23 breadwinner 养家糊口的人24 recipe 食谱,方法25 tender 招标,a public ~, ask for tender26 syllabus 课程纲要27 Spaniard 西班牙人28 dispassion 冷静客观29 levity 轻率30 expulsion 开除,除籍31 defamation 诽谤32 payroll 薪水册,工资表33 contraction 收缩 34 renewal 更新35 deduction 扣除(额)36 escalator 电动扶梯37 elevator 电梯,升降梯(美)38 lift 电梯(英)39 emblem 象征标志 同logo symbol 40 dereliction 玩忽职守 ~ of duty41 milk shake 奶昔42 endorsement 背书保证,找明星代言43 approbation 批准许可44 probation 试用 trial 45 deference 顺从尊重46 minor infraction 轻微违法major violation 重大47 vacate 疏散 evacuation 48 anarchy 无政府49 collusion 共谋,勾结50 downturn 下滑take a sudden downturn 51 spa 温泉52 freelance writer 自由撰稿人53 articles 用品,商品54 management 资方 union 工会55 turnover 运转,周转56 turnout (集会)出席者a large turnout 57 annuity 养老金 pension 58 extension 分机59 innovation 革新翻新, renovation装修60 dosage 剂量61 rash 疹子62 clientele 顾客,老主顾63 leave 请假 He is often absent without leave 64 partition 隔间,区分65 junk 垃圾 punk 朋克 66 menopause 更年期 67 razor 剃刀68 crop strains 作物品种 69 headphone 耳机earphone70 automated teller machine 自动提款机ATM71 civilians 听力中注意与surveillance区分72 subsidiary 子公司 73 strip mining 露天采矿74 national (某国的)国民 we employ various nationals at our local companies. 75 mortgage 抵押76 compartment 隔间 Ask the flight attendant if we can put our things in that compartment 77 helping (食物的)一分I had a second helping 78 subcontractor 转包商79 speculation 投机 ~ in real estate80 avocation 副业81 kickback 回扣82 spectator 观众 audience 听众 83 stroller (1)四轮婴儿车 (2)漫步者84 seniority 年长,资深 ~ has priority 85 toner 调色剂86 luncheon 正式午餐，下午餐会87 fa�0�4ade 建筑物正面（法）88 decoy 欺，引诱 envoy 使者，代表 alloy 合金 convoy 护送陪伴 89 interface 交互界面 (desktop 桌面) desktop video conference 桌面视频会议90 boutiques 小店精品店 banquet宴会 bouquet 花束 91 casino 俱乐部，游乐场92 complex 整套设施 (an office complex) Oedipus complex93 commencement ceremony授学位典礼 inception开始 induction 入伍94 modem 调制解调器95 fraud 96 magnate 工业巨头97 gourmet 美食家98 ordinance 法令99 cursor 光标100 liaison 交流合作 101 portfolio 公文包，文件夹 102 corrosives 易腐蚀品103 corporation 企业， (听力中注意和cooperation区分)104 minute 会议录105 recreation 娱乐，休闲 =relaxation 八, 动词1 strand 使搁浅，陷入困境2 relate 叙述3 facilitate 使便利4 excel 优出胜出 ~ in 名词 excellence 5 exceed 超过6 remit 汇款，宽恕7 highlight 强调8 inoculate 接种9 vaccinate 接种疫苗10 remedy 补救11 undermine 诋毁 12 reverse 颠倒 ~ the verdict 判决13 slam 使劲关 ~ dunk14 equip 配备15 capsize 倾覆（船）16 simmer 炖，煨17 retrench 减少，节约18 discredit 使失去权威性，破坏名誉的19 curb 阻止，控制 ~ the use of marijuana 20 process 加工21intercept 中途拦截 22 segregate 隔离，分开分离23 quarantine 隔离检疫24 seclude 隔绝，隐退，隐秘25 appeal 呼吁，恳求，上诉26 lift 解除，提起精神27 rescind 废止，取消28 audit 查帐29 condemn 非难，判罪30 condone 宽恕，容忍31 deviate 偏离，跑题 ~ from 32 disabuse 解惑，矫正 33 disavow 否认34 transfuse 输血35 mingle 交往，混合36 forfeit 没收 confiscate 37 staple 用订书器钉 ADJ 主要的重要的38 deregulate 解除对---的管制39 block 阻挡N 楼40 launch 推出新产品，实施 (an investigation into the scandal) 41 house V. 为---提供住房42 expel 开除，驱除43 reimburse 报销，伏款 = refund44 observe 遵守 ~ the smoking rule45 syndicate （在报刊，杂志联盟）多家报刊上同时发表 46 commute 通勤47 rotate 旋转，循环48 implement 实行49 liquidate 清算，清偿债务50 accrue 增长，自然增殖九, 形容词1 fragile 易碎的2 latter 后者3 latest 最新的 4 later 过一会，过后5 eligible 合格的 illegible 难懂的 6 edible 可食用的 audible 可听到的 7 duplicate 副本的，复制的8 potamic 河川的 9 faulty 有错误的 ~ transformer 变压器 10 supersonic 超音速的11 foremost 首要的 12 affluent 富足的13 explicit 明晰的 14 implicit 暗含的15 hustle-bustle 熙来攘往16 obese 肥胖的17 manifold 各样的，多种18 imprudent 轻率的19 effete 疲惫枯竭 20 ebullient 沸腾的，热情洋溢的21 enervated 无力的衰弱的22 spacious 宽敞的23 selective 精挑细选的24 precocious 早熟的，过早的 25 remiss 疏忽的26 facile 容易的，流畅的27 intangible 无形的28 illicit 不合法的 = illegal 29 diagonal 对角线的 30 methodically 有条不紊的31definitive 限定的，决定的32 plausible 似合理的33 propitious 吉祥的，有利的34 auspicious 吉祥的35 intelligible 可识别的36 inflammable 易燃的37 nonflammable 不易燃的38 quality 质量好的 ~~ product/items/materials 39 state-of-the-art 最新水平40 illegitimate 不合法的，私生的41 tailored 定制的 ~ devise programs to our needs 42 custom-made = tailor-made 特制的43mandatory 强制性的44 provisional—temporary 暂时的，临时的45luxurious 奢侈的46 bear market ”熊市”，也称空头市场，指行情普遍看淡。延续时间相对较长的大跌。47 bull market ”牛市”，也称多头市场，指市场行情普遍看涨，延续时间较长的大升。48 clean 的其他说法： 卫生的hygienic（名词hygiene）干净的 sanitary49 tricky 棘手的，复杂的（工作） 50 languishing 衰弱下去的十 词组1 a handful of people 少数的人2 adjacent to 与---临近3 put on airs 摆架子4 discharge from hospital 出院5 halt buses and subway all day 使公车地铁一天停止6 graphic design 平面设计7 3D design 三维设计8 medical insurance coverage 保险项目，范围9 default rate 拖欠债务率10 full professor 正教授11 potent antibiotics 强效抗生素12 make a rule of doing something 形成---习惯13 chanber of commerce 商会 14 leteter of credit (L/C) 信用证（支付方式的一种）15 stock dividend 股息16 devaluation of the currency 货币贬值17 sprain one’s ankle 扭伤脚踝18 holistic medicine 整体医学19insurance premium 保险费用20 his Hair receding from his fore head 从前额掉头发21 express train 快车 limited train 特快车22 probation/trial period 试用期23 take a hard line with 强权策略 24 tread mission 贸易代表团25 long term objective 长期目标26 the audit department 审纪部27 International Herald Tribune 国际先驱论坛28 top copy 复印原件29 take steps to do 着手落实Many countries have taken steps to improve airport security。 30 pertaining to 适合，合宜，关于 31 a panorama of 齐全，品种繁多 32 24 hours a day = 7 days a week 24小时营业，无休息33 dog days 三伏34 column writer 栏目作者35 staff appraisal 员工评估36 at one’s fingertips 在手头，目前37 lodge and accommodation 膳宿38 fringe benefit 福利，补贴 39 go into liquidation 倒闭40 lag behind 落后 41 phase something out 逐步废止42 write—offs 破旧的无从修理43 abide strictly by 严格恪守44 clearance sale 清仓大处理45 have/take title to 有---特权46 staff attendant 员工出勤情况47 down payment 定金，分期付款的首次款 48 know-how 专项技能，窍门49 cross-reference 互相参照50 labor-intensive industry 劳动密集型行业 一篇中国09年经济展望的论文：Chinese economic outlook for 2009From my point of view, generally speaking, china would forced to face many challenges in 2009 due to the undertaking recession issues, but in the global economic world, it would still be expected to act as one of the first countries to get recovered from the recession. There are five major issues regards to Chinese economic condition in 2009. First, China will be challenged by the influence from international economic crisis. Secondly, due to the combination impact from the home and abroad, the macroeconomic regulation in China would become more complicated; in another word, it may result in a repeating domestic inflation and deflation. Thirdly, the above situations might have side-effects on Chinese stock market and real estate market; further, the small and medium companies might face serious liquidation issues. In Addition, there is a great possibility of a dramatic decline on the employment rate. Last but not least, it would become tremendous difficulty for government to maintain a balanced financial status and also inject further confidence into Chinese economic. To sum up, from the above analysis, it is clear that the economic situation in China for 2009 is not in positive. However, with more focus on Chinese domestic market and increasing living allowances of our lower-income groups, it is possible to achieve a stabilized economic and social position even in such a serious condition.
伴随着经济全球化时代的到来,各式各样的经济管理方法油然而生。以下是我为大家整理的关于经济管理类论文题目的内容，一起来看看吧!
1、论企业知识型员工的管理
2、论民族品牌在国际化竞争中的生存之道
3、论大学生网络营销策略
4、企业绿色营销探析
5、买方市场条件下的企业市场营销
6、论推销中的沟通技巧
7、谈谈绿色经营与企业发展
8、对连锁经营模式的实证研究
9、论新形势下销售渠道的有效调整
10、对企业营销理念创新的思考
11、对企业创新管理工作的思考
12、谈谈心理因素在市场营销中的作用
13、中小企业实施网络营销的策略分析
14、“差异化策略”在中小企业营销中的运用
15、零售企业的品牌战略
16、商业银行的市场营销策略研究
17、试论民营中小企业融资难的原因及对策
18、我国居民消费心理分析
20、少数民族地区居民消费现状的思考
1. 新型农村合作医疗制度良性发展问题的研究
2. 论我国保险业存在的问题及对策
3. 企业投资对策研究
4. 对消费信贷的再思考
5. 谈顾客忠诚度毕业论文参考网整理
6. 优化开发人力资源的战略措施
7. 谈我国城乡市场协调发展
8. 电子商务在企业经营中的运用策略
9. 在网络经济中如何巧妙运用价格歧视
10. 企业人才培养与使用研究
11. 新时期企业文化的新特点
12. 新时期激励艺术研究
13. 从以人为本的角度看企业人力资源管理
14. 人力资源管理的新趋势
15. 企业社会责任新探讨
16. 关于商标保护的几点思考
17. 浅谈如何打造企业品牌
18. 小议品牌资产的保护
19. 品牌、诚信与企业核心竞争力
20. 关于农民增收问题的思考
21. 对发展﹡﹡省旅游经济的思考
22. 中小企业发展问题研究
把握经济管理现代化发展的规律和经济管理发展新趋势,是管理企业致胜的法宝。下文是我为大家整理的关于经济与管理论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!
探讨建筑经济与管理
摘要：当前，我国的建筑行业迅猛发展，逐渐成为国民经济支柱产业之一。与此同时，建筑行业竞争不断激烈，建筑经济领域面临着前所未有的挑战。在这种形势下，建筑企业要想实现长久发展，必须要加强建筑经济的管理工作，有效利用企业资金，推动企业经济的良好有序发展。本文首先从宏观上论述建筑经济对于整个社会经济的重要作用，分析建筑经济管理的重要内涵以及目前国内建筑经济管理存在的问题，并且提出一系列针对性措施以求改进管理水平，提高建筑企业的资金利用效率，促进建筑经济的有效发展。
关键词：建筑经济;管理
引 言
建筑经济是指建设领域关于建设项目的经济方面的预测、决策、实施、分析以及评估等活动，其对于整个社会经济的推动以及建筑企业经济的发展有着重要的促进作用。但是目前国内对于建筑经济的管理还存在一系列的问题，制约了建筑经济作用的发挥，有关人员必须重视建筑经济的管理工作，对企业经济进行有效的管控，提高建筑企业经济效益，从而发挥建筑经济在整个社会经济中的作用。
1、建筑经济的意义
从建筑经济的性质上划分，可以分为公有建筑经济以及私营建筑经济。公有建筑经济主要是一些具有国有成分建筑企业所带来的经济效益，其对社会经济发展形成的推动力量是非常庞大的。私营建筑经济与公有建筑经济相对应，它是中国建筑经济在摸索中深化的结果，是国家实行“允许集体和个人兴办建筑业”政策的具体实施。目前，私营建筑经济已经成为整个建筑经济中的重要组成部分，其发展已经成为支撑国民经济高速发展、增加财政收入的重要力量，能够很大程度上缓解城镇就业压力，并为农村的剩余劳动力提供工作。
私营建筑经济和公有制建筑经济是相辅相成的，具有深化建筑经济改革的重要作用。建筑总量中仍处于主体地位的公有制建筑，仍然主导着建筑经济的发展，但很多国有建筑企业机制不灵活、包袱沉重、权责不清、效益低下等原因，已制约了公有建筑企业的发展。而私营经济的引入则有效地遏制这一现象，维持整个建筑经济的平衡。此外，私营建筑经济的发展对于促进建筑市场管理起到了积极作用，规范建筑市场秩序。总之，公有制建筑经济与私营建筑经济相互配合，相互制约，这样才可以确保整体建筑经济市场的和谐。
2、建筑经济存在的问题
尽管建筑经济对于整个社会经济具有重要的作用，且各建筑企业对于建筑经济管理工作也有了一定的认识，但是具体操作中，建筑经济还存在一系列的问题。
融资不足
建筑企业和其他企业相比，在融资方面拥有着很大的难度，因为建筑行业具备资金投入特别大、工期特别长、生产的产品造价特别高的特点，在人们要求越来越高，同行业竞争越来越激烈的情况下，建筑业在规模上，逐渐扩大，在扩大规模的基础上，就需要大量的资金，企业不得不向银行贷款，当规模扩大到一定程度后，资金的问题又将困扰着企业，因此会再次向银行征求帮助，促使这个过程成为了一个恶性的循环。在最近的几年，国家又对建筑的企业进行了调控的政策，使得融资变得比原来更加艰难，银行在此基础上也对企业的贷款提高了相应控制力度，使得建筑的资金更贴近黑暗的边缘。
预付合同制造成资金严重短缺
在现在的一些建筑企业中，为避免银行的贷款问题，实施了预付款的形式。就是在施工的工程中，从施工前开始预付一直到竣工结束后，项目的投资估算很大程度上超过了总体的价，有时，在扩大规模的情况下，很可能有超过总造价一半的情况发生，这么庞大的预付金额使得建筑的企业拥有太大的压力。
盲目扩大企业生产规模
国家的经济发展特别迅速，在固定资产投资的建设规模下，已经达不到新时代发展的脚步了，所以在固定资产的投资建设基础下，就要不断地扩大规模才能跟随其行进速度。因此，如果企业自身的经济状况出现了特别大的危机时，盲目的实现大规模建设流程，不去按照施工前的计划流程进行施工，到最后就会使得资金的困境急剧扩大。
资金调控力度不够
在我国，绝大地区的建筑企业，都是在施工的环节中采取粗放式的管理模式，对于资金一般情况下不会进行完整的使用计划，以及合理的安排，导致资金不能有效地周转，生成了消极的影响，这样粗放式的管理模式不能在第一时间进行回收，严重地影响了该企业的正常生产经营，同时，负责资金管理的工作人员，素质相对较低，专业的技能也具备得很少，对于资金没有优化配置的意识，并且不能够合理地使用，从而造成了资金严重浪费的后果。
3、加强经济管理，完善建筑经济
建筑经济管理是指建筑企业为了实现降低建筑成本、提高企业经济效益等各项经济管理活动的总称。由于建筑经济管理最主要的目的是为了降低施工成本，解决企业资金问题，最终实现工程利益最大化。因此，建筑经济管理工作主要是对施工成本进行控制。另外，由于建筑工程往往是长期的、是复杂的且涉及范围非常广泛。所以在建筑经济管理中，应该遵循以下几项原则：要对全过程实施成本的控制;要对全体员工实施成本的控制;要让开源节流相统一;要对于成本目标的风险实施分担的举措。
加强经济管理的内容控制
建筑经济管理活动应当与建筑工程相结合，做好经济管理的内容控制工作，其中主要是指成本的内容控制工作。其是在施工过程中产生的，要对于施工的各个环节进行监督和检查的过程，要在施工成本上全面地进行控制，并且制定科学又全面的资金管理和控制体系，让企业能够在正确的体系下，合理地进行成本控制以及管理。想要使得施工全过程协调控制，就要注重各个分环节的进度进行合理的安排，施工的质量和工程的成本起到了重要的决定性作用。施工的成本控制体现在了几个方面，分别为成本、质量和进度。让质量得到提高，才能够让返修的情况极少发生，对于资金的费用就能在一定程度上减少。在施工的进度上，要以计划工期为基础，按计划完成或者提前完成，使得成本降低，资金减少。所以，要制定合理并且科学的控制计划，让利润最大化得到保障。 完善经济管理机制
应该合理地计划其资金的多少，要以企业本身的特点进行分析，在建筑施工全过程中用货币计算的形式体现其资金消耗的程度。在施工的全过程中，影响资金的成本包括人工的直接费用、施工的材料、施工的设备等等很多方面的使用费用和直接的费用。只有对资金做出最大的经济利益，才能够将经济管理资金建设完成其时效性。
做好全过程建筑经济管理工作
建筑经济管理离不开建筑工程的实施，有关企业必须要依据建筑工程的开展情况，实施全过程经济管理模式。首先，做好施工前的计划。要在施工之前的阶段进行计划性的合理方案，让对于施工前的合同进行签订和审查程序，让规划能够详细地制定。其一要根据实际的情况对施工的工具以及顺序合理地制定方案，为了追求完美，应该在每个环节中都制定不同的方案，通过相关部门的探讨制定出最终的方案开始施工。其二要进行公开的招标方式，在这个过程中要保证其公平公正，分包商和施工的负责人要进行详细的分析，最后确定最优质的方案。其三在施工时具备的所有情况都应该有一个系统的规划，每年、每个季度、每个月、每个环节都要具备完善的施工方案，估算预期能够得到的经济效益，以预期的估算为目标，避免资金浪费的情况频繁发生。
其次，加强施工过程中的成本控制。根据施工前计划好的预期方案，进行施工过程中的成本控制，要对于每一个环节都按照成本的预算来进行，这样就可以使得资金的使用量能够有效地减少。在施工的过程中应该分步做到：把资金尽量集中起来管理，从而加强建筑施工的进度。在施工过程中，对于使用的材料和设备都要层层把关，杜绝浪费的发生。在施工人员上加大素质培养，让成本控制的意识在一定程度上加强。施工的现场要重点的管理，让安全隐患减少，同时控制住了项目成本的风险。此外，在施工的过程中，要随机根据不同的案例进行各种不同程度的预防，让完善的策略应对突如其来的风险，力求让风险呈现最低的形态。
加强队伍建设工作
目前建筑经济领域人才缺乏是一个不争的现实，可通过下列途径来缓解人才不足。第一，成立建筑经济研究所特聘研究员队伍，向社会公开招聘研究人员;第二，与科研单位、高校、咨询机构密切合作，发挥专家的智囊作用;第三，加快人才培养，应在高校相应本科或研究生专业中增设建筑经济专业方向，培养专业研究人员，以解决后备人才的不足;第四，举办短训班或专题讲座，对在职人员进行培训，不断提高经济管理人员的素质。
4、结束语
从宏观上分析，目前我国的建筑经济体制不断完善，私营建筑经济与国有建筑经济相互配合共同促进我国建筑业的发展，也成为社会经济发展的重要推手，使得建筑经济在国民经济中的地位日益凸显。但是微观上来看，建筑经济还存在一系列的问题，必须要做好经济管理工作，提高经济管理水平，实现建筑经济的健康、有序发展。
参考文献：
[1]邵燕芳.完善建筑经济管理资金建设实效性研究[J].现代商业.2012(30)
[2]杨秀凤.新形势下建筑企业施工成本控制之我见[J].经营管理者.2011(03)
[3]史小红.建筑项目施工成本控制要点浅析[J].中国市场.2011(15)
浅谈工程经济与管理
摘要: 随着时代的发展，我国各行各业都取得了优异的成绩，建筑企业取得的成绩格外瞩目。想要取得更大的进步，建筑企业营经发展必须与经济联系起来。建筑企业战略要想得以顺利实施，建筑工程项目管理的合理化、规范化和资源的优化是必备的条件，同时保证工程项目合同目标的实现、工程经济的效益和社会效效益三者的统一。本文从建筑工程层面出发阐述建筑工程项目管管理与经济的关系。
关键词: 建筑工程;管理;经济
建筑工程项目是企业培养管理人才的摇篮，是企业形象的透视窗，更是企业财富的生命之源。建筑工项目对企业来说是不可或缺的，正因为这些原因，要求企业必须拥有一套完善的、合理的管理机构来为建筑项目工程服务。应用完善的管理模式，并且不断的提高管理的水平，为质量监控、施工管理、资金周转及安全保证等方面可以合理、有序的运转。与此同时，正视管理与经济的关系，并且正确处理二者之间的问题，做好合同价的管理和成本的管理，从而优化项目投资取得的效果，争取获得更大的利润。
一、建筑工程经济与管理的任务建筑工程经济与管理的主要任务有四点：一是对建筑产品生产应该遵循的经济规律进行研究;二是建筑工程的经济评价、技术经济分析的原理和方法的选择和具体应用;三是建筑企业科学管理方法的的探寻;四是建筑企业的主要业务活动等。
二、建设工程经济与管理主要内容主要内容：建筑技术方案经济评价和基本建设投资;现代建筑经营和管理概论;建筑工程预算;建筑工程招标投标;建筑工程定额;不确定性分析;建筑工程全面质量管理;决策与预测;设备更新分析;IS09000国际标准;建筑企业管理;价值工程;建筑工程建设监理与项目管理;房地产经济;风险分析;房地产开发经营;管理中线性规划的应用;项目可行性研究、资金筹措和项目后评价;投资方案评价和投资方案的选择;建筑企业财务经济核算和成本管理;项目经济评价等。
三、建筑工程项目管理应具备的因素在建筑工程中建筑工程项目管理发挥的作用不容忽视。一个建筑工程项目的成功完成是以一套完善的项目管理配套设施为基础的。项目工程管理是一个很复杂的工作，它涉及到各个方面的工作和人员组成，并且有着复杂的环境，它的影响因素有很多，主要包括以下几点因素：
1.工程项目各种管理人才配备主要有四大类：
A.经营型工程项目管理人才。他们作为工程项目管理的核心，直接对企业进行负责。经营型人才主要负责项目的相关人事安排、行政管理及招标谈判等具有决策性质的的工作。
B.项目经理管理人才。作为项目工程的执行者直接对项目负责。与经营型人才不同他们主要负责不同技能施工人员和不同技术管理人员的人事安排。
C.各专业技术管理人才。作为工程的实施者，他们对工程质量和项目经理负责。他们根据自己所掌握的技术不同，有针对性的负责自己专业的技术，质检及对具体工种施工人员进行人事分配。
D.各工种技能人才。直接接触工程的人，他们对提及的人才和质量都负责。
2.项目资金配备和材料配备项目施工是以项目的资金配备为基础的，包括材料费、人工费、管理费。它是工程项目施工的前提条件。而材料配备指的是材料组织、进场、实施的一个过程，确保材料的的运送和使用有序合理。做好项目资金配备和材料配备才能最有效的做好成本控制，做到经济。
3. 施工机械配备施工机械配备的完善与否直接影响人工费和材料费成本。并且施工机械配备对工程项目的进度有着最直接的影响。
四.建筑工程项目的管理建筑工程项目管理包括成本管理、质量管理、进度管理、安全管理等多方面内容，下面以成本管理为例进行详谈，明确工程成本控制的内容。
1.合同控制。
合同将施工项目的各种经济活动有机协定起来，如果合同不规范，合同内容含糊其辞，很容易给对方机会造成自己的经济损失。因此合同中要对质量、安全、成本、工期做好明确的规定。
2.材料控制。
在工程造价中，材料费所占比例一般都会大于50%。成本管理中材料控制尤为重要。
第一，采购员要有降低采购成本的意识和承担的责任，企业要狠抓监视，期望购买到物美价廉的材料，并且材料采购也要严格按规章制度要求，签订采购合同。
第二，材料验收管理。对采购的材料要进行实事求是的验收，保证其质量和数量不出差错，在这基础上才能进行入库。
第三，材料的入库、出库管理。要求对入库、出库的材料办理相应的入库、出库手续，无法及时办的，也必须先登记，最快补办。
第四，材料用量控制。在施工中对材料的用量要做到严格的控制，加强材料的现场管理，材料的使用都必须有所凭据，设定在保证质量的前提下少用既奖的鼓励措施，减少不必要的浪费。
第五，剩余材料管理。剩余材料在竣工后往往疏于管理，出现丢失，剩余材料也是企业资产的一部分，要做好清查、重新入库的工作，减少企业损失，善始善终。
3.质量控制。
在成本控制中质量控制是十分有必要的，从某些角度讲，质量和成本之间成正比例函数，降低质量，成本相应的就会有所减少。因此形成了某些企业过度重视工程的成本控制，不惜以损失质量为代价。这种情况对社会产生了很大的危害，另外，一旦发现，企业会为此付出很多的额外费用，得不偿失。并且对一个企业的名誉造成的损害是不可估量的。当然我们也并不能一味的强调质量而不顾及成本的增加，质量过高也是一种社会损失，对企业的经济效益也没有好处。因此，企业要努力平衡好质量和成本的关系，要在保证质量的基础上尽力降低成本，这才是最明智的做法。
4.费用控制。
施工过程是一个时间长、现场乱、人员复杂的过程，这样的特点导致期间有很多空子可钻，提高了费用。要做好费用控制就要严格按章程办事，对费用的支取做严格的记录，同时精简机构，提高工作效率，提高各工种、工序的衔接程度，缩短工期，降低工资费用和福利费用。
五、重塑建筑企业核心能力及其对经济的影响
企业只要拥有强大的适应和自我调整能力，不论外界环境如何变化，都可以做出最正确的反映，在巨大的竞争中，实现核心竞争力的一次次重塑，保证企业在愈演愈烈的竞争中立于不败之地。核心能力具有显著提高企业经济效益和获得客户肯定的作用。一项能力它同时可以给消费者和企业双方都带来好处，因此称它为核心能力。企业的核心能力对本企业和消费者都应具有独特的价值，这种价值对消费者来说是其它企业无法提供的。也因此核心能力为企业赢得了竞争优势。建筑企业应该从各个角度对业主进行分析，了解业主的偏好，衡量业主各种需要的权重，对症下药，因地制宜，形成更加强有力的核心能力，为企业的发展开辟道路，力争为企业创造更多的利润。建筑业的经济与管理二者相辅相成，是不可分割的。
只有将经济与管理有机的联合在一起才能在建筑领域争取一席之地。想要做好管理，必须注重工程经济效益，想要有可观的工程经济效益也必须形成全方位的管理。分析各个阶段需要，根据需要做出决策、寻求合适的方法以满足需要，做好细节工作。同时，质量和经济并重，质量是建筑工程的灵魂和生命，只有在拥有灵魂和生命的前提下才能寻求利益，享受效益所带来的。在建筑企业中，将工程经济与管理有机的结合，使二者互相补充，互相促进，提高建筑企业的核心能力，相信我国建筑业未来的发展道路是一条阳光大道。
《中国社会科学》中国社会科学院 北京阜外月坛北小街2号 100836《经济研究》中国社科院经济研究所 北京阜外月坛北小街2号 100836《经济学动态》中国社科院经济研究所 北京阜外月坛北小街2号 100836《财贸经济》中国社科院财政与贸易经济研究所 北京阜外月坛北小街2号 100836《中国工业经济》中国社科院工业经济研究所 北京阜外月坛北小街2号 100836《经济管理》中国社科院工业经济研究所 北京阜外月坛北小街2号 100836《数量经济技术经济研究》北京市建国门内大街5号 100732《金融研究》中国人民银行、中国金融学会 北京市海淀区阜成路18号华融大厦 100037《财政研究》国家财政部、中国财政学会 北京市复兴门外三里河财政部内 100820《经济理论与经济管理》中国人民大学 北京市中关村大街31号 100080《经济科学》北京大学经济学院 北京市中关村北京大学法学楼四层 100871《财经研究》上海市武东路321号乙/200434，上海财经大学学术期刊编辑部《财经科学》西南财经大学 四川省成都市光华村 610074《财经问题研究》东北财经大学 辽宁省大连市黑石礁 116025《管理评论》中国科学院研究生学院 北京市玉泉路19号甲 100039《南开管理评论》南开大学 天津市南开区卫津路94号南开经济学院大楼1011室 300071《中国经济问题》厦门大学 福建省厦门市厦门大学 361000《经济评论》武汉大学 湖北省武汉市珞珈山 武汉大学 430072《科学管理研究》内蒙古 呼和浩特市新城西街汇通饭店3楼316室，010010《科技管理研究》广东省广州市连新路171号广东国际科技中心三楼307室，510033《科研管理》北京市海淀区中关村东路55号（北京8712信箱），100080《世界经济研究》上海市淮海中路622弄7号 200020上海社科院《经济学家》西南财经大学 四川成都外西光华村55号 610074《统计与决策》《投资研究》中国投资学会 北京市金融大街25号 100032《中南财经政法大学学报》湖北省武汉市洪山区南湖南路1号 邮编: 430073《财经理论与实践》湖南大学 长沙市岳麓区石佳冲 410079《经济与管理研究》首都经济贸易大学 北京市朝阳门外红庙 100026《北京工商大学学报》北京市海淀阜成路33号 邮政编码:100037《中央财经大学学报》北京市海淀区学院南路39号《北京大学学报》（哲社版）编辑部北京市海淀区海淀路5号北京大学100871《复旦学报》（社会科学版）上海市邯郸路220号 邮政编码:2004333《当代财经》南昌市庐山中大道江西财经学院330013《当代经济科学》西安市雁塔西路74号西安交通大学财经校区0068信箱710061《会计研究》财政部、中国会计学会 北京市西城区月坛南街14号月新大厦3层 100045《财务与会计》中国财政杂志社 北京市海淀区万寿路西街甲11号院3号楼 100036《财会通讯》财会通讯杂志社 湖北省武汉市武昌紫阳东路21号 430070《中国财务学评论》西南财经大学出版社，四川成都外西光华村55号 610074《中国会计与财务研究》香港理工大学清华大学北京朝内大街137号.100010《中国会计评论》北京大学、清华大学 北京市海淀区成府路205号 北大出版社206室
顶尖期刊：American Economic ReviewEconometricaJournal of Political EconomyQuarterly Journal of EconomicsReview of Economic Studies一流期刊：Economic JournalGames and Economic BehaviorInternational Economic ReviewJournal of EconometricsJournal of Economic TheoryJournal of FinanceJournal of Labor EconomicsJournal of Monetary EconomicsRand Journal of EconomicsReview of Economics and StatisticsJournal of Financial EconomicsReview of Financial Studies二流期刊：American Journal of Agricultural EconomicsAEA Papers and ProceedingsBrookings Papers on Economic ActivityEconometric TheoryEconomic TheoryEuropean Economic ReviewJournal of Applied EconometricsJournal of Business and Economic StatisticsJournal of Comparative EconomicsJournal of Development EconomicsJournal of Economic Behavior and OrganizationJournal of Economic Dynamics and ControlJournal of Economic EducationJournal of Economic GrowthJournal of Economic HistoryJournal of Economic PerspectiveJournal of Economics and Management StrategyJournal of Environmental Economics and ManagementJournal of Experimental EconomicsJournal of Health EconomicsJournal of Human ResourcesJournal of Industrial EconomicsJournal of International EconomicsJournal of Law and EconomicsJournal of Mathematical EconomicsJournal of Money, Banking and CreditJournal of Population EconomicsJournal of Public EconomicsJournal of Real Estate Economics and FinanceJournal of Regulatory EconomicsJournal of Risk and UncertaintyJournal of Urban EconomicsSocial Choice and WelfareReview of Economic Dynamics三流期刊：Canadian Journal of EconomicsChina Economic ReviewEconometric JournalEconomic inquiryEconomicaEconomic Development and Cultural ChangeEconomics LettersEconomics of TransitionHealth economicsIndustrial & labor relations reviewInternational Journal of Game TheoryInternational Journal of Industrial OrganizationJournal of agricultural economicsJournal of institutional & theoretical economicsJournal of law, economics & organizationJournal of regional scienceJournal of transport economics & policyLand economicsMathematical Social SciencesNational Tax JournalOxford Bulletin of Economics and StatisticsOxford economics papersPublic ChoiceReview of Economic DesignReview of Income and WealthScandinavian Journal of EconomicsSouthern Economic Journal四流期刊：其他SSCI经济学期刊（注意不是国内的CSSCI）。不入流期刊：其余期刊均为不入流，比如说《经济研究》、《世界经济》。
您好，经济学相关的顶级期刊一般都是外文的文献。你其实如果在比较好的大学的话，一般是会有对应翻译过来的文献，你可以去看。
尤其是人的顶级期刊有哪些，你比如说法律法规的知识，还有经济的一些作用的。