英语毕业论文提纲模板
紧张又充实的`大学生活即将结束，毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种有准备的检验学生学习成果的形式，毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢？以下是我整理的英语毕业论文提纲模板，希望能够帮助到大家。
Acknowledgements 4-6
Contents 6-10
List of Figures 10-12
List of Tables 12-20
Abstract 20-22
摘要 23-25
Chapter 1 Introduction 25-32
Purpose of the study and research questions 28-29
Significance of the study 29-30
Organization of the study 30-31
A note on terminology 31-32
Chapter 2 Literature review 32-51
T/TP and coherence in English writing 32-35
Defining coherence 32-33
T/TP as means to realize coherence 33-35
T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 35-42
T/TP and coherence in EFL/ESL writing 35-37
T/TP in EFL/ESL writing as compared to NS writing 37-42
T/TP in English research articles by EFL/ESL scholars 42-44
The factors that influence T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 44-47
Training in T/TP 47-49
Summary 49-51
Chapter 3 Theoretical background 51-70
Systemic Functional Grammar 51-55
Five dimensions of language as a semiotic system 51-53
Three metafunctions of language as a functional system 53-54
Three lines of meaning from metafunctions 54-55
Theme and thematic progression 55-70
Theme 56-62
Thematic progression 62-70
Chapter 4 Research Design 70-88
The participants and the educational context 70-73
Background of the participants and the participating school 70
The allocation of participants to the training 70-71
The sample sizes 71-72
The pilot study 72-73
The interventional procedures 73-74
The questionnaire 74-75
The training 75-80
Considerations behind the training 75-76
The training material 76-79
The role of the researcher as the trainer 79-80
Data analysis 80-86
Analysis of the writing 80-86
Analysis of the questionnaire 86
Ethical considerations 86-88
Informed consent 86-87
Anonymity 87
Harm 87-88
Chapter 5 Results and analysis of pre-training writing 88-115
Comparison of Themes in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 88-102
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 88-91
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 91-95
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 95-100
Interpersonal Themes 100-102
Comparison of thematic progression in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 102-110
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 102-107
Back,contextual and new Themes 107-110
Summary 110-115
Chapter 6 Results and analysis of post-training writing 115-137
Comparison of Themes in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 115-129
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 115-117
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 117-121
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 121-126
Interpersonal Themes 126-129
Comparison of thematic progression in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 129-132
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 129-131
Back,contextual and new Themes 131-132
Summary 132-137
Chapter 7 Results and analysis of pre- and post- training writing 137-155
Comparison of Themes in pre- and post- training writing 137-147
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 137-139
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 139-142
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 142-145
Interpersonal Themes 145-147
Comparison of thematic progression in pre- and post- training writing 147-150
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 147-149
Back,contextual and new Themes 149-150
Summary 150-155
Chapter 8 Results and analysis of the questionnaire 155-165
Findings from closed questions 155-160
EEL participants' general attitude to training on T/TP 155-157
EEL participants' perception of the usefulness of the training on T/TP 157-158
EEL participants' perception of the learnability of T/TP 158-159
EEL participants' perception of the applicability of T/TP in writing 159-160
Findings from open questions 160-164
The changes that occurred 161-162
The perceived difficulty of applying the theory of T/TP in writing 162-163
The reasons for the perceived difficulty in learning 163
EEL participants' suggestions for future training 163-164
Summary 164-165
Chapter 9 Discussion 165-195
Findings with regard to research questions 165-187
Chinese college students' use of T/TP in pre-training writing 165-172
Chinese college students' use of T/TP in post-training writing 172-181
Effects of the training on T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 181-187
Positioning the study within the literature 187-190
T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 187-189
Effects of training on Chinese college students' use of T/TP 189-190
Implications 190-194
Pedagogical implication 190-193
Methodological implication 193-194
Limitations 194-195
Chapter 10 Conclusion 195-200
Summary 195-197
Putting everything together 197-199
Suggestions for future work 199-200
Notes 200-202
References 202-214
Appendix 1: Plan for the interventional procedures 214-215
Appendix 2: The post-training questionnaire 215-217
Appendix 3: Training material 217-229
Appendix 4: Teachers' guide to the training 229-237
Appendix 5: Consent form for EEL group 237-238
Appendix 6: Consent form for CEL group 238-239
Appendix 7: Consent form for NS group 239
中文摘要 3-4
ABSTRACT 4
Chapter One Introduction 7-10
Motivation of the present study 7-8
Significance of this study 8
Composition of this thesis 8-10
Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19
Language production 10-14
L1 Production 10-11
L2 Production 11-12
Dimensions of language production 12-14
Theories on oral output 14-15
Skehan’s dual-model system 14
Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15
Task Repetition 15-17
Task 15-16
Task repetition 16-17
Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19
CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25
Research justification and questions 19
Hypothesis 19-20
Methods 20-25
Participants 20-21
Material 21
Research design 21-23
Measures 23-25
Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41
Results and Analysis 25-34
Quantitative analysis 25-27
Qualitative analysis 27-34
Discussion 34-41
Fluency 34-36
Complexity 36-38
Accuracy 38-39
interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41
Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44
Conclusion and implication 41-43
Limitations and recommendations 43-44
Acknowledgements 44-45
References 45-49
Appendixes 49-54
A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50
B. The same-content task 50-51
C. The different-content task 51-52
D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53
E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54
F. Sample of writing repetition task 54
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Research Background
Significance of the Study
Research Goals and Questions
Data Collection and Methodology
Analysis Procedures
Organization of the Thesis
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Introduction to Appraisal Theory
Studies on Appraisal Theory
Studies on Appraisal Theory Abroad
Studies on Appraisal Theory at Home
Studies on Personal Statements
Introduction to Personal Statement
Summary
Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework
An Overview of Attitude System
Affect Resources
Judgment Resources
Social Esteem
Social Sanction
Appreciation Resources
Interactions of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
Borders of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
Summary
Appendix 1: Papers Published during Graduate Studies
Appendix 2: Some Samples of the Study
References
Acknowledgements
下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。
Abstract
Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.
According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.
Abstract
A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。
Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.
Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.
Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.
Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < )，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.
Abstract
The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?
This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.
The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.
Abstract
Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.
This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.
To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.
There are three hypotheses:
1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?
Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.
Abstract
In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.
Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.
Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.
Abstract
Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.
With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.
The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.
Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.
英文论文摘要模板
英文论文摘要怎么写，你会写了吗?下面是我为大家收集的关于英文论文摘要模板，希望能够帮到大家!
ABSTRACT
As an important part of Chinese academic journals, sci-tech periodicalshave great significance to the spread of knowledge of science and to thedevelopment of technology. The level of internationalization of a sci-tec journalrepresents its recognition degree in the field of international publishing,besides, it is also a key criteria of the success for launching the journals. Thereare the largest number of sci-tech periodicals launched in Beijing, which leadsto a central role that taken by this area. Therefore, result from the researchwhich focus in Beijing can, to a certain extent, reflect the international level ofChinese sci-tech periodicals.
This paper is divided into six chapters: Chapter one is a brief review of theacademic theories and description about the practice status and the currentsystem of Chinese sci-tech periodicals. Also, it summarizes the stages andcharacteristics of the development of sci-tech periodicals in Beijing. In chaptertwo, it provides the historical foundation, system condition and thedevelopment of digital technology for the following analysis. Chapter three, tofive respectively elaborates the current situation of the development of sci-techperiodicals in Beijing area by 3 aspects: content innovation, business strategyand media. In chapter six, it concluded the problems that China's sci-techperiodicals are facing during the globalization and then provides possiblecountermeasures based on the analysis in previous chapters.
Key Words: Beijing; sci-tech periodicals; internationalization; impact factor
Abstract
Within the framework of feminism and archetypal criticism, this thesis, by taking ThePassion of New Eve as its discourse, analyzes and discusses Angela Carter's application ofdemythologizing as a feminist strategy. By rewriting and subverting those female archetypes,Carter aims to break the fetters and shackles of patriarchy, exploring the way to women'sliberation as well as the reconciliation between two genders.
Believing that human society has been established on patriarchy, feminists endeavor tochange women's subordinate status and achieve gender equality. Archetypal criticism, as oneof the most influential branches in literary criticism,regards myth as the origin of literature.
Myths,especially the Bible,cover all the forms and motifs known as archetypes in literature.
As a devoted pioneer and advocator of feminism, Carter realizes that those female archetypesare usually stereotyped and dogmatic, which is actually invented by patriarchy for theoppression and exploitation of women.
Based on intensive reading and exhaustive textual analysis, this thesis illustrates Carter'sdemythologizing of three female archetypes in The Passion of New Eve, which are“Temptress,,,”Mother Goddesses“ and ”Eve“ respectively. Firstly, the sufferings that Leilahencounter in the novel reveal that ”Temptresses“ are in fact victims of patriarchy instead oforigins of disloyalty and disasters. While seen by men as objects of their sexual desires, theyalso risk self-objectification, which results in the deprivation of subjectivity as independenthuman beings. Secondly, ”Mother“ in Beulah is just an artificial myth,汪 consolatory toolfabricated by patriarchy, behind the glorification of which are patriarchal values and codes.
Thirdly, the transformative journey Eve experienced from a chauvinist to a real womandemonstrates that femininity, rather than an inherent quality, is the result of social influenceand persistent imitations.
Through the demythologizing of those female archetypes, Carter overthrows thepatriarchal hegemony as well as Utopian matriarchal dreams,offering androgyny as a potentialsolution to the current sexual conflicts. In her opinion, the real reconciliation between twogenders should be based on mutual respect and understanding, which is confirmed by theunion between the new Eve and Tristessa in The Passion of New Eve.
Keywords: female archetype; demythologizing; Angela Carter; The Passion of New Eve
Abstract
In recent years, with the development of the financial sector, more and morepeople pay attention to the financial information search. However, the traditionalkeyword search method could hardly meet the needs of financial users. Therefore,semantic search products have gained more popularity. However, the semanticparsing process is complex and diverse. During the process of the analysis oflarge-scale real text, the sentence analysis which based on word granularity is verydifficult, but after chunk analysis, the accuracy can be significantly improved andthe complexity can be clearly reduced. At present, the user input method is almostthe Pinyin input method, thus it could probably happen that the input phonetic lettersare correct, while the Chinese character is wrong. In order to achieve the purpose ofimproving the user experience, the Pinyin text proofreading appears.
The content of this paper is a pretreatment subsystem of the finance Q & Asystem, and it contains two functions, Pinyin text proofreading and chunk partition.
Text proofreading is based on Pinyin, in the first place, putting the query sequenceinto phonetic sequence. Then it uses the multiple grammars, three grammars and twogrammars to fill the Chinese characters sequence. And if there is no ambiguity whenfilling, then it uses the text proofreading, otherwise, ignores the text proofreading.
For the chunk partition, this paper uses three different methods: the method ofthe shortest path chunk partition, the method of CRF chunk partition and the methodof neural network chunk partition. The subsystem designed and implemented thethree methods. The shortest path chunk partition is similar to the dictionary wordsegmentation method. CRF chunk partition divided the problem into the annotationproblem, through getting the optimal sequence labels, to reach the purpose of chunkpartition. Chunk neural network chunk partition is based on word segmentation,changing the query sequence into a sequence of nodes. If the sequence of possibilityimproved after adding chunk tag on each node sequence, the tag position is a chunkposition.
In practical test, the shortest path chunk partition based on the dictionary,cannot process the query which is not in the dictionary of chunk. CRF chunkpartition can solve the unknown chunk query, but the mark information is too simplewhen the training corpus increased,and the error percentage of results increasedsignificantly. When using neural networks in chunk partition, the predicted timeincreases significantly, however, the query generalization is a good idea. Throughthe above research, a reasonable way to chunk partition is the CRF method, whichproperly uses the query generalization.
Finally after testing, the pretreatment subsystem has not only met the needs ofthe finance Q & A system, largely improving the financial Q & A system userexperience, but also reduces the analytical complexity, significantly improved thecorrectness and performance.
Keywords: Pretreatment system question analysis, chunk, text proofreading, CRF,neural network
关键词:Title of Thesis:Name of Institute: Pages:Graduation Time:(MM/YY)Degree Conferred:Student Name: Advisor Name:Abstract:Key words:
标题摘要关键词正文
英语论文格式模板2017
英语论文格式模板是怎样的呢?撰写一篇优秀的毕业论文，除了细心严谨之外，还要了解论文格式。下面是我分享的英语论文格式模板，欢迎阅读!
英文论文格式均以美国土木工程师协会出版社发布的标准格式为准。
英语论文用激光打印机打印，打印稿为黑白稿，彩色打印件会影响出版效果。 版心：a4纸，上、下页边距 cm，左、右页边距均为 mm。论文内容宽不得超过， 长不得超过。
字体和字号：正文，标题，作者联络信息和图表中的文字均为times new roman 12号字。可以跟据需要使用同类字体中的粗体，斜体。
行距：单倍行距。
页码：论文正文和文后所附图例都需添加页码。页码为阿拉伯数字，位于页面下方居中。
文体：文章应语法正确，技术用词准确。标题应该以最简洁的语言概括文章内容。如果标题较长，请采用title: subtitle的形式。
数学公式：文中的数学公式不得手写，必须打印。公式如果在文中多次被引用，应该编号。公式之间，公式和正文之间都应该空一行。 单位： 文中所用的度量衡单位应为国际单位。可在括号内，单位对应表中列出其他单位。有关国际单位的使用(standard practice for use of the international system of units)可以通过电话1-向asce索取。其他相关使用参考文献，如anmc metric editorial guide， 5th ed，1992 可向美国国家公制协会 索取(american national metric council， 1735n. lynn street， suite 950， arlington， va 22209-2022)
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位置：图可以插入到正文中，或者集中放在文章最后。如果在正文中插入图，尽量放在页面的顶部或尾部。不要选择文字环绕图形的对齐方式，可选择上下环绕方式。
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照片：如果文中需要附上照片，在文中出现照片的地方贴上其黑白光面冲洗照片，标题说明位于照片下方。照片将和正文一起缩印，请不要提供彩色照片，以免影响印刷效果。
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作者联络信息：请用横线和正文隔开。联络信息可以为一位作者或所有作者的，包括以下内容：作者全名;所属学会;学历或授予的荣誉;所在单位;通讯地址和电子邮箱;电话和传真。
参考文献：所有参考文献为单倍行距，放在文章最后，按照第一作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。如有同一作者的两篇以上文献，按出版年代先后排列。正文中引用参考文献时，作者和出版年代应该放入括号内。由于上标缩印后会变小，难于辨认，正文中不使用上标标注参考文献。所列出的参考文献应当在正文中都有所引用，如果正文中没有引用，请将文献列入文章最后的附加信息(additional information)部分，或者相关材料(related materials)部分。
论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成，其中部分组成(例如附录)可有可无。论文各组成的'排序为：题名、作者、摘要、关键词、英文题名、英文摘要、英文关键词、正文、参考文献、附录和致谢。
1、毕业论文格式的写作顺序是：标题、作者班级、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、中文摘要及关键词、英文摘要及英文关键词、正文、参考文献。
2、毕业论文中附表的表头应写在表的上面，居中;论文附图的图题应写在图的下面，居中。按表、图、公式在论文中出现的先后顺序分别编号。
3、毕业论文中参考文献的书写格式严格按以下顺序：序号、作者姓名、书名(或文章名)、出版社(或期刊名)、出版或发表时间。
4、论文格式的字体：各类标题(包括参考文献标题)用粗宋体;作者姓名、指导教师姓名、摘要、关键词、图表名、参考文献内容用楷体;正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体;英文用TimesNewRoman字体。
5、论文格式的字号：论文题目用三号字体，居中;一级标题用四号字体;二级标题、三级标题用小四号字体;页眉、页脚用小五号字体;其它用五号字体;图、表名居中。
6、格式正文打印页码，下面居中。
7、论文打印纸张规格：A4210297毫米。
8、在文件选项下的页面设置选项中，字符数/行数选使用默认字符数;页边距设为上：3厘米;下：厘米;左：厘米;右：厘米;装订线：厘米;装订线位置：左侧;页眉：厘米;页脚厘米。
9、在格式选项下的段落设置选项中，缩进选0厘米，间距选0磅，行距选倍，特殊格式选(无)，调整右缩进选项为空，根据页面设置确定行高格线选项为空。
10、页眉用小五号字体打印XX大学XX学院20XX级XX专业学年论文字样，并左对齐。
11、使用软件：MicrosoftWord2000以上版本。
文献注释
注释不同于参考文献。参考文献是作者写作论著时所参考的文献书目，集中列于文末。而注释则是作者对正文中某一内容作进一步解释或补充说明的文字，不要列入文末的参考文献，而要作为注释放在页下，用①②标识序号。注释中提到的论著保持通常格式，如：
①与正文部分空出两行;②按照文中的索引编号分别或合并注释;③注释采用五号黑体，注释内容汉语采用小五号宋体，英语采用Times New Roman 9号。
写英语议论文时，有么有万能的写作模板可以套用?下面是我给大家整理的议论文英语作文模板，供大家参阅!
导入：
第1段：Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文：
第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因)
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势) 结论：
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) オ
导入：
第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文：
第2段：Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法)
结论：
第3段：These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)
导入：
第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对) The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句，承上启下)
正文：
第2段：First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)
结论：
第3段：In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段，构成"总-分-总"结构)
导入：
第1段：Recently we've had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题) Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧)
正文：
第2段：Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点) The reasons are listed as follows. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)
第3段：However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点)
Here are the reasons. In the first place... What's more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由)
结论：
第4段：Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点) オ
Dear Editor:
[引出话题] I’m a senior three student. I’m writing to tell you my opinion on whethermiddle school students can go to school with mobile phones. [赞成]I think they can do that. Because students can keep in touch with their friends and family wherever they are. Besides, the mobile phone is a way to have fun.
[反对] However, every coin has 2 sides. There are some problems with using mobile phones. The ring of phones can disturb teachers and students in the classroom. Another students is that some students can spend too much time and money on phone calls and sending messages.
[个人观点] In conclusion, I suggest students not use phones in the classroom. Also, as it is expensive, the owner should take good care of it.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
The coverage of this dissertation is in full compliance with the college’s requirements and the content is intact with scientific arrangement of its structural levels; the major viewpoint is prominent and presented in fluent expressions. The format of the dissertation conforms to specifications; its logic sequence is clear and orderly and with substantial individual opinion.【英语牛人团荣誉会员】
1. 论文思路清晰，语句通顺。能很好的调查___存在的问题。作者对于论文内容有一定的了解和熟悉。思路清晰，层次清晰，逻辑结构合理。观点表达准确。研究原理采用恰当。在论证过程中能有效的将专业原理与要研究的主题结合起来。个别地方论证的观点不是很明确，总体上达到毕业论文要求。2. 本文选题较合理，符合行政管理专业要求。全文以……为主题来分析论证，对提高我国行政管理的……具有参考与借鉴意义。内容论证也较科学合理，格式较规范，参考的资料紧扣文章主题需要，但创新点不够，论证不够，尤其文章最后一部分论证太薄弱，缺乏说服力。总体上基本达到毕业论文的要求。3. 本文以官员问责制为题进行研究，能为解决我国官员问责制存在的问题提供参考和借鉴作用。在全文结构中，首先对官员问责制的现实意义进行了分析，然后再对我国官员问责制的困境进行深入的分析，最后提出化解困境的有效建议。全文体现专业特色要求，符合行政管理专业培养要求，参考的文献资料符合论文观点与主题的需要，实践论证还不够，但，真正属于自己创新的内容还不是很多。总体上达到毕业论文要求。4. 本文选题符合行政管理专业要求，又充分反映出社会现实的需要性。全文结构安排合理，思路清晰，观点正确，能很好的将行政管理专业知识与要分析论证的问题有机地结合起来。该文在写作的过程中查阅的资料不仅充分而且与主题结合紧密。但格式欠规范，案例论证不够。5. 该文选题具有较强的现实性针对性和实用性。结构安排科学合理，思路清晰，层次分明。各部分之间联系紧密，观点表述准确，论证内容比较具有说服力，但文章缺乏自己原创的内容。6. 该文选题具有较强的现实性针对性和实用性。结构安排科学合理，思路清晰，层次分明。各部分之间联系比较紧密，观点表述也基本准确，论证内容比较具有说服力。在论证过程中基本上运用了行政管理专业基本知识原理来分析文中的主要问题，但参考的资料还欠充分，文章缺乏自己原创的内容，少数观点论证不深刻和全面。7. 本文选题的角度较为新颖，文章脉络清晰，文笔流畅，基本观点明确。文章目前仍存在的主要问题：学生没有完全深入和消化所查找的资料，论据不够充分有力。8. 本文立意新颖。全文以___为线索，结合各地的准规较全面的分析了___的问题和原因。并针对存在的问题提出解决问题的对策。内容论证也教科学合理。全文充分体现行政管理专业特色，格式规范。但创新点不够9. 本文符合专业要求，反映社会热点问题。因此，该主题的研究有利于推进我国___的进一步发展。全文首先___的问题，然后分析___的原因。在此基础上又分析出相关的___。全文结构恰当，思路清晰，观点基本正确。10. 本文以__为题，重点探讨__。选题符合符合行政管理专业培养目标目标与专业特色，而且选题具有很强的针对性和现实意义。文章结构安排合理，层次清晰，写作时参考的相关文献资料与主题联系紧密，而且参考的资料较新，在写作过程中作者能较好地运用行政管理专业基本知识原来来分析行政，在论证过程中，主要用理论论证和事实论证。但文章不足之处在与部分语句表达不清晰，论证还不够深刻充分，创新点不够。总体上符合毕业论文要求。
下面是我带来的关于英语论文评语大全，欢迎阅读。
英语论文评语大全【1】
初稿评语
论文题与论文的内容基本相符，结构基本完整，语言也比较通顺，没有大的语法错误。
问题是，全文引用的部分太多，自己的分析太少，有些“分析”有抄袭的痕迹。
应当说，完成这篇论文所需的材料已经具备，作者可以在此基础上对材料进行分析归纳以得出自己的结论。
二稿评语
在一稿的基础上有所改进，合并了某些不必要的段落，重拟了论文中某些章节的标题，修改了某些病句，参考文献中的错误也得到了纠正。
新的修改意见包括：摘要的首句，关键词的更换，对影响Jack London的一生，并在其作品The Call of the Wild中有所体现的“Superman”还应有进一步的说明。
时态用法上的部分混乱情况还需纠正。
引用部分过多，自己的评述太少，有的参考书目在文内根本未提及是一个不太好解决的问题。
建议从London是所谓超人，Buck也是超狗的角度说明两者之间的联系以及作者生平对其作品的影响。
定稿评语
论文题与论文的内容基本相符，结构完整，语言比较流畅。
即或在初稿中除了分段过细外，也没有发现多少严重的语法或拼写错误。
作者试图从Jack London的生平中寻找作家与其小说中某个人物的关联。
从内容看，作者对原著比较了解，也收集到了相关的资料，但仅限于资料的罗列，如何通过分析资料得出自己的结论这是论文写作应达到的目的，而恰恰在这一点上，作者所下的功夫还不够。
英语论文评语大全【2】
初稿评语
论文涉及的内容对跨国公司内文化冲突的解决有一定的指导意义。
论述比较充分，条理比较清晰。
在东西方文化的对比中，作者举了很多有趣的例子，但对近在眼前的中国的例子却很少。
东方文化的例子多取自日本文化，这是一个很大的缺陷。
文章层次分得过细是另一个缺点，几乎一个自然段一层，如不仔细看反而更令人糊涂。
在打印格式、拼写、用词上有不少错误，特别是论文的后半部分。
参考文献部分尚缺出版社地点。
二稿评语
在一稿的基础上有较大改进。
主要的问题多已解决。
特别是一稿中分层太细、缺少中国文化例证等缺点。
语言上的错误纠正了许多，但仍有上次指出的错误没有更正，如course,cause不分等。
参考文献的排列也还存在一些小问题。
引言部分还是没有标明出处。
定稿评语
毕业论文设计总结的结构完整，各部分基本符合英语论文的写作规范。
作者试图从东西方文化对比的角度分析跨国公司内的文化冲突并寻找解决的途径。
为了写好这篇论文作者显然查阅了大量的资料，论述比较充分，条理也很清晰。
遗憾的是，由于作者本人没有跨国公司的工作经历，也没有去跨国公司作相应的考察，因此，她的论述只能基于阅读中获得的二手资料，而所谓东方文化又多以日本的资料为代表，
要解决人们更为关心的在华跨国公司内的文化冲突问题，读者更需要的`则是中西文化的对比，这方面作者虽然在以后各稿中补充了一些，仍显不足。
英语论文评语大全【3】
初稿评语
论文的选题很好，有创意。
作者对Maslow的心理学理论及Jack London的原著都有所研究。
问题主要表面在：1：对英语论文的格式很不了解，Introduction部分又是图表又是分节。
毕业论文结论不够好，参考文献的排列也不规范;2：观点方面的错误在于竟然认为人类心理学的理论也适用于动物。
其实杰克伦敦作品中的那条狗在某种程度上说是拟人化了的，是体现所谓权力意志的超人，或super dog。
此外语法上也有一些错误。
二稿评语
作者在一稿的基础上作了比较认真的修改。
论文从内容到形式上都有很大的改进。
从网上下载的两个与文章内容关系不大的流程图已被删除。
前言中的部分内容已按要求移到了正文部分。
添加了结论部分，尽管内容还有待充实。
参考文献部分已重排但仍有不规范的地方。
定稿评语
论文的选题很好，有创意。
据了解，作者是在商务英语的学习中接触到Maslow的心理学理论的。
而初次读到Jack London的The Call of the Wild则是在大学二年级的英语阅读课上。
为了写好这篇论文，作者作了一定研究，特别是Jack London的原著。
从作者对原著的引用情况不难看出，她对原著的内容是相当熟悉的。
作者的写作态度比较认真，能按照学校的要求与自己在开题报告中拟定的写作进度分阶段地完成论文的研究与写作计划。
对于初稿中从形式到内容等方方面面的错误，一经指出，作者都能认真对待，反复修改。
尽管语言仍略显稚嫩，但论文条理清晰、说理充分，观点具有独创性，有一定的参考价值，不失为一篇好文章。
有时候，当自己也沉淀下来，窥探自己的内心，写下自己的 自我评价 ，这样才可以不断进步。但是自我评价要怎么写呢?下面是我为大家带来 毕业 论文质量的 英文自我评价 ，相信对你会有帮助的。
1. Evaluation of the quality of the paper, in the discipline or national economic construction on the value or theoretical significance
In recent years, the rapid development of animal husbandry in China, the total output value of animal husbandry has reached 35% of total agricultural output value, animal husbandry in China's agricultural production structure, the proportion is growing. Vitamin D is an essential nutrient for livestock and poultry, and plays an important role in promoting animal calcium, phosphorus absorption, egg shell formation and bone development. At present for the aquaculture industry, livestock and poultry vitamin D supplementation, mainly through the dietary or drinking water to add micron-grade vitamin D3, vitamin D3 is a fat-soluble vitamins, direct absorption absorption rate is relatively low, biology Titer is not high, with the development of nanotechnology in recent years, nanomaterials gradually being recognized and accepted. Some studies have shown that the use of nanotechnology can change the water-soluble vitamin-soluble vitamins, improve the bioavailability of vitamins. At the same time, through the fat-soluble vitamin D3 nano-can also improve the compatibility between the vitamin and feed processing. So far, the study of vitamin nano-focus mainly in the compound nano-vitamins, complex nano-vitamins as a complex, additive effect is difficult to explain clearly. To date, no studies have been conducted on the production of single fat-soluble vitamins in poultry production. This experiment was designed for the above reasons. The aim of this study is to evaluate the biological potency of nanovitamin D3 with the reference of ordinary vitamin D3, and to provide theoretical basis for its industrial production and practical application of animal husbandry.
2. Point out the innovation of the paper or innovation
(1) The application of solid nano-VD3 in laying hens was studied for the first time.
(2) In this study, based on the study of the effects of laying hens on performance, egg quality and tibia development, the dietary supplementation of nano-VD3 was determined to further optimize the calcium and phosphorus metabolism, to obtain the best health level and maximum potential performance. , The expected results for the scientific feeding layer, effectively guarantee the healthy growth of laying hens provides a new idea, with high application value.
(3) By comparing the advantages of nano-VD3 compared with conventional vitamin VD3 in breeding.
(4) the preparation of vitamin nanoparticles for the use of laying hens to study whether to improve the utilization of VD3
3. My research ability
During the graduate, actively participate in academic exchange activities, strictly follow the scientific rigorous study and research attitude, seek truth from facts, earnestly study, and continuously improve the scientific research ability. According to the guidance of instructors, read a lot of literature, and gradually clear the research direction, to determine their own research topics. In the experimental research stage, in strict accordance with the experimental program for research, can be used flexibly to solve the problems encountered in the trial, and constantly improve their ability to solve problems. Through their own continuous efforts, as well as with teachers and students to explore the exchange, so that their access to literature, comprehensive analysis of the basic quality of continuous improvement, the ability to express written temper has also been temper, especially independent thinking and research ability, Great progress, published during the student-related academic papers and independent completion of the thesis.
4. The main shortcomings of the paper
(1) In this study, the effect of adding vitamin D3 and vitamin D3 on the related indexes of laying hens was studied. It is necessary to further study whether the test animals have the same additive effect on other animals.
(2) The levels of vitamin D3 and vitamin D3 were 100 IU / kg, respectively. The proportion of vitamin D3 in the layers was 900-2700 IU / kg according to the method of equal ratio. In the actual production, The level of some large, should be further designed gradient test of different concentrations to explore the vitamin D3 in the diet the most appropriate level of added.
A good paper is not written out, but modified out, which requires patience, but also hard. In the process of writing the paper, I encountered many problems, some of which are beyond the scope of their ability, whenever they can not write their own ideas or thoughts do not go, I will appear impetuous mood, but I Did not give up, but in a timely manner to adjust their mentality, with the help of students in the teacher, completed the first paper writing. The more you do not understand the things you want to learn, in the learning process you will gain a lot, one point is to learn from each other is the best way to learn, after learning you will feel a sense of accomplishment, which I completed After the production site to experience.
Throughout the graduation thesis design process, I learned to do anything to have attitude and attitude, first of all I understand that to be meticulous in learning, for any problems and deviations do not despise, through the correct path to solve, in the Do things in the process to have patience and perseverance, not a difficult encounter back down, as long as you stick to it can find ideas to solve the problem. In the work to learn to cooperate with the attitude, listen carefully to the views of others, so start things can be less effective.
The successful completion of the paper, first of all I would like to thank my teacher and teacher Tang Jianhua around the help of friends, thank them for their valuable comments and suggestions. In addition, I would like to thank all the teachers in the university to teach my knowledge is your careful teaching so that I have a good knowledge of professional courses, which is the basis for the paper to be completed.
Through four years of the door to survive, I grew a lot. At the time of my graduation, I made a summary of my four years of experience and feelings, and as a guide to my future initiatives. Mind, I seek to move forward, the mind has made great progress in consciousness. I love the country, love the people, decisively attached to the leadership of the Communist Party and the socialist system. I think the price of a person by his society for others to do the honor to measure, I participate in the cause of the Chinese Communist Party is to actively achieve their own costs. I earnestly studied all kinds of theories of the Party and actively paid them to practice to have a clearer understanding of the Party.
Learning, I think the door to the important task of students or learn cultural knowledge, so I learn in the sense, not to relax. I think that a good learning method to learn very good knowledge, so in each test, I sum up a city learning experience. But to deal with our computer-related professional disciples, the optical optical good books on the knowledge is far from enough. I often use the spare time to read the computer class books, and participated in a number of computer degree of qualification tests, successfully obtained __x certificate, __x certificate, __x certificate. I kept looking for the sublimation of character, pay attention to their own conduct, to independent thinking as their motto, when not forgetting. With the progress of learning, I not only learned the mass foundation of knowledge and a lot of professional knowledge, my mind has a qualitative Pentium, a faster grasp of a new skill knowledge, I think this is very tense for the as the Department of Health students will campaign, the yard structure of the speech contest, arts and cultural festival of the arts show, English speech contest. In the process of participating in these activities, I make friends with some good friends, learned the manners of doing things, to cultivate their own skills.
Social practice has made great progress. Four years in college, I participated in a lot of school activities and did some social tutors, volunteers, dumping and planners, and occasionally feel tired, but increased with other students to exchange and to learn from their opportunities, to develop their own communication skills, learn the strengths of others, Clear the drawbacks of their own, let the door to survive more colorful.
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一、的常见写作模板开头部分：How nice to hear from you me tell you something about the ’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. ’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a ’m writing to for your help during my stay in America.结尾部分：With best ’m looking forward to your ’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.二、口头通知常见写作模板呼语及部分：Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.正文部分：All the teachers and students are required to attend r notebooks and make carefully and we’ll have a discussion in time and don’t be late.部分：Please come and join in is welcome to attend hope you’ll have a nice time ’s all. Thank you.三、模板1.正反观点式模板导入：第1段：Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... （导入话题）Our opinions are divided on this topic.（观点有分歧）正文：第2段：Most of the students are in favour of it.（正方观点）Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)第3段：However, the others are strongly against it. （反方观点）Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由)结论：第4段：Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.（个人观点） オ2.“A或者B”类模板：导入：第1段： Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.正文：第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因)第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势)结论：第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) オ3.观点论述类议论文模板：导入：第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. （亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对）The reasons for this may be listed as follows. （，）正文：第2段：First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)结论：第3段：In conclusion, I believe that... （照应第1段，构成"总—分—总"结构）4."How to"类议论文模板：导入：第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题正文：第2段： Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法)结论：第3段：These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)四、写作模板The chart gives us an overall picture of the 图表主题. The first thing we notice is that 图表最大特点 . This means that as (进一步说明).We can see from the statistics given that 图表细节一 . After 动词-ing 细节一中的第一个变化， the动词-ed+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化) . The figures also tell us that图表细节二 . In the column, we can see that accounts for (进一步描述).Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that (结论). The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that (给出原因). / It is high time that we (发出倡议).五、图画类写作模板：1.开头Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture, we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture...2.衔接句As we all know, .../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily .结尾句In conclusion.../In .../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated...参考自
《中学英语教育口语教学初探》
摘 要： 中学生英语口语表达能力的培养是目前我国中学英语教学的薄弱环节，这与造就和培养符合21世纪社会要求的高素质外语人才构成了矛盾。解决这一矛盾是深化我国中学英语教学改革，全面推进素质教育要完成的课题。本文围绕培养中学生英语口语表达能力这一主题，阐述了培养中学生英语口语表达能力的必要性，探究了英语口语表达能力的内涵，提出了培养学生英语口语表达能力的对策，力图对于培养中学生英语口语表达能力作一些有益的探索。
关键词： 中学生 英语教育 口语教学
中学教育的主要任务是培养实用性、应用性人才，而学生的英语口语交际能力则是衡量学生综合素质的一项重要指标。许多学生口语表达能力不强，“哑巴英语”的现象可谓比比皆是。李岚清同志曾就外语教学的问题指出：“我国知识分子的总体外语水平不但不如一些发达图家，也不如许多发展中国家，这不但成为我们吸取别国先进科技文明成果，对外开放和交流合作的一大障碍和弱点，也是我们吃亏之处。另一方面，这方面的弱点也成为我国向外国传播和交流中国文化和科学投术成果的一大障碍。”随着进入WTO，中国更加国际化，但现有的英语教学现状却“费时较多，收效较低”，培养出来的学生也只会使用会读不会说的“哑巴英语”。要纠正这种落后的局面应该把学生英语口语表达能力的培养作为一顼重要的教学方向，这也是在外语教学中全面推进素质教育的必然要求。本文根据现代教育理论、英语学科特点和本人在长期教学实践中积累的经验，探讨了中学生口语表达能力的培养，旨在丰富外语教学理论，尝试英语教学的新思维。
一、口语教学中的不利因素
(一)轻视英语口语的思想
在中学阶段，大多数学校的学生学习英语的动机就是为了应付中学会考和高考，因此他们进行英语口语训练的时间、机会都不是很多。无论是教师还是学生对口语训练都未引起足够的重视，教学的重点还停留在讲解语法点上，结果造成一些学生成为英语“哑巴”，读得出讲不出。但是，中国进入WTO以后，在中学英语教育领域中，由于教育的目的、教育的动机等都发生了变化，学生的英语学习更加强调实际运用能力，因此口语交际能力显得十分重要。
(二)“恐惧心理”的影响
不少学生对开口讲英语总有一种惧怕心理，怕出错，怕受老师责备，怕被同学耻笑。这种恐惧心理常导致学生在口语表达时显得焦虑和紧张，影响他们正常地思维和顺利地表达。造成这种心理的原因就是学生平时缺乏足够的口语练习机会，在开口时没有一种方向感，同时又过多考虑所说的词句是否符合语法规则。“恐惧”心理阻碍了口语训练的顺利进行。
(三)英语语境的缺乏
交际教学思想的倡导者欧莱特(All-wright)认为语言学习的成功在于将学生放在一个需要用目的语交际的语境之中，这样才能培养学生对语言形式的得体与否作出判断的能力和结合语境理解语言形式与意义的能力。但学生接触英语交际情景的机会非常局限，他们的语言学习和习得的主要环境就是课堂。而在目前大部分中学英语课堂模式中，缺少学生创造使用目的语的氛围和场合，口语练习也往往是教师控制的、机械的操练，缺乏师生和学生间思想上、信息上、情感上有意义的交流。
二、提高口语能力的对策及主要途径
(一)句型结构操练
这种操练从单词组句开始，再由短句到长句、简单句到复合句，采用漏斗式分解的教学模式。例如对重点句型：Tell do sth.，Suggest(that) sb.(should)do sth.及其否定形式的漏斗式训练模式如下：
这样训练时，时间可能多一点，但抓住了重点。
有关英语句型操练有很多好的方法，如波浪式的操练(Ripple drill)、从后往前连锁操练(Back-chaining drill)、连锁操练(Chain drill)等。这些操练的目的是保证学生正确而迅速地说出新的语言，排除语言障碍，使学生增强信心，人人都能开口说，并说得正确。
(二)内容问答操练(Ask―Answer)
这种操练主要是针对文章内容进行，常适用于课文教学。笔者在进行课文教学时，一般将针对课文内容的理解进行问答式操练或选择性操练。即给学生一定的时间读课文，然后针对课文内容回答问题或做出选择，这样读说结合的操练不仅能提高学生的口语技能，还能提高其阅读理解能力。
(三)词语造句操练
对于每课的重点词汇笔者在教学中除加以讲解外，还尽量让学生用词造句，这样不仅使学生掌握了词的用法，还强化了学生口语运用能力，真可谓一箭双雕。
(四)朗读训练
笔者要求学生尽量每天抽出15―30分钟时间大声朗读所学的课文，并在课堂上通过让学生读课文或对话等方式加强朗读训练：主要目的是通过对所学课文的朗读和对话训练，提高学生口头表达外语的能力，同时也加深学生对所学语言知识的理解。
(五)背诵操练
在一定程度上讲，学英语，记得越多，学得越好。“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”，说的就是这个道理。但目前不少教师对背诵却没有给以应有的重视。学生学的东西也不少，可是学得多、丢得多。盖房子需要砖瓦，学语言也必须要掌握词、句等语言材料。因此，笔者认为要提高英语教学质量，教材中的一些好的文章或段落，都必须要求学生背诵。背诵也是提高学生口语表达能力的必要手段。背诵不但练习了口语，而且激发了他们积极向上的奋斗与自信的精神。
(六)模拟情景操练
1.设计日常口语会话情景，训练日常口语会话。
学生要熟练掌握日常口语会话，就必须掌握范围广阔的、基本得当的日常用语，以服务于交际目的。如怎样表示想与陌生人交谈;怎样表示喜爱与厌恶、赞同与异议;怎样问路与指路;怎样发出与接受邀请;怎样处理电话;怎样抱怨与安慰别人;如何购物、求医、求学;节假日或旅游时的交际范围有哪些，等等。这些问题看似简单，但由于中西文化及语言的差异，很多学生不知如何应付这些问题。在基础会话单元教学过程，笔者针对这一情况首先通过中西方语言差异比较，将学生感到困难的关键句列在黑板上，然后将学生分组，让学生自己设计情景，组织会话，并进行反复实践，使学生对自己使用不当的语言进行逐步的更正。如学生对购物(shopping)此类感兴趣的话题，我便将各种得体地道的表达形式列于黑板：
Make a list before you go.去之前将要买的东西列一个清单。
They close at five on Sunday.那些商店每周日五点关门。
They’re not open that day.那里那天没开门。
Don’t forget to stop by the grocery，别忘了买什么东西。
Let’s do it tomorrow instead.今天有什么事情，想推到明天去做，就说此话。
Do we need anything special today?我们今天需要买点特别的东西吗?
What do we need from the store this week?这周有什么要在商店购买的吗?
Shopping during the week is easier.周末去购物人太多显得拥挤，工作日期间比较方便。
I prefer going to the mall on Sundays.我更喜欢周日购物。
I usually shop on Saturdays.我经常在周六购物。
然后要求学生用所给的关键句，设计情景，反复实践，直到熟练为止。在这一阶段教学中，我还注意结合所练内容不断给学生补充一些与他们日常生活及学习密切相关的语句，如：
It doesn’t make sense.莫名其妙!
How’s your day?今天过得怎么样?
Are you mad at me?你生我气啦?
Let’s see some action.来点刺激的。
It sucks/stinks.太差劲了。
Can we move on?差不多啦，就此打住吧。
YadaYadaYada.如此这般……(讲故事的时候，可以用这个绕过敏感内容)
Chill out!冷静点。
Are we still cool?我们之间还行，是吧?
Get it?明白啦?
I don’t get it.我不明白。
I’m screwed.我被坑了。
这些用语地道、实用，是我从广泛的阅读中摘录下来的。学生从一般的教科书中很难发现。这样的语句对于贴近生活的描述与表达非常有用，很受学生欢迎。
2.通过对日常生活题材讨论，逐步提高学生语言的组织能力。
对日常生活题材的讨论是训练学生口语能力的一个重要阶段。在这个阶段中，通过组织多种形式的课堂和课外的讨论活动，适时以引导学生广泛地对日常生活中的各类题材相互间进行会话，既增强了学生学习兴趣，逐步提高了学生对语言的驾驭能力，又活跃了学生的思维，扩大了其知识面。此类话题涉及邻里关系、购物、运动与健康、家庭生活、抽烟与疾病、教育与发展、少年犯罪等。下面是众多讨论题材中的两则：
A：1)How do Christmas celebrations differ from the Spring Festival celebrations in China?
2)Discuss the customs of Chinese New do people do to prepare for the New Year/Spring Festival?Are there some interesting activities that you do in your family or hometown to celebrate?Explain.
B：1)Describe some interesting things happened during your you describe it for me?
2)What is your goal to travel and your reason to travel.
3)Describe the advantage and disadvantage of travel for the country.
4)Why China can attract people to travel?
5)Do Chinese people like to travel now?
6)Which festival do people travel in and where do people travel to?
7)Compare the difference about traveling among Chinese people between 100 years ago and now?
在讨论这样的题材时，有时是全班一起讨论，有时是每组负责讨论一个问题，然后面向全班阐述自己的观点;有时是各小组将各自讨论的结果作对比，分析总结异同，并且由学生即兴发言，最后教师进行总结。在讨论某一问题时，要求每个发言者不能只顾说自己的，而是要针对前一个人的发言做出评论，提出自己的观点，阐述自己的看法。这样不仅使每个学生都能集中注意力，同学间相互学习和逐步领会驾驭语言的要领，而且能促进学生思维能力及驾驭语言能力的提高，从而为口语能力的进一步提高打下良好的基础。
3.通过对热点话题辩论，提高学生口语的思辨能力。
提高学生口语的思辨能力是口语教学的最高阶段。这一阶段的主要目的是培养学生作长篇论述的能力。目前，大多数中国学生需要口语输出时，讲的多是零星片语，而不能形成有序的逻辑主体。其主要原因是缺乏联想与想象这方面的训练，不知道应从多角度多层面进行剖析。针对这一现象，笔者在教学中通过循序渐进的形式，积极引导学生对每一个会话题材进行横向和纵向的分析。如在组织讨论“What is Happiness?”时，我引导学生先作横向讨论，不同的人有不同的幸福观：中学生的幸福观是什么?大学生的幸福观是什么?单身汉的幸福观是什么?年轻夫妇的幸福观是什么?老年人的幸福观是什么?知识分子的幸福观是什么?这时可引用爱尔兰著名诗人叶芝的话来总结知识分子的幸福观：我们终生的幸福取决于我们选择困难的难度。再从纵向来讲，即使同一个人在不同的时期也具有不同的幸福观。笔者用自己的例子加以说明，然后鼓励学生从各自不同的成长阶段寻找例子，或从身边其他人不同的成长阶段发掘例子等。然后从逆向讲，幸福不应只注重结果而忽略过程：对幸福的追求中，饱含渴望的过程更为重要。最后再进一步深化讨论的主体，得出获得幸福的关键是保持心理平衡，并分析、阐释这一观点。通过这样一系列的引导和讨论，不仅活跃了学生的思维、提高了口语的思辨能力，而且陶冶了情操。
为了进一步提高学生的口头表达与思辨、分析和创新能力，笔者在口语课的后期阶段还采用演讲、辩论或二者相结合等方式进行教学。如对老师布置的题材，要求每位学生选择不同的主题准备2分钟，然后上台作即兴演讲，演讲完毕后，其他学生可以质疑，由此引发出热烈的辩论。这样既训练了学生的快速反应能力，又训练了学生批判性倾听能力。有时，还采用正反两方辩论的形式组织教学。在这种情况下，教师先定好辩论的话题，确定正方与反方，然后让学生自己去查找资料，分析资料，再综合对比进行辩论。通过辩论，学生不仅知道了如何推理、如何识别与利用不同的资料为自己服务，而且知道了如何发现问题、分析问题和解决类问题。既提高了语言的运用能力又增强了学生对社会问题的敏感性。
总之，英语口语教学不仅要使学生系统地掌握英语日常口语，了解语言的文化差异，能够使用普遍接受的语言，更重要的是促进学生思辨能力的形成与发展，提高学生运用知识思考分析问题、提出见解的能力。正如大多数学生在英语口语课结束时所形容的那样“英语口语课不仅使我们口语流利，同时也改变了我们的思想”。
参考文献：
[1][美]Edward .美国口语词典.外语教学与研究出版社，1990.
[2]鲍冬娇.浅谈中学英语教学.引进与咨询，2004.
[3]秦天文.改进英语教学适应高等教育发展.晋中师范高等专科学校学报，2002.
写作准备：
1、熟悉写作要求。首先建议买本带讲解的真题作文集，浏览范文。熟悉常考话题、惯常写法、用词用句组段的特点。另外，结合官方评分标准，熟悉作文的各个得分档次，为以后自评自改作文做个铺垫。
2、积累写作素材。准备个笔记本，通读细读范文来积累常用词汇及替换词、词伙、句型、语法、话题、观点、案例、甚至写作样本等素材。
除过阅读真题作文集，还注意在平时的阅读和听力训练中收集话题写作相关素材。我个人喜欢的一档电台节目是中国国际广播电台（CRI）的“圆桌会议（Round Table）”，里面有当下非常接地气的话题讨论，比如拼车、快递、青少年犯罪等。
另外，TED演讲里也有非常好的原创观点，话题涉及教育、文化、科技、社会等不同领域。看演讲不但可以开拓视野，锻炼思考能力，有兴趣的话也可以研究其演讲词的写作技巧，对写作能力的提高也大有裨益。
3、打好写作基本功。英文底子不够扎实的同学可以从历年优秀范文中选取若干篇进行翻译-回译、背诵-默写等练习，在语法书、词典、写作老师的帮助下，锻炼遣词造句的能力。
组词造句这一关过了之后，就可以研究写作技巧了。写作技巧包括如何开头、如何展开话题、如何结束作文、如何让文章更有说服力等方面。写作技巧可以参照作文书里的技巧介绍，也可以自己通过分析范文来研究总结。
4、玩中写（可选）。应试作文写作模式比较单一，常常被同学戏谑为“八股文”，练习一段时间一般会产生厌倦感。这时候可以结合自己的兴趣，选择非常喜欢的看图说话类、故事类、时尚类、抒情类好句好文进行仿写、改写、续写、扩写、缩写、口头写等练习；
也可以任意发挥进行自由写、创意写、记日记，这些看似“无用”的练习都可以提升写作兴趣和写作基础。综合使用各种练习方法，可以全面提升写作和口语表达水平。写作水平提高了，口语也无疑会有长足的进步。
写作格式：
1、审题：拿到题目后先读题，标出关键信息。这一步注意弄清题意，知道通过写作要解决什么问题。
2、明确立场：作为当代大学生，需要以国际化的视野，科学、批判性地看待问题和分析问题。因此，注意我们的观点最好符合社会发展的大趋势，同时又能辩证地分析大趋势下的部分逆流并加以诊断性分析。
3、头脑风暴收集素材、并简单分类：这一步把自己的话题观点、案例、相关词汇等列出来，备忘。基于读题信息和收集的素材，形成论点，根据题意选择适当的素材，形成一个两百多字能说清楚的论点。
4、打好框架：一般来讲，250字儿的作文可以分为四至五段。第一段先给出论点，主体段结合审题阶段的观点类素材进行分类，草拟出每段的主题句（可以是短语），即分论点。然后把细节、事实、案例等素材与主题句对应，以便进行解释、举例、或补充。最后一段可以是对论点的情境化深入，也可以是分论点的整体性解析。
5、修改：写完后，用官方评分标准来分析自己的作文，给自己评分。然后与范文对比优缺点，再修订或重写。经得起推敲的好文是一遍遍修改出来的。
扩展资料：
英语议论文的注意事项：要坚持积累和训练，要写就写得整齐。应试中短文写作部分通常叫essay writing，其实只是要求考生表达对某事的立场或观点加之简要的分析和解释而已，因此除非有明确要求，通常不需要写题目。因为在国外所谓有题目的essay要正式的多，通常为上千字到几千字，有些甚至包括文献综述及分析。
如果要求写题目，那也是为了提醒考生在写作过程中时刻保持focus不至于跑题。作文题目一般有名字短语（如My View on Learning with APPs）、问句(如Is Learning with APPs a Good thing?)等形式。
其实质上是对审题阶段所提问题discussion question的陈述或回答，而正文其实就是对问题的分析和解答。 如果正文不能回答题目中蕴含的问题，那就是“文不对题”了。
一、正反观点式议论文万能句（对比观点型）作文框架模版给出观点——正反观点二选一（有的人认为，有的人认为，你的观点）There is a widespread concern over the issue that________（作文题目）But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. (开头一般题目给出)The majority think that________（观点一）. First of all,________（原因一）.Furthermore, ________（原因二）. So it goes without saying that________（观点一）.People,however,differ in their opinions on this people hold the view that________（观点二）. On the one hand，________（原因一）. On the other hand,________（原因二）. Therefore, there is no doubt that ________（观点二）As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that观点一或二.It is not only because ________(原因一), but also because ________.（原因二）It's high time that________. (喊口号) Only in this way eventually can we ________（支持这一观点的结果）模版译文：有一个广泛引起关注的问题________。但众所周知有关这个热点话题的观点因人而异。绝大多数人认为________。首先，________。而且，________。因此不言而喻________。然而在这个话题上人们的观点各不相同。有的人持有的观点是________。一方面，________。另一方面，________。因此，毫无疑问________。就我而言，我强烈支持________的观点。不仅因为________，还因为________。该是________的时候了。只有这样我们最终才能________。二、“A或者B”类议论文万能句：（说明利弊型）作文框架模版：说明某一事物的优缺点及自己的看法Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily speaking, its advantages can be seen as follows. First of all ,________(A的优点之一).Moreover,________（A的优点之二）.Besides ,________(A的优点之三)But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ________(A的第一个缺点)．To make matters worse, ________(A的第二个缺点)．Through above analyses, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to________ (我的看法)．或者(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, (对前景的预测)．模版译文：现如今很多人更喜欢A,因为它在我们生活中扮演了一个重要的角色。总的来说。他的优点如下。首先________。而且，________。除此之外，________。但凡事都有利有弊，消极的一面也是很明显的。最重要的缺点是________。更糟糕的是________通过以上分析，我认为积极的一面胜过消极的一面。因此，我更喜欢________。三、观点论述类议论文万能句：（现象说明型）作文框架模版现象说明型：说明某一现象及其产生的原因和自己的看法Nowadays, there are more and more ________ (某种现象) in ________ (某种场合). It is estimated that________ (相关数据). Why have there been so many ________ (某种现象)? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. To begin with, ________ (原因一). Besides, (原因二). Last but not least, ________ (原因三).Personally, the main cause of ________ (某种现象) is due to ________ (最主要原因). It is high time that something were done upon it. For one thing,________ (解决办法一). For another, ________ (解决办法二). All these measures will certainly reduce the amount of ________ (某种现象).模版译文：现如今在________(某种场合) 有越来越多的________。(某种现象) 据统计，________。为神马有如此多的________?也许原因如下。首先，________。除此之外，________。最后但同样重要的是，________。我认为，引起________的主要原因是________。该是时候采取些措施了。一方面，________。另一方面，________。所有这些措施都将会解决________。阐述主题型：要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述．四、"How to"类议论文万能句：（问题解决型）作文框架模版模版①要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 1．问题现状 2．怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)In recent days, we have to face a problem________A, which , surprisingly , is becoming more and more serious. First of all, ________(说明A的现状)．Secondly, ________(举例进一步说明现状)Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing,________(解决方法一). For another, ________(解决方法二). Finally, ________解决方法三).Personally, I believe that ________(我的解决方法). Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ________(带来的好处).模版译文：现如今我们不得不面对一个问题________A，这个问题正变得越来越严重。首先，________。其次，________。面对A，我们应该采取一系列的措施来解决这个处境。一方面，________。另一方面，________。最后，________。就我而言，我认为________。因此，我相信一个崭新的未来正在等待着我们，因为________。图表作文写作万能句（图表分析型）（常给出折线图、饼状图、条形、扇形等统计图）描写图表变化趋势的词：（建议使用斜体加横线的词，个人认为比较形象）上升：increase / rise / go up / rocket（迅速增加） 下降：decrease / reduce / come down/ decline快：quickly / rapidly / sharply / dramatically 慢：slowly / gradually作文框架模版As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentagein the table (graph/ picture /pie /chart ), ________(作文的议题)has been on rise (increases /drops /decreases ), significantly /dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from_％ in _年_ to _％_ in _年_. From the sharp /marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that________(现象总结)There are at least two good reasons accounting for________(总结的现象). On the one hand, ____. On the other hand, ________ is duetothefactthat ________. In addition, __ is responsible for ________.(Maybe there are some other reasons to show it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing. )As far as I am concerned,I hold the view that _______. It's high time that________. (喊口号) Only in this way can ________（支持这一观点的结果）模版译文：正如图表所展示的那样，________一直在增长。从图表中飞速的增长，不言而喻________。至少有两个原因来解释________。一方面，________。另一方面，________是因为________.除此之外,________是________的原由.就我而言,我持有________的观点.该是________的时候了.只有这样我们最终才能________。
由于英语作文考查的是学生词汇、语法、句式等各种知识的掌握情况,因此学生要写好英语作文,就必须全面掌握英语知识。下面，是我为你整理的高中英语作文议论文模板，希望对你有帮助!
第1段：Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题)
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧) 正文：
第2段：Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点)
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)
第3段：However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点)
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由) 结论：
第4段：Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点)
第1段：Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages. 正文：
第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is
that...(赞同A的原因)
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势) 结论：
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) オ 3.观点论述类议论文模板： 导入：
第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题 As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句，承上启下) 正文：
第2段：First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由) 结论：
第3段：In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段，构成"总—分—总"结构)
4."How to"类议论文模板：
导入：
第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题 正文：
第2段：Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法) 结论：
第3段：These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)
第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题 As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句，承上启下) 正文：
第2段：First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由) 结论：
第3段：In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段，构成"总—分—总"结构) 4."How to"类议论文模板：
导入：
第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题 正文：
第2段：Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法) 结论：
第3段：These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)
Recently,the problem of__________has aroused people's concern. However, different people hold different attitudes toward. A lot of people seem to think that__________________ There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem does us much harm(good)I quite agree with the statement that ________________,The reason are chiefly as follows, to start with___________,in addition_________,perhaps the primary reason is ___________,It has more advantages than disadvantages(disadvantages thanadvantages)。In my opinion, Taking all these factors into consideration, We naturally came to the conclusion that_________________. Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem. 最近，_______问题已引起人们的关注，然而，人们的态度各不相同，很多人似乎以为_________ 毫无疑问，对________问题应该给予足够的重视。它对我们很有坏处（好处）。我十分赞同这一论述_________________，主要的原因包括_____________一个原因是_________ 另一个原因_________或许最主要的是_________________.它的利多弊少。弊多利少 在我的观点，把所有这些因素加以考虑，我们自然会得出结论_______________________。显然，现在我们提出解决问题方案正是时候。
一、引出开头1：It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …（ 就我所知…）2：Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注）3：Nowadays（overpopulation）has become a problem we have to face.（现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题）4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.（互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题）5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……）6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……（人们一般认为……）7：A lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……）8:It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道...）二、表达不同观点1：People's views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……（人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……）2：People may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解）3：Attitudes towards （drugs）vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards（failure）（人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异）4:There are different opinions among people as to……（对于……人们的观点大不相同）三、表示结尾1：In short, it can be said that……（总之，他的意思是……）2：From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……（从上面提到的，我们可以得出结论……）3：Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……（把所有的这些因素加以考虑，我们自然可以得出结论……）4：Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that……（因此，我们最好的出这样的结论……）5:There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as merits.（毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点）6：All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.（总之，我们没有……无法生活，但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题）四、提出建议1：It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).（该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了）2：There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……（毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视）3：Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……（显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……）4：Only in this way can we ……（只有这样，我们才能……）5：Sparenoeffortto+V（不遗余力的）五、预示后果1：Obviously，if we don't control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.（很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险）2：No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……（毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则我们很可能会……）3：It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation（很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展）六、表示论证1：From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.(在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理)2：I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……（我无法完全同意这一观点）3：As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……（就我来说……）4：I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句.（我真诚地相信……）5：Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……（最后，坦率地说，还有另外一个实际的原因……）七、给出原因1：The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...） 2:This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First,…….Second,…….Third，……。这一现象存在有很多原因的，第一……第二……第三……3：For one thing,…… For another thing，…… ==On the one hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面……4：I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述，即……。其主要原因如下。八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法1：The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……2：As far as something is concerned,……就某事而言，……3;It is obvious that……很显然……4：It may be true that……but it doesn't mean that……可能……是对的，但这并不意味着……5;It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn't ignore that……认为……是自然的，但我们不应忽视……6：There is no evidence to suggest that……没有证据表明……九、表示好处和坏处1：It has the following advantages.它有如下优势2：It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处3:It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处十、表示重要、方便、可能1：It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是……2：It plays an important role in our life.十一、采取措施1：We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施2：We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难3：We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……4：We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难十二、显示变化1：Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化2：Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化3：It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从…增加/减少到…4：The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15%十三、表明事实现状1;We cannot ignore the fact that……我们不能忽略这个事实……2：No one can deny the fact that……没人能否认这个事实……3：This is a phenomenon that many people are interested （与...息息相关）十四、进行比较1：Compared with A,B……与A比较，B……2;I prefer to read rather than watch TV.十五、常用英语谚语1：Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩2：All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子3：All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马4：A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半5：Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊6：A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘，差之千里7：Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母8:Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母9:It is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老10:Knowledge is power.知识就是力量11:Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事，只怕有心人
一、正反观点式议论文万能句（对比观点型）作文框架模版给出观点——正反观点二选一（有的人认为，有的人认为，你的观点）There is a widespread concern over the issue that________（作文题目）But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. (开头一般题目给出)The majority think that________（观点一）. First of all,________（原因一）.Furthermore, ________（原因二）. So it goes without saying that________（观点一）.People,however,differ in their opinions on this people hold the view that________（观点二）. On the one hand，________（原因一）. On the other hand,________（原因二）. Therefore, there is no doubt that ________（观点二）As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that观点一或二.It is not only because ________(原因一), but also because ________.（原因二）It's high time that________. (喊口号) Only in this way eventually can we ________（支持这一观点的结果）模版译文：有一个广泛引起关注的问题________。但众所周知有关这个热点话题的观点因人而异。绝大多数人认为________。首先，________。而且，________。因此不言而喻________。然而在这个话题上人们的观点各不相同。有的人持有的观点是________。一方面，________。另一方面，________。因此，毫无疑问________。就我而言，我强烈支持________的观点。不仅因为________，还因为________。该是________的时候了。只有这样我们最终才能________。二、“A或者B”类议论文万能句：（说明利弊型）作文框架模版：说明某一事物的优缺点及自己的看法Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily speaking, its advantages can be seen as follows. First of all ,________(A的优点之一).Moreover,________（A的优点之二）.Besides ,________(A的优点之三)But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ________(A的第一个缺点)．To make matters worse, ________(A的第二个缺点)．Through above analyses, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to________ (我的看法)．或者(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, (对前景的预测)．模版译文：现如今很多人更喜欢A,因为它在我们生活中扮演了一个重要的角色。总的来说。他的优点如下。首先________。而且，________。除此之外，________。但凡事都有利有弊，消极的一面也是很明显的。最重要的缺点是________。更糟糕的是________通过以上分析，我认为积极的一面胜过消极的一面。因此，我更喜欢________。三、观点论述类议论文万能句：（现象说明型）作文框架模版现象说明型：说明某一现象及其产生的原因和自己的看法Nowadays, there are more and more ________ (某种现象) in ________ (某种场合). It is estimated that________ (相关数据). Why have there been so many ________ (某种现象)? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. To begin with, ________ (原因一). Besides, (原因二). Last but not least, ________ (原因三).Personally, the main cause of ________ (某种现象) is due to ________ (最主要原因). It is high time that something were done upon it. For one thing,________ (解决办法一). For another, ________ (解决办法二). All these measures will certainly reduce the amount of ________ (某种现象).模版译文：现如今在________(某种场合) 有越来越多的________。(某种现象) 据统计，________。为神马有如此多的________?也许原因如下。首先，________。除此之外，________。最后但同样重要的是，________。我认为，引起________的主要原因是________。该是时候采取些措施了。一方面，________。另一方面，________。所有这些措施都将会解决________。阐述主题型：要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述．四、"How to"类议论文万能句：（问题解决型）作文框架模版模版①要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 1．问题现状 2．怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)In recent days, we have to face a problem________A, which , surprisingly , is becoming more and more serious. First of all, ________(说明A的现状)．Secondly, ________(举例进一步说明现状)Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing,________(解决方法一). For another, ________(解决方法二). Finally, ________解决方法三).Personally, I believe that ________(我的解决方法). Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ________(带来的好处).模版译文：现如今我们不得不面对一个问题________A，这个问题正变得越来越严重。首先，________。其次，________。面对A，我们应该采取一系列的措施来解决这个处境。一方面，________。另一方面，________。最后，________。就我而言，我认为________。因此，我相信一个崭新的未来正在等待着我们，因为________。图表作文写作万能句（图表分析型）（常给出折线图、饼状图、条形、扇形等统计图）描写图表变化趋势的词：（建议使用斜体加横线的词，个人认为比较形象）上升：increase / rise / go up / rocket（迅速增加） 下降：decrease / reduce / come down/ decline快：quickly / rapidly / sharply / dramatically 慢：slowly / gradually作文框架模版As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentagein the table (graph/ picture /pie /chart ), ________(作文的议题)has been on rise (increases /drops /decreases ), significantly /dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from_％ in _年_ to _％_ in _年_. From the sharp /marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that________(现象总结)There are at least two good reasons accounting for________(总结的现象). On the one hand, ____. On the other hand, ________ is duetothefactthat ________. In addition, __ is responsible for ________.(Maybe there are some other reasons to show it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing. )As far as I am concerned,I hold the view that _______. It's high time that________. (喊口号) Only in this way can ________（支持这一观点的结果）模版译文：正如图表所展示的那样，________一直在增长。从图表中飞速的增长，不言而喻________。至少有两个原因来解释________。一方面，________。另一方面，________是因为________.除此之外,________是________的原由.就我而言,我持有________的观点.该是________的时候了.只有这样我们最终才能________。