He was awarded his PhD for a thesis on industrial robots.
他凭一篇研究工业机器人的论文获得博士学位。
Please write an abstract of this article 〔 thesis 〕.
请写一份这本书〔这篇论文〕的`摘要。
Your thesis wouldn't get across if you used too many technical terms in it.
如果你用了过多的专门术语，你的论文就不会被人理解。
He is writing his doctoral thesis in electrical engineering.
他在写关于电气工程学的博士论文。
医学论文翻译挺难的，没有一点的水平完全翻译不过来，建议还是找机构，让清北医学翻译帮忙把。
论文（Paper）或：dissertation（论文）或：thesis（论文）经常说的：）~English dissertation(英语论文)Graduation thesis(毕业论文)
thesis 论文 (一本， 如硕士，博士论文)。paper 文章(发表在杂志上的一篇 一篇的) ÄÕÂ
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。 （论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）
Proposal 更正式点opening speech；opening report；Thesis Proposal 也都可以但多数都用Proposal 如博士论文开题 Doctoral Dissertation Proposal
大修的话好好根据审稿人意见进行修改，返回去被接受的概率我觉得也挺大的，而且大不了经过二审再修改一稿而已。基本上只要不是直接拒掉的就有希望。找北京译顶科技，性价比高，我就是在那边做的。你可以加速去知道了解下
作为一名留学生，我有时也需要翻译一些学术类型的文献。所以，我有几款常用的英文学术文献类的翻译软件，下面就由我来分享几种英文学术文献的翻译软件。
01 DeepL
DeepL是我经常使用的英文学术文献翻译软件之一。这款翻译软件相对能够比较准确地翻译，同时它还会提供同义词供使用者参考。更重要的是，DeepL还能翻译整个文献，支持PDF，Word和PPT格式的文献，这就方便了很多。
用DeepL 翻译文献时，一些学术性的单词和语句都能翻译得比较自然。就像文献中常见的代词，该翻译软件能够准确翻译对应前面所说的名词，所以它能更贴近原文的意思。
02 Google translate
Google translate是最常见的翻译软件之一。我推荐这款翻译软件主要原因是它能够快速翻译出使用者所需要的文章或语句，这能节省一些时间。它还提供各种同义词，只要点击某个单词，下面就会出现多个同义词，所以这比较方便使用者替换单词。
我也常用Google translate来翻译文献。但我发现用这款翻译软件翻译整篇文献时，翻译出来的意思会与原文有一些出入，尤其体现在某个句子中。可我将整篇文献分拆几个段落来翻译，可以看到翻译得更贴近原文的意思。因此，建议读者可以通过一个大段落来翻译以保障准确度。
03 Copy translator
Copy translator翻译软件相对来说可能比较少人用，该软件只能下载安装使用，不像其他翻译软件能在线使用。对于Copy translator，它的好用之处在于它可以自动识别学术文献，同时自动删掉一些无用的符号。还有，在该翻译软件翻译整个文献，它能够保持本身的排版，这就更加方便使用者。
以上就是我向大家推荐的三种英文学术文献翻译软件，总的来说都是比较好用的。但实际还是会有出入，所以建议大家要适当使用。
随着毕业季的结开始，各位本科生也开始了毕业论文的创作，在论文写作过程中我们肯定需要查询国内外该领域的论文，英文翻译因此也是必不可少的，不论是汉译英还是英译汉都在科研中有很重要的作用。
今天，笔者将对常见的在线翻译工具进行评估，希望你能找到最合适的翻译助手。
大名鼎鼎的Baidu翻译，也是我在论文创作是最常用的翻译工具。
这款软件的整体翻译效果无功无过，英汉翻译部分与GOOGLE类似，但其不会将论文里的Milk无脑翻译成牛奶。汉英翻译部分的翻译更加口语化，尤其是在SCI写作中，不推荐将汉英翻译后的文字直接使用。
MC推出的翻译引擎，也是edge browser内置的全网页翻译引擎，具有与Google类似的翻译效果。
在英汉翻译中，与Google翻译相比，一些句子的语序翻译更接近汉语的表达方式，但从句的翻译效果不如Google翻译。
与Google相比，汉英翻译水平并不理想。然而，与Google翻译一样，它也是浏览器的内置翻译引擎，专注于翻译的速度和便利性。
作为一款入门级翻译软件，Google翻译基本上是家喻户晓的名字。Google浏览器内置了完整网页翻译引擎，无论是汉英翻译还是英汉翻译，都能基本满足科研需要。
然而，它也会犯一些常见的错误。例如，当从英文翻译成中文时，它会将乳脂翻译成牛奶。
但是，由于其广泛的适用性，Google翻译是相当好的快速阅读或粗略翻译文件的工具。
以上是笔者使用各种翻译工具与大家分享的一些感受和经验。最后，我希望每个人都能根据自己的领域找到适合自己的翻译软件。
不是论文翻译网站有哪些的话这个多的很啊比如说那个百度翻译它的里面的内容就非常舒服九零
百度网站，QQ网站都可以做网站翻译的，不管是英语也好日语也好，都可以给你翻译出中文
有道等等谷歌翻译都是可以的，翻译的时候一定要有一定技巧啊，不要太直接
很多人都深受文献翻译时的苦恼，这个时候好的翻译软件就会事半功倍。接下来我要推荐四款很好用的翻译软件。第一个：百度翻译软件现在人们使用最多的可能就是百度的服务器，百度这些年也在努力发展别的刚需，比如百度翻译的准确率就很高，只要可以把文献的资料进行翻译，最后就可以得到比较准确的中文文献，但是很不方便的是可能你需要自己去不断的粘贴复制，在这个期间，可能会遇到格式混乱，以至于你无法快速的找到自己需要的那一句话。第二个：有道词典很多人对于有道词典都不陌生，他也是很值得依赖的翻译软件，他的准确率高，相对于百度来说他的页面会更加好看，而且他的所有句子都可以找到相对应的例句，但是唯一的缺陷就是他不可以完全的翻译所有的软件，而且对于专业术语他的翻译准确率不高。第三个：wps很多人都知道wps是可以进行文档等创作和编辑的，但是很少有人知道他的翻译软件也是很好用的，只要你在这个软件上打开文档，你就可以利用他的翻译直接翻译全文，相对于其他的软件，他最大的优势就是可以在不破坏他原有的格式的情况下，进行翻译全文。这样对于需要在较短时间内对于全文的把握更为全面的人来说，是有非常大的优势的。第四个：秒翻这个是个比较小众的软件，虽然没什么名气，但是他的功能非常有用，你可以直接将图片导入其中，他就可以进行翻译，而且不会影响到原有文档的排版，你也可以进行选择，这样就可以筛选出一些较为难的词汇，有助于后期的学习。所以在所有推荐的app中，这个虽然很小众，但是他的功能十分强大。
论文翻译是指对进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术科研成果文章的翻译，主要用于学习国外先进成果、参加国际学术研讨会，促进中外学术文化交流。
翻译是两种语言转换的过程，这个过程的关键因素是翻译者本身，要很好地完成每次翻译活动或任务，要提高翻译质量，还要有较强的理解力、敏锐的思维、良好的记忆、较强的语言组织能力和表达能力、高尚的道德观念等等，这些都对翻译的质量有着不可估量的辅助作用。
扩展资料：
论文翻译方法
1、论文翻译往往会涉及到很生僻的词语和合成词，有些词语很有可能在传统的书籍词典，电子词典中查不到。借助于网络，任何词语只要在网络上出现过就有可能被搜索引擎搜取到这个词所在的页面，从而被我们搜索到。
2、翻译用语要符合论文习惯，必要时请擅长论文翻译的专业人士校对或者是翻译，比如高校翻译老师等。不同的场合背景下，句子表达有着不同的方式。在论文的语境下，翻译更多地要注重言简意赅、用词到位不花哨。同样的意思，用一句话表述完比用两句话表述完效果要好。
3、论文翻译时一定要强调专业性。闻到有先后，术业有专攻。即使翻译的水平再高，但是如果不理解论文所在的领域，也很难将论文翻译出色。试想一下，如果一个对医学不懂的译员翻译论文，译文的意思很难被准确传递。
就是平时不怎么用，一般出现在学术论文中等的专业性词语，比如(Tourette's syndrome)多发性抽动症
学术词汇(academicvocabulary)：指常出现在各学科学术文章中的词汇，例如propose，significant，analyze等，它们可包括学术论文中8%到10%的词汇（Coxhead，2000）。当我们把一个词叫做“学术词”时，并不是它只为有学问的人所使用，而意味着它在英语词汇中的出现是由于书籍和文学的培养，而不是日常谈话的实际需要.学术词汇因行业不同，同样的英语单词翻译成中文意思就差别很大。如：日常用法可能大家都把“服务”译为：serve。在餐厅，服务员“上菜”叫：serve；在球类活动中，“发球”译成;serve。
到这个网站看看吧其实也不用这么麻烦的，你可以直接去Microsoft Word, 然后输入那有用的简单的单词（basis word) ,然后用按鼠标的左方，看见一个例，再找synonyms你就可以看到的了。
学术词汇(academicvocabulary)指常出现在各学科学术文章中的词汇，专业词汇是指各个专业领域内出现了大量的专业词汇。在专业领域内，专业人员互通的词汇。它们可包括学术论文中8%到10%的词汇。当我们把一个词叫做“学术词”时，并不是它只为有学问的人所使用，而意味着它的出现是由于书籍和文学的培养，而不是日常谈话的实际需要。随着专业的不断划分，各个专业领域内出现了大量的专业词汇。在专业领域内，专业词汇的使用可以帮助该专业内的专业人员减少交流成本，节约交流时间，促进专业语言的规范化。学术是指系统专门的学问，是对存在物及其规律的学科化。出自《史记·老子韩非列传》、《史记·张仪列传》。