哈哈,我的论文也是《傲慢与偏见》,下面是我的一些参考文献,你可以看下 Austen. Pride and Prejudice. Shanghai World Books Press, 2007. Jiayong. Today’s Most Popular Study Guides: Pride and Prejudice. Tianjin:Tianjin Technology Translation Press, Weiping. A History of the Artistic Development of the English Novel. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, . Black Cat有声名著阶梯阅读: Pride and Prejudice. Huadong Normal University Press, 2004.
傲慢与偏见》是简·奥斯丁的早期表作,也是她具有写作特色的代表作。她以日常生活为素材,以女性特有的敏锐和细腻、幽默和诙谐的笔调描绘了一系列栩栩如生的女性人物形象,特别是 对小说女主人公伊丽莎白的成功塑造体现了奥斯丁在婚姻问题上的价值取向。《傲慢与偏见》历久不衰的根本原因也许就是作者"最感兴趣而最拿手的本领:人物创造"。 一、 伊丽莎 白形象的成功塑造 1、女主人公伊丽莎白生活的社会环境 《傲慢与偏见》所描绘的18世纪末19世纪初的英国女性不论在经济、社会还是家庭地位上都依附于男性,社会等级制度森严,婚姻讲究门当户对。像伊丽莎白这样一个中产阶级出身但又财产微薄的知识女性,要想获得一种体面的生活和地位,唯一的途径就是嫁给一个好男人。正如奥斯丁所写 :"一个有钱的单身汉,每年有四五千镑的收入真是女儿们的福气 !''"总之,婚姻是人们寻求经济保障及社会地位的途径。伊丽莎白的堂兄柯林斯深知这一点所以经济殷实但庸俗不堪的他在向才貌出众的伊丽莎白求婚时,认为自己这是便宜了伊丽莎白;伊丽莎白的好友夏绿蒂也深知这一点,所以在柯林斯向好友伊丽莎白求婚未果转而向自己求婚时欣然应允。 2、伊丽莎 白的爱情婚姻之路 全书的中心人物伊丽莎白是一个聪慧、坦率、思维敏捷、风趣活泼而有教养的小姐。她的爱情是从在麦里屯碰到民兵自卫团的军官韦翰开始的,伊丽莎白立刻被韦翰一副"讨人喜欢"的仪表迷住了。韦翰跟她一见如故,滔滔不绝地表白自己中伤达西先生说道:"老实说,除了在尼日斐花园以外,我到附近任何人家去都会这样说。哈福德郡根本就没有人喜欢他 ,他那副傲慢的气派哪一个见了都讨厌。你绝不会听到人家说他一句好话。"这些话破绽百出但聪明过人的伊丽莎白竟然毫无察觉,被韦翰牵着鼻子走完全被爱情冲昏了头脑 。她为他抱屈,心里责怪达西,"怎么竞如此对待像你这样 的一个青年,光凭你一副脸蛋儿人家准知道你是个和蔼可亲的人"。她与韦翰分手时"脑子里只想到他一个人"。总之,优秀的伊丽莎白现在成了被人嘲讽的"愚蠢人"了。这正是恋爱中的伊丽莎白的真实写照。由于听信了丰翰的谗言,加之伊丽莎白获悉促使姐姐吉英和彬格莱先生分离的主使人竟是达西,对达西的愤恨和对吉英幸福不可得的心痛完全控制了伊丽莎白的头脑她断定是达西的门户偏见和想把自己妹妹许配给彬格莱先生的自私想法导致了吉英和彬格莱先生分手。她深恶痛觉地指责达西毁了自己姐姐一生的幸福,剥夺了韦翰幸福生活的权利。达西的傲慢基于他不屈不挠的性格,由于他出言伤害伊丽莎白,引起她的偏见;也正由于伊丽莎白的自爱才产生了她对达西的偏见,傲慢与偏见都达到了最高峰。达西给伊丽莎白的一封信促使伊丽莎白的思想发生了重大变化。达西在信中坦承了自己之所以拆散吉英和彬格莱是因为他误认为吉英对彬格莱并无真爱;而韦翰的所作所为又是那么地令人不齿,甚至想诱使达西的妹妹和他一起私奔。这信件在伊丽莎白心中宛如一枚重型炸弹,炸毁了她先前心中的种种障碍和芥蒂。伊丽莎白重新认真、冷静地审视了自己,第一次意识到"自己以往未免太盲目,太偏心,对人存在偏见而且不近情理",正是达西和韦翰对自己态度的不同促成了自己的偏见和无知,长期遮蔽双眼蒙蔽心智的薄纱终于被揭除新的正确的自我认识帮助伊丽莎白走出误区,消除了对达西的偏见,而达西也因伊丽莎白激昂的谴责产生了极大的震憾对自己从前的言行举止进行了新的认识和改造。再次出现在伊丽莎白面前的达西与求婚前的达西大相径庭。伊丽莎白看出他原来是个性格很柔顺的人,于是尊敬之外又添上了几分亲切,爱慕之心悄无声息地产生了。傲慢变成了谦逊,偏见变成了亲切。伊丽莎白的妹妹丽迪雅和韦约翰的私奔依仗达西的资助得以平息,更使两人在感情上越走越近,浓浓的茶香中渗出甜蜜的滋味 。咖苔琳夫人狂妄愚蠢的到访不仅没能阻挡伊丽莎白与达西结亲的趋势。反而像爱情的催化剂大大激发了西第二次求婚的勇气。性格上的共同之处和对方对性格相互欣赏是两人最终走进婚姻殿堂、走向理性幸福的一坚实基础傲慢与偏见化为浓浓的柔情蜜意 。有情人终成眷属 。 3、伊丽莎白情磨婚姻的意义 伊丽莎白与达西的情感风波很大程度上是由于主人公对自我认识的偏差造成的 .不公正的认识导致了伊丽莎的偏见 。公正的认识帮助伊丽莎白自得到了真正的幸福。她们的婚姻既是理性的选择又有深厚的感情基 础 。伊丽莎白自身上体现着婚姻的真正价值和时代追求 。伊丽莎白对达西先后几次求婚的不同态度 .实际上反映女性对人格独立和平等权利的追求 。伊丽莎白聪明机智,有胆识,有远见,有很强的自尊心并善于思考问题。这使她在爱情问题上有主见,并因之而获得幸福。面对情感她不像妹妹丽迪雅凭一时的冲动作决定,保持了做人 的尊严体现了思想和理性的力量;面对现实。她不像夏洛蒂那样完全放弃感情的追求伊丽莎白敢于面对阻挠她的一切力量勇敢地捍卫了自己高尚纯洁的爱情。尤其值得敬佩的是她坚持男女双方的真挚感情是缔结理想婚姻的基石,反对为了财产、金钱和地位而结婚 。这在当时妇女处 于无权地位把婚姻当作己唯一出路的社会是极具进步意义的 。 二、奥斯丁的婚姻理想 1、奥斯丁的婚姻情感经历在奥斯丁42年 的人生中婚姻生活却是一片空白,她也有过感情历程 。她创作《傲慢与偏见》之蓝本初次印象时年仅 21岁,与其偏爱的主人公伊丽莎白同岁。这年她与一位爱尔兰青年相爱,但不久这位青年离开了英格兰 ,在爱尔兰娶了位有钱的太太 。1801年 。她 26岁时在巴斯与一位标致的青年坠人情网,情感甚笃,但此人却暴病身亡1802年 27岁的奥斯丁遇到一位有产的庄园继承人向她求婚,慎重考虑之后,她毅然拒绝了。1808年 33岁的她几乎答应嫁给一个中年牧师但却没有下文 。这样的情感历程在小说中也有所体现 。 2、奥斯丁的婚姻理想小说中的伊丽莎白出身于资产阶级知识分子家庭富有个人反抗精神 。她以她的聪明才智 ,高尚的精神境界处处向瞧不起 她的上流社会挑战,并且不断取得胜利。从伊丽莎自身上我们可以看到奥斯丁的影子,而伊丽 莎自也是奥斯丁自己最喜爱的人物,她在写给姐姐的信中说:"我承认她是出现在文学中的最可爱的人物,谁要是不喜欢她,我可不答应 。"从伊丽莎 白的爱情和婚姻上 ,体现了奥斯丁的婚姻观 :"结婚为钱是错误的,而结婚得不到钱则是愚蠢 的"伊丽沙白和达西的婚姻不仅是一桩有爱情的婚姻也是一桩有金钱 的婚姻。除了高雅一无所有的伊丽莎白却嫁给了最有钱 、最英俊的男 子。她母亲以商人眼光看待这桩婚姻.满意地说这是一宗不坏的买卖;而对女儿的聪明一直非常赞赏的父亲却未曾料到.他给予她的教育在婚姻市场具极高的交换价值。纵观《傲慢与偏见》可以说奥斯丁认为爱情与婚姻水乳交融、不可分割,爱情是婚姻幸福美满最基本的条件。美貌虽能给人以良好的印象 ,但唯有具备独立的个性和良好的品性才能产生恒久 的吸引力 。由于当时女性特殊的社会地位 .每当谈论婚嫁 .金钱和门第又脱不了干系 .对决定婚姻关系 .乃至人 的一 切关系的物质原因。奥斯丁可谓揭露得深刻,但这种揭露 ,在这部喜剧性的世态小说中。不是凶狠的 .不是感伤的 .不是道德义愤的。也不是玩世不恭的.它是嘲讽的。奥斯丁的嘲讽渗透在全书的字里行 间。在人物塑造 上起了关键作用,也是叙述中的灵魂。但这种嘲讽不是文字游戏 .也不在抽象品格上兜 圈子 .而是紧紧围绕对人们的现实关系的揭露。 总之,奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见 》中对伊丽莎白形象的成功塑造。深刻地揭示了当时中产阶级及贵族通过婚姻各自实现其目的这一普遍的社会现象。正如西方马克思主义批评家大卫·马克思说,在"揭示人类行为的经 济原 因"方面奥斯丁"从某种意义上可 以说在马克思以前就是马克思主义者了 。" ·
Pride and Prejudice "is Jane Austen's early form as well as her writing with characteristics representative. Her daily life for material, sensitive to women-specific and delicate, humorous and witty style of a series depicting the life of female characters, especially the novel's heroine Elizabeth shape reflects the success of Austin in the marriage issue Values. "Pride and Prejudice" for a very long time may be the root cause is the author of "most interested in and good at most of the skills: to create characters." First, the success of shaping the image of Elizabeth 1, the heroine of Elizabeth's life social environment "Pride and Prejudice," which depicts the late 18th century the British in the early 19th century, women regardless of the economic, social or family status are dependent on men, social security hierarchy, pay attention to the marriage match. Elizabeth as a middle-class origin of property but little knowledge of women, in order to obtain a decent life and status, the only way is to marry a good man. As written by Austin: "a rich bachelor, each of the four or five thousand pounds of revenue daughters is a blessing!''" In short, the marriage is to seek economic security and social status. Elizabeth's cousin Collins is well aware of them so that the economic well-off, but he's extremely vulgar Caimao to marry him when Elizabeth's well that this is their cheaper Elizabeth; Elizabeth's friend Charlotte is also well aware of this, so Elizabeth Collins to the friends turned their marriage failed marriage with pleasure when promised. 2, Elizabeth's love marriage on the road The book is a central figure Elizabeth intelligent, frank, quick thinking, lively and funny and educated young lady. She is in love Meryton encountered in self-defense militia group of officers began Wickham, Elizabeth Wickham was once a "pleasing" the instrument fascinated. Wickham Yijianrugu with her, to express their endless slander Mr. Darcy said: "To be honest, in addition to at Netherfield, I went to the vicinity of any other people would say. Harford County is no one like him, He looked arrogant style of which have met with hate. You will not hear people say a good word. "If these flawed but Congmingguoren Elizabeth was aware of any, to be led by the nose completely Wickham Love made the colossal mistake of the mind. Her feel wrong for him, Darcy was to blame, "how do you compete the same treatment as such a young, you are alone a quasi-Lian Daner people know that you are the kind of people." Wickham when breaking up with her "mind, he thought only one person." In short, Elizabeth is now the best was mocking the "stupid people." This is the love of a true portrayal of Elizabeth. John believed due to the abundance of calumny, in addition to older sister Elizabeth was informed that Mr. Bingley and Jane Zhu Shiren was separated from the West, resentment of the West and Jane's well-being can not get full control of the heart of Elizabeth's mind, she concluded that Darcy is the gateway to want their own prejudices and Mr. Bingley's sister, betrothed to the idea of selfishness led to the breakup of Mr. Bingley and Jane. She accused the evil and pain Darcy ruined his sister's well-being of his life, deprived of a happy life Wickham. Darcy's arrogance on the basis of his indomitable character, as he made Elizabeth injury caused her prejudice; Elizabeth is due to the self-love before she had a prejudice against Darcy, Pride and Prejudice have reached its peak. Darcy's letter to Elizabeth to Elizabeth's thinking has undergone major changes. In the letter, Darcy admits that his reason for breaking up Jane and Bingley because he is mistaken for Jane Bingley does not love; Wickham and did so again is to be despised, even to induce Darcy's sister elope with him. This letter in the minds of Elizabeth like a heavy bomb blew up her mind the previous obstacles, and a chip on their shoulder. Elizabeth seriously, calmly look at ourselves, and for the first time that "own in the past would be too blind, too eccentric, one of the biased and unreasonable", is the West Wickham and their different attitudes led to their Prejudice and ignorance, eyes long-term shelter for deceived mental gauze was finally revealed a new addition to the right of self-awareness to help Elizabeth out of the errors in the elimination of prejudices Darcy, Darcy and Elizabeth also have a passionate condemnation of the great earthquake Regret their own past, the demeanor of a new understanding and transformation. Again in the face of Elizabeth and Darcy's marriage different from the pre-Darcy. Elizabeth see that he turned out to be a very submissive personality, then added a distinguished addition to a little warm, the heart of love quietly produced. Pride has become a modest, has become a kind of prejudice. Elizabeth's younger sister Lydia's elopement and Weiyue Han Darcy rely on financial assistance to calm down, and even more so in the two emotionally closer and closer, thick Sweet exudative in the tea taste. Lady Catherine's visit is not only foolish arrogance did not stop Elizabeth and Darcy marry. Instead, as much love as a catalyst to stimulate the West for the second time the courage to marry him. The character in common with each other and enjoy each other's character is on the final two into the marriage hall, to a rational and well-being of a solid foundation for the Pride and Prejudice into a deep sense of tenderness Mi Yi. Married lovers. 3, Elizabeth love the meaning of marriage mill Elizabeth and Darcy's emotional turmoil due to a large extent, the heroine of self-awareness of bias. Awareness of injustice led to the bias of Eliza. Just self-awareness to help Elizabeth has been a real well-being. Their marriage is not only rational choice and the basis of deep feelings. Elizabeth's own embodies the true value of marriage and the pursuit of the times. Elizabeth on Darcy has proposed several different attitude. In fact reflect the personality of female independence and the pursuit of equal rights. Elizabeth smart wit, courage, vision and a strong self-esteem and good at thinking. This makes her love strong-minded on the issue, and while the result was the well-being. In the face of her emotional younger sister Lydia is not based on impulse to make a decision, maintain their dignity as a human embodiment of the power of ideas and rational; to be realistic. Charlotte did not like her to abandon the pursuit of the feelings of the Elizabeth obstruction to stand up to all her strength and courage to defend their noble and pure love. In particular, is worthy of admiration for both men and women persist in her sincere feelings of the conclusion of an ideal marriage is the cornerstone of order against the property, money and status of marriage. This was not entitled to the status of women in marriage as the only way out of their own community is very progressive. Second, the ideal marriage of Austin 1, Austin's marriage emotional experience Austin in the 42 years of married life, life is a blank space, she also had feelings of the course. She created the "Pride and Prejudice", based on initial impressions when only 21 years old, with its preference for the same age heroine Elizabeth. This year she was in love with a young Irish, but soon the young man left England, in Ireland, married a bit of money to his wife. 1801. Her 26-year-old at Bath with an PSA fall of the human network of young, very deep feelings, but this person has died in 1802 Pubing 27-year-old Austin has met a middle heir to the estate of her marriage, and careful consideration After she took the refusal. In 1808 she was almost 33-year-old promise to marry a middle-aged but there is no priest below. Such feelings in the course of the novel also reflected. 2, Austin's an ideal marriage in the novels of Elizabeth was born to the family of bourgeois intellectuals, the rich against the spirit of the individual. She's in her wisdom, noble spirit everywhere to look down her upper-class challenges, and continue to win. From Eliza on its own, we can see the shadow of Austin, also from Austin and Eliza their favorite characters, her sister wrote in the letter, said: "I admit that she has been seen in the literature The most beloved characters, who do not like her, I do not agree. "From Elizabeth's love and marriage, embodies the marriage of Austin:" marriage for money is wrong, and the money is not married Stupid, "Elizabeth and Darcy's marriage is not just a marriage of love there is money there is a marriage. In addition to the elegant nothing but Elizabeth married the most money, the most handsome man. Her mother businessmen to look at marriage. With satisfaction that this was not a bad sale; on her daughter's appreciation has been very clever father did not expect. To give him her marriage in the education market with high value of the exchange. Taking a panoramic view of "Pride and Prejudice" Austin said that love and marriage harmony, indivisible, love marriage is the most basic happiness. Although the beauty in order to give people a good impression, but only with an independent personality and good character can have long-lasting appeal. At that time, because of the special social status of women. Whenever talking about marriage. Family status and money and can not do off line. A decision on marriage. As well as human relations in all material reasons. Austin is too deep to expose, but to expose, in this comedy of the novel state of the world. Is not vicious. Is not sentimental. Is not the moral indignation. Not cynical. It is a mockery of. Austin mockery of infiltration in the book between the lines. In shaping the character played a key role, is also described in the soul. But this is not a mocking words. Not in the abstract character on beating about the bush. But rather focus on people's relationship to expose the reality. In short, in Austin, "Pride and Prejudice" to the success of shaping the image of Elizabeth. At that time, profoundly reveals the middle class and aristocracy through marriage to achieve their purpose of the universal social phenomenon. Western Marxism, as Marxism critic David said that "human behavior to reveal the reasons for the economic" Austin "in a sense it can be said that Marxism in the past is a Marxist."
Austen,Jane.Jane Austen’s letters.ed.Deirdre Le Faye.Oxford and NewYork:Ox~rd UniversityPress.1995. [7]Austen,Jane.Pride andPrejudice.1813.Bantam Classic Edition. 1981 [8]Copeland,E.& Mcmaster,J.The CambridgeCompanion to Jane Austen.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press.1998.[9]William J Fitzpatrick,Jane Austin’s PRIDE ANDPREJUDICE,Simon & Schuster,1964.[10]Nark Schorer. Pride and Prejudice,Riverside Edition—B1,Boston,1956. [11]R. W.. Chapman,Jane Austen:A CriticalBibliography,22nd Edition,London,Annotated,1955. [12]David Daiches,Introductionto Pride and Prejudice. Modern Library,New York,1950
《傲慢与偏见》(Pride and prejudice)是简·奥斯汀最早完成的作品,她在1796年开始动笔,取名为《最初的印象》,1797年8月完成。她父亲看后很感动,特意拿给汤玛·卡士德尔,请他出版,但对方一口回绝,使得他们十分失望。后来,她重写了《最初的印象》 并改名为“傲慢与偏见”于1813年1月出版。你干吗不去百度一下该作者和这部书呢,这个是名著呢,很容易找到的
傲慢与偏见论文范本
《傲慢与偏见》是英国女小说家简·奥斯汀的创作的长篇小说,小说讲述了乡绅之女伊丽莎白·班内特的爱情故事。本文是我为大家整理的傲慢与偏见论文,仅供参考。
【摘要】 美国著名文艺评论家埃德蒙――威尔逊认为:最近一百多年以来,英国文学史上出现过几次趣味革命,文学口味的翻新影响了几乎所有作家的声誉,唯独莎士比亚和简奥斯丁经久不衰。
【关键词】 奥斯丁;文学;婚姻
简奥斯丁,生于斯蒂文顿乡一教区牧师家庭,收到较好的家庭教育,主要教材就是父亲的文学藏书,奥斯丁一家爱都流行小说,多半是庸俗的消遣品,她少女时期的习作就是对这类流行小说的滑稽模仿,这就形成了她作品中的嘲讽的基调。她的六部小说《理智与感伤》(1811)、《傲慢与偏见》(1813)、《曼斯菲尔德花园》(1814)、《艾玛》(1815)以及作者逝世后出版的《诺桑觉修道院》(1818)和《劝导》(1818),大半以乡镇上的中产阶级日常生活为题材,小说中充满了各式人物,男人和女人,老人和青年――其中一些是孩子,但为数不多――令读者难忘而栩栩如生,就像他/她自己的家人和朋友。简奥斯丁没有走出强加给自己的有限空间。她没有写豪门望族的故事――尽管她对北汉普街角的贵族家庭有所了解。通过描写爱情婚姻等方面的.矛盾冲突反映了十八世纪末十九世纪初英国社会的风貌,作品中往往通过喜剧性的场面嘲讽人们的愚蠢、自私、势力和盲目自信等可鄙可笑的弱点。奥斯丁的小说出现在十九世纪初叶,一扫风行一时的假浪漫主义潮流,继承和发展了英国十八世纪优秀现实主义传统,为十九世纪现实主义小说的高潮做了准备,起到了承上启下的重要作用。
其中,《傲慢与偏见》实属世界文库中不可多得的珍品,被毛姆列入世界十大小说名著之一。它以男女青年的恋爱婚姻为题材,以男女主人公的爱情纠葛为主线,共计描述了四起姻缘,成为作者最富于喜剧色彩,最引人入胜的一部作品。
奥斯丁明确划定了婚姻的“好坏”标准,不幸的婚姻大致有两种:一像夏洛特和柯林斯那样,完全建立在经济基础上;二像莉迪亚和威科姆那样,纯粹建立在美貌和情欲的基础上。与她们相反,伊丽莎白与达西、简与宾利,他们的婚事是建立在爱情的基础上,这是真正的美满姻缘。尤其是伊丽莎白,她对达西先拒绝后接受,充分说明:“没有爱情可千万不能结婚。”
其次,恋爱婚姻既然是关系到终身幸福的大事,那就一定要严肃谨慎,切不可让表面现象蒙住眼睛。伊丽莎白因为受到达西的怠慢,便对他产生了偏见,而当“风度翩翩”的威科姆向她献殷勤时,她便对他萌发了好感,直至听信他的无耻谰言,进一步加深了她对达西的偏见和憎恶,后来她自责说,之所以会做出这种蠢事,完全是虚荣心在作祟。事实证明:“初次印象”是不可靠的,而偏见又比无知更可怕。
另外,婚姻不仅是个人问题,而且是个社会问题。莉迪亚的私奔引起了全家人乃至所有亲友的惊恐,因为大家都明白,这件丑事假若酿成了丑闻,不但会害得莉迪亚身败名裂,还会连累亲友们,特别是她的借个姐姐,将因此而很难找到体面地归宿。后来因为达西挽救,莉迪亚才没有“一失足成千古恨”。与此相反,伊丽莎白和简圆满出嫁之后,自然给另外两个妹妹带来了希望和机会。作者这是告诉我们:人们考虑婚姻大事,不能光顾自己,还要对亲友负责,对社会负责。虽然现在是思想解放的社会,但是在中国,受到传统思想的影响,婚姻幸福与否,这些还是相当重要的因素。
英国学者H沃尔波尔:“这个世界,凭理智来领会是个喜剧,凭感情来领会是个悲剧。”奥斯丁凭借理智来领会世界,创作了一部描述世态人情的喜剧作品。书中有两个滑稽人物,贝内特太太是个“智力贫乏,孤陋寡闻,喜怒无常”的女人,因为嫁女心切,完全生活在一厢情愿的幻觉中,每遇到一个“有钱单身汉”就将其视为自己某位女儿的“合法财产”。而柯林斯牧师是个集自负和谦卑于一身的蠢汉,他一方面对贵族德布尔夫人自卑自贱,另一方面又对他人自命不凡,经常生活在妄自尊大的幻觉中。奥斯丁的讽刺艺术,不仅表现在某些人物的喜剧性格上,也不仅表现在众多情节的喜剧性处理上,而且还融汇在整个故事的反讽构思中,让现实对人们的主观臆想进行嘲讽。
对话,是文学创作塑造人物形象的基本资料和基本手段。奥斯丁在创作人物对话时,一方面注意运用对话来刻画人物形象,另一方面又善于利用说话人、听话人、读者在动机和理解上的差异,制造多层次语调,致使她的对话具有既鲜明生动、富有个性,又含义丰富、耐人寻味两大特色。例如:达西趁宾利小姐弹起一只苏格兰小曲时,邀请伊丽莎白跳舞:“贝内特小姐,你是不是很想抓住这个机会跳一曲里尔舞?”打死这话说得虽然有些傲慢,但是他主观上还是想讨好伊丽莎白,可是伊丽莎白听起来却不以为然。她认为里尔舞是一种乡土舞,达西邀请她跳这种舞,是想蔑视她的“低级趣味”,于是正颜厉色的回道:“我压根儿不想跳里尔舞--现在,你是好样的就蔑视我吧。”达西回答:“实在不敢。”这句话可能做出多层解释:伊丽莎白仅仅看作对方是在献殷勤,宾利小姐可能理解成想结“良缘”的表示,而读者可能会发现,达西心里可能在想,“这位迷人的小姐着实厉害,我这次只能认输,以后可得谨慎从事。”类似这些微妙的对话,让人回味无穷。
总而言之,在《傲慢与偏见》中,简奥斯丁运用最精湛的语言,展现了她对人性的最透彻的理解,四处洋溢着机智幽默,令人感到光彩夺目,情趣盎然。
提供一些英语专业的毕业论文题目,供参考。语言学研究英语在香港的传播英语在中国文化中的重生英语帝国:是现实还是神话二战后英语发展的非正式化趋势英语的全球化和区域化英语中的性别歧视英语中的女性歧视现象英语中的性别歧视和西方妇女的社会地位女性语言特点及其社会根源论广告英语的语言特点浅析商务信函的文体特征源自英语的汉语表达为汉语和文化注入新鲜血液:一个社会语言学调查语音与语义---音义关系中的非任意性笑话致笑的原因论幽默的因素英语幽默中的语用学幽默的跨文化障碍分析拉丁文对英语词汇的深远影响英语发展史中法语对英语的影响初探网络英语词汇和构词方式网络语言对日常语言的渗透英美民族文化心理及其在词汇中的映射翻译研究浅谈中文标牌语的英译商标的文化内涵及其翻译耶希斯图尔特的短篇小说《劈樱桃树》的翻译与评析意志的力量--短篇小说《无视失败》的翻译与评析英语谚语在口语中的运用及其翻译怎样翻译英语习语隐藏的主角们——《我们的生存之道》的翻译与评析短篇小说《我的俄狄浦斯情结》的翻译与评析跨文化在中菜西译的体现文化差异对旅游翻译的影响论译者主观情感在作品中的体现科技英语中词汇翻译的技巧与策略英汉基本颜色词汇的文化差异及其翻译浅谈机器翻译文化感知与文化翻译翻译中双关语的处理在新的语言中新生---翻译中的转类跨文化研究从“赵燕在美被打”事件看跨文化交际的失败中英科普文章对比研究教育使美国移民融入主流社会:比较犹太家庭与亚裔家庭对子女的教育理念从《成长的烦恼》看中美家庭教育模式之差异奥普拉和陈鲁豫的成功范例给中西方家庭教育的启示现代中西方家庭淡化的透视中英姓名文化内涵比较中西文化礼仪的异同及其反映的文化内涵冲突与融合 —— 好莱坞与亚洲电影的互动跨文化在中菜西译的体现中西方商务礼仪的比较中美跨文化商业行为比较国际商务礼仪中的文化冲突商务礼仪差异对中国涉外商务洽谈的影响国际商务谈判中的决策因素浅析礼貌原则的不同视觉中西方广告的差异中西方时间观差异对比中美婚姻观新视角中美性状比较从文化象征意义、宗教信仰及例行仪式看中西婚礼论中西方恐怖电影的差异论英国骑士精神与中国武侠主义中希腊神话中女性形象的比较研究英汉基本颜色词汇的文化差异及其翻译中英色彩文化与语义对比的研究美国生活方式对中国年轻一代的影响及其原因论跨文化价值观对消费者行为的影响从养生观看民族特性从电影角度看决策中的文化差异幽默的跨文化障碍分析美国文化霸权下的民族文化保护策略---法国叫板美国"文化帝国主义"从<围城>看西方文化对中国文化的影响从王家卫电影看中西方文化交融美国华裔作家谭恩美作品中的中美文化冲突与融合文化意识与跨国交流中国古代太学与欧洲中世纪大学之比较——兼论现代大学的起源从中美英语教学的差异谈如何改进中学英语教学英语教学研究浅谈语境引入在中国高校口语教学中的应用小学英语教学中的语法意识合作学习在小学英语教学中的运用从多元智力原理分析中学生课堂英语学习策略的个体差异性交互式语言教学在乡村英语口语教学中的应用关于多媒体课件对大学英语教学影响的思考构建课堂英语教学新模式——从现代多媒体教学技术入手英语习语的理解和教学论外语习者与二语习者英语词汇扩大的途径教师在英语网络教学中的角色网络教育资源和高校英语写作教学浅谈教师在教学中的中介作用外教在当代中国英语教育中的作用背景知识和听力教学通过问卷调查对农村中学生听力问题的分析和展望英语词汇教学的问题和应用论记忆的联想策略少儿英语教育的问题及策略儿童学习第二语言的优势第二语言从儿童学起的意义寓英语教学于游戏论中国大学生英语阅读技能的提高词汇在阅读理解中的作用非英语专业大学新生的英语学习策略——一项基于实证的研究新加坡与中国在推广双语教学中具体措施的比较与分析英语演讲中的艺术与技巧大学英语写作的措辞缺陷及解决方案大学生英文作文中的中式英语现象从中美英语教学的差异谈如何改进中学英语教学“注意”的规律在中小学英语教学中的重要性及意义英国儿童文学的特色与贡献文学研究从《飘》到《冷山》:看美国南北战争文学作品的变迁俄狄浦斯情节初探论《呼啸山庄》艾米莉勃朗特的哥特情结评呼啸山庄中Katherine自我意识与传统道德间的冲突浅析艾略特诗歌的转变解析《嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义逃离“社会”----《哈克贝利费恩历险记》主题分析荒诞与理性 --- 论《第二十二条军规》宿命与现实——从《苔丝》看哈代的宿命论从拉尔夫埃里森的《看不见的人》看美国黑人现状从《隐身人》中看爵士乐在黑人生活中的重要作用脆弱的心灵,虚伪的面孔--简析《红字》中蒂姆斯韦尔的悲剧命运《紫色》中的女性主义:至等待解放或为解放而论狄金森诗歌独特优美的意境《Mrs Dalloway》看Virginia Woolf的意识流写作存在的代价---解读海明威作品中的女色意识海明威作品悲剧因素分析从《白象似的群山》谈海明威的写作风格论《傲慢与偏见》中的女性争平等意识从Sthphen Crane 看美国自然主义的产生和发展论后现代主义中的女性主义—看美国影片《时时刻刻》从“指环王”到“龙与地下城”-奇幻作品所反映的欧洲中古文化浅论《远大前程》的理想主义倾向从“自愿贫穷”到“返朴归真”—重新发掘梭罗在瓦登湖的生活《一报还一报》——莎士比亚问题剧新解《伟大的盖茨比》:美国梦的破灭安徒生童话故事对中国儿童的影响追求自由的灵魂遭到宗教的扼杀:裘德的悲剧从《飘》的人物分析看开拓不屈的美国精神及其现实意义从雪莱的诗看英国浪漫主义福克纳献给艾米莉一朵什么玫瑰——谈威廉姆福克纳的《献给艾米莉的一朵玫瑰》文学叙事形式在侦探悬念片中的运用论《红字》中的性别错位从<围城>看西方文化对中国文化的影响美国华裔作家谭恩美作品中的中美文化冲突与融合苔丝的悲剧和它的社会原因英国儿童文学的特色与贡献文化研究中东文化与其商业行为民族动物与民族精神一路上的疯狂——从《在路上》看“垮掉一代”的精神实质冲破枷锁,自由呼吸—从西方服饰演变看妇女解放运动从“指环王”到“龙与地下城”-奇幻作品所反映的欧洲中古文化殖民地时期英国文化对美国的影响欧洲人的城堡心结:通过对城堡文化的研究看欧洲社会的变迁和特点美国文化霸权下的民族文化保护策略---法国叫板美国"文化帝国主义"《绝望的主妇》中的妇女形象分析——西方男权社会中女性的妥协与抗争对骑士文化的研究浅析哥特文化中的浪漫主义色彩英美民族文化心理及其在词汇中的映射论地理、政治、宗教对文化的影响韩流对中国青少年的影响朋克音乐对社会文化的影响香水文化在社会交际中的作用
学术堂整理了十五个好写的英语论文题目,供大家进行参考:1. 试论简奥斯汀生活对其小说的影响 (On the Impact of Jane Austen’s Life on Her Novels)2. “真实的诺言”与传统文化的碰撞——简析“真人秀”的实质和本地化过程 (When True Lies Challenge Tradition—An Analysis of the Reality and Localization of Reality TV)3. 从台湾问题看中美关系 (The Sino-US Relation—The Taiwan Issue)4.《傲慢与偏见》的生命力 (The Great Vitality of Pride and Prejudice)5. 平凡中的不平凡——《傲慢与偏见》(Significance in Commonplace—Pride and Prejudice)6. 萨皮尔沃夫理论 (Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis)7. 论格里高尔的悲剧 (An Analysis of Gregor’s Tragedy)8. 对大学生心理健康问题予更多关注 (More Attention to the Psychological Health of College Students)9. 文体学: 语言学习的科学 (Stylistics: A Scientific Approach)10. 佛教在西方 (Buddhism in the West)11. 非语言交际 (Nonverbal Communication)12. 国际反恐 (International Anti-Terrorism)13. 全球资金市场近期特征与走向 (The Character and Tendency of Global Capital Market in Recent Decades)14. 从《老人与海》中桑堤亚哥的性格可知——人是打不败的 (A Man Cannot Be Defeated—From the Character of Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea)15. 南方的失落 (The Loss of the South)
你是想写什么类型的呢?我遇到很多英语专业的同学,发的不是语言研究就是教学研究的论文,语言语法类的可以去参考下现代语言学期刊,教学类的可以参考创新教育研究期刊,总的来说就是,想找什么类型的就去对应的期刊找文献
一般陈述的第一部分就是先感谢一下你的指导老师和在座的各位老师,这个套话居多。第二部分介绍一下你的论文结构,这个可以参考你的摘要部分。最后一部分就是谈一下论文的缺点,并希望在座的老师给予指点。
最常见的,会问你为什么选这个题目,对这个题目有什么理解,这个论文你的个人见解是什么,你的写作思路,你知道把论文多看几遍就行了,尤其是每一节的题目。答辩不用紧张,一般不会出现因为答辩难为你的事,毕竟四年都念了,能让你答辩不过吗?甚至有时候你英语解释不出来,可以跟老师说Can I speak in Chinese?因为对于本科生来说,学术的东西不可能那么懂,文学也是。一般的老师都会理解的。尤其答辩时候的老师大多都是教授,人家会难为你一个学生吗。放心吧,不会的。我们答辩时候有个同学口语特不好,遇到了院长,哈哈大家都以为他死定了,结果院长都让过了。没事的,放心。
听的时候,不要分心。说出你自己的见解,不要怕!
先问候在场的论文答辩老师,然后总体介绍自己的论文情况,最后回答答辩老师的提问。总之,你要对自己所写的内容要特别熟悉。
"Pride and Prejudice" a well-known British writer Jane thing. Austin representative. Works describe the arrogance of single young Darcy and Miss Elizabeth the Second bias, wealthy singles Bingley and Jane eldest virtue of the feelings of disputes between the full expression of the author's own marriage, emphasizing the economic benefits of the appointment of Love and the impact of is marriage? Since ancient times people are exploring, but none has been to find an answer, it should be said there is no single argument. Indeed, marriage has always been good or bad has a lot of subjective factors. Outsiders seems painful marriage the parties may feel extremely happy, let them, outsiders seem happy marriage, the parties may have made the suffering. Jane. Austin, in her "Pride and Prejudice" in the show give her marriage to demonstrate her views on and love in the achievements of both marital important one and should not care! However, compared to the achievements of marriage for love is more important on some!"Pride and Prejudice" in describing a variety of marriage, Jane and Bingley, Darcy and Elizabeth, Wickham and Lydia, and Charlotte Collins, pastor. Lucas ... .... Charlotte and Lydia on behalf of two extremes, the former only the pursuit of "reliable storage room, the future will not be cold by the hunger": the latter is purely for sexual impulse, totally unmindful of the has been through the marriage house, small yard, furniture and other furnishings of a comfortable small home, but ironically, in her happy life after marriage but not the husband's status. "As long as Collins forgotten, and the rest everything is harmonious and comfortable," Lydia was a little girl confused by the rhetoric of Wickham, Wickham Living as one with no thought of the future life would be no Darcy through marriage to extort at least £ 10,000 a property. Their married life, the authors do not describe too much, so we can not imagine life without love What is the. Marriage is based on love, no love, a rare happy 's cousin Colonel Fitzwilliam is a count of the younger son can not inherit family property and title, but also one of Elizabeth's爱慕者, he frankly said to Elizabeth, who are accustomed to spending their own, in the event of marriage can not but consider the money . He said that the question of marriage there is only a conditional Darcy from the constraints of money free to choose. Darcy also because in terms of money and social status has the very advantage of him become so arrogant and his arrogance so Elizabeth has this bias against so the first time to propose to Elizabeth to be outrightly ruled out the possibility of. Elizabeth will not be because he was very rich and would marry him, no love, she would prefer not to marry, so she refused to Collins, the latter are refuse Darcy. "No love can be tens of millions should not get married," This is the view of Elizabeth is also the author of Austin's view. Darcy was later changed in order to Elizabeth has always been the arrogance of their own, because he really fell in love with Elizabeth, and his own change, but also changed the views of Elizabeth to him, accepted him slowly, Fall in love with him. Finally get can be said that Austin's own portrayal of the author, her marriage, through the Elizabeth we can watch one of the authors are not despise the kind of love, marriage, are opposed to no economic foundation of marriage. Money and love in the achievements of both marital important one and should not care! However, compared to the achievements of marriage for love is more important on some!《傲慢与偏见》事英国著名女作家简。奥斯丁的代表作。作品描写傲慢的单身青年达西与偏见的二小姐伊丽莎白、富裕的单身贵族彬格莱与贤淑的大小姐吉英之间的感情纠葛,充分表达了作者本人的婚姻观,强调了经济利益对任命恋爱和婚姻的影响。什么是美满的婚姻?从古到今人们都在探索,可是一直以来都没找到一个答案,应该说没有一个统一的说法。的确,婚姻的好坏本来就是有主观因素颇多的。外人看来痛苦的婚姻当事人却可能感觉美好无比,放过来,外人看起来美满的婚姻,当事人却可能有苦难言。简。奥斯丁在她的《傲慢与偏见》中就给人们展示了她的婚姻观,展示了她对美满婚姻的看法。金钱与爱情在成就婚姻上二者都重要,舍其一而不能!但相比较来说在成就美满婚姻上爱情更重要一些!《傲慢与偏见》里描写了各种不同的婚姻关系,吉英与彬格莱、达西与伊丽莎白、韦翰与丽迪雅、柯林斯牧师与夏绿蒂。卢卡斯……。夏绿蒂与丽迪雅代表两种极端,前者只追求“可靠的储藏室,日后可以不致挨冻受饥”:后者纯粹出于性的冲动,完全不顾后果。夏绿蒂通过婚姻得到了房子,小院子,家具陈设等一个舒服的小家,但是讽刺的在她的婚后幸福生活当中却没有了丈夫的地位。“只要把柯林斯忘掉,其余一切都很舒适融洽”丽迪雅是一个小女孩受韦翰的花言巧语迷惑,一心跟韦翰生活,并没想到以后的生活会没保障。韦翰通过婚姻至少向达西敲诈了一万英镑的财产。他们婚后生活,不用作者过多的描绘,也没想象到没有爱情的生活是怎样的了。婚姻的基础是爱情,没有爱情,结婚难得美满。达西的表兄费茨威廉上校是位伯爵的小儿子,不能继承家产和爵位,也是伊丽莎白的爱慕者之一,他坦白地向伊丽莎白说,自己挥霍惯了,在婚姻大事上不能不考虑钱财。他说,在婚姻问题上只有达西有条件不受钱财的约束而自由地选择。也因为达西在金钱和社会地位上非常的有优势,所以他变得傲慢,他的傲慢使伊丽莎白对他有这偏见。所以达西第一次向伊丽莎白求婚的时候被决绝了。伊丽莎白不会因为他有钱就会嫁给他,没有爱情她宁愿不嫁,所以她先是拒绝柯林斯,后是拒绝达西。“没有爱情可千万不能结婚”这是伊丽莎白的观点,也是作者奥斯丁的观点。后来达西为了伊丽莎白改变了自己一向的傲慢,因为他真的是爱上伊丽莎白了,他自己的改变,也改变了伊丽莎白对他的看法,慢慢地接受了他,爱上他。最后结婚。伊丽莎白可以说是作者奥斯丁自己的写照,她的婚姻观,通过伊丽莎白我们可一看的出,作者是鄙视那种没有爱情的婚姻,也不赞成没有经济基础的婚姻的。金钱与爱情在成就婚姻上二者都重要,舍其一而不能!但相比较来说在成就美满婚姻上爱情更重要一些!或者你可以自己找一下Analyzation of Elizabeth's Characteristics and Views of Marriage in Pride and Prejudice网上似乎有类似的英语论文内容,你可以试着搜一下看看做参考。
The Use of Marriage in Pride and Prejudice to Present the Nature of an Ideal Relationship With a social and cultural context where marriage was assumed to be of great importance, Jane Austen uses a number of marriages to expose and satirize societal values of the age, and to explore the nature of the ideal marriage. Austen portrays a true and ideal marriage to be one where economic and social compatibility is encompassed with love and the union of minds. In the novel, all marriages, except Elizabeth and Darcy’s, appear to be deficient in the values necessary for an ideal marriage. The marriage of the Bennets is an imprudent one, a union of a reasonably intelligent man with an inane wife. The suggestion that the initial attraction was purely physical elucidates that the relationship is based on superficial grounds. Mr. Bennet’s lack of satisfaction in his marriage leads him to shut himself from reality, failing to procure the masculine control that Austen regards as central in a successful relationship. Austen thus portrays marriage as a patriarchal institution, elucidating a perfect marriage to be one where the male takes control and the female allows for the “meeting of minds”. Like the Bennets, the marriage between Lydia and Wickham is also flawed. Their relationship is one where physical desire outweighs reason, decency and good sense, with “their passions stronger than their virtue.” Lydia’s infatuation with the “uniform” and desire for social standing, and Wickham’s desire for financial inducements leads them to marry for entirely wrong reasons. By stepping outside the social norms of her society, Lydia makes herself vulnerable to ostracism, and by breaking the rules of society (that Austen herself supports), their marriage is doomed to fail. In the novel, Charlotte Lucas presents a pragmatic view on marriage, declaring that “happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance”. Her marriage to Mr. Collins is to gain in establishment and acquire social standing and economic stability. It is through Charlotte Lucas that Austen illustrates the dire economic and social plight faced by unmarried women in the eighteenth century. The superficial nature of Collins’ love is made abundantly clear by Austen through his earnest desire to appease his patroness, by the ease with which he is able to transfer from one marriage object to another and the absurdity of his emotions. While the Collins’ relationship has social standing and economic security, it is entirely deficient in the affection and intellectual union that Austen regards as quintessential in a true marriage. The marriage of the Gardiners is superior to that of the Collins in terms of affection, intelligence integrity as well as economic stability. However, Austen’s realistic appraisal of eighteenth century society finds their relationship inferior due to its lack of rank and status. Similarly, Jane and Bingley [at the end of the novel] come to enjoy affection, position and economic security. However, their relationship is delineated to be lacking in depth of feeling and intelligence, and is a union of less intelligent minds, less self-awareness and Bingley’s weak irresolution. By comparison with all other marriages in the novel, Elizabeth and Darcy’s is the ideal by Austen’s standards - meeting the highest criteria of love, character and fortune. Theirs is a relationship of mutual respect and love, based on moral integrity and an understanding of each other as well as themselves, while possessing economic wealth and status. The marriages in Pride and Prejudice thus portray and advocate patriarchy within the economic system, social standing and society as a whole. Jane Austen therefore portrays marriage as a patriarchal institution where economic, social and intellectual compatibility as well as love must be present for the relationship to succeed. Marriage in Pride and Prejudice "It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife." Jane Austen provides subsequent argument with the first line of her novel, Pride and Prejudice. A statement that remains true to this very day. Austen's' first statement sets up the beginning of the novel. She states that a man, financially well off, but with no mate to accompany him to share in his wealth, is undoubtedly in search of a wife. In Pride and Prejudice, Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy play the role of the rich men. Mr. and Mrs. Bennet are the parents of five unwed daughters. Mr. And Mrs. Bennet have conflicting thoughts about the arrival of the rich neighbors. Mr. Bennet thinks nothing of it. He has no new thoughts about the arrival of Bingley and Darcy. Mrs. Bennet sees flashing lights. She views it as the perfect chance to automatically place a few of her five daughters into the rich community. Marrying off her daughters serves as the main purpose in Mrs. Bennet's life. Mrs. Bennet wants her husband to go and make a greeting to the new crowd. Her plans are to get in contact with them and make aware her five unmarried daughters. Mrs. Bennet encourages her daughter, Jane, to set her sights on Mr. Bingley. Mr. Bennet's' sarcastic comments prove his disconcert on the whole topic. When Jane is invited to meet with Mr. Bingley and his sister, Mrs. Bennet suggests that she go by horseback in hopes that she could probably get ill and extend her stay. Mrs. Bennet's' mind is always thinking of ways to marry off her daughters. Her idea works to perfection and Jane ends up staying longer. Mrs. Bennet goes to work again at the arrival of Mr. Collins, Mr. Bennet's' cousin. Mr. Collins stays at the Bennet's house for a short time. He will inherit Longbourn when Mr. Bennet dies since he will be the only, close male relative. Mr. Collins first intentions are toward Jane, but Ms. Bennet informs him of Bingley. Collins then changes his target to Elizabeth. Mrs. Bennet is astounded at the rejection from Elizabeth. She does everything in her power to try to persuade her to marry Collins. Mrs. Bennet views Collins as a successful Reverend with a prosperous future who would be a good choice for Elizabeth. Elizabeth will have no such thing, and denies Collin. Her father also supports Elizabeth's decision not to accept the proposal. Marriage serves as the main element in Austen's' novel Pride and Prejudice. Mrs. Bennet's' preconception with her daughters and their mates leads her to be almost a social misfit. Behaving irregularly at public ball and events, she constantly sets a bad name for her family. On the other side, Mr. Bennet's' traditional ways of thinking of not trying to force marriage, but let it come naturally, contrast greatly with his wife.
我的论文-----权衡:爱情与金钱----论《傲慢与偏见》中婚姻三重境界。(上)一、引言简·奥斯丁(Jane Austen),1775年12月生于英国汉普郡的史蒂文顿,有兄弟姐妹八人。她并不算是一位长寿的作家,在1816年初她得了重病,身体日渐衰弱,不幸于1817年7月18日死在姐姐的怀抱里;奥斯丁也算不上是位多产的作家,尽管年仅21岁就写出了她的第一部小说《最初的印象》(19年后重新改写,即《傲慢与偏见》)。但在她的创作生涯中,具有代表性的作品只有六部。可这丝毫没有减弱奥斯丁在英国文学中的地位,反而随着时间的流逝而日益重要。即使在今天,她的读者也是有增无减。她的作品被屡次改编成电影、电视剧,深受广大观众的喜爱。批评家托.巴.麦考莱就曾赞扬到:“作家中手法最接近(莎士比亚)这位大师的,无疑就要算简·奥斯丁了,这位女性堪称是英国之骄傲。她为我们创造出了一大批的人物…”二、钟情婚姻爱情描写从18世纪末到19世纪初,庸俗无聊的“感伤小说”和“哥特小说”充斥着英国文坛,而奥斯丁创作的小说则是一反常规地展现当时尚未受到资本主义冲击的英国乡村中产阶级的日常生活和田园风光。她“是第一个现实地描绘日常平凡生活中平凡人物的小说家。她的作品反映了当时英国中产阶级生活的喜剧,显示了家庭文学的可能性。她多次探索青年女主角从恋爱到结婚中的自我发现过程,这种着力分析人物性格以及女主角和社会之间紧张关系的做法,使她的小说摆脱十八世纪的传统而接近于现代的生活。正是这种现代性,加上她的机智和风趣,她的小说能长期吸引读者。”[1]尽管反映的广度和深度有限,但对改变当时小说创作中的庸俗风气起了很好的作用,因此奥斯丁的小说在英国小说发展史上有承上启下的意义。简·奥斯丁一生都是居住在乡村小镇,接触的人物以中小地主、牧师为主,观察的环境也以他们恬静、舒适的生活为主,在她的作品中,我们看不到有对重大社会矛盾的反映。有趣的是,尽管奥斯丁终身未嫁,但在她的作品中最为人津津乐道的,却是有关婚姻与爱情的描写。她以女性特有的细致入微的观察力和对细腻情感的把握,生动真实地描绘了简.奥斯丁周围世界的小天地,特别是绅士淑女之间的婚姻和爱情风波。简·奥斯丁的六部作品可以说都是以婚姻为主题的婚姻小说,虽然她的婚姻观不可避免得要打上时代的烙印,但也不是完全正统的。而比较清晰得展现作家婚姻爱情观念的作品,无疑要算《傲慢与偏见》了,这部反映婚姻问题的小说是作者最喜欢的作品,同时也是她最受欢迎的一部作品。在2007年3月1日的“世界书日”上,《傲慢与偏见》被英国读者评选为“十大不可或缺的书”之首。整部作品通过贝内特几个女儿的婚姻经历为基点,以伊丽莎白与达西的感情经历为情节主线,展示了18世纪中后期英国社会贵族阶层的婚姻状况。从某中程度上,也探讨了婚姻的内涵,因此此书也具有一定的社会意义和现实意义。文学批评家马克肖尔这样评价《傲慢与偏见》:“《傲慢与偏见》及奥斯丁后期的小说会令愚顿者震撼。如她的见解能被认同,这个由愚顿者构成的社会必将脱胎换骨。”[2]三、三段婚姻展现三重境界人们的择偶动机决定人们的择偶标准。择偶动机不同,人们的择偶标准也不会相同。自古以来,人们的择偶标准既要遵循婚姻的自然属性,又不得不受婚姻社会属性的影响。婚姻的自然属性决定了人们择偶时要考虑对方的身体、经济、宗教、道德等因素。人们在选择婚姻伴侣时不可能只有单一的动机,而是几种动机同时存在,只是侧重点不同罢了。而这种侧重点的差异表现出来便是人们择偶标准的差异。根据择偶标准的差异,历史学家劳伦斯·斯通,在其名著《1500-1800年英国家庭、性和婚姻》中将当时英国人的择偶动机分为四类:为了巩固家庭的经济、政治或社会地位;为了个人的感情、友爱和情谊;性的吸引;激情之爱。[3]在《傲慢与偏见》里,作者所塑造出的几种婚姻关系,大都可以从中找到相符合的类型。例如夏洛特和柯林斯的结合,就符合“为了巩固家庭的经济、政治或社会地位”这一类型。简·奥斯丁用一种轻松的方式对《傲慢与偏见》里的婚姻与婚姻相关的一系列活动进行了诙谐的描述。男士们如何挑选妻子,年轻的女子以及她们的母亲如何为其挑选未来的夫君,构成了这部小说许多精彩的场景。在这部探讨婚姻关系的作品中,作者着力刻画了几种不同的婚姻和爱情关系,除了上面提到的夏洛特和柯林斯的婚姻,还有几对比较重要的婚姻:莉迪亚和威克姆;伊丽莎白和达西等等。尽管他们都走进了婚姻的围城,但是婚姻的幸福度却各不相同。这是因为奥斯丁笔下的婚姻,不仅涉及到感情,而且还和经济紧密相关。“凡是有财产的单身汉必定要娶位太太,这已经成为了一条举世公认的真理。”[4]本书的第一句话就点出了影响婚姻的一个重要因素—金钱,然而果真是一条真理吗?我们对小说进行分析,可以将书中的婚姻划分为三种不同的境界,通过比较,我们就会有自己的判断。(一)莉迪亚和威克姆的婚姻:盲目的激情追求享乐在《傲慢与偏见》中,如果要选出一桩最荒诞且最不被看好的婚姻,无疑就是莉迪亚和威克姆的婚姻了。作者甚至没有正面交代二人是如何走到一起,继而出走的。只是简单的通过简和M·加德纳舅妈写给伊丽莎白的信,让读者了解情况的大概。两个人之间很难说有什么爱情,即使勉强有,也只能算是“肉欲之爱”产生的盲目激情。简·奥斯丁对他们的婚姻持一种批判的态度,莉迪亚的轻浮、卤莽和无知即使在小说的结尾也没有改变,威克姆的狡诈、野心和肤浅也使我们感到厌恶。理智、感情与道德可以说是婚姻精神层面上最重要的组成部分,而这对婚姻不具备其中的任何一项,他们婚姻的失败早已注定。婚姻的基础是婚姻最终成立的根据,决定着婚姻的特性。西方的婚姻更加注重性的因素,在他们看来男女的结合“主要报偿是性关系的满足。”长久以来,西方人有这样的观念,婚姻是为了爱情和寻求伴侣,还有的是为了性的和谐,避免孤独。莉迪亚习惯沉醉在男人的追捧中,而且一向用清不专,“只要受到人家的勾引,对谁都会上钩。”她对人的好恶,选择男人的标准,只是看对方的脸蛋漂不漂亮。当有漂亮的男人出现时,她的注意力马上就会集中过去。至于自己是不是爱上对方,她一点也不在乎,也更不会在乎对方是否真的爱她。这种以性爱为基础的带有鲜明个人性的婚姻是缺乏稳定性的。婚姻是个人的事,与别人没有直接关系,这样做出决定和采取行动就比较容易,没有什么牵制和挂碍。爱情本身是不稳定的,是人类情感中最难以捉摸的部分。[5]韦政通说:“在所有的爱中,最强烈,最令人困惑,也是最缺乏稳定性的就是性爱。”所以建立在性爱基础上的婚姻总是包含着“隐伏的危机。”[6]而人的本性中又有“喜新厌旧”的倾向,因而更加重了建立在性爱上的婚姻的不稳定性。莉迪亚和威克姆的婚姻既是个人的,又是根植于性爱的,它的不稳定性就成为必然了。加之西方社会中人与人之间的情感交流比较受限。在这种环境下夫妻间的冲突所产生的情绪障碍很难获得疏导,日积月累容易造成不和,情感上就会出现创伤、裂缝。这种情感上的伤痕便无法弥合而全面崩溃,当做为婚姻基础的性爱消失,那婚姻自然也没有存在的必要。《傲慢与偏见》中莉迪亚和威克姆婚姻的前景,作者在最后一章含蓄得指出:“威克姆不久便清淡爱弛,莉迪亚对他稍许持久一些。”威克姆选择莉迪亚的原因,书中并没有详细指出,不过他之所以同意与莉迪亚结婚,金钱发挥了重要的作用。威克姆是个不折不扣的花花公子,在与莉迪亚私奔前,曾经追求过金小姐和达西小姐,不是因为性,而是为了金钱。威克姆怀有这样的心态,与当时的社会风气不无关系。在18世纪时财富仍是社会中上层择偶时的重点,正如1727年丹尼尔迪福所抱怨的那样,“金钱和处女膜仍是人们考虑的目标。”同时威克姆做为地位稍底的中等阶级(lower middle classes),并没有大量的财产传承,因而更加重了他对金钱的贪婪。最终还是达西先生出面,替威克姆偿还了债务,并在莉迪亚名下的钱之外,又给了她一千英镑,并给威克姆买了个官职,最终换来了威克姆和莉迪亚的婚姻。“美貌与相貌平常的人一样,也得有饭吃,有衣穿。”可见在这段婚姻中除了盲目的激情,金钱也扮演了“关键先生”的角色。(二)夏洛特和柯林斯的婚姻:向现实妥协在《傲慢与偏见》中,金钱和爱情婚姻往往是形影不离,难分难舍的。小说里人们谈婚论嫁时总少不了金钱的影子,而阐述金钱对于婚姻的选择,一个最典型的例子就是柯林斯牧师和夏洛特·卢卡斯的结合了。柯林斯选择夏洛特做自己的妻子,显然不是因为爱上她,在柯林斯向伊丽莎白求婚时就已经详细阐述了他要结婚的理由:“第一,我认为每个生活宽裕的牧师(像我本人),理当给教区在婚姻方面树立一个榜样;第二,我相信结婚会大大增进我的幸福;第三—这一点或许应该早一点提出来,我有幸奉为恩主的那位贵妇人特别劝嘱我要结婚。”因而当柯林斯像伊丽莎白求婚遭到拒绝后,他毫不犹豫的把结婚对象转向了夏洛特小姐。柯林斯急着结婚,并不是出于个人需要,只是在完成他所崇拜的德布尔夫人(达西的姑妈)布置的一项任务,只要结婚了就算完成了任务。至于结婚对象是谁,对她是不是有感情这些并不重要。而且夏洛特小姐还算是贵族出身的小姐,也算是门当户对,这就已经足够了。柯林斯这个人并不懂得如何去爱和经营婚姻,他看上去有些笨拙可笑,缺少男子汉气概但又很自负。他的婚姻一定程度上是遵循了当时社会上流行的婚姻理念:“凡是有财产的单身汉必定要娶位太太,这已经成为一条举世公认的真理。”夏洛特·卢卡斯可以说是《傲慢与偏见》里有头脑并富有理性的一位女子,是她最先看出达西对伊丽莎白有意,并且向伊丽莎白表达她对简和宾利感情发展的担忧(事实证明她是正确的)。夏洛特的聪明伶俐令人印象深刻,可更让人感叹的是她对自己婚姻选择的那份精明。她清楚得认识到了当时英国社会中上层阶级婚姻的普遍本质:物质因素是18世纪至19世纪英国社会的婚姻生活的重要因素。卢卡斯家族也算是属于贵族阶级,在16至18世纪期间,英国贵族“婚姻并不是为了满足个人心理和生理需要的私人结合,而是一种确保家庭和其财产永存的制度性策略。”[7]贵族的婚姻很大程度上要服从家庭的利益,他们非常注重婚姻所带来的经济利益。对于许多处于经济困难的贵族来说,尤其如此。因而,属于破落贵族家庭的夏洛特没有多少可观的嫁妆,也无法攀高求贵,被迫嫁给柯林斯实际也是一种无奈的选择。而且在18世纪末、19世纪初的英国,这也是一个以男性为中心的时代,男女不平等,妇女的社会地位非常低下。法律规定,女性不拥有财产继承权,家庭生活被认为是最适合妇女的天地。妇女要生存,要获得生活上的保障和“财政保证”,婚姻是捷径也是唯一的途径。这就导致了当时的婚姻不仅仅是作为爱情的归宿,还会是“谋生”的手段,也就难免出现一些看似荒唐的事。“并且,马克思(和贝尔)曾说,妇女在和男人的关系中的地位使我们可以判断出一定特定社会自由和不自由的程度。[8]夏洛特是何等聪明的女子!她早就看出了柯林斯先生既不通情达理,又不讨人喜欢,同他相处实在令人厌烦,而且他对她的爱也一定是“镜花水月”。但是她还是选择了他做丈夫,因为夏洛特选择的这种婚姻,总归是女人最适意的保险箱,能确保她不至于挨冻受饥,也不用担心丈夫变心,至于婚姻幸福与否则就要放到次要位置了。所以在伊丽莎白拜访朋友的时,发现“柯林斯先生有时说些让夏洛特实在难为情的话”“夏洛特一般总是明智地装作没听见。”而且夏洛特也并不把他放在心上,单独带妹妹和伊丽莎白参观住宅,而且她也非常高兴。似乎如果柯林斯不存在,就真有一种舒适的气氛。这就是夏洛特和柯林斯的婚姻,很显然成就这段婚姻的关键就是金钱。对柯林斯来说,这样的生活让他很满足,婚姻的“目的”也已经实现。而夏洛特“用什么手段驾御丈夫,有多大的度量容忍他,不得不承认,事情处理得相当不错。”这样的一种靠金钱财富维持的婚姻虽然并不完美,但毕竟也是一种婚姻。在这桩婚姻里,夏洛特和柯林斯之间是没有温暖和幸福的感觉的,只是枯燥平淡的生活着。也许只有当他们孕育出下一代时,彼此才会产生一种爱—对下一代的爱,对孩子的关心呵护,到那时他们的婚姻也许便不这么乏味。奥斯丁并不欣赏这样的婚姻,透过文字可以感觉到她对这种婚姻的嘲讽之意。但以我们现代的视角来看,夏洛特做出这样的选择,也是迫于现实的无奈呵。岁月不留人,对她这样一位老姑娘来说,有一个归宿似乎才是最重要的。我们当然不会赞赏夏洛特的选择,但能否试着对她多一分的理解和宽容呢?参考文献在(下)啊~~~**************************************************硕士学位论文:论简·奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观IntroductionJaneAusten(1775一IS17)(women'seducationofhertime),allhereducationwastoreadherfather'sbooksofboththeseriousandthepopularliteratureoftheday.(Herfatherhadalibraryof500booksby1801).(Thefournovelswhichwerepublishedwhileshelived一SenseandSensibiliyt(1811)rideandPrejudice(1813);MansfieldPark(1814);andEmma(1816)一appearedwithouthernameonthetitlepage;usuallytheirauthorshipwasattributedonlyto"alady.")Austen,thegreatnarratorofcourtshipandmarriage,nevermarried,lookeduponherwritingsasher"babies",;NorthangerAbbey;MansfieldPark,';ineffect,shetransformedtheeighteenth-centurynovel,whichcouldbeaclumsyandprimitiveperformance一**************************************************《傲慢与偏见》感言其实我看的书不算太多,而且看了以后只知道说好和不好,至于为什么,大多说不出一个所以然,我忘性大,很多书看过以后只记得一个大概,所以不敢乱评论。初中的时候刚刚开始对课外阅读有兴趣的时候,要好的同学在我生日的时候送了一本《傲慢与偏见》,孙致礼翻译的,算是我读的第一本名著,从此我开始看名著,然而不论哪一本名著都抵不上《傲慢与偏见》被我翻的次数频繁(虽然现在叫我讲里面的经典句子我也多半说不出来了),闭上眼睛回忆这本书的内容的时候,总会想象在舞会上达西先生说伊丽莎白的美貌尚可的时候的样子和伊丽莎白当时的脸色,可笑的的柯林斯先生,卢卡斯先生,伊丽莎白和达西针锋相对的场景,激烈争吵的场景和伊丽莎白那封戏剧化的信,以及两人在彭伯利相见的细枝末节。这些都是戏剧化的场景,在BBC95年版的迷你电视剧里面得到了很好的演绎,至今仍是我心目当中名著改编成电视剧的最佳典范之一。青春年少之时,受某些思想的毒害之深,总想着伟大的小说必定是激发你为一些Larger than life的伟大事业奋斗的的东西,因此,总会很惋惜这部作品的“小家子气”,然而还是不由自主地为它深深吸引,为“二寸象牙上面的雕刻”之精巧而折服。奥斯丁对笔下的滑稽人物的嘲笑虽然辛辣,却也十分有道理,在她笔下,人性的势利和庸俗的一面被刻画得栩栩如生,让人先是发出会心的一笑,然后忍不住拷问自己的灵魂。小说开头那句“凡是有钱的单身汉,总想娶位太太,这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。”已经是脍炙人口的名句了。这样戏剧化的故事和作者波澜不惊的人生形成鲜明对比。前段的电影Becoming Jane把奥斯丁的生平故事编排成《傲慢与偏见》故事的反面。作为一个奥斯丁迷,我和大多数粉丝一样,对此深感不以为然。据专家考究,奥斯丁终其一生未婚并不是像电影里面所说的因为无法忘记这个La Foy先生的缘故,其原因之复杂似乎她的最后一本小说《劝导》比较沾边,女主角Anne年少的时候和男主角Frank相爱,然而因为种种世俗的原因和长辈的劝告最终放弃了这段感情,多年以后相遇发现旧情仍在,只不过在奥斯定的真实人生里面,她的Frank并没有以荣归故里的海军军官身份出现,而是不幸死于一场突然爆发疾病,最终故事以无法弥补的遗憾告终,而奥斯丁也没有痛不欲生,仍然过着她平静而安宁的居家生活。难能可贵的是,从奥斯丁的6部小说里面,看不到任何的自伤情绪,不论女主人公是一个什么样的性格,我们可以看到作家对她们的人生际遇的真正的关切,这是一种普世的关切,的确,婚姻未必是一个人人生的全部,可是选择什么样的婚姻的确能对一个人的人生产生很大的影响,追求婚姻的幸福,男女双方性情的契合总是没有错的。奥斯丁的《傲慢与偏见》对许多小说和电影作品也产生了深刻的影响。凯瑟琳盖斯凯尔夫人的《南方与北方》虽然背景不同,也是以这样的方式展开。男女主人公恋爱的模式和《傲慢与偏见》如出一辙,也是突破偏见和误解通过一系列冲突慢慢了解最后达到水乳交融。一部《BJ单身日记》也是身为简迷的作家对《傲》这部作品的致敬,不光给男主角取名Mark Darcy,还特意请来了BBC95版的达西先生Colin Firth出演这个角色。为什么这样的模式受到人们的特别喜爱呢?俗语说“不是冤家不聚头”,冤家们其实多半是性格互补的,据有经验人士表示,这样的关系比较长久,看来奥斯丁深谙这个道理。写到这里,我不禁浮想联翩,也许,有时候,人和人之间的心灵碰撞的确需要以一种激烈的方式进行,人生的趣味因而增加。只有经历一些风浪,才容易看清楚你身边的人吧,或者,只有在风浪当中,你才知道要抓住什么,才知道可贵的是什么。所以呢,从某种意义上来说,伊丽莎白家里不幸的丑闻,《南方与北方》里面马格丽特的父母双亡,Bridget Jones的遭遇,就像《倾城之恋》里面香港这座城市的沦陷,是为了成全这一对对冤家。让那些道学家们摇头去吧!写得不好,建议大家去读读这篇:值得一提的是,95BBC电视剧版的编剧是英国著名的编剧Andrew Davis,本人是一个作家,也是奥斯丁迷,男的哦。他成功改编过的作品有多部,,比如乔治艾略特的Middlemarch,盖斯凯尔夫人的《妻子与女儿》。在《傲慢与偏见》里面他为Colin Firth额外添加了一个书里面没有的场景,就是在池塘里面游泳然后浑身湿淋淋地从水里出来,正巧和伊丽莎白撞了一个正着,这个场景很有现代感,并不突兀,也因此为他吸引了不少女粉丝,真是厉害!
这里是Jane Austen的pridepre&judice介绍站,其中有写作风格与总结。 还有: