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桑葚论文的参考文献

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桑葚论文的参考文献

出品:科普中国

制作:卓思 (日本理化学研究所)

监制:中国科学院计算机网络信息中心

中国的酒文化源远流长,自古就有“无酒不成礼仪”,又有“无酒不成宴席”。朋友聚会要喝,交际应酬要喝,逢年过节走亲访友要喝,开心要喝,不开心也要喝,有时是自己要喝,有时又逼不得已要喝。酒精摄入会导致脂肪肝,长期过量饮酒会导致炎症、纤维化、肝硬化,甚至肝癌。

随着人们对健康的重视程度不断加强,越来越多的人既希望通过喝酒来达到一种氛围和愉悦,又希望喝酒不会影响自身的健康。那么“解酒”这件事就显得尤为重要。人们希望,喝酒的时候,通过解酒药也就是食用某种保健品或保健食物,以达到不损坏身体器官的效果,或者希望可以在喝醉后迅速恢复清醒状态。

网上简单搜索就会有“最强解酒食物10种”,“解酒食物12种”等文章,日常见到的茶水,蜂蜜,酸奶,生姜,米汤,蛋汤,柚子等食物均在其中。近日,一则桑葚干解酒的新闻被多处媒体转载,文中提到,“桑葚中含有活性酶和大量的硒,这些是重要的“护肝因子”,喝酒前30-40分钟食用3-4粒桑葚干,可以预防酒精中毒发生,增强肝脏功能,提高肝脏抗氧化、解毒、抗毒能力,加速酒精分解,从而起到解酒护肝的作用。尤其适合酒后头痛,想吐的人群。”这到底是真的,还是只是谣言?有没有什么食物是可以达到解酒效果的呢?这篇文章将为大家揭示答案。

图片来源:

解酒药是如何发挥作用的?

酒精和其他的食品成分不同,不经过消化过程就可以直接吸收进入体内。通常酒中的酒精20%被胃吸收,剩下的80%被小肠上部吸收。饮酒后1-2小时,全部的酒精就可以被肠胃吸收。被胃肠吸收后的酒精,再由肝脏的静脉进入到肝脏,并流向全身的脏器。要想解酒,首先需要减少胃肠对酒精的吸收。因此,避免空腹饮酒,可以一定程度上降低胃和肠对就酒精的吸收速度。

酒精进入人体的分解图:酒精进入身体后,20%被胃吸收,80%被肠吸收,吸收后的酒精进入血液并被运输到肝脏中,在肝脏中分解,再由尿排出体外。

(图片来源:作者自制)

如上图所示,进入血管的酒精通过血液循环被迅速带到肝脏中进行分解。在肝脏中,酒精在乙醇脱氢酶的作用下被分解为乙醛,紧接着乙醛在乙醛脱氢酶的作用下被分解成醋酸,再被分解成二氧化碳和水排出体外。血液中高浓度的酒精,以及乙醛的毒性作用,会引起醉酒。因此加快肝脏的分解速度,降低血液中酒精和肝脏内乙醛的浓度,可以达到解酒的效果。人体内所含有的乙醛脱氢酶的含量以及活性都不尽相同。通过食用增强这种酶含量和活性的食物可以达到解酒的效果。

解酒药的种类有哪些?

根据解酒的作用机制可以将解酒药的种类分为四类。需要注意的是,下图中有些成分仅仅在动物实验中得到证实,只能说其或许在人体上具有解酒的潜力,但还需要实际的临床实验,才能知道是否具有效果。以下分别介绍每一种类解酒药的作用机制:

不同解酒药的作用机制(图片来源:作者自制)

补充营养、水分,让你减少难受型

肝脏在对酒精进行分解时,需要集中作业,此时身体不能储藏能量(糖分),因此会引起低血糖等症状。另外,在饮酒的过程中肝脏不停的将酒精分解成水分,饮用酒精50g(罐装啤酒左右)就会引起600mL-1000mL的排泄量,比啤酒度数高的葡萄酒和白酒则会导致更强的利尿症状,甚至导致人体脱水。因此水分和盐分可以缓解喝酒后的脱水、头痛、疲劳和倦怠感等醉酒后等身体不适的症状。

图片来源:

补充脂类,减慢酒精的吸收型

前文提到,避免空腹可以缓解酒精的吸收。空腹的情况,饮酒后血中酒精浓度在30分钟60分钟左右即可以达到最大值。而在非空腹的情况下,饮酒后酒精浓度达到最大值至少需要1小时的时间。就是这一点点的时间差,能有效的缓解酒精的吸收,减少醉酒的症状。而在各种各样的食材中,食用富含有脂肪的食物(如:果仁类、奶酪等)效果最好。

这是由于食物中所含有的脂肪多为化学性质稳定的中性脂肪,在胃中不能被消化吸收,在十二指肠中经过胆汁的作用被乳化,并在消化酶的作用下形成乳糜颗粒才能被分解吸收。因此可以理解成脂肪在胃粘膜上形成了一个“薄膜”,这个薄膜缓慢的进入到小肠等待消化吸收。而这个薄膜由于是脂溶性的,因此不能和水溶性的物质如酒精相容,因此有效的阻碍了酒精等物质的吸收。因此,下次喝酒前,您可以尝试吃几块小奶酪或者果仁达到解酒的效果。

加强肝脏机能,加速酒精代谢过程型

有些食品成分具有提高肝脏活力,促进乙醇代谢的功效。中药材黄姜的根部所含有的2%5%的天然色素姜黄素,可以大幅提高肝脏中重要的解毒酵素(UDP葡萄糖醛酸转移酶和谷氨酰胺)以帮助保护肝脏。由于姜黄素具有明显的抗氧化和抗炎症的作用,可以防止酒精肝、酒精引起的神经损伤等。富含姜黄素的食物有咖喱,黄姜等。

日本最有名的称为“黄姜的力”的解酒饮料,含有30mg姜黄素。

(图片来源:)

肝脏的机能,随着年龄的增长而逐渐减弱,分解酒精的能力也逐渐衰退,因此通过食用含有亚砜的食物能达到提高肝脏机能的效果。十字花科植物如西兰花和卷心菜,含有丰富的萝卜硫素(sulforaphane),它可以通过增强抗氧化作用,阻碍肝脏损伤,加强肝脏的解毒能力。

日本著名食品公司Kagome公司出售的含有萝卜硫素的保健胶囊

(图片来源:)

维生素B15(潘氨酸),也是提高肝脏活性的营养素,微生物B15是治疗急性肝炎、肝硬化、脂肪肝、酒精肝等肝脏疾病药物的主要成分之一,富含维生素B15的食物有南瓜子、芝麻和玄米等食物。

酒精代谢物乙醛才是酒精中毒元凶?加速乙醛的分解型

乙醛的毒性是乙醇的10倍以上,而东亚等地区的民族乙醛脱氢酶不足的人群很多。据统计在中国有41%,日本有44%,韩国有28%的人其体内乙醛脱氢酶活性不足,因此不能饮酒,否则容易酒醉或者酒精中毒。因此食用加速乙醛分解效果的食物则有益于解酒。如,非常多的证明已经显示存在于芝麻中不足1%的芝麻素有助于解酒,芝麻素可以加速酒精的分解。尤其是在动物身上的研究表明,连续摄食芝麻素使得实验动物体内乙醇脱氢酶的含量增加倍,乙醛脱氢酶增加倍,从而可以有效帮助解酒并保护肝细胞。在日本学者的一项研究,研究人员给缺乏乙醛脱氢酶的9名健康人每天食用100mg芝麻素,连续食用7天,然后让这9个人一次喝下60mL的威士忌,并观察他们的各项生理指标。结果显示,服用芝麻素后,个体对酒精的代谢明显加快,因此能够较快地降低血液中乙醇的浓度。

对9名男性患者饮酒后的调查,芝麻素服用组(■)和普通未服用组(▲)相比,由于酒精代谢快,血液中的乙醇浓度和尿中的乙醛浓度较低,因此引起的醉酒症状也较轻。(图片来源:参考文献6)

除了芝麻,花生,小麦,大麦也含有芝麻素。腰果、芝麻、鸡胸肉中富含的鸟氨酸的解酒作用。在临床试验中已得到证实,鸟氨酸可以增强氨的代谢,防止由于酒精代谢过程中由于氨蓄积引起的疲劳感,通过调节尿素代谢,增加氨的排泄,以达到解酒的目的。葵花籽、和猪肉中富含的L-半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸通过和乙醛结合,将其转化成无毒的物质,帮助消除由喝酒引起的血液中的乙醛。

图片来源:

桑葚干可以解酒?并没有什么用

了解酒的作用机理,再来看前文提到的桑葚干解酒,关于桑葚干解酒,有说桑葚干有用的,也有拿出医院医生的言论进行辟谣的,那么到底桑葚干是否有效果?对于某种食物或者中药材的药理功效,我们必须从科学数据的角度进行辩证的分析。

在2014年贵州师范大学的研究团队曾发表论文,用蒸馏水对新鲜桑葚进行超声波提取,在体外试管实验中,其提取产物明显提高了乙醇脱氢酶的活性。但是这篇文章没有研究具体是桑葚中的哪种成分有效果。而网上传播的桑葚干和新鲜桑葚又不相同,经过干燥,新鲜桑葚中的营养素成分会有大量的损失,因此桑葚干是否具有同样的效果还需要进一步的科学验证。另外,并没有研究使用新鲜桑葚或者桑葚干的提取物进行动物或者人体等体内实验,因此人体食用后是否有效果仍然不明。

图片来源:

也有人提到桑葚中含有丰富的硒元素,硒可以增强小鼠体内SOD抗氧化酶的活性,通过此机制可以保护酒精引起的对肝脏的氧化损害。桑葚在水果中被认为是富硒水果,硒含量为,但其硒元素的含量和其它鱼肉类如猪肾(157mg/100g)、干鱿鱼(156mg/100g)、虾米(75mg/100g)相比仍然微乎其微。因此很难说桑葚中的硒元素可以起到解酒的效果。

再来说说市面上的一些解酒保健品,无论是国产的添加了各种中草药成分的解酒茶,还是美日等国家的解酒营养液,如何辨别真假,不是看价钱和包装,而是要看它的成分,是否含有解酒作用的食品成分。相信上文介绍的这些食物可以多多少少为您解解酒。但一定要注意,无论哪种有益的食物,都不可以过量的使用,以防有副作用。

如果再看到一些关于解酒的新型食物被报道,不要轻信,您可以查查这种食物是否含有上述的营养素成分,也可以在科学文献的网站查一查科学性的研究文章,使用科学合理的方式进行解酒。

当然,相比再科学的解酒方法,不饮酒才是上上策。

参考文献

1.桑葚抗酒精性肝损伤活性部位筛选研究[J].邓青芳,周欣,陈华国.贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版).2014(05)

2.安康市汉滨区郊区桑葚中硒含量分析[J].杨芳.湖北农业科学. 2012(14)

肝のアルコル分解の仕み

年Kokubo,T(キリンホルディングス株式会社)ら「作化、ダブルマスク、プラセボ照クロスオバ、 アルコル消翌朝の唾液コルチゾル、flushers(アセトアルデヒド分解酵素欠者)の疲感にするL-オルニチンの果」

6.芝麻素对肝脏的保护作用

本文由“科普中国-融合创作与传播项目”出品,搜索科学照“谣”镜,获取更多内容。

“科普中国”是中国科协携同社会各方利用信息化手段开展科学传播的科学权威品牌。本文由科普中国融合创作出品,转载请注明出处。

果桑冬季落叶后到春季发芽前都可以种植,一般11月到3月份种植为宜,具体要根据当地气候条件,寒冷的东北春天种,不太冷的地方黄河以南冬季就可以种,暖和的地方长江以南从冬到春都可以种。我国各地都能种。

问题太大了,建议百度搜索一下:果桑 种植技术有海量的论文、文献、资料供你参考,翔实可靠。

栽培方法桑葚压条繁殖法:在桑地间作绿豆、大豆作绿肥、以蚕粪肥桑、桑树剪伐等栽培技术,都对蚕桑的生产发展起了良好的促进作用。桑葚喜温暖湿润气候,稍耐荫。气温12℃以上开始萌芽,生长适宜温度4~30℃,超过40℃则受到抑制,降到12℃以下,则停止生长。耐旱、不耐涝。耐瘠薄。对土壤的适应性强。用种子、嫁接和压条繁殖。种子繁殖:采取紫色成熟桑椹,搓去果肉,洗净种子,随即播种或湿砂贮藏。春播、夏播、秋播均可。夏播、秋播可用当年新种子。播前用50℃温水浸种,待自然冷却后,再浸泡12小时,放湿砂中贮藏催芽,经常保持湿润,待种皮破裂露自时即可播种,按行株距20cm×30cm开沟,沟深1cm,每1hm2用种量~15kg。覆土。约经10日出苗。苗高3~4cm间苗,去弱留强,并补苗。春、秋季按株距10~15cm定苗。嫁接繁殖:袋接法,于嫁接前20日,剪接穗,湿砂贮藏,使砧木剪口处的皮层和木质部分离成袋状,然后插入接穗,以插紧为止。芽接,春、夏季用“T”形芽接或管状芽接(套接)。压条繁殖:早春将母株横伏固定于地面,埋入沟中,露出顶端,培土压实,待生根后与母体分离。春或秋季进行定植。按行株距2m×开穴,穴径~,穴底施入腐熟厩肥,上铺薄土一层,栽入,填表土后,将植株向上提一提,使根部舒展,再填心土,压实,浇水。定型后通过修剪、疏芽、摘心,养成一定树型(如地桑、低桑、中干桑、高干桑、乔木桑等不同类型)。修剪可用拳式修剪法,每年在基部伐条,利用潜伏芽萌生新条,几年后在修伐处成拳状的树疙瘩。另有无拳式修剪法、留枝留芽修剪法等。病害有桑萎缩病、桑疫病、桑褐斑病、桑根结线虫病等。虫害有桑螟、桑蟥、桑象虫、桑白蛴、桑天牛、桑蓟马、桑始叶螨等为害。中国是世界上种桑养蚕最早的国家,也是中华民族对人类文明的伟大贡献之一。桑树的栽培已有七千多年的历史。在商代,甲骨文中已出现桑、蚕、丝、帛等字形。到了周代,采桑养蚕已是常见农活。春秋战国时期,桑树已成片栽植。中国收集保存的桑树种质分属15个桑种3个变种,是世界上桑种最多的国家。其中栽培种有鲁桑、白桑、广东桑、瑞穗桑;野生桑种有长穗桑、长果桑、黑桑、华桑、细齿桑、蒙桑、山桑、川桑、唐鬼桑、滇桑、鸡桑;变种有鬼桑(蒙桑的变种)、大叶桑(白桑的变种)、垂枝桑(白桑的变种)。

桑葚酒毕业论文

在学习、工作乃至生活中,大家都不可避免地要接触到作文吧,借助作文人们可以实现文化交流的目的。那么问题来了,到底应如何写一篇优秀的作文呢?下面是我收集整理的初二作文10篇,欢迎大家分享。

打开那把生锈的锁,推开老屋的木门,环顾四周,墙壁上挂满了蜘蛛网,被烟熏黑了的房梁有些歪斜,房顶漏着雨,滴――嗒――滴――嗒,雨滴落下的地板上,留下了一个个深孔,那是岁月的印记。

我记得土地板上有个老鼠洞,老是从里面钻出老鼠,姥爷就叫我和堂姊妹们用水灌,灌了一大桶水,也没有把洞灌满,老鼠也没有被淹死。可如今,洞已被岁月的灰尘填满,找不出踪影。

后墙上的纸画,那是昔日过年时贴的,一张张积累下来,很厚很厚。墙上的报纸也已发黄,看不清字迹了。记得那时姥姥但凡弄到报纸都会叫孙儿们搅上面糊,一起贴报纸。这时兄弟姐妹们便玩开了,各自挑起面糊模抹在别人的脸上,抢过报纸折小船、折灯笼,孩子们的笑声荡漾在整个老屋。姥姥却不生气,只是笑着说:不许胡闹!

可如今,姥爷、姥姥已去世多年,老屋早已冷清、荒凉了。但美好的记忆还在,姥姥、姥爷慈爱的脸依然还清晰。不敢在看,不敢在想,只怕心会更伤。退出屋,带着痛将那扇木门再次紧锁,以往的那些啊,就这样被锁在屋里,被记忆沉封。

老屋后面有一片很宽很宽的茶叶地,那是儿时伙伴们的天堂。大家经常相约赶上牛羊到茶叶地里汇和,那时最常做的游戏便是找草蜂。因为大人们说牛吃草蜂巢长得壮,草峰的蜂巢小、数量多捉起来很有趣,既使被草峰蜇到也不会太痛,所以伙伴们很喜欢找草蜂。谁要是找到一个草峰巢,就像是得了宝贝似的,向伙伴们炫耀一番,然后自豪地拿给自家的牛吃……

可如今,茶叶地早已被烧尽,伙伴们也早离开了曾经的天堂,挤到学校,为各自的将来奔忙,曾经的那些欢声笑语,只能流浪在漆黑的夜空,成为一个只可遥望再也无法起及的梦。

如烟的曾经,飘散了,再也无法找寻;如雾的往事,弥散了,再也不见踪影;昔日的美好啊,无限的思念,不尽的回忆,永留于心。

世界上最宽阔的是海洋,比海洋更宽阔的是天空,比天空更宽阔的是人的胸怀,宽容要能容纳朋友的长处和短处,不因朋友的成功而心生妒忌,也不能因朋友的缺点而歧视朋友。人各有所长,各有所短,取人之长补己之短,才能相互促进,共同进步。

同学之间,发生一些矛盾,闹一些别扭,是常有的现象。在这种情况下要严以律己,宽以待人。

首先要做自我批评,想一想自己有意或无意伤害别人,是否损害了他人的利益。如果自己有过错,要诚心诚意的向对方道歉,承认自己的行为破坏了彼此的关系,表明言归于好的真挚愿望,这不但可以得到对方的谅解,而且可以增进友谊,真诚的自我批评绝不是耻辱,而是胸襟宽广,与人为善,值得尊重的行为。

自我批评的方法,可以与对方主动谈心,承认自己错了,请对方原谅,也可以用和解的态度即使说一声对不起,还可以请别人转达自己的歉意等。

假如发生矛盾的主要责任在于对方,自己受了委屈伤害,而别人没有向自己道歉时,要冷静对待,绝不能实行报复甚至斗殴,这会加剧矛盾带来严重的结果。宽容会显出你的大度与智慧,更能显示出你的人格魅力。

如果两人发生意见分歧,要讨论而不要争吵。争吵是野蛮的,会伤害感情破坏关系;讨论是文明的,能使人们相互了解,相互学习。

古语云:“相报何时了,得饶人处且饶人”,从古至今,宽容被圣贤乃至平民尊奉为做人的准则和信念,成为中华民族传统美德的一部分,并且视为宽人律己的一条光辉准则。宽容是人与人之间必不可少的润滑剂。

我的家庭一直很和睦,但有时免不了也会发生一些战争,为了个电脑就能使我们六亲不认,父子反目成仇!

星期六的早晨我早已盘算着今天要打电脑所以待妈妈走后我马上起来用最快的速度写好作业,作业搞定,先下手为强,做好作业马上占领电脑,人算不如天算,电脑刚开,我爸爸就过来和我开始争夺皇位了,我爸还没开口我就抢在他前面说作业做好了。谁知他对着我就是一震狂轰滥炸“写好了快点复习,你英语这么差还不看英语书,快去吃早饭……”我也只能灰溜溜的看着他逍遥自在的开始了麻将之旅,几局过后,我爸又输掉了不少分数,称他出去倒水之际,我揭起了反清复明的大旗,夺取电脑,倒好水回来的老爸,又想谋权篡位了,我怎么可能让他得逞,想打电脑——休想 他又找来借口说马上就要出去了!哎,又来这招,我让给他么又不行,我决不会退位让贤的,但是不让给他又不行,万一他真有事,对实施B计划,你只能玩30分钟,他答应后我只能又想让给他又不想让给他的给他打电脑了,我出去看电视。我想,让他逍遥一会,就当我微服私访了,谁才是王者30分钟后见分晓,反正笑到最后才是笑得最好的。 30分钟后,我去接管电脑他又说不走了我勃然大怒,眼看一场大战在所难免。只见电脑一暗,晕,今天停电!

在祥子的时代,直至憨厚的人就只能被欺;现在的世道,虽然没有以前那般可怕,可油头滑脑的大有人在。

——题记

窗外,雨肆意地挥洒着,一股冷飕飕的风吹进来,吹进了我的心,那一刻,心都凉了。

那是一节生物课。在老师未进来之际,我不经意地在我的桌子旁边瞥见十元钱,在那里孤寂地躺着,我刚想开口询问,老师便进来了,把夹在胳膊中的书放在讲桌上。那就先上课吧!

临下课之际,我分明看到我旁边的一个人一只脚缓缓伸出来,向钱的方向慢慢地挪动着,却又目视前方,若只看表情、眼神,定是看不出来的。他就那样的,一点一点的,靠近了......我大概明白了,他要拯救那钱于水火之中。可我不禁想到,那钱的救世主,是他吗?又该是他吗?

好在铃声在这时有眼色地将那钱又推向了寂寞的深渊。他的脚的动作慢了下来,越来,越慢......最终,戛然而止。也不知是什么给我的勇气,我故作不知道地说:“咦?谁的钱?”但问完,我即刻后悔了,我是否给了他一个足够的借口呢?他眼疾手快,向那张不知偏向谁的钱弯了弯腰,一把夺起,立刻便紧紧握在手里,捧在手里......像自欺欺人似的,说:“我的钱,我的钱,它是我的......”

我猛地想到,立即摸摸自己的口袋,是啊,空空如也。

我甚至有些急:“怎么可能会是你的?如果是你的你怎么会......”我想了想,刚才他的动作挺轻,似乎再没人瞧见,试图换个角度,说:“这是我一天的饭费,就剩一天半了,你难道让我一天半用七块钱?”他从口袋中掏出饭卡,说:“这是我充饭卡的钱!”是啊,为什么,偏偏十元钱,若是零钱,是不能充的;偏偏十元钱,只剩一天半,若是多几天,我可以紧张一些凑合的。偏偏是那么巧。

我松了一口气,他也松了一口气......

“明明是我的,你还说是你的,还装作掏掏口袋,你以为那样我就会把属于我的给你吗?呵,真可笑!”

我不给予回应,他得寸进尺一般“真能装啊!”我怒了一般,低沉回应:“滚!”

他不敢再说什么,我的心却也是透凉。

这才初一啊,他就可以那样脸不红心不跳、大言不惭地说出这种话,我为他而担忧。

那天,我总是默默地在安慰自己:十元钱,看出一个人的人品,挺值得!但也有时在想:是否是我自己把唾手可得,推向了他人?不!我立即否定了这个答案,我不似他那般无耻。至少,下一次,我依然会问,而不会一把装进自己的兜里,因为我明白,急着用它的人,有多么无奈、惆怅!

那一刻,心本应春的到来而心花怒放的,却忽地坠到了冰天雪地。

无以形容,只知,心透凉......

我们地球上的植物有千千万万,并且它们各自都有各自独特的作用,名字也是丰富多彩的。然而,在我知道的所有植物中,我最喜欢的就是仙人掌。

我见过的仙人掌,个头都很小,没有他人经常说的像一棵树一样大的仙人掌。仙人掌身上刺很多,每年开花,不断地繁育、长大,再繁育,再长大,长到一定程度就非常壮大美丽了。特别是在开花期,不同颜色的仙人掌花就像许多宝石堆在一起,特别迷人。

仙人掌是一种非常耐旱的物种。它的许多特点,都使它具有抵抗干旱的能力。它的刺和叶片相互配合,只保水而不会轻易将水分蒸发。正是它的这种顽强的生命力,使它才给最干旱、最荒芜的地方增添了一点生命的气息。它的坚强不屈,它的朴素,使它深受人们喜爱。

仙人掌的最大价值在于它可以治病。对治疗扁桃体发炎、脸部发热肿胀有很大功效。仙人掌在家家户户也是很常见的。多数人是因为它耐旱,生命力强好养,不用精心照料。少数人是为了它的药用功效。

仙人掌为荒凉的土地增添了绿色和生气。它热爱生存,不惧牺牲,不求回报,虽然普通却让因它而受益的人们永远记忆。它的精神影响着一代代的人们。我爱仙人掌。

美丽的校园绿树成荫,书香洋溢,书声朗朗。我依恋你,你那曼妙的身姿,让我不禁的陶醉其中。美丽的校园四季郁郁葱葱,把这个已如世外桃源的美景,点缀的`更加绚丽多彩,光彩夺目。美丽的校园,我依恋你。当我驻足与这片大地,我感叹,这不仅是间有着浓厚文化气息的校园,还是一个世外桃源,竟可与梦境相媲美。

漫步园间,倾听着翱翔于蓝天鸟儿的歌唱,因而奏出的醉人乐曲。霎时间,我仿佛化身为鸟儿在蔚蓝的,一望无际的空中自由自在,无拘无束的翱翔。走进花的世界,一股淡淡的清香扑鼻而来,香而不腻,拿捏到了好处,我不得不佩服大自然的鬼斧神工。咦!那团团簇簇的小花,依偎在一起。一阵清风吹拂,我心中油然而生一种紧张感,生怕小花会被微风折断。仿佛怀里揣着个小兔子——忐忑不安。微风吹拂过后,只见那些小花随风摇曳着,无一丝一毫的伤痕,我心中的大石才得以安全着陆。看呐!他们你推我搡,互不相让,它们在竞相绽放,争奇斗艳。

确实如此,一眼看去,百花齐放,繁花似锦。让人感到美不胜收,流连忘返,感叹时间的飞逝如此快。美丽的校园,我依恋你。当我走进诗词长廊。就走进了诗歌的世界,惬意地坐在乳白色小凳上。手捧一本《唐诗三百首》,遨游于诗歌的殿堂,领略诗人浓厚的爱国之情,领略诗人化身为游子对家乡深厚的思乡之情。领略诗人对大自然的赞叹之情。有着杜甫:会当凌绝顶,一览众山小的豪情壮志。有着李清照:生当作人杰,死亦为鬼雄的爱国情怀。当我疲倦时,抬起头,看见翠竹挺拔的矗立着,挺着秀气的枝,伸出绿绿的芽。竹影透过太阳光的照射,斜斜的映在我的书上。

我感到这蕴含着古朴,浓厚的书香气息,在这儿,我接受着诗歌的洗礼,饱受着诗歌的熏陶。美丽的校园,我依恋你。当我走进钢琴的天地,弹动那优美的乐章,阵阵音乐化身为小溪,流淌过我的心田,让我知道音乐是如此的美妙,如此的动听。当我走进书法的展台,如同行云流水的草书,正正方方的楷书,让我享受到了视觉上的盛宴,心灵上的灵动,文化的圣餐。

美丽的校园,我依恋你。你已深深烙刻在我的心灵中。即使时间会消磨您的容颜,但我永不会忘却您这时的楚楚动人,这一刻您无法抵挡的美。

夏日,宁静的午后,阳光从树叶的间隙中透出,浅浅的洒在温馨的大地上。

静静的坐在教室里靠窗的位子上,呼吸着馨香的空气。右手玩转着圆珠笔,因为习题太难而迟迟不肯在本子上落笔。

阵阵的微风拂过,带来一阵阵清爽,微风吹动着发丝,吹动着心里那一湖平静的碧水。吹动着脑海石碑上镌刻的美好记忆……倦意袭来,轻轻的搁下笔,唇角勾起一抹浅浅的微笑,轻轻的闭上了双眸,伏在书桌上想小憩一会儿,浅思、静想……

闭上眼的一瞬间,记忆的闸门弹指间被推开,对未来的憧憬也刹那间涌来,在脑海中交织……

浅思:中学里逝去的年华晨曦,第一缕阳光透过浅薄的云层,洒在校园的时候,也正是闹钟响的时候,调皮的张开了眼眸,惬意的伸个懒腰,唇角扬起很满足微笑,跳下床来,准备就绪以后,背着生命的真谛,携着一身的求知欲,带着一抹开心的笑容,愉悦的走向校园。

蓝白交织的校服,书写着青春的活力。像个自由的精灵,不受任何的约束。

七年级,真的是自由的,一身轻松,无忧无虑——脑子里储存的全是美好的记忆,没有半点烦心事!升学?中考?远得很哪。先玩够了再说!就是本着这样一种:“玩耍第一,学习第二”的心态,很傻的把学习抛在一边儿懒得去搭理,只是一昧的嬉笑玩闹。虽然是消耗了不少时光,但是玩的自在!

课间,会和好友一起在校园里乱逛,总是第一个发现别人没有发现的事情的人。会一起很耐心很细心的数一棵树上有几朵花,一朵花上有几个花瓣。会很没良心的总想一把抓下来那些花看个究竟,会挽着好友的胳膊坐在石阶上,看着蓝天,天南海北的胡侃,说一些稀奇古怪的事情。不大的脑子里天天塞满了小问号,总会不停的问为什么。

七年级的自己真的很淘气,就像个稚气未脱的孩子——七年级的自己,可以把作业全部压到周日再写,七年级的自己,可以在听了上课铃才想起要上课这么一回事,七年级的自己,可以在周六握着遥控器,盯着湖南卫视看一天,而且根本不去想还有多少功课没有做。七年级的自己,可以很没脑筋的做一些让老师同学家长哭笑不的事情。

七年级,很美好的年华,却过得好快好快。随着年龄的增长,也逐渐明白了学习的重要,明白了八年级要有很“讨厌”的会考。所以,在清楚了自己八年级的学生那一刻,身上的稚气褪去了不少,而且多了几分成熟与理智。

很明显的感觉到了学习的劳累,因为一天睡得比一天晚。有些懊悔七年级的不懂事,浪费了那么多光阴。但人非圣贤孰能无过?事已过去,何苦去后悔?还不如从现在起就好好学习。

八年级因为某些原因,和老师的关系又近了一步,毕竟也熟识了一年,了解了老师们的性格,于是,便有了很珍贵的师生情谊。

仿佛还是昨天发生的事情一般,让我记忆犹新。

或许是自己身体里存在这“活跃细胞”,也或许是因为一些别的原因,让自己逐渐变得开朗了起来。所以,理所当然的和老师有了一些不错的情谊~!对自己很喜欢的老师呢,会非常的用心,会很珍惜那份萍水相逢,却值得珍惜、记忆的缘分。会在相遇的时候报以一个浅浅的微笑,一声清脆的的“老师好”。

夏日的气息一天比一天浓烈,会考的脚步一天比一天逼近。天天为了地理生物而拼死拼活的去学习,去做题,真的,有些累!但是,这值得我们去拼搏!去努力!因为这次会考,对我们很重要,对我们的影响也很大!一生能有几回搏?此时不搏何时搏?!让我们为会考而努力拼搏!

静想:中学残留的岁月经常很迷茫的看着周围很努力的同学,因为他们真的很刻苦的努力学习。教室里总是萦绕着一种很好的学习气氛,越来越多的同学抛开玩耍,投身学习。是的,在这个“知识爆炸”的时代,不学习的下场只有一个——被别人无情的、狠狠的踩在脚下,根本没有翻身的机会。

静下来想一想:离会考还有50天多一些,在剩下的不多的时间里,真的要去很努力的学习才行!毕竟未来是掌握在自己手里的!未来的一切需要自己去争取!而且,再过几个月,我们就是初三的学生了……毕业班的学生还要面临着中考的压力。我一直很想报考一中繁华,这不是我一个人的梦想,这是所有中学生的梦想!所以,为了实现自己的梦想,一定要拼搏到底!一定要赢取胜利!一定要摘取成功的桂冠!即使我知道这一路崎岖坎坷曲折多难,也一定要勇往直前,永不放弃!就让拼搏的信念,在心底,慢慢滋生,然后根深蒂固!……

凝聚拼搏的力量,开创自己的辉煌!

“叮铃铃”……一道长铃划破长空,打破了教室里的寂静——是预备铃。

慢慢的抬起头,轻皱了一下眉毛,半睁半闭着眼睛,还是半睡半醒的状态。从窗外刮进一卷冷风,刮散了头发,刮掉了一份试卷,也刮走了一身的睡意和倦意,我顿时清醒了不少。

理一理头发,轻轻的舒了一口气,俯身捡起地上的试卷,很随意的瞟了一眼书桌上的课程表,带着一抹清清爽爽的微笑,开始课前准备。

拾起搁了桌上十多分钟的圆珠笔,开始在本子上分析那道难题。是休息了一会以后会做题了吗?不,是休息了一会以后,心中燃起了搏斗的火焰!

窗外,夏日,宁静的午后,阳光从树叶的间隙中透出,浅浅的洒在温馨的大地上……

菊花,是在南山下被人采摘过,在东篱边被人把酒吟醉过的;是在富丽天下被人唱和过的。

“采菊东篱下,悠然见南山”在人们看来菊花是如此的繁华似锦,紫色的,凝重高贵;黄色的,灿然金贵;白色的,冰洁飘逸,宛如一位冰清玉洁的姑娘般美丽动人。天高云淡,阳光如一团温暖的火焰,热情的洒在了被菊花渲染的大地上,一份唯美,一种清香,一缕飘逸都在我们的心尖,久久挥之不去。

在菊花的卓越风姿里,纤细的花蕊,就如同娇羞的少女,羞涩的低下了头。陶渊明曰:“芳菊开林耀,青松冠岩列”,我漫步在菊花丛中,微风迎面吹来,菊花吐露了一阵清香,它是如此的清香典雅,惹人喜爱。我对菊花,也可谓是情有独钟,大概是因为,我的诞生之日也是菊花盛开之日的缘故吧!

梅、兰、竹、菊是中国文人心目中的“四君子”,我爱菊花,爱它那素雅坚贞的品质,盛开在百花凋零后的独特;清秀神韵,凌霜盛开,却傲然挺立的精神。白色的花瓣,层层叠叠,把花蕊紧紧包围,如同孩子躺在母亲的臂弯里一般。菊花是隐士,没有昙花一现的惊艳,也没有牡丹的雍容华贵,但却凭借它的傲气,就足以让它深深的刻在我们心中。微风袭来,花瓣像美丽的仙子,翩翩起舞,滑过鼻尖还能闻到一阵芳香。花瓣吹散,中间的花蕊也渐渐的探出了头,随风摇曳。

菊花对我来说是珍宝,菊花的美丽,坚贞让我为之心动,菊之爱,陶后鲜有闻。菊花,还可以有许多作用,既能让人观赏;也能让人健康,这么美丽又实用的花朵,能有谁不喜爱它呢?

在我的心目中,我的父亲是一个很出色的人。他毕业于浙江大学,还拥有硕士学位,最近他通过自己的努力评上了高级工程师的职称。

我的父亲不仅工作认真,对学习也孜孜不倦。当别人在打游戏,网上玩耍时,他却认真地在电脑面前写论文,写完后又不停地反复斟酌。有一天,妈妈神神秘秘地拿出了一本论文杂志递给我。我定睛一看差点惊呼起来,原来父亲的论文在全国核心期刊上发表了。父亲真是太厉害了,我常引以为豪。

我的父亲工作学习两不误,而且还特别注意劳逸结合,当别人还迷恋在QQ农场时,他已经开始了自己“把酒话桑麻”的“田园生活”。他在楼下的小花园里开辟了一块菜地。

春天,绿油油的马兰头和荠菜从土里探出脑袋来;夏天,丝瓜爬满了篱笆,红艳艳的桑葚引来了多少孩子眼馋的目光;秋天,一条条青色的青瓜悄悄挂在了藤上,胖娃娃似的冬瓜睡在地里,冬天,白胖胖的大萝卜躲在了泥土里。我们家吃着父亲种的天然蔬菜,心里美滋滋的。为了使我养的蚕宝宝有食物,父亲还帮我种植了许多小桑树。

我的父亲对我的学习要求非常严格。每当我作业完成质量不好时,他总是拿出橡皮毫不留情地帮我擦去,让我重新再做一遍一遍。当时的我很不理解,委屈的泪水在眼眶里打转,

觉得父亲太可恨,简直是在浪费我的时间,父亲不为所动,等我闹过了、哭够了,他又拿着我的作业让我重做。无奈,父命难违,我只能乖乖地俯首称臣,认真地做了起来,

有了几次这样的教训,后来的作业就认真多了。上学期的期末考试,我还获得了免考资格。这对一向数学平平的我来说,不能不说是一个奇迹。我深深地知道,我的成功,来自于父亲的悉心教导和严格要求,我这才明白了父亲的苦心。

这就是我的父亲,一个对工作尽心尽力,对学习刻苦认真、对生活充满热情,勤劳质朴的人。

“你会放开你我相携的手么?”

“不,我不会!因为,你,是我的全部!”

——题记

忘记了曾几何时,迷恋上了形态各异的中国汉字;忘记了曾几何时,开始在心底默默的编织着梦想与希翼;忘记了曾几何时,渴望着用文字书写人生,书写爱……至今不知这种迷恋与向往来自何方,难道是偶然的相遇,一瞬的兴起?还是内心沉淀许久的情感?是,抑或不是,似乎早已不重要了,只因为——有一种信念,已被铸成永恒的经典。

笔尖不住地滑过纸面,那是梦想在飞翔;望着自己被印成铅字的文章,那是希望在绽放;静静的深夜闻着墨香,那是灵魂在滋长。我坚信,被文字洗涤过的心灵,永远高贵而坚强!

从咿呀学语到注满拼音的日记,从三言两语的“流水帐”到成百上千的文章,呵,十几年了,同文字一起走十几年了,鲜花掌声也好,风吹雨打也罢,至少有这位“朋友”永远地相伴。

我觉得,运用文字书写心情是一种幸福而快乐的事。难过了,有文字拂去泪水;开心了,有文字分享甜美。多少年后回首青春,有了文字,倒也不至于一段轰轰烈烈成为空白,也正是有了文字,你我那多姿多彩、激情扬溢的青春才能在岁月的长河中永远飘香!写作源于生活,当人人都能将心融入到生活中,从洞幽烛微之中感悟生活时,还会有谁继续认为文字是枯燥的?我想没有。当每个文字都被寄予情感,每篇文章都被升华成一种精神时,还会有谁不虔诚地说“真的,我很幸福”?我想也没有。大概这也正是我热爱文字最根本的原因罢!

如果说,书写文字可以给人带来幸福快乐之感,那么阅读别人的文字也是件美好的事。

可以说,和许多同龄人比起来,我读过的书不是太多,因为读书的速度比较慢,但不可否认的是,我是爱读书的。从文字的世界里,我看到了、学到了很多。唐诗宋词的深刻,诗歌散文的优美,小说寓言波澜起伏,无不时常令我心潮澎湃,感慨万千。正如老师所说:“读高尚的文字就是在与高尚的人交谈。”所以现在,哪怕时间再紧、速度再慢,我也总会挤出哪怕十分钟时间看在眼里看课外书,必竞知识的宝库不能空嘛!

不断地书写文字为了梦想,不断的阅读文字为了提升,但有时我们却忽视了,很多时候,文字正在以它独有安静默默地传递着思念,祝福等美好的感情。

从古书上的“我寄愁心与明月,随君直到夜郎西”到贺卡上的“生日快乐”;从日记本上老师那一句句发自肺腑的教导或鼓励到爸妈留言条上面面俱到的生活安排,字里行间何处看不到那那或是深沉或是伟大的爱?是的,文字传达的不仅仅是信息,还有沉甸甸的感情,让人足以温暖几个冬天的感情。

爸爸曾经对我说:“你最擅长的是写作,那是因为你对文字的兴趣与热爱,但你要知道,你最不擅长的还是写作,因为——学无止境。”是啊,兴趣与热爱永远不可能等于完美的成功,我差的还很远,学,永无止境!

“你会放开你我相携的手么?”

“不,我不会!执‘字’之手,与‘字’偕老!”

——后记

好喝,白的对肺好,红的对肾好

酒好不好喝,还是看生产工艺和个人喜好吧。市面上的桑葚酒基本上都是用干红工艺做的,跟葡萄酒味道差不多。sunwhere山未桑葚果酒是用冰酒工艺做的,喝起来口感甜甜的,还不错。

桂圆的功效与主治功能

桂圆的功效与主治功能,桂圆是我国历史上备受推崇的四大名果之一。龙眼在8月间成熟,在中期国庆期间是是很常见的,桂圆干也是很多人都喜欢的,以下桂圆的功效与主治功能。

龙眼的功效 :

龙眼又称桂圆、羊眼,龙眼有壮阳益气、补益心脾、养血安神、润肤美容等多种功效,用于脾胃虚弱,食欲不振,或气血不足,体虚乏力;心脾血虚,失眠健忘,惊悸不安、产后身体虚弱等症。它还有美容、延年益寿之功效。

性味:味甘,性平。

成份:含葡萄糖、蔗糖、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素B、C,磷、钙、铁、酒石酸、腺嘌呤、胆碱等成分。

功效:能补脾益胃,补心长智,养血安神。

主治:用于脾胃虚弱,食欲不振,或气血不足,体虚乏力;心脾血虚,失眠健忘,惊悸不安。

用法:生食,煎汤,熬膏,或浸酒服。

禁忌:痰火郁结,咳嗽痰粘者不宜。

龙眼叶

功能:泻火解毒 。归经:入心经、脾经。

主治:治感冒,疟疾,疔肿,痔疮。

龙眼花

功能:温肾利尿。

主治:治淋症。

龙眼肉

功能:补心脾;益气血;安心神。

主治:心脾两虚;气血不足所致的惊悸;怔忡;失眠;健忘;血虚萎黄;有经不调;崩漏。

壳龙眼

功能:散风邪风。 祛风;解毒;敛疮;生肌

主治:治心虚头晕、耳聋、眼花。 痈疽久溃不敛;烫伤 治荨麻疹等皮肤病。

龙眼子

功能:止血,定痛,理气,化湿。

主治:治创伤出血,疝气,瘰疬,疥癣,湿疮。

龙眼的作用 :

龙眼营养丰富,是珍贵的滋养强化剂。果实除鲜食外,还可制成罐头、酒、膏、酱等,亦可加工成桂圆干肉等。此外龙眼的叶、花、根、核均可入药。龙眼树木质坚硬,纹理细致优美,是制作高级家具的原料,又可以雕刻成各种精巧工艺品。龙眼花是一种重要的蜜源植物,龙眼蜜是蜂蜜中的上等蜜。

桂圆红枣银耳羹

功效:

桂圆可补益心脾,养血安神,润肤美容,很适合失眠健忘,神经衰弱,贫血和病后体虚的人食用。女性桂圆来用来养血润肤,安神助眠效果非常好。中老年人和体虚的人在冬天经常食用,可补气血,恢复元气,抵御风寒,延缓衰老。孕妇、肝火旺,咳嗽、哮喘者不宜吃桂圆银耳性平、味甘淡,有滋阴、润肺,桂圆中含有葡萄糖、维生素、蔗糖等物质,营养丰富,有补心安神,养血益脾之郊。是人们视为滋补良品;还具有生津、益气、补脑、强心之功效。不但适宜于一切妇孺、病后体虚者,且对女性具有很好的嫩肤美容功效。

大枣维生素C含量为水果之冠,每百克鲜枣的维生素C含量为柑橘的8-17倍、香蕉的50-100倍、苹果的50倍,有“活维生素丸”之称,具有益气补血、健脾和胃等功效。银耳羹浓甜润滑,美味可口,有较强的滋补健身功能,是传统的润肤养颜佳品。

原料:桂圆25克、红枣30克、莲子30克、干银耳5克。

做法:

步骤1、干银耳用水泡发后洗净撕成小块,红枣切开去核。桂圆剥去外壳后,放入热水中浸泡一会儿,比较容易去掉核;

步骤2、银耳和莲子放入锅中,加水煮开后转小火煮约40分钟至银耳黏稠;

步骤3、随后倒入红核肉和桂圆肉,小火煮约30分钟即可。

代参膏:龙眼肉30克,放碗内,加白糖少许,一同蒸至稠膏状。分2次用沸水冲服。源于《随息居饮食谱》,谓能“大补气血,力胜参芪”,用于“衰羸老弱”,“产妇临盘,服之尤妙”。

心脾双补汤:龙眼肉15克,莲子30克,大枣10个。加水适量,煎烫服。本方主要以龙眼肉、莲子补脾养心以安神;大枣亦有类似功效。用于心脾两虚,食欲不振,心悸怔忡,自汗。

龙眼食用禁忌 :

1、桂圆性味甘温,滋腻,多吃容易滞气;肺热有粘痰不适合食用。

2、理论上桂圆有安胎的功效,但妇女怀孕后,大都阴血偏虚,阴虚则生内热。中医主张胎前宜凉,而桂圆性热,因此,为了避免流产,孕妇应慎食。

3、桂圆助包心火,故火气大者,发炎者忌食。

龙眼肉的功效与作用

药性:甘,温功效:补益心脾、养血安神主治:思虑过度,劳伤心脾,惊悸怔忡,失眠健忘用法:煎服,10至25克;大剂量30—60克注意:湿盛中满或有停饮、痰、火者忌服

龙眼肉是无患子科植物龙眼的假种皮。夏,秋两季采收成熟果实,干燥,除掉壳,核,晒至干爽不粘。

龙眼肉的功效与作用

龙眼肉包含葡萄糖,蔗糖,酒石酸,维生素A,B族维生素,对虚劳赢弱,健忘失眠等症有非常好治疗作用。龙眼肉有推迟衰老,提高机体免疫功能及适应能力等。可以治贫血,肠胃病,失眠。

补血:可以改善心血管循环,安定精神情况,缓解压力与紧张,有较好的滋养补益作用。

安眠:龙眼具有安神养心,补血益脾的作用,很适合长时间失眠者食用。

温补:小孩常感冒,体质虚冷,经常尿床,记忆力不佳,多喝龙眼茶可促进脑力,改善虚冷体质。

龙眼肉治魂魄安,惊悸健忘医失眠。龙眼肉味甘性平,补益心脾心悸用。益气安神增智慧,自然耳聪目又明。

龙眼肉的治病验方

1、肿瘤:龙眼肉1000g,蜂蜜500g。将龙眼肉洗干净切碎,加适量的水,炖煮到熟烂捣膏,加蜂蜜拌匀,早、中、晚服30g。具有补益气血的功效。比较适用于肿瘤病人放化疗后的辅助治疗。

2、贫血:龙眼肉20g,大枣10枚,红糖少量,隔水炖服。

3、巨幼红细胞性贫血:龙眼肉15g,桑葚30g。加蜂蜜适量的.炖服,每天一剂。

4、神经衰弱:龙眼肉10g,酸枣仁10g,五味子5g,久枣10枚。用水煎服。

5、失眠心悸:龙眼肉30g,白糖少量,隔水炖服。龙眼肉15g,炒枣仁15g,柴胡10g,五味子10g,丹参15g,甘草5g,用水煎后服用。具有养血安神的作用。可治心悸气短,夜难入眠,眠少梦多,烦燥头晕等症。

6、补血安神:龙眼肉15g,莲子,芡实各20g,同煮汤食用。每天一至两回。

7、补脾养心,生血益气:龙眼肉10枚,煮荷包蛋2个,加适量的白糖,早上空肚子吃。

8、补虚益肾:龙眼肉30g,西洋参10g洗干净,和适量的蜂蜜共放炖盅内,加水煮约半小时。

9、创伤出血:龙眼核研成细末,撒布伤口,加以包扎。

10、气虚盗汗:龙眼肉30g,人参6g,冰糖30g,把以上材料置蒸锅里蒸60分钟,拿出后待凉就可以食用,一天内分两回吃完,每天一剂。

11、高血压,冠心病:龙眼肉,龙芽草,人参,黄芪,丹参各同量,蜂蜜适量的。把诸药水煎两回,两液合并,去渣稳火烧熬至浓稠时,调入蜂蜜混匀即可。每回15至30ml,每天两回,温热水送服。

12、大便下血:龙眼肉150g。把其洗干净,上笼蒸熟,分两回服食,每天一剂。

13、月经不调:龙眼肉50g,鸡蛋一个。把龙眼肉加水煮半小时后,调入鸡蛋打成蛋花汤样即成,在月经干净后服食,每天早晨和晚上各一回,连续服用10日。

14、阳虚型腰椎骨质增生:龙眼肉50g,丁香10g,白糖两匙。把龙眼肉,丁香洗干净,置锅里,加清水500ml,急火煮开5分钟,改稳火煮半小时,去丁香,分次饮服。

新鲜桂圆的功效与作用禁忌

鲜桂圆,为无患子科桂圆属绿色植物龙眼树的鲜假种皮,别名益智类、骊珠、龙目、比目、圆目、圆眼、蜜脾、蝶园团、燕卵、深圳丛、木弹、川弹子锁、干桂圆、荔技奴、干桂圆、桂元。桂圆的品种、种类非常繁杂,以果子的尺寸可分成大果、中果、小果子;按果核的色调不一样可分成黄壳、花壳、青壳;从瓜瓤的汁汁多少又可分成砂肉、水肉;也有以原产地取名的,以果子完善的当季取名的。

据相关材料说,在我国有300好几个不一样的龙眼品种,更为知名的栽培品种有福建省的乌龙岭、普明庵、油潭本、青壳本、秋分本及广东省的蟒皮、早禾、四川的八月鲜、中国台湾的江底干桂圆等。,他们都具备果大、薄皮、核小、肉厚、香甜、脆爽的特性。

桂圆原产地于在我国南方地区,据记述,在中国现有2000很多年的种植历史时间,关键原产地为福建省、广东省、广西省、中国台湾、四川。

微生物成份

据测定,每100克能食鲜桂圆,水分含量78、4~84、7克,还原糖3、85~10、16克,蛋白1、2~1、4克,人体脂肪0、1克,碳水化合物化合物16、2~13、3克及腺嘌呤、胆碱、柠檬酸、维生素b2、B2、C等,尤其是含铜、钙丰富多彩,每100克中含磷量11mg,钙30mg。

功效作用

1、性味归经

鲜桂圆,味甘,温性;归心、脾、肝胆经。

2、医药学经典

《神农本草经》:“补肺胃,养血血。”

3、中医辨证

鲜桂圆,可养脾胃、葆心力、润五脏,有利于祛除五脏湿邪,对厌食、安志、益志、宁心有非常好的饮食疗法实际效果。

4、当代科学研究

中国有专家学者发布过桂圆延缓衰老的相关毕业论文,明确提出桂圆将变成难能可贵的延缓衰老食品。很多我国历经对数百种纯天然食材,药品开展防癌科学研究,发觉桂圆对孑宫肿瘤细胞的抑制率超出90%,这造成医疗界的关心。妇女更年期是妇科肿瘤多见于的环节,适度吃些桂圆有益于身心健康。桂圆有滋补功效,对病后、生完孩子(湿热后服用),需要调理及体质虚寒的人有辅助功效。

服用留意与忌讳群体

(1)鲜桂圆易得内火,青少年和体壮者少食为宜。

(2)有便秘、小便赤黄、口干口渴、阴虚火旺者不适合服用。

(3)舌苔厚腻、消化不良、食欲不佳者也要少食鲜桂圆。

(4)发烧感冒初起最好是不食桂圆。

论文湖南桑植民歌参考文献

桑植民歌中的代表性曲目如《板栗开花一条线》、《四季花儿开》、《门口挂盏灯》、《冷水泡茶慢慢浓》、《马桑树儿搭灯台》等已成为中国民歌宝库中的经典。众多音乐家在吸纳桑植民歌丰富营养的基础上创作了《挑担茶叶上北京》、《甜甜的山歌》、《心头爱》等作品也都脍炙人口,传唱一时。

张家界地方传统民歌—桑植民歌,主要来源于湖南省桑植县百姓在日常生活种创造所得。其特点节奏明快、旋律优美、曲调丰富、形式多样。

张家界位于我国湖南地区,如今不断的被开发已经成为有名的旅游景点。张家界地区很有文化特色,其中民歌就是其中一种。那么张家界地方传统民歌是什么呢?下面来给大家具体的介绍一下。

与紫桑树有关论文参考文献

我们家乡的桑对可多了,因为我们这里的农民喜欢养蚕.离我家不远的地方就有一块桑树地.夏天,桑树上面长满了绿油油的叶子,这时的桑树是显得那么漂亮.当中午太阳高照的时候,我在家里热得有一点受不了了,我就会跑到桑树地里坐在桑树下面乘凉休息.有时候,我还会约几个小伙伴来到桑树地里跑来跑去,玩猫抓老鼠的游戏.在那里,我们虽然必须低着头跑,还得不时注意前面有否树枝挡路,免得被它们碰伤.做老鼠的要注意不被猫抓,那就得不停地跑,不停地注意不被桑树的树枝打着脸.我们,有时躲在大桑树后面.过了一段时间,桑树结出了紫红色的果子.在那个时候,我们更加喜欢钻到桑树地里面去了.我们站在桑树旁边,一边摘下桑果,一边吃.等一会儿,我们从另外一面走出来的时候,我们的嘴唇都已经变成紫色的了.有时,我们觉得还没有吃过瘾,于是,我们就回家去拿一只塑料袋,然后回到桑树地里继续采摘桑果.我们在桑树地里走了几个来回,摘了满满一袋又大又紫的桑果才回到家里去了.然后,我们就在家里一边聊天一边吃桑果,真是神仙似的生活.等到农民剪下桑枝,采下桑叶,桑树就变得那么干净整洁.采下的桑叶喂给宝宝吃.蚕宝宝吃了桑叶很快就长大了.然后,它们结出了茧.每年一棵桑树可以采两三回叶子,所以,我们家乡的农民一年就养两三回蚕,收两三回茧.冬天到了,桑叶全部落光了,大雪下在上面好象成了一个银色的世界.晴天,我们就找几棵树枝比较多的桑树,然后,人就坐到上面.我们把桑树当成马来骑了.我们还可以在上面睡觉吃东西.在暖烘烘的太阳下面真是舒服极了!我们还在桑树地里烤番薯吃.桑树地简直成了我们的乐园!

栽培方法桑葚压条繁殖法:在桑地间作绿豆、大豆作绿肥、以蚕粪肥桑、桑树剪伐等栽培技术,都对蚕桑的生产发展起了良好的促进作用。桑葚喜温暖湿润气候,稍耐荫。气温12℃以上开始萌芽,生长适宜温度4~30℃,超过40℃则受到抑制,降到12℃以下,则停止生长。耐旱、不耐涝。耐瘠薄。对土壤的适应性强。用种子、嫁接和压条繁殖。种子繁殖:采取紫色成熟桑椹,搓去果肉,洗净种子,随即播种或湿砂贮藏。春播、夏播、秋播均可。夏播、秋播可用当年新种子。播前用50℃温水浸种,待自然冷却后,再浸泡12小时,放湿砂中贮藏催芽,经常保持湿润,待种皮破裂露自时即可播种,按行株距20cm×30cm开沟,沟深1cm,每1hm2用种量~15kg。覆土。约经10日出苗。苗高3~4cm间苗,去弱留强,并补苗。春、秋季按株距10~15cm定苗。嫁接繁殖:袋接法,于嫁接前20日,剪接穗,湿砂贮藏,使砧木剪口处的皮层和木质部分离成袋状,然后插入接穗,以插紧为止。芽接,春、夏季用“T”形芽接或管状芽接(套接)。压条繁殖:早春将母株横伏固定于地面,埋入沟中,露出顶端,培土压实,待生根后与母体分离。春或秋季进行定植。按行株距2m×开穴,穴径~,穴底施入腐熟厩肥,上铺薄土一层,栽入,填表土后,将植株向上提一提,使根部舒展,再填心土,压实,浇水。定型后通过修剪、疏芽、摘心,养成一定树型(如地桑、低桑、中干桑、高干桑、乔木桑等不同类型)。修剪可用拳式修剪法,每年在基部伐条,利用潜伏芽萌生新条,几年后在修伐处成拳状的树疙瘩。另有无拳式修剪法、留枝留芽修剪法等。病害有桑萎缩病、桑疫病、桑褐斑病、桑根结线虫病等。虫害有桑螟、桑蟥、桑象虫、桑白蛴、桑天牛、桑蓟马、桑始叶螨等为害。中国是世界上种桑养蚕最早的国家,也是中华民族对人类文明的伟大贡献之一。桑树的栽培已有七千多年的历史。在商代,甲骨文中已出现桑、蚕、丝、帛等字形。到了周代,采桑养蚕已是常见农活。春秋战国时期,桑树已成片栽植。中国收集保存的桑树种质分属15个桑种3个变种,是世界上桑种最多的国家。其中栽培种有鲁桑、白桑、广东桑、瑞穗桑;野生桑种有长穗桑、长果桑、黑桑、华桑、细齿桑、蒙桑、山桑、川桑、唐鬼桑、滇桑、鸡桑;变种有鬼桑(蒙桑的变种)、大叶桑(白桑的变种)、垂枝桑(白桑的变种)。

中国盐碱土园林十大课题研究 2006-8-10 8:25 摘要:我国有亿亩盐碱地,分布在23个省市自治区。包括100多个城市。北方多数是微碱性土壤。盐碱土园林技术的研究在现实中有着非常重要的意义。全国盐碱土绿化开发协作组组织德州市园林处、德州市盐碱土绿化研究所、德州农校、中国农科院德州实验站、北京林大、德州市科协开发中心、大庆采油五厂、德州市科协、胜利油田临盘采油厂等九个单位在全国各地选择有代表性的内陆、滨海、苏打盐碱土三种基本类型,包括德州、天津、东营、大庆、银川进行盐碱土园林十项课题试验,一项获国家奖;三项获省科技进步三等奖;两项获市科技进步二等奖。应用"十大课题"成果系列绿化技术及产品开发,先后完成德州中心广场绿化等多项绿化工程。 关键词:盐碱土 园林 耐盐花木 耐盐草坪"十大课题"是中国园林领域有独特风格的课题,现将全部研究成果要点整理如下。 一、微区改土绿化技术 研究结果表明在德州中度盐碱土上利用人工生态条件,运用隔离层、筛孔隔盐膜、防碱栽植袋等措施在树穴、树池、花坛、绿地微区改土,形成淡化微区,局部控制土壤返盐,(重盐碱地埋设淋水管或罗纹塑料暗管排水洗盐);能有效地提高树木花卉成活率。作隔盐层的材料可以用炉灰、锯末、麦糠、麦秸、稻草等有机物料。据德洲市财政局审定仅1989~1991年德州市区利用该技术仅节省苗木费一项就创造间接经济效益156万元,该项目在第二届国际发明及专利技术展览会(广州)获铜奖,其论文《盐碱地微区改土植树的盐分变化》在国际盐渍土学术讨论会(南京)上宣读。 (该成果1989年获德州市科技进步二等奖) 二、德州市园林绿地绿化设计模式 德州市是全国著名的重盐碱区,探索一条适合德州土壤环境的园林设计模式势在必行。该课题根据德州市的土壤、环境条件,实施筛选出了居民区花园、街头游园、道路绿化、分车绿地、庭院绿化几个主要园林绿地类型的最佳模式,突出植物造景,筛选出德州市适地适树、适地适花、适地适草的植物品种。建设生态园林。从而使土壤改良、栽培技术、植物选择和植物造景因地制宜模式化。 (该成果1989年获德州市科技进步二等奖) 三、耐盐花木与地被植物的筛选 在德州市中度盐碱地带设立筛选圃。选择与引进相结合从全国各地共搜集106种园林植物栽植于筛选圃内,进行观察测试,同时,结合进行盆栽耐盐试验。经过三年的观察、对比、评选,筛选出国槐、白腊、垂柳、法桐、臭椿、火炬树、刺槐、毛白杨、加杨、苦楝、侧柏、桧柏、龙柏、枣树、杏树、桑树、梨树、石榴、丰花月季、月季、木槿、荷兰菊、地被菊、秋葵、马蔺、多年生黑麦草、本特、紫羊茅、瓦巴斯、中华结缕草、天堂草419等37种耐盐花木及地被植物。该课题还进行了龙柏、石榴、紫薇、秋葵、荷兰菊耐盐力的研究,调查了德州地区10种耐盐野生地被植物及其在生态园林中的应用,编写了德州市耐盐园林植物名录。 (该课题1993年获省科技进步三等奖,1997年获第四届全国花卉博览会二等奖(上海)。) 四、地被菊的引种 地被菊是北京林大的重大科研成果,采用远缘杂交的方法达到"野化育种"的目的,并将菊花从花盆中解放出来,通过大规模的露地栽培,呈现花团锦簇、色彩斑斓的群体美。可作花坛、块植、带植、切花、盆花等用。它有抗逆性强,抗碱、抗寒、抗旱、花期长、耐粗放管理等优点。中国工程院院士、北京林大全国著名的陈俊愉教授亲自来到德州作指导,在德州不同类型的盐碱地带进行栽培试验。历时3年的研究,从15个品种中筛出适合德州地区8个品种,主要有铺地荷花、美矮黄、晚粉、落日红、紫荷等,丰富了德州国庆节应时花卉品种。1995年德州市街头摆花4万余盆,其中80%是地被菊。 . (该课题1993年通过市科委鉴定。) 五、菊花栽培新技术及切花生产技术开发 菊花是德州市市花,在全国性菊展多次获奖,但传统的栽培技术已远远不适应现代园林绿化的需要,1992年立题研究,目前已筛选出适于德州菊花栽培专用营养土的最佳配方;同时总结出菊花栽培管理的配套措施,包括菊花叶面肥配方。前期尿素,中期磷酸二氢钾,育蕾期硫酸镁,硼酸,从而达到菊花棵矮、花大、叶全、杆粗、色艳五大标准。德州名菊主要品种有古都瑞雪、绿浪、凤凰振羽、相国之爱、墨菊等。适应于华北盐碱区的水土栽培。 (1997年获德州市科技进步二等奖。) 六、苏打盐碱土绿化新技术 试验区设在大庆市采油五厂,通过反复试验,筛选出适合东北苏打盐碱土的园林植物,如旱快柳、糖槭、玫瑰、接骨木、榆叶梅等10种园林树种,在中度苏打盐碱土上应用苏打盐碱土改良肥种植糖槭成活率高达,而比对照42%提高了51个百分点。苏打盐碱土改良肥能有效地降低土壤pH值。促进土壤脱盐的作用。该课题总结出了一套应用化学改良技术配合树种选择的寒冷地区苏打盐碱土绿化的新经验。 (1994年10月通过大庆市组织的专家会议鉴定。) 七、园艺盐碱土改良肥的研制 该产品为有机——无机型复混特种肥料,配方设计利用"钠离子吸附剂"、"化学改良剂"、"全元改良精"等16种原料配制而成。内含氮磷钾8~10%,,利用酸碱中和、离子吸附、转化盐类化学反应原理,降低土壤含盐量、酸碱度,改良各种盐碱土壤,全元营养供肥效果明显,而且防止花木黄化病。适用于含盐量以下的盐碱土,园林树木、花卉、草坪,盆花及保护地鲜切花栽培等。银川市科协用于新疆苗圃,每亩用量100kg,苗木高生长和地径粗生长,分别比对照增加49cm、.用于新疆杨造林,株施改良肥1㎏,成活率比对照提高,新梢生长量增加.用于云杉、侧柏幼林,株施,年平均高生长分别比对照增加和.以上三处的土壤pH值,施用改良肥四个月以后,测定pH值分别为、、.天津开发区翠亭村小区绿地施用园艺盐碱土改良肥种植雪松、月季、草坪等成活率达到95%. (1997年获山东省科技进步三等奖。) 八、盐碱地草坪栽培与防碱草坪肥的研究 经两年的试验,筛选出耐盐碱草坪品种8个,研究出高羊茅、早熟禾、多年生黑麦草不同品种的多元混合配比草种(东方明珠、雪碧、克碱),加大了草坪抗逆性适应性。根据草坪需肥规律和盐碱地的特点,配制成既能改碱又能增肥延长草坪绿期的专用肥。胜利油田临盘采油厂2万m2中度盐渍土上建植马尼拉草坪,按每平方米撒施,2个月后成坪率比对照高80%,未发生返盐黄枯现象;绿色期延长16~20天。1996年由天津刘园苗圃建的开发区净水厂绿化工程,土壤含盐量,土壤pH值,施用"盐碱地草坪专用肥"40吨,按1kg/m2施用,播黑麦草与高羊茅混合草坪4万余m2,一次成坪。在开发区绿化工程评比中获第二名。在开发区同样的立地条件下,对照区的草坪成坪率仅有70%. 九、盐碱地雪松栽培技术 盐碱地能否栽培雪松是个世界园林界争论不休的问题。历时十年研究,总结出一整套雪松栽培技术,其要点整理如下: (一)采取工程措施,利用花坛抬高地面栽培,树高与花坛直径比例为2:1~2,树坛高60~l00cm.在坛底铺放隔盐层、砂粒状"纳离子吸附剂".淋水层控制地下返碱及渍水栏根。 (二)雪松专用培养土,配方如下: 园艺盐碱土改良肥2%、蛭石5%、泥炭20%、素土40%、粗砂30%、矿石砂4%. (三)立秋后控制水肥,充实植株组织,初冬浇一次抗旱水是关键技术,可以有效地防止低温下生理干旱现象的发生。 (四)用水质改良剂改良偏碱性水。 十、德州市中心广场绿化新技术应用的研究 德州市中心广场面积公顷,地处新湖东畔,60年代是一片盐碱地,采取综合改良措施,包括利用新型耐盐花木、微区改碱、园艺盐碱土改良肥及新设计艺术的应用,取得了成功。 园林设计思路采用大线条、大手笔、大色块、大效果简洁明快的抽象式设计手笔,突出彩色观叶植物及花卉造景,各种植物5万余株,绿化面积达到.总体植物配置以草坪为基调,点缀少量雪松、棕榈等特色树种,用微起伏地形模拟自然山峦景观。整个广场点缀低矮的20多种花灌木以保持全园开阔的空间视野,形成三季有花、多花并开,四季常青的植物景观。 植物造景图案突出"红黄绿",新颖别致,注重大块色彩对比,以简洁流畅的曲线为主,红色的紫叶小檗,黄色的金叶女贞,嫩绿的龙柏球、瓜子黄杨,构成"红黄绿"各种图案,形成抽象的图形美与色彩美。广场周边花池,用低矮的龙柏球,组成几十组抽象的"浪花"图,意寓德州经济发展乘风破浪突飞猛进,一丛丛曼海姆丰花月季,火红的花朵,浓郁的芳香,令人精神爽悦。 (德州中心广场1998年获省城市设计精品工程金奖。) 结语: 盐碱地绿化要采取综合的改土措施配合科学选择花木、草坪品种才能取得事半功倍的效果,轻度盐碱地可用园艺盐碱土改良肥;中度盐碱地用微区改土加园艺盐碱土改良肥(客土);重度盐碱地设暗管排水加园艺盐碱土改良肥(客土)。

1、种植

(1)种植密度与养成形式

以采果为主的桑园,种植密度应小些,亩栽450株左右,行距~米,株距~米。树形养成以中低干为宜,主干高60~70厘米为宜,剪枝形式采用三级留枝形式。树形养成方法:种植当年在苗木定植后,距地面20~25厘米处剪枝。

第二年夏期剪枝在距地面40厘米处剪去,发芽后每支干选留2~3个壮芽,养成枝干。第三年夏期剪枝在距地面60~70厘米处剪去,养成与普通桑基本相同,每单株留枝条15~20条。

(2)肥培管理

作为果叶两用品种,要注重施肥质量,氮肥、磷肥、钾肥配合施,一般N∶P∶K为5∶3∶4为宜。多施有机肥,提高桑果和桑叶质量。

2、种植时间

长果桑种植时间分为秋季和春季。

春季栽种2-3月,当年就会少量结果。秋季栽种,10-11月,第二年少量挂果,第三年开始生产。

3、生长条件

生于丘陵、山坡、村旁、田野、山林等处。

扩展资料:

好处

1、补肝益肾

中医认为,肝主藏血、肾主生髓,是人身能量储存基地。桑葚性味甘寒、具有补肝益肾的功效。男性朋友要注意:从中医角度说,对于性机能失调、属寒热混杂体质的人,最好不要随便补肾壮阳,否则会越补越“虚”。夏天可饮用桑葚汁,不仅可补充体力,还可提高性生活质量。

2、改善

传承后代是人生一大要务!50%不孕不育归咎于男性精液质量下降。桑葚则可以改善这种“生殖亚健康”,是很多治疗死精症的方剂的重要组成药物。因此,男性朋友可以多吃桑葚。

3、补血养颜

桑葚为桑科落叶乔木桑树的成熟果实,于果实红熟时采收,晒干或生用、或加蜜熬膏用。桑葚味甘、酸,性寒。能滋补肝肾、补血养颜、生津止渴。可用于肝肾阴亏、腰膝酸软、目暗耳鸣、关节不利、津亏血少、口渴烦热、肠燥便秘等症。桑葚的保健作用

4、其他功效

当然,桑葚除了以上两种好处,还有很多功效。生津润肠、清肝明目、安神养颜、补血乌发等,都是桑葚的功效;现代医学还发现桑葚具有调节免疫、促进造血细胞生长、抗诱变、抗衰老、降血脂、护肝等保健作用。

参考资料来源:百度百科-果桑

莫泊桑项链论文英文参考文献

This is a one-act play, which is based on Maupassant’s best-known story The Diamond Necklace. There are three characters in the play: Mathilde Loisel, a young woman;Pierre Loisel, Mathilde’s husband, a government worker; Jeanne, Mathilde's good friend.中文介绍:女主人公是一个小公务员的妻子。一次,接受了部长举办的晚会的邀请。罗瓦赛尔太太由于虚荣心作祟,向一个贵妇人借了一条项链。后来这条项链不慎在舞会上丢失,罗瓦赛尔太太为了赔给朋友一模一样的项链,落入高利贷的陷阱,就此开始了艰辛的生活,葬送了十年的青春。最后,当她在还清欠款后,偶遇那位贵妇人时,妇人却告诉她那条项链其实是假的。英文介绍:The story takes place in Paris. One day, Pierre gets an invitation to a palace ball. He thinks it important to him, and decides to go to the party with his wife Mathilde. But Mathilde is worried, because she has no new dress and no jewellwey to wear. Her husband spends 400 francs on a new dress and she herself borrows a diamond necklace from her good friend Jeanne. The young couple go to the ball and has a very good time here. On their way back after the ball, Mathilde finds that the necklace is no longer around her neck. They rush back to the palace and look for it. But they can’t find it; it is young couple borrow a great deal of money and buy a necklace that is exactly like Jeanne’s. It costs them 36000 francs. So they have to work day and night to pay back the money they have borrowed. After ten years of hard work, they at last pay back all the money, but now Mathilde looks so old that Jeanne even can’t recognize her when they Jeanne hears the story, she tells Mathilde that the necklace she has borrowed isn’t a real diamond necklace. It isn’t valuable at all. It is worth 500 francs at the most.

The Necklace She was one of those pretty and charming girls born, as though fate had blundered over her, into a family of artisans. She had no marriage portion, no expectations, no means of getting known, understood, loved, and wedded by a man of wealth and distinction; and she let herself be married off to a little clerk in the Ministry of Education. Her tastes were simple because she had never been able to afford any other, but she was as unhappy as though she had married beneath her; for women have no caste or class, their beauty, grace, and charm serving them for birth or family, their natural delicacy, their instinctive elegance, their nimbleness of wit, are their only mark of rank, and put the slum girl on a level with the highest lady in the land. She suffered endlessly, feeling herself born for every delicacy and luxury. She suffered from the poorness of her house, from its mean walls, worn chairs, and ugly curtains. All these things, of which other women of her class would not even have been aware, tormented and insulted her. The sight of the little Breton girl who came to do the work in her little house aroused heart-broken regrets and hopeless dreams in her mind. She imagined silent antechambers, heavy with Oriental tapestries, lit by torches in lofty bronze sockets, with two tall footmen in knee-breeches sleeping in large arm-chairs, overcome by the heavy warmth of the stove. She imagined vast saloons hung with antique silks, exquisite pieces of furniture supporting priceless ornaments, and small, charming, perfumed rooms, created just for little parties of intimate friends, men who were famous and sought after, whose homage roused every other woman's envious longings. When she sat down for dinner at the round table covered with a three-days-old cloth, opposite her husband, who took the cover off the soup-tureen, exclaiming delightedly: "Aha! Scotch broth! What could be better?" she imagined delicate meals, gleaming silver, tapestries peopling the walls with folk of a past age and strange birds in faery forests; she imagined delicate food served in marvellous dishes, murmured gallantries, listened to with an inscrutable smile as one trifled with the rosy flesh of trout or wings of asparagus chicken. She had no clothes, no jewels, nothing. And these were the only things she loved; she felt that she was made for them. She had longed so eagerly to charm, to be desired, to be wildly attractive and sought after. < 2 > She had a rich friend, an old school friend whom she refused to visit, because she suffered so keenly when she returned home. She would weep whole days, with grief, regret, despair, and misery. * One evening her husband came home with an exultant air, holding a large envelope in his hand. "Here's something for you," he said. Swiftly she tore the paper and drew out a printed card on which were these words: "The Minister of Education and Madame Ramponneau request the pleasure of the company of Monsieur and Madame Loisel at the Ministry on the evening of Monday, January the 18th." Instead of being delighted, as her husband hoped, she flung the invitation petulantly across the table, murmuring: "What do you want me to do with this?" "Why, darling, I thought you'd be pleased. You never go out, and this is a great occasion. I had tremendous trouble to get it. Every one wants one; it's very select, and very few go to the clerks. You'll see all the really big people there." She looked at him out of furious eyes, and said impatiently: "And what do you suppose I am to wear at such an affair?" He had not thought about it; he stammered: "Why, the dress you go to the theatre in. It looks very nice, to me . . ." He stopped, stupefied and utterly at a loss when he saw that his wife was beginning to cry. Two large tears ran slowly down from the corners of her eyes towards the corners of her mouth. "What's the matter with you? What's the matter with you?" he faltered. But with a violent effort she overcame her grief and replied in a calm voice, wiping her wet cheeks: "Nothing. Only I haven't a dress and so I can't go to this party. Give your invitation to some friend of yours whose wife will be turned out better than I shall." He was heart-broken. "Look here, Mathilde," he persisted. "What would be the cost of a suitable dress, which you could use on other occasions as well, something very simple?" She thought for several seconds, reckoning up prices and also wondering for how large a sum she could ask without bringing upon herself an immediate refusal and an exclamation of horror from the careful-minded clerk. < 3 > At last she replied with some hesitation: "I don't know exactly, but I think I could do it on four hundred francs." He grew slightly pale, for this was exactly the amount he had been saving for a gun, intending to get a little shooting next summer on the plain of Nanterre with some friends who went lark-shooting there on Sundays. Nevertheless he said: "Very well. I'll give you four hundred francs. But try and get a really nice dress with the money." The day of the party drew near, and Madame Loisel seemed sad, uneasy and anxious. Her dress was ready, however. One evening her husband said to her: "What's the matter with you? You've been very odd for the last three days." "I'm utterly miserable at not having any jewels, not a single stone, to wear," she replied. "I shall look absolutely no one. I would almost rather not go to the party." "Wear flowers," he said. "They're very smart at this time of the year. For ten francs you could get two or three gorgeous roses." She was not convinced. "No . . . there's nothing so humiliating as looking poor in the middle of a lot of rich women." "How stupid you are!" exclaimed her husband. "Go and see Madame Forestier and ask her to lend you some jewels. You know her quite well enough for that." She uttered a cry of delight. "That's true. I never thought of it." Next day she went to see her friend and told her her trouble. Madame Forestier went to her dressing-table, took up a large box, brought it to Madame Loisel, opened it, and said: "Choose, my dear." First she saw some bracelets, then a pearl necklace, then a Venetian cross in gold and gems, of exquisite workmanship. She tried the effect of the jewels before the mirror, hesitating, unable to make up her mind to leave them, to give them up. She kept on asking: "Haven't you anything else?" "Yes. Look for yourself. I don't know what you would like best." Suddenly she discovered, in a black satin case, a superb diamond necklace; her heart began to beat covetously. Her hands trembled as she lifted it. She fastened it round her neck, upon her high dress, and remained in ecstasy at sight of herself. < 4 > Then, with hesitation, she asked in anguish: "Could you lend me this, just this alone?" "Yes, of course." She flung herself on her friend's breast, embraced her frenziedly, and went away with her treasure. The day of the party arrived. Madame Loisel was a success. She was the prettiest woman present, elegant, graceful, smiling, and quite above herself with happiness. All the men stared at her, inquired her name, and asked to be introduced to her. All the Under-Secretaries of State were eager to waltz with her. The Minister noticed her. She danced madly, ecstatically, drunk with pleasure, with no thought for anything, in the triumph of her beauty, in the pride of her success, in a cloud of happiness made up of this universal homage and admiration, of the desires she had aroused, of the completeness of a victory so dear to her feminine heart. She left about four o'clock in the morning. Since midnight her husband had been dozing in a deserted little room, in company with three other men whose wives were having a good time. He threw over her shoulders the garments he had brought for them to go home in, modest everyday clothes, whose poverty clashed with the beauty of the ball-dress. She was conscious of this and was anxious to hurry away, so that she should not be noticed by the other women putting on their costly furs. Loisel restrained her. "Wait a little. You'll catch cold in the open. I'm going to fetch a cab." But she did not listen to him and rapidly descended the staircase. When they were out in the street they could not find a cab; they began to look for one, shouting at the drivers whom they saw passing in the distance. They walked down towards the Seine, desperate and shivering. At last they found on the quay one of those old nightprowling carriages which are only to be seen in Paris after dark, as though they were ashamed of their shabbiness in the daylight. It brought them to their door in the Rue des Martyrs, and sadly they walked up to their own apartment. It was the end, for her. As for him, he was thinking that he must be at the office at ten. She took off the garments in which she had wrapped her shoulders, so as to see herself in all her glory before the mirror. But suddenly she uttered a cry. The necklace was no longer round her neck! < 5 > "What's the matter with you?" asked her husband, already half undressed. She turned towards him in the utmost distress. "I . . . I . . . I've no longer got Madame Forestier's necklace. . . ." He started with astonishment. "What! . . . Impossible!" They searched in the folds of her dress, in the folds of the coat, in the pockets, everywhere. They could not find it. "Are you sure that you still had it on when you came away from the ball?" he asked. "Yes, I touched it in the hall at the Ministry." "But if you had lost it in the street, we should have heard it fall." "Yes. Probably we should. Did you take the number of the cab?" "No. You didn't notice it, did you?" "No." They stared at one another, dumbfounded. At last Loisel put on his clothes again. "I'll go over all the ground we walked," he said, "and see if I can't find it." And he went out. She remained in her evening clothes, lacking strength to get into bed, huddled on a chair, without volition or power of thought. Her husband returned about seven. He had found nothing. He went to the police station, to the newspapers, to offer a reward, to the cab companies, everywhere that a ray of hope impelled him. She waited all day long, in the same state of bewilderment at this fearful catastrophe. Loisel came home at night, his face lined and pale; he had discovered nothing. "You must write to your friend," he said, "and tell her that you've broken the clasp of her necklace and are getting it mended. That will give us time to look about us." She wrote at his dictation. * By the end of a week they had lost all hope. Loisel, who had aged five years, declared: "We must see about replacing the diamonds." Next day they took the box which had held the necklace and went to the jewellers whose name was inside. He consulted his books. "It was not I who sold this necklace, Madame; I must have merely supplied the clasp." Then they went from jeweller to jeweller, searching for another necklace like the first, consulting their memories, both ill with remorse and anguish of mind. In a shop at the Palais-Royal they found a string of diamonds which seemed to them exactly like the one they were looking for. It was worth forty thousand francs. They were allowed to have it for thirty-six thousand. < 6 > They begged the jeweller not to sell it for three days. And they arranged matters on the understanding that it would be taken back for thirty-four thousand francs, if the first one were found before the end of February. Loisel possessed eighteen thousand francs left to him by his father. He intended to borrow the rest. He did borrow it, getting a thousand from one man, five hundred from another, five louis here, three louis there. He gave notes of hand, entered into ruinous agreements, did business with usurers and the whole tribe of money-lenders. He mortgaged the whole remaining years of his existence, risked his signature without even knowing if he could honour it, and, appalled at the agonising face of the future, at the black misery about to fall upon him, at the prospect of every possible physical privation and moral torture, he went to get the new necklace and put down upon the jeweller's counter thirty-six thousand francs. When Madame Loisel took back the necklace to Madame Forestier, the latter said to her in a chilly voice: "You ought to have brought it back sooner; I might have needed it." She did not, as her friend had feared, open the case. If she had noticed the substitution, what would she have thought? What would she have said? Would she not have taken her for a thief? * Madame Loisel came to know the ghastly life of abject poverty. From the very first she played her part heroically. This fearful debt must be paid off. She would pay it. The servant was dismissed. They changed their flat; they took a garret under the roof. She came to know the heavy work of the house, the hateful duties of the kitchen. She washed the plates, wearing out her pink nails on the coarse pottery and the bottoms of pans. She washed the dirty linen, the shirts and dish-cloths, and hung them out to dry on a string; every morning she took the dustbin down into the street and carried up the water, stopping on each landing to get her breath. And, clad like a poor woman, she went to the fruiterer, to the grocer, to the butcher, a basket on her arm, haggling, insulted, fighting for every wretched halfpenny of her money. Every month notes had to be paid off, others renewed, time gained. < 7 > Her husband worked in the evenings at putting straight a merchant's accounts, and often at night he did copying at twopence-halfpenny a page. And this life lasted ten years. At the end of ten years everything was paid off, everything, the usurer's charges and the accumulation of superimposed interest. Madame Loisel looked old now. She had become like all the other strong, hard, coarse women of poor households. Her hair was badly done, her skirts were awry, her hands were red. She spoke in a shrill voice, and the water slopped all over the floor when she scrubbed it. But sometimes, when her husband was at the office, she sat down by the window and thought of that evening long ago, of the ball at which she had been so beautiful and so much admired. What would have happened if she had never lost those jewels. Who knows? Who knows? How strange life is, how fickle! How little is needed to ruin or to save! One Sunday, as she had gone for a walk along the Champs-Elysees to freshen herself after the labours of the week, she caught sight suddenly of a woman who was taking a child out for a walk. It was Madame Forestier, still young, still beautiful, still attractive. Madame Loisel was conscious of some emotion. Should she speak to her? Yes, certainly. And now that she had paid, she would tell her all. Why not? She went up to her. "Good morning, Jeanne." The other did not recognise her, and was surprised at being thus familiarly addressed by a poor woman. "But . . . Madame . . ." she stammered. "I don't know . . . you must be making a mistake." "No . . . I am Mathilde Loisel." Her friend uttered a cry. "Oh! . . . my poor Mathilde, how you have changed! . . ." "Yes, I've had some hard times since I saw you last; and many sorrows . . . and all on your account." "On my account! . . . How was that?" "You remember the diamond necklace you lent me for the ball at the Ministry?" "Yes. Well?" "Well, I lost it." "How could you? Why, you brought it back." "I brought you another one just like it. And for the last ten years we have been paying for it. You realise it wasn't easy for us; we had no money. . . . Well, it's paid for at last, and I'm glad indeed." < 8 > Madame Forestier had halted. "You say you bought a diamond necklace to replace mine?" "Yes. You hadn't noticed it? They were very much alike." And she smiled in proud and innocent happiness. Madame Forestier, deeply moved, took her two hands. "Oh, my poor Mathilde! But mine was imitation. It was worth at the very most five hundred francs! . . . "

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SHE was one of those pretty and charming girls, born by a blunder of destiny in a family of employees. She had no dowry, no expectations, no means of being known, understood, loved, married by a man rich and distinguished; and she let them make a match for her with a little clerk in the Department of Education. She was simple since she could not be adorned; but she was unhappy as though kept out of her own class; for women have no caste and no descent, their beauty, their grace, and their charm serving them instead of birth and fortune. Their native keenness, their instinctive elegance, their flexibility of mind, are their only hierarchy; and these make the daughters of the people the equals of the most lofty dames. 2 She suffered intensely, feeling herself born for every delicacy and every luxury. She suffered from the poverty of her dwelling, from the worn walls, the abraded chairs, the ugliness of the stuffs. All these things, which another woman of her caste would not even have noticed, tortured her and made her indignant. The sight of the little girl from Brittany who did her humble housework awoke in her desolated regrets and distracted dreams. She let her mind dwell on the quiet vestibules, hung with Oriental tapestries, lighted by tall lamps of bronze, and on the two tall footmen in knee breeches who dozed in the large armchairs, made drowsy by the heat of the furnace. She let her mind dwell on the large parlors, decked with old silk, with their delicate furniture, supporting precious bric-a-brac, and on the coquettish little rooms, perfumed, prepared for the five o’clock chat with the most intimate friends, men well known and sought after, whose attentions all women envied and desired. When she sat down to dine, before a tablecloth three days old, in front of her husband, who lifted the cover of the tureen, declaring with an air of satisfaction, “Ah, the good pot-au-feu. I don’t know anything better than that,” she was thinking of delicate repasts, with glittering silver, with tapestries peopling the walls with ancient figures and with strange birds in a fairy-like forest; she was thinking of exquisite dishes, served in marvelous platters, of compliment whispered and heard with a sphinx-like smile, while she was eating the rosy flesh of a trout or the wings of a quail. She had no dresses, no jewelry, nothing. And she loved nothing else; she felt herself made for that only. She would so much have liked to please, to be envied, to be seductive and sought after. She had a rich friend, a comrade of her convent days, whom she did not want to go and see any more, so much did she suffer as she came away. And she wept all day long, from chagrin, from regret, from despair, and from distress. But one evening her husband came in with a proud air, holding in his hand a large envelope. “There,” said he, “there’s something for you.” She quickly tore the paper and took out of it a printed card which bore these words: “The Minister of Education and Mme. Georges Rampouneau beg M. and Mme. Loisel to do them the honor to pass the evening with them at the palace of the Ministry, on Monday, January .” Instead of being delighted, as her husband hoped, she threw the invitation on the table with annoyance, murmuring “What do you want me to do with that?” “But, my dear, I thought you would be pleased. You never go out, and here’s a chance, a fine one. I had the hardest work to get it. Everybody is after them; they are greatly sought for and not many are given to the clerks. You will see there all the official world.” She looked at him with an irritated eye and she declared with impatience: “What do you want me to put on my back to go there?” He had not thought of that; he hesitated: “But the dress in which you go to the theater. That looks very well to me” He shut up, astonished and distracted at seeing that his wife was weeping. Two big tears were descending slowly from the corners of the eyes to the corners of the mouth. He stuttered: What’s the matter? What’s the matter?” But by a violent effort she had conquered her trouble, and she replied in a calm voice as she wiped her damp cheeks: “Nothing. Only I have no clothes, and in consequence I cannot go to this party. Give your card to some colleague whose wife has a better outfit than I.” He was disconsolate. He began again: “See here, Mathilde, how much would this cost, a proper dress, which would do on other occasions; something very simple?” She reflected a few seconds, going over her calculations, and thinking also of the sum which she might ask without meeting an immediate refusal and a frightened exclamation from the frugal clerk. “At last, she answered hesitatingly: “I don’t know exactly, but it seems to me that with four hundred francs I might do it.” He grew a little pale, for he was reserving just that sum to buy a gun and treat himself to a little shooting, the next summer, on the plain of Nanterre, with some friends who used to shoot larks there on Sundays. But he said: “All right. I will give you four hundred francs. But take care to have a pretty dress.” The day of the party drew near, and Mme. Loisel seemed sad, restless, anxious. Yet her dress was ready. One evening her husband said to her: “What’s the matter? Come, now, you have been quite queer these last three days.” And she answered: “It annoys me not to have a jewel, not a single stone, to put on. I shall look like distress. I would almost rather not go to this party.” He answered: “You will wear some natural flowers. They are very stylish this time of the year. For ten francs you will have two or three magnificent roses.” But she was not convinced. “No; there’s nothing more humiliating than to look poor among a lot of rich women.” But her husband cried: “What a goose you are! Go find your friend, Mme. Forester, and ask her to lend you some jewelry. You know her well enough to do that.” She gave a cry of joy “That’s true. I had not thought of it.” The next day she went to her friend’s and told her about her distress. Me. Forester went to her mirrored wardrobe, took out a large casket, brought it, opened it, and said to Mme.

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