议论文作为托福写作常考的一种文体，考生应该着重备考，下文《托福议论文写作步骤》由托福频道为您提供，预祝您取得好成绩，欢迎您访问浏览更多资讯。
托福议论文的审题包含以下的两个步骤：
一、对于题目中的关键词或词组，用下划线标出。
二、试着用自己的语言重写题目中的信息内容。
这两个步骤有以下两大好处：
使我们对题目有一个更为清晰的认识并把题目中的信息加以提炼。
使我们把原本复杂的内容变得简单明了，并为以后引言段中的重诉作好准备。
让我们来看下面的题目：
In some countries the average workers is obliged to retire at the age of 50， while in others people can work until they are 65 or 70. Meanwhile， we see some politicians enjoying power well into their eighties. Clearly， there is little agreement on an appropriate retirement age.
Until what age do you think people should be encouraged to remain in paid employment; Give reasons for your answer.
我们先来进行第一个步骤-------划出关键的词或词组：
In some countries the average workers is obliged to retire at the age of 50， while in others people can work until they are 65 or 70. Meanwhile， we see some politicians enjoying power well into their eighties. Clearly， there is little agreement on an appropriate retirement age.
Until what age do you think people should be encouraged to remain in paid employment; Give reasons for your answer.
第二个步骤是用自己的话进行信息重组，我们可以把题目简化如下：
Different countries and people have different retirement ages and there is no universal standard about this issue.
我们再来看一个例子：
The idea of going overseas for university study is an exciting prospect for many people. But while it may offer some advantages， it is probably better to stay home because of the difficulties a student inevitably encounters living and studying in a different culture.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement;
Give reasons for your answer.
1、现在可以有更多的资源帮助，比如说网络让你了解更多的资讯，有助于成功；2、现在生活现代化程度高，节约了以前花在生活琐事上的时间，比如说，现在可以吃快餐，以前要自己做，耗时间；3、现在的生活更富裕，可以提供更多的资金助你成功。
托福备考的过程中，要想写作取得优势，多阅读一些 范文 是十分有必要的，下面我给大家带来托福写作高分 范文大全 ，快来学习吧!
托福写作高分范文大全1
Task：It has been said, “Not everything that is learned is contained in books.” Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?.
托福写作模板范文参考：
We all crave knowledge, especially in this Age of Information, but what is the best source of knowledge? Are we to believe Albert Camus, who stated” The place we are to get knowledge is in books”? Or are we better served by following Albert Einstein's counsel that “The only source of knowledge is experience”? Although books have their place in one's learning, there is no substitute for experience; indeed, it is experience that is ultimately the most important source of knowledge.
First, let us consider the knowledge needed to undertake a profession-for example, that of a physician. Knowledge gained from books provides the foundation of a doctor's training: study in a medical school begins with a near-overload of reading on anatomy, physiology and maladies both rare and common. However, during this time the medical student is also learning through experience, beginning with dissecting cadavers from almost the first day of medical school. Then, the aspiring physician must complete four years of residency, consisting of actual supervised experience at a hospital in which he or she now must put into practice all of the knowledge he or she has edge of dealing with patients, prescribing medication, and the joy and sadness of saving and losing patients; in other words, it is through experience that these residents finally learn what it means to be a doctor.
What about knowledge other than professional expertise-for example, knowledge about another culture? In this realm as well, both books and real-life experience enrich and edify us. For example, Paris is perhaps the most talked-about and written-about city in the world. We could read Hemingway's A Moveable Feast, in which he describes the excitement and intellectual spirit-as well as the restaurants and plentiful red wine-of Paris in the 1920's. Or, we could travel to Paris and eat at bistros, walk across the Pont Neuf and look at the river Seine, visit the Louvre museum, and have adventures of our own. Clearly, most people would have attained more lasting and vivid knowledge by visiting Paris on their own rather than reading about it secondhand.
In summary, experience, rather than books, is more central to our quest for learning, especially with regard to professional expertise. With regard to learning about another culture, experience is also irreplaceable. Yet not everyone in the world will have the health or financial resources to carry out a trip to Paris. But many people have access to a local library where they can borrow A Moveable Feast and, at no cost, read Hemingway's vibrant descriptions of Paris. We cannot forget the complementary and unique knowledge afforded by books, but experience is the most precious source of knowledge.
托福写作高分范文大全2
Task:“When people succeed, it is because of hard work. Luck has nothing to do with success.” Do you agree or disagree with the quotation above? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position.
托福写作模板范文参考：
It is universally acknowledged that hard work is indispensable to success. Scientists toil for years before they make a major discovery. Students study for years before they are accepted by a top university. Self-make people work for a long time, even all their life before they make a fortune. However, less well-known is the essential role that luck plays in achieving one's goals. It is often luck that turns years of hard work into success: people discover and invent things with the help of luck, and so do they become famous and find jobs.
First, luck has helped a great number of people invent and discover things. Sir Alexander Fleming experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he discovered penicillin. He went through laborious trial and error, but it was on account of luck that he looked at the mold on a piece of cheese and got the idea for penicillin there and then. Benjamin Franklin had been trying to prove his idea that lightning and electricity is the same thing, but it was only in flying a kite that he proved it and the concept of a lightning rod happened to strike him.
Also, luck helps people become famous. Let us consider young authors. Many work hard to learn to write. For example, they take writing classes. Besides, they work at menial jobs so as to survive and gain experience. Then one day a lucky writer may have piece of writing published and attract public attention. Or the writer meets an editor at the right time and place. Years of continuous writing brings the writer to the door of success, but one lucky chance, like the shot in soccer, eventually helps him or her reap success.
Finally, luck has helped many people secure jobs. One may spend much time writing and sending resumes, reading recruiting ads, and going to job interviews. One may pond the pavement for a long time before getting a job. However, it is with luck that a job hunter meets the person who will offer a position to him or her, or learns of a vacancy that is not advertised. Being at the right place at the right time often helps one land a job, and this has all to do with luck. One can hardly succeed without hard work, but hard work without luck often leads to nothing. Luck has a great number of people find success. In fact, luck goes hand in hand with hard work.
托福写作高分范文大全3
Task:Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position.
托福写作模板范文参考：
Some people think that university students should be able to choose whether to go to classes or not. I could not disagree more with this idea. Even though students can have excused absences, for example, when they are sick or have something emergent to attend, generally they should be required to go to classes. In fact, attending classes has many advantages, three of them most important: learning from the teacher, interacting with classmates, and developing responsibility. Attending classes has the benefit of receiving the best that a teacher can offer. Good teachers review the difficult and key pints of the material in the course textbook. The best teachers do more than this. They conduct group discussion of the material, and present alternative points of view on the same issue. This increases students' real understanding and critical thinking.
Moreover, teachers supplement the textbook material with information provide by guest speakers, which further enhances students' understanding. All this implies that, if students are absent from class, it is tantamount to forfeiting their right to full benefits of teacher-guided learning in class. Going to classes also helps students learn how to work with their classmates. In class, students need to put forward their ideas. They have to take questions from their classmates and when their classmates have a different point of view, they have to defend their own. All this is conducted in a friendly manner. Interaction of this kind teaches students about how to work with other people.
Finally, going to classes enables students to develop responsibility. Having to finish all the assigned readings before class helps prepare them for getting a job. So does the requirement of being punctual for class. Similarly, having to complete assignment on time for class helps them to foster responsibility.
Admittedly, students can obtain information from books, but they benefit a great deal more when they go to classes. They have the advantage of learning from their teacher, of interacting with other people, and of developing the responsibility required of a good worker as well as a good student. If these skills in life are in no sense optional, how can attending classes in a university be optional?
托福写作高分范文大全4
托福考试 作文 题目：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Most experiences in our lives that seemed difficult at the time become valuable lessons for the future. Use reasons and specific examples to support our answer.
托福考试作文参考分析：
举一些例子支持题目中的观点，确实有些痛苦经历对将来毫无帮助。
托福考试作文范文参考：
Some people argue that most experiences in our lives that seemed difficult at the time can later become valuable experiences. I cannot agree with them more. There are numerous reasons why I hold confidence on this opinion, and I would explore only a few primary ones here.
Difficulties are beneficial to our personal growth. In the course of our life, we will face numerous difficulties, and each difficulty will help us grow up, and become a valuable lesson for the future. A toddler fells off the ground for many times before he knows how to walk, and a child learns how to swim after he drinks water in the swimming pool. In addition, only after we experienced failures, we know the value of success. We will never appreciate anything that comes so easy. Difficulties can make us feel stronger and be more confident for the future obstacles.
Furthermore, difficulties in our work can help us gain more experience and knowledge. Most of the times we can gain knowledge and experiences faster through experiencing difficulties in our life and trying to find a solutions to the perplexities that we face. There is a famous saying, "no pain no gain." For example, when we take on a new job that we do not have much experience in, the first few weeks can be extremely painful and we may feel enormous pressure and difficulties. And we will try our best to adjust, to learn and to think, how to do this job better. The more difficulties we feel, the harder we try to acquire the skills and knowledge to overcome it. Learning and this stage is extremely efficient and our problem solving skills well increase. After we overcome more and more problems, we can become an experienced worker in this field and will be able to take on more challenges. We will never fear that we will face the same kind of problem again. This means that we have accumulated valuable experiences for the future.
In a word, a difficult experience is a gift that life gives us. We should appreciate it and take it as a precious opportunity to gain knowledge and experience about our study, work and life.
托福写作高分范文大全相关 文章 ：
1. 托福备考之独立写作满分范文5篇精选
2. 托福写作常用经典高分例句精选
3. 托福高分作文写作模板精选
4. 托福综合写作考试高分必备
5. 关于托福英语作文,你一定要知道的高分句型!
6. 托福写作如何考高分:20170527托福独立写作解析和范文
7. 关于托福考试高分作文范文
8. 托福独立写作比较模板经典高分
9. 托福作文高分之策略
10. 托福独立作文模板经典高分
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，熟悉托福写作 范文 ，下面我给大家带来托福写作话题解析及范文：关于20年后，希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。
托福写作范文:20年后人们将使用比现在更少的车
首先，综合写作改套路了，听力不再去反驳阅读了，而是去回答阅读中的问题。而独立写作的题目里竟然出现了一行小字： Be sure to use your own words. Do not use memorized example. 哦买尴!这简直就是继 乒乓球 由小改大后专为沦陷亚洲人而设计的规则变更嘛!帝国主义亡我之心不死啊!
宝宝们别慌。今天，我们就来给各位献上高分 作文 剖析。
(阅读提示：请大家先整体读一遍TPO35的题目及范文，后面会有我的分段解析)
TPO 35
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
In twenty years there will be fewer cars in use than there are today.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
大神 文章 ：
The Earth today faces many problems. Among these problems, the top three, in some people's perspective, are probably global warming, pollution and energy crisis. All three, if we really look into them, can be connected with the pervasive use of private cars. It is because of this, I agree with the statement that there will be fewer cars in twenty years comparing with today.
First of all, people will definitely use fewer cars. If we look at the global media, we are seeing an increasing consciousness on environmental problems. Be it the famous documentay by Al Gore, An Inconvenient Truth, or the "Earth One Hour" movement. They all indicate a global consensus: "We need to help the environment". So what's the easiest way to help? Using fewer cars. According to a survey conducted by the Ministry of Environmental Conservation in China, more than 40 percent of carbon dioxide produced by individuals are from private cars. If the trend of eco-friendly consciousness continues to grow in the next 20 years, people will, without a doubt, use fewer and fewer cars. So, in a nutshell, the first reason why people will drive less in twenty years is because they will be more environmentally-concerned.
Another key aspect is that, in twenty years, there will be fewer people in the world. If there are fewer people in the world, of course there will be fewer cars. If we are sensitive to global trends, we can see that a lot of countries in the world are facing a decrease in population. The biggest contributors to population growth, China and India, are also experiencing a decrease in the rate of population increase. In 20 years, I am confident that there will be, without a doubt, fewer people in the world. In this case, there will be a decrease in the needs of transportation. So, it is logical to assume that there will be fewer cars in the world twenty years from now.
A final argument I want to make is based on the ever developing technology. In the past twenty years, we have seen tremendous innovations taken place in the field of transportation. From high-speed trains to cars that run on electric, there is simply no telling what might happen twenty years from now. Considering how much we have achieved in the past twenty years, it is not so improbable for me to say that we might not even need cars in the near future. Who's to say that we won't be traveling on more efficient vehicles? Or maybe public transportation may become so convenient that we won't even consider using private transportation ever again? The fact is, we cannot deny these possibilities for they are very likely to happen. In this light, I am definitely supportive of the view that there will be fewer cars in the future.
From my arguments above, I think I am very optimistic about the future. I believe that, in twenty years, we will be living in a society with much fewer cars. And I am looking forward to that future.
首先我们来破题。
这是传统的独立写作题型，由三句话组成：第一句 “Do you agree or disagree with the following statement”是考生要完成的task，第二句 “In twenty years there will be fewer cars in use than there are today”是写作话题topic，第三句 “Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer” 是题目给你的requirement。所有考生都知道一篇作文必须“扣题”，在托福作文里就是去扣这三句话。这样一说，你是不是立马理解了5分标准里的前两条了?
第一条“Effectively addresses the topic and task”，就是指扣题目里的前两句话。 第二条“Is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications and/or details” 就是扣题目里的第三句话。读到这里，请各位宝宝们 反思 一句：扣题，你真的做到了吗?
因此，我们在写这道题时，就一定要紧紧扣住“20年后人们将使用比现在更少的车”这个话题，并呈现这样的分段：开头段一定要提出自己是否同意这个观点，正文段用reasons和examples去论证自己的观点，再用结尾段收束整篇文章，搞定。
再看看姚神的，啊呀，与我的分段方式不谋而合呢!开头段立论，3个正文段发展，结尾段收束——完美!有没有发现很好地符合了5分标准第二条里面的“is well organized”?童鞋们现在还敢不敢乱分段了?哼(傲娇脸)。哈哈，接下来再细看每一段吧~
文章分析
01
The Earth today faces many problems. Among these problems, the top three, in some people's perspective, are probably global warming, pollution and energy crisis. All three, if we really look into them, can be connected with the pervasive use of private cars. It is because of this, I agree with the statement that there will be fewer cars in twenty years comparing with today.
开头段最核心的功能是“立论”，也即回答题目的第一句话，表明自己的观点是同意还是不同意。姚神开头段的最后一句就是个明确的立论：同意题目观点。当然姚神在立论前还做了lead-in，作用是告诉大家写这篇文章的背景，引起读者兴趣。不过请注意，各位同学可别硬拽高端写法。如果你的打字速度呵呵哒，那么为师强烈建议第一段直接立论;否则正文段没时间好好写，那可就得不偿失啦。
02
First of all, people will definitely use fewer cars. If we look at the global media, we are seeing an increasing consciousness on environmental problems. Be it the famous documentay by Al Gore, An Inconvenient Truth, or the "Earth One Hour" movement. They all indicate a global consensus: "We need to help the environment". So what's the easiest way to help? Using fewer cars. According to a survey conducted by the Ministry of Environmental Conservation in China, more than 40 percent of carbon dioxide produced by individuals are from private cars. If the trend of eco-friendly consciousness continues to grow in the next 20 years, people will, without a doubt, use fewer and fewer cars. So, in a nutshell, the first reason why people will drive less in twenty years is because they will be more environmentally-concerned.
正文段的作用是啥?论证你的观点。换句话说，论证你的第一段立论。你第一段立的啥论，后面就要一门心思去证明它。如果正文段与第一段没有完美印证，而是走歪了，那就违反了5分标准里第三条的第一个词 “unity”(统一、一致)。此外，用啥论证?题目要求里不说了么，reasons and examples. 看看姚神这段，以段落中部的according to a survey为分界点，前面是reason，后面是example，是不是正中5分标准的下怀呢?曾经有同学问我：“老师，一定要写example吗?我觉得老写my cousin Tom好low啊……”答案请见姚神作文，example不一定非要写cousin Tom或者隔壁老王嘛，你也可以写一个survey啊。当然，前提是，你真真切切地了解一个真实的survey，你可别到考场上自己胡编乱造啊。胡编乱造的最大特别就是细节缺失，而考场临时凑出来的survey绝对会细节缺失，一看就是假的，想给你分都难啊!
最后，嘿嘿，不得不请大家注意一下，有木有发现姚神第3句的documentary打错了，少了个字母 “r”?哈哈，其实呢，这种不影响读者理解的小笔误，就是5分标准里第四条的minor lexical errors(微小的单词错误)，是不会影响你拿满分哒!
03
Another key aspect is that, in twenty years, there will be fewer people in the world. If there are fewer people in the world, of course there will be fewer cars. If we are sensitive to global trends, we can see that a lot of countries in the world are facing a decrease in population. The biggest contributors to population growth, China and India, are also experiencing a decrease in the rate of population increase. In 20 years, I am confident that there will be, without a doubt, fewer people in the world. In this case, there will be a decrease in the needs of transportation. So, it is logical to assume that there will be fewer cars in the world twenty years from now.
再看姚神的第二个正文段。大家细看一下我挑出来的这些词：another key aspect, if, in 20 years, in this case, so. 有没有发现有啥共同点?没错，它们都有连接作用，凸显前后文逻辑。很多同学在表达观点时，不擅长使用连接词，导致观点之间逻辑不紧密，让人感觉不到在一步步论证自己的观点。这就与5分标准第三条里的两个词 “progression(进展)”和 “coherence(连贯)”相悖。当然，如果你写了一堆连接词，但其实句意根本不是那层逻辑，那也是完全没用的。比如：“我喜欢吃苹果，所以我妈种了很多桔子。”这个 句子 里确实有连接词“所以”，然而这逻辑——这位同学是在逗我吗?你好歹也要加个背景“我是捡来的”吧!
04
A final argument I want to make is based on the ever developing technology. In the past twenty years, we have seen tremendous innovations taken place in the field of transportation. From high-speed trains to cars that run on electric, there is simply no telling what might happen twenty years from now. Considering how much we have achieved in the past twenty years, it is not so improbable for me to say that we might not even need cars in the near future. Who's to say that we won't be traveling on more efficient vehicles? Or maybe public transportation may become so convenient that we won't even consider using private transportation ever again? The fact is, we cannot deny these possibilities for they are very likely to happen. In this light, I am definitely supportive of the view that there will be fewer cars in the future.
第三个正文段——说到这会有同学打断我：“老师，我能不能只写两个正文段?”可以呀，大家看姚神这篇作文511个字，是大家在考场上能望其项背的么?能打400字就是考神附体了好么!所以，只写两个正文段，只要扣题了，发展清楚了，没有问题哒~~另外说下姚神这段的语言，用了两个rhetorical questions修辞性疑问句，在汉语里我们称之为“反问句”或“设问句”。这非常好地满足了5分标准里第四条的syntactic variety句法多样性。说到这里，有没有发现姚神这篇作文真的是360度全景符合5分标准呢!
05
From my arguments above, I think I am very optimistic about the future. I believe that, in twenty years, we will be living in a society with much fewer cars. And I am looking forward to that future.
再看最后一段，最后一段其实在托福写作中的作用不大，收束全文再次点题即可。姚神的这段结尾除了中规中矩地收束以外，还加了句对未来的展望 “I am looking forward to that future”。但是还是提醒大家别在展望上写太多哈，为师担心你把展望写成了一个新观点，但却没有展开它，那可就违背了well developed这一点啦。还是那句老话，高端写法别硬拽，乖乖把时间留下来去发展正文段吧~
托福写作题目分析：20年后人们将有更多休闲时间
今天需要练习的写作题目:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In twenty years, people will have more leisure time.
先针对如上写作题目写句子
在我看来，人们将来肯定会拥有更多的休闲时间。因为科技发展速度惊人，以至于处理很多工作时都会更加地高效、省时、便捷。
翻译：
答案： In my point of view, people will definitely have more leisure time in the future, because technology has been developing at so fast a rate that it will be more efficient and, hence, time-saving for people to deal with most of their work.
汉英翻译练习对应的段落：
模拟主干段
(1)在我看来，人们将来肯定会拥有更多的休闲时间。
(2)因为科技发展速度惊人，以至于处理很多工作时都会更加地高效、省时、便捷。
(3)二十年前的人们不敢想象每个人的办公桌上都有一台强大的电脑---需要用手填写的一天的表格，现在用计算机往往只需要一小时就能完成;尽管我并不知道，二十年后我们将用什么样的高科技工具来提高工作效率，但进一步提高闲暇时间是肯定的。
(4)如果你回顾中国公共假日的历史，从每周休息一天，到一天半，最后演化到现在的双休日---你就会赞同社会进步对人们闲暇时间的增加的确很有促进。
托福写作语料库：20年后学生们是否不再使用纸媒书籍
【观点类】
In twenty years from now, students will not use printed books any more. 20年以后，学生们将不再使用纸媒书籍，是否认同? (2009年3月29 日)
【题目解析】20年以后，学生们不再使用纸媒书籍 = 电子书籍可以完全取得纸媒阅读，是否同意?
【作家立场】电子书籍有其优势，但是，纸媒书籍依然不会被代替，尤其是对于学生而言。
【写作思路】让步反驳：三分让步;七分反驳
【新东方网薛鹏思路拓展】
纸媒书籍存在的理由和不可替代性：
1. 无论电子阅读多么便利和有趣，很多学生改变不了用纸媒书籍学习的习惯。例如，我的同龄人，他们不习惯也不喜欢电子书，尤其是以电子书作为教科书，因为电子阅读极其不便，无法随时地做标记和笔记。
2. 对比其他的电子读物，传统的纸媒有其优势。具体而言，很多电子小说可随意发表，质量难保证，但是，纸媒书籍，比较而言，内容优质。 例如，作为文学 爱好 者，我喜欢阅读文学作品， 网络小说很少吸引我，因为其内容比较庸俗，文笔很差，极少带来阅读快感。相反，我自己喜欢阅读一本名为《作家》的杂志，我不读网络杂志，因为拿到一本新书的感觉很踏实，淡淡的墨香激发我立刻阅读的兴趣。
手机阅读或网络阅读的利好：(让步段)
我承认，电子阅读也有其流行的理由，例如：储存量大，携带便利，价格低廉，资源丰富，比较环保。但是，我想反驳的是：电子阅读也有其弊端。比如，长期接触电子辐射有害视力，另外，电子书库信息量很大，有时候，我们反而无从选择自己的喜欢的书籍。
【尾段 总结 】电子阅读仅仅是传统阅读的一种有效的补充，而非替代品。
【新东方网薛鹏原创语料库】
【基础写作语料库】
1. printed books n印刷书籍
2. e-reading n电子阅读
3. deeply rooted reading habit n 根深蒂固的阅读习惯
4. can never replace traditional way of reading v永远无法代替传统的阅读方式
5. A and B are not mutually exclusive …… 和 …… 不是互相排斥的
【新东方网薛鹏原创语料库】
1. The past century has witnessed tremendous technological progress and these changes re-shaped some people’s reading choices. 一百年来，科技在进步，这种进步也改变了很多人的阅读选择。
解析：tremendous = great 巨大的
2. People still read, however，some people might have different preferences such as on-line reading or appreciating their favorite books via the cell phone 人们依然在阅读，但是，人们的喜好也许在变化，例如很多人喜欢网络阅读和手机阅读。
解析：via prep通过
3. Some people argue that if the popularity of e-reading keeps expanding at current rate, our reading will be dominated by on-line or cell phone reading two decades later 有人认为如果电子阅读以这样的速度上升，20年后，手机阅读和网络阅读最终将会占据主导地位。
4. It is true that the number of reading printed books is， to some extent，declining, but, this trend does not necessarily indicate conventional way of reading will give way to e-reading. 的确，那些阅读印刷书籍的人数在一定程度上减少，但是，这不一定意味着电子阅读会取代传统阅读。
5. The quality of many e-books cannot be ensured because almost every individual can publish articles on line，conversely，reading printed books with excellent contents can stir readers’ imagination, tap their creativity and deepen their insights into their lives. 因为几乎人人可以发表网络文章，所以，很多电子读物的质量难以保障，相反，阅读内容优质的纸媒书籍可以激发人的 想象力 ，开发人的创造性，加深人对于生活的洞察。
6. Indeed，I have to concede that many readers，especially teenagers, seem to be drawn to the popular e-reading.我承认，很多人，尤其是青少年读者，似乎被被流行的电子阅读所吸引。
7. Nonetheless，I want to rebut that on no account can we neglect the downsides triggered by e-reading. 但是，我想反驳的是任何情况下我们不能忽视电子阅读带来的弊端。
8. First，as for some of my peers，it is hard for them to change deeply rooted habit of reading printed books or newspapers. 对于我的很多同龄人而言，他们很难改变根深蒂固的阅读纸媒的习惯。
9. No matter how convenient or amusing e-reading is，I still have a preference for reading printed newspapers and magazines.无论电子阅读多么便利和有趣，我依然喜欢阅读印刷版的报纸杂志。
10. For example，as a literature fancier，I take keen interest in reading a magazine entitled Writer，I can either read printed book or and enjoy on-line magazine， however， I still have a sentimental attachment to the traditional way of reading 例如，我是文学发烧友，很喜欢阅读一本名为《作家》的杂志，我可以选择购买书籍，也可以选择网络阅读，但是，我始终对于传统的阅读方式更加依赖.
解析：have a sentimental attachment to 对于……有情感的依恋
11. The ink fragrance of the book never fails to make me feel at ease, when holding a newly published magazine, I usually have an impulse of browsing the book and make some personal notes immediately .一本新书散发着墨香，拿在手里，比较踏实，我可以随时笔记。
解析：make me feel at ease v使我感到心安
12. E-books enjoy their unique merits. To name just a few, e-books have large storage room, are easy to carry, have rich on-line resources and so on 电子阅读有其独有的利好, 例如，电子书存储量大，携带便利，资源丰富等等。
13. Seen from the perspective of health, chronic exposure to the screen might impair one’s eyesight 从健康的角度而言，长期接触电子辐射有害视力。
解析：chronic adj 长期的
解析：impair one’s eyesight v 有害视力
14. With the availability of an ocean of e-books，sometimes，it is hard for readers to select their favorite books. 电子书库信息量很大，有时候，读者反而无从选择他们的喜欢的书籍。
15. The ideal learning effect created by printed books can never be matched by e-reading. 使用纸媒书籍，效果更佳，电子阅读，难以实现。
新托福综合写作TPO13范文及材料欣赏
私人化石收藏家们从十八世纪就开始涉足化石买卖。新托福综合写作TPO13写作材料就花式私人买卖的是好的还是坏的进行了讨论。下面是我整理的新托福综合写作TPO13范文和材料，欢迎阅读!
新托福综合写作TPO13范文：
The lecturer rejects the ideas presented in the reading passage about the problems involved in the booming business of commercial fossil trading. In her opinion, the benefits of this new development outweigh its negative consequences.
The lecturer does not agree with the first point made in the reading—that private collectors keep their fossil collections away from the public. She contends that the commercial trading of fossils actually makes them available to a wider public, because everyone with a budget, such as private schools and libraries, can purchase them for study and exhibition.
The lecturer goes on to refute the claim in the reading that fossil trading business prevents scientists and public museum from benefiting from fossil finds, as these parties cannot compete with wealthy private buyers to acquire important fossils for research purpose. On the contrary, she argues, scientists themselves are the first to evaluate any important fossil before it can be sold in the commercial market at a price, so the academic community does not miss any opportunity to study privately traded fossils.
Additionally, the lecturer challenges the final downside of fossil trading mentioned in the reading. The lecturer reminds us that the damages, if any, caused by private collectors in their field operations are more than offset by the effort these individuals have made to increase the number of fossils available to the public that would otherwise remain undiscovered.
新托福综合写作TPO13阅读材料：
Private collectors have been selling and buying fossils, the petrified remains of ancient organisms, ever since the eighteen century. In recent years, however, the sale of fossils, particularly of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates has grown into a big business. Rare and important fossils are now being sold to private ownership for millions of dollars. This is an unfortunate development for both scientists and the general public.
私人化石收藏家们从十八世纪就开始涉足化石买卖。所谓化石是指那些古代有机体的石化物。然而最近几年，化石买卖，尤其是恐龙和其他大型脊椎动物的化石的买卖变得繁荣起来了。稀有而重要的化石现在以百万计的价格在私人搜藏家之间流通。这种现象无论对于科学家还是对于公众来说，都不是一件好事情。
The public suffers because fossils that would otherwise be donated to museums where everyone can see them are sold to private collectors who do not allow the public to view their collections. Making it harder for the public to see fossils can lead to a decline in public interest in fossils, which would be a pity.
化石不在捐赠给博物馆而是由私人收藏家持有，而不是像过去那样捐赠给博物馆。私人收藏家不会让公众看他的藏品，而博物馆里的展品却是人人有机会看到的。这样对于公众来说是受损的'。接触化石的机会变少会让大众失去对化石的兴趣的，而这一点显然是令人遗憾的。
More importantly, scientists are likely to lose access to some of the most important fossils and thereby miss out on potentially crucial discoveries about extinct life forms. Wealthy fossil buyers with a desire to own the rarest and most important fossils can spend virtually limitless amounts of money to acquire them. Scientists and the museums and universities they work for often cannot compete successfully for fossils against millionaire fossil buyers.
更重要的是，科学家将错失很多研究珍贵化石的机会，进而可能同一些关于灭绝生物的重大发现失之交臂。富有的化石购买者因为对稀有而重要化石的强烈渴望，将会不计成本地想得到这些化石。科学家和他们所服务的博物馆和大学都无力同那些身价百万的化石购买者竞争，也只能坐视失去化石。
Moreover, commercial fossil collectors often destroy valuable scientific evidence associated with the fossils they unearth. Most commercial fossil collectors are untrained or uninterested in carrying out the careful field work and documentation that reveal the most about animal life in the past. For example, scientists have learned about the biology of nest-building dinosaurs called oviraptors by carefully observing the exact position of oviraptors fossils in the ground and the presence of other fossils in the immediate surroundings. Commercial fossil collectors typically pay no attention to how fossils lie in the ground or to the smaller fossils that may surround bigger ones.
而且，商业化石收藏家常常会破坏他们挖掘出的化石中有科学价值的部分。多数商业化石收藏家常常没有接受过专业的训练，同时对谨慎研究记录化石没有兴趣。而这些研究和记录可以揭示过去生活在地球上的生命最重要的信息。科学家就是通过对筑巢的偷蛋龙的研究就是这种方法：通过对偷蛋龙化石的埋在地下的精确位置以及邻近的其他化石的状态来获知其生物特性的。私人化石搜藏家万网不关注化石埋藏的唯一以及大型化石边上那些小型的化石。
新托福综合写作TPO13听力材料：
Of course, there are some negative consequences of selling fossils in the commercial market, but they have been greatly exaggerated. The benefits of commercial fossil trade greatly outweigh the disadvantages.
当然，在商业市场上买卖化石是有一些负面影响，但是这些负面影响在阅读部分被夸大了。化石买卖的优点大大的超过其缺点。
First of all, the public is likely to have greater exposure to fossils as a result of commercial fossil trade, not less exposure. Commercial fossil hunting makes a lot of fossils available for purchase, and as a result, even low-level public institutions like public schools and libraries can now routinely buy interesting fossils and display them for the public.
首先，私人化石买卖合法之后，公众接触化石的机会不是变少了，而是增加了。私人化石买卖让更多的化石进入流通领域。这样，甚至等级较低的公共机构，比如公立学校和图书馆也有能力通过正规渠道购买化石，并向公众展示了。
As for the idea that scientists will lose access to really important fossils, that’s not realistic either. Before anyone can put a value on a fossil, it needs to be scientifically identified, right? Well, the only people who can identify, who can really tell what a given fossil is or isn’t, are scientists, by performing detailed examinations and tests on the fossils themselves. So, even if a fossil is destined to go to a private collector, it has to pass through the hands of scientific experts first. This way, the scientific community is not going to miss out on anything important that’s out there.
至于说科学家将错失接触重要化石机会的说法，也是站不住脚的。不论是谁，在给一组化石定价之前，都一定是需要科学家来鉴定的，是不是?那么，唯一能够鉴定化石，唯一能够说出化石是否有价值的人是科学家。是科学家通过对细节的检查和测试来决定化石的价值的。所以，即使化石最终归于私人收藏家，但是还是要首先经过科学家的手的。这样，科学团体就不会错过化石上的任何重要信息了。
Finally, whatever damage commercial fossil collectors sometimes do, if it weren’t for them, many fossils would simply go undiscovered because there aren’t that many fossil collecting operations that are run by universities and other scientific institutions. Isn’t it better for science to at least have more fossils being found even if we don’t have all the scientific data we’d like to have about their location and surroundings than it is to have many fossils go completely undiscovered?
最后，私人化石收藏者的确会损坏化石，但是如果没有他们，很多化石就会永远埋在地下了。这是因为大学和其他科学研究机构没有足够多的化石采集项目。对于科学发展来说，能够发现更多的化石比让化石长眠于地下要好，不是吗?尽管我们可能确实一些诸如化石位置其周围伴生化石的信息。
托管业务的风险分析论文
在日常学习和工作中，大家对论文都再熟悉不过了吧，论文是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。那么你知道一篇好的论文该怎么写吗？以下是我整理的托管业务的风险分析论文，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
要处理好业务发展与风险防控的关系，所有的托管业务行为都应坚守风险合规底线，这是托管业务经营发展的前提和条件，是商业银行托管业务的生命线。要加强基础管理工作，在托管业务管理制度框架下落实。托管行各机构需要明确部门、岗位职责，运用科学有效的业务流程，做到用制度管人，用流程管事，进一步提高风险管控能力。
摘要: 金融脱媒趋势下，商业银行增长模式由资本依赖型逐渐向低资本消耗型转变。资产托管业务占用资本少，除了稳定的托管费收入外，还增加了稳定的资金沉淀、创造中间收入，创造结算、结售汇等多项连带收益，业务协同效应显著，成为银行首选的战略性中间业务，综合贡献度不断提升。商业银行资产托管业务(以下简称“托管业务”)自1998年至今，业务规模越来越大，服务范围越来越广，客户类型越来越多，市场参与度越来越深，这些都对托管业务风险管控提出了新的要求。本文对托管业务存在的一些风险点作了分析，尝试提出相关对策，希望能对托管业务的稳健发展有所帮助。
关键词:银行;托管业务;风险;防范
一、托管业务简介
(一)托管业务是什么
“商业银行托管业务”是指托管银行基于法律规定和合同约定，履行资产保管职责，办理资金清算及其它约定的服务，并收取相关费用的行为。根据法律法规和合同约定，托管银行提供的服务还可包括会计核算与估值、投资监督、绩效评估、投资管理综合金融服务以及其他资产服务类业务。作为现代金融业重要组成部分的资产托管行业，在多层次资本市场中引入了托管机制，这种机制在消除市场信息不对称，提高资管和交易效率，保障投资者的资产安全，促进市场健康发展等方面起着不可替代的作用。对于商业银行来说，托管业务收入稳定、不占用经济资本，特别是托管资产由于监管要求需保留一定比例的现金资产应对各类情况，这类资产往往是以活期存款的形式存在，在利率市场化环境下成为难得的稳定、量大优质存款。此外，托管业务部门还能建立联动机制，充分整合内部资本、渠道和项目等资源，为客户提供一揽子综合化金融服务方案。在我国经济发展“新常态”的背景下，各商业银行面对新的市场竞争格局，纷纷看到托管业务的优势，对这项“资本节约型”的中间业务，均不遗余力的加强投入，提升托管业务战略地位，促进经营结构向轻资产转型。截至2016年6月末，我国银行业资产托管规模首次超过百万亿元人民币，达万亿元，同比增长。2012年以来，中国银行业资产托管规模增速始终保持在50%以上，并有逐年上升的态势。在行业规模持续快速增长的同时，市场参与主体也在不断扩充，国内拥有公募基金托管资格的商业银行现已达27家，其中稳居第一的工商银行资产托管规模已达13万亿元。
(二)托管业务的关键点
资产托管业务主要服务于资产管理行业，是连接投融资市场主体的重要平台和纽带，其关键点主要在于:客户的多样性。近年来资管行业的快速发展带来了日益丰富多元的托管客户资源，从最初单一的基金管理公司扩展到保险公司、券商、QFII(合格境外投资者)、建立了企业年金的企业等等。服务类型多。托管业务主要提供资产保管、资金清算、会计核算、资产估值和投资监督五个方面的基础服务。还可提供外汇交易、公司行为、风险绩效、会计外包等增值服务，这类增值服务往往成为托管行竞争客户的焦点。涉及面广。托管业务涉及资本市场上几乎所有的投资品种，涵盖境内境外市场.需要面对我国金融业全部的监管部门，从人行、保监会、银监会到外管局，甚至还包括劳社部。操作的复杂性。托管业务的特点是数据量特别大、报表种类特别多、市场规则特别复杂、客户订制特别多、准确及时性要求高。
二、托管业务的风险点
随着改革不断深化和资本市场稳步发展，托管业务也迎来了广阔发展机遇，同时也面临着风险，存在着一些潜在问题和薄弱环节：
(一)业务系统风险
目前大部分托管行都在使用外购的托管业务系统，由于历史原因无法进行集中的系统管理和数据共享，自动化程度和批量处理能力较低，在市场快速增长的背景下系统已勉力支撑、不堪重负，而且饱受到逐渐积累的各种补丁的困扰，成为业务发展的'瓶颈。无法满足各类新兴创新型产品的要求，大大影响了业务效率和质量，同时增加了操作风险隐患。部分个性化需求由于外购系统内在的系统架构局限无法实现，客户往往会因为托管行无法提供某些功能服务而转投他行。
(二)操作风险
操作风险是指在托管业务各环节操作过程中，因内部控制存在缺陷或者人为因素造成操作失误或违反操作规程等引致的风险。例如：由于不熟悉业务系统功能和流程要求，在数据齐备前进行了操作，导致数据错误;录入的数据有误，而复核人员又没有检查出来，依据错误的录入数据进行操作，导致出错;数据齐备且无误的情况下配错了规则，调用了错误的功能，从而导致计算结果错误;业务系统停摆无法正常使用;归类错误，在缺乏统一标准的情况下分错了类型。
(三)制度建设风险
资本市场发展飞快，容易出现真空地带，管理制度、操作规程尚未形成对托管产品、流程的全覆盖，个别新产品的管理制度有待完善、补充。以P2P托管为例，现有制度基本未涉这个领域。监管发生变化后，制度未作相应变更，一些规定难以有效落实，例如监管部门陆续取消审批制改备案制，不再有产品批文，分行便无法向公安机关申请为托管产品刻章。
(四)内部管理风险
不同监管部门之间存在较大的法规和监管差异。证监会的规定在保险资产这边就可能被认为不适用，同样，直接采用保险法规去规范企业年金也是不合适的，因此一定要注意托管资产所属资产类型及其归口的监管部门，才能做到有的放矢;业务人员配置不足，难以满足快速发展的业务需要，面对日趋繁多的托管业务要求，托管业务工作量不断增加，对从业人员的要求也越来越高，人员素质及能力也需要进一步提高;准入与审核机制不明确，分行越权办理业务、合同签署不规范;未能严格按照合同约定履行托管人职责。
(五)声誉风险
托管业务中，特别是证券投资基金，如果当错误达到或超过基金资产净值的时,除了要接受监管部门质询外，还要信息披露公告。例如工银瑞信标普全球自然资源指数证券投资基金(LOF)净值错误公告上，托管行是和管理公司一起登在报上的。一旦有这样的公告发出，对托管行的声誉是不小的打击。托管业务系统发生影响较大的故障，某个环节上的一个重要数据错误很可能会造成大面积错误，也会给托管银行的声誉蒙上阴影。
三、风险防范的对策
商业银行如何确保托管业务运营规范、做到零失误是一个值得深思的问题。需要从系统、制度、管理等多方面着手，采取得力措施有效防范托管业务风险：
(一)业务系统支撑有力
应从业务实际出发自主开发全行集中、统一的托管业务系统，用系统来规范业务流程，加强对业务的管理和监控。切合互联网金融时代的特征，强化信息及大数据技术的应用，力求托管业务系统的硬件设备运行稳定，软件应用功能、数据处理准确可靠，保证信息数据的安全性和有效性。积极应用技术系统实现风险控制，在系统架构层中就嵌入风控设计。实现外部数据统一接入、内部数据统一管理，在降低成本的同时有效控制数据风险。系统升级前必备回退机制，如果出现大的问题应回退到上一版本，重新测试成功后方可再次升级。切换新系统时应设置足够长的并行过渡期，通过并行结果核查发现潜在的问题，及时修正并优化，特别是检查各项风控措施是否到位落实、需求是否得到准确有效满足。
(二)规范操作常抓不懈
对托管业务的履约风险应有充分认识，在履约管理、规范操作方面加强执行力度。建立奖惩机制，对规范运营、小心谨慎、注意防范业务风险的给予奖励，对违规操作、没有责任心等行为予以警告、通报。在纠错机制、业务连续性方面也要有充分的准备，制定有完备的应急预案，一旦出现问题能够迅速的定位，并及时实施解决方案。遵循全面性、独立性、有效性原则，在业务系统、岗位人员等方面建立适当分离的防火墙，以达到风险防范的目的。要求业务人员明确岗位职责、熟悉系统流程避免出现顺序错误甚至遗漏，对重要数据和参数必须执行复核和定期检查机制，贯彻统一的分类和操作标准并遵照执行。在人员配备方面，应根据业务需要配齐必要的人员，打造一支专业化、高素质的托管队伍。
(三)制度建设持之以恒
要建立有效的托管业务管理体系，核心是制订统一的规章制度，做到有章可循、有据可依。凡有业务必须制订相应的具体制度，不能形成制度上的缺项。在深入了解监管政策、法规以及产品运作模式和相关要求的基础上，首要任务是制度建设。建立托管业务制度定期梳理机制，检查是否完整齐全、是否需要变更修订。对市场上影响托管业务的信息，能够快速反应和并开展逻辑分析，尤其是对监管政策的变化和新产品的出现，应提前做好业务影响分析，认真准备应对工作，例如对互联网金融第三方支付态势与监管的分析，密切关注监管动态，将新法规、新政策的要求直接反映到托管业务流程和制度的调整上。建立沟通渠道。完善托管业务问题报告制度，明确汇报路径和程序，畅通解决问题的路径。各机构在运营中有疑问或改进的建议，可以找到具体负责人并在规定时限内得到反馈。避免出现由于职责分工、报告路径不清晰，出了状况不知道找谁。打造完善的托管业务管理制度体系，需要凝聚整个托管条线的合力。
(四)基础管理做实加强
要加强基础管理工作，在托管业务管理制度框架下落实。托管行各机构需要明确部门、岗位职责，运用科学有效的业务流程，做到用制度管人，用流程管事，进一步提高风险管控能力。对规章制度的要求严格执行，将管控措施落实到位。把好产品业务审查关。对于不具备条件的产品业务，不能盲目开展，要考虑是否能够有有力措施确保合规，吃透监管政策，加强风险识别，合规开展业务。建立定期自查机制，以问题为导向，自我发现、自我纠正问题。要定期开展合规自查工作，特别是对容易出现风险和以前检查出现过问题的方面，要加大自查力度，及时发现并纠正问题，有效解决问题。建立全行抽查机制。增加内部检查频率，检查内容覆盖全面，特别是对行业中新出现的问题要予以特别关注，对照分析做好自查工作，不犯简单、低级和重复的错误。建立检查通报和检查问题跟踪制度，以便对整改事项进行持续追踪，确保落实。特别是以往检查中发现的问题是否已汲取教训，做到了认真全面的整改。已发现的薄弱环节，要抓紧完善、补齐短板。
(五)合规意识时刻绷紧
要处理好业务发展与风险防控的关系，所有的托管业务行为都应坚守风险合规底线，这是托管业务经营发展的前提和条件，是商业银行托管业务的生命线。必须意识到托管业务风险不仅关乎个人的职业前途，更关乎商业银行的声誉，一定要秉持风控优先的理念提高合规经营意识，在规范经营的前提下拓展业务。加强合规风控教育，大力倡导合规风控理念。注重培训，加强对业务人员的培训工作,组织各种线上或线下培训班，提高员工的业务能力。建立从业资格必备机制，各机构负责人必须具有基金从业资格，确保其熟悉托管业务政策要求和基本理念。定期开展考核，强化全员合规经营意识，将合规风控持续化、常态化，避免发生有损托管行声誉的事件。资产托管已成为商业银行发展空间最大、创新领域最广的新兴业务之一，要更好地保障金融安全，维护投资者权益，必须贯彻“规范高效、独立运作、确保安全”的原则，确保托管业务能够稳健高效安全运行。
参考文献：
[1]银行业协会.商业银行托管业务指引,2013[2]银行业协会.中国资产托管行业发展报告(2016),2016
[3]孟杨.上半年工行资产托管规模达13万亿元[N].金融时报,2016
[4]孙学立.我国P2P借贷模式及其监管问题研究[J].金融教学与研究,2014
[5]基金份额净值计价错误公告[N].证券时报,2013
[6]蒋先玲,徐晓兰.第三方支付态势与监管：自互联网金融观察[J].改革,2014
与双减有关的课题研究题目有以下：一、“双减”背景下区域教育生态建设研究二、“双减”背景下教育评价改革理论研究与实践探索三、“双减”背景下助力乡村教育振兴的路径研究四、“双减”背景下课堂教学评一体化策略研究五、“双减”背景下学校校本课程开发的实践研究六、“双减”背景下家校共育策略研究七、“双减”背景下家校社协同教育的实践探索八、基于“双减四润”理念的课后服务体系构建的实践研究九、“五力三心”模式下的“双减”行动研究十、“双减”政策下农村小学生“体验式”课后托管项目的开发与实施
学术论文题目是论文语篇不可缺少的一部分,在知识传播中起着非常重要的作用。下面是我带来的关于药学类毕业论文题目的内容，欢迎阅读参考!
1、新医改形势下的国家基本药物政策
2、新医改之药事服务费的探讨
3、国家药物政策与合理用药的探讨
4、浅析质量授权人制度的建立
5、对药品GMP实施过程中存在问题的探讨
6、药品安全问责时代给企业带来的机遇与挑战
7、试论我国药品召回制度存的问题及对策
8、我国药品流通领域存在的主要问题对策
9、我国网上药店的现状调查
10、浅谈我国虚假药品广告的监管对策
11、我国药品广告现状分析
12、药品安全风险与对策研究
13、我国药品不良反应监测报告存在的问题与对策
14、对我国过期回收药品立法的研究与探讨
15、对我国药品价格管理的分析与探讨
16、我国执业药师管理现状分析
17、试论新形势下加强药品监督管理的必要性
18、医院药学管理现状与对策研究
19、浅谈医药分业—医院药房社会化的探讨
20、我国医院药房托管的可行性分析
1. ****药品市场调查报告
2. ****医药企业营销实务中的4PS组合运用
3. ****医药企业产品策略分析
4. ****医药企业价格策略分析
5. ****医药企业渠道策略分析
6. ****医药企业广告策略分析
7. ****医药企业公共关系营销策略分析
8. ******医药新产品市场定位分析
9. ******公司医药代表的管理
10. ****新医改背景下医药市场的特点及营销策略
11. ****农村医药市场的特点及营销策略
12. ****传统医药保健品企业的直销分析
13. ******医药商品的“绿色营销”。
14. ****医药企业物流运行中存在的问题分析
15. ****药品零售连锁企业探析
16. ****平价药店的价格策略分析
17. ****药品品牌管理
18. ****地区医药企业营销人员现状调查
19. ****医药企业的营销战略选择
1. 抗菌药合理使用
2. 处方药和非处方药管理现状研究
3. 药品的广告管理
4. 药品销售中存在的问题
5. 药物不良反应
6. 药物相互作用
7. 中西药合用的优缺点
8. 给药时间与人体生物节律
9. 药物依赖性
10. 药物代谢酶在药物合用中的作用
11. 给药方式与药物疗效
12. 影响药物作用的因素
13. 谈谈你对中药毒性的认识
14. 药代动力学参数及其意义
15. 解热镇痛抗炎药的不良反应调查
16. 抗高血压药物的合理应用
17. 糖皮质激素类药物的合理应用
18. 细菌对抗菌药物的耐药性
19. 常用抗肿瘤药物的不良反应
20. 急性脑卒中患者凝血、抗凝和纤溶指标的测定及临床意义
21. 抗血小板治疗药物的临床应用
22. 溶栓药物的临床应用进展
金融本科我能肯定好
金融专业的，这个我知道的
我是金融学专业学生，如果你没有思路，只想写一篇随便过了的话，我建议你不要写实证分析，写一些现状问题描述，做一些数据的统计和简单分析，最后得出结论和改进办法就可以了。题目给你一些参考：一、中国金融改革与金融深化1.我国中小企业融资难问题2.中国金融体制改革现状、困境、对策3.上市公司的独立董事制与中国的现行企业制度改革4.利率市场化问题探讨5.我国金融机构的组织结构再造6.中国金融体系的改革方向7.我国商业银行改革与发展问题8.中国信用制度的缺失与建设9.个人理财业务发展的问题和对策10.中国政策性金融的理论与实践11.论建立我国金融机构市场退出机制问题12.中国金融电子化的发展趋势与问题13.中国农村信用社发展的方向与模式探讨14.非银行金融机构问题研究二、国际金融与汇率问题1.人民币自由兑换问题研究2.当前人民币汇率问题研究3.中国资本市场开放问题研究4.中国资本外逃问题研究5.银行股外资并购问题研究；6.中国国际收支的调节政策与调节机制7.中国国际储备的规模管理与营运管理8.全球化经济发展趋势与香港联系汇率制问题9.人民币汇率机制与香港的联系汇率制10.中国金融业的发展趋势11.论内部经济均衡和外部经济均衡的政策搭配12.人民币有效汇率与贸易收支数量关系研究13. 中国利用外资发展战略与策略三、金融风险与监管问题1．次贷危机下中国金融安全所面临的挑战及对策2．论银行不良资产的化解问题3．金融创新与金融监管问题研究4．电子银行的监管问题研究5．论金融机构自律或金融机构的内部控制6．实施信贷风险分类方法的若干思考7．商业银行信贷风险管理与防范8．实施资产负债管理中的问题与对策9. 我国银行信用卡信用风险管理现状及存在问题分析10.开放背景下我国金融监管体制改革研究11.我国商业银行信用风险内部评级体系的构建12.商业银行操作风险的防范13.我国网络银行的风险管理研究14.银行信用风险评估中的非财务分析15.住房抵押贷款的风险分析及管理方法的研究.16，金融监管的成本与效益分析四、投资制度与资本市场1．中国证券市场问题研究2．开发金融创新产品与完善金融市场3．中国资本市场的发展4．QFII与QDII制度研究5.中国票据市场发展与完善6．各类金融衍生品在我国的发展研究7．我国资本市场的有效性实证分析8．CAPM的实用性分析9．认股权证( 或可转债)定价理论的实证研究10.投资银行在资本市场中的功能11.投资银行组织模式比较与选择12.中国衍生证券市场建立与发展13.银行上市后股权结构与绩效的相关关系研究五、信托、资产证券化与投资基金1.我国信托投资业的改革与发展2.我国信贷资产证券化的动因分析3.我国信托公司业务模式的探讨4.风险投资基金的发展问题研究5.我国理财市场的现状、问题及对策6.证券投资基金的绩效评价研究7.中国投资基金运行中的问题及解决措施；8.投资基金发展趋势研究；9.主权基金运作的国际经验及对我国的启示10.开放式基金融资研究11.社会保障基金的投资问题探讨六、货币理论与货币政策1.当前货币当局金融宏观调控的目标和政策选择2.虚拟货币对货币流通秩序的影响分析3.通货膨胀对当前投资领域的影响4.利率调整与央行的宏观金融政策5.当前我国货币流通状况研究6.公开市场业务与我国国债市场的完善7.论利率在宏观调控政策的作用8.我国货币政策工具的调整与选择9.通货膨胀的表现与对策10.我国货币政策最终目标与财政政策目标的协调11.我国货币政策中间目标的选取12.利率结构的调整与经济结构的调整13.我国的利率弹性问题研究14.我国利率传导机制的优化15.提高商业银行在利率传导中的效果16.久期模型在利率风险管理中的运用17.通缩问题的原因及对策研究18.利率工具和汇率工具在当前我国宏观经济调控中的应用七、国际货币与汇率制度1.欧元在今后国际储备中的地位分析世纪国际货币体系改革探讨3.欧元；美元；日元的汇率走势及对世界经济和中国经济的影响4.加强IMF在国际金融危机中的作用5.全球货币体系与亚洲货币合作前景6.日本金融自由化及启示7.发展中国家金融自由化评析八、国际金融市场1．国际金融市场的发展与监管问题研究2．跨国并购的发展及经济全球化的影响3．美元汇率波动对全球金融市场的影响4．国际商业银行发展的新思路5．国际金融危机的预警与防范机制6. 当前世界金融发展的形势与动态研究这些都是我当初学校给的题目参考和范围
对前人有关的看法作了哪些修正、补充、发展、证实或否定。本文研究的不足之处或遗留未予解决的问题，以及对解决这些问题的可能的关键点和方向。参考文献在学术论文后一般应列出参考文献（表），其目的有三，即：为了能反映出真实的科学依据；为了体现严肃的科学态度，分清是自己的观点或成果还是别人的观点或成果；为了对前人的科学成果表示尊重，同时也是为了指明引用资料出处，便于检索。毕业论文的撰写应本着严谨、求实的科学态度，凡有引用他人成果之处，均应按论文中所出现的先后次序列于参考文献中，并且只列出正文中以标注形式引用或参考的有关著作和论文，参考文献应按正文中出现的顺序列出直接引用的主要参考文献。致谢按照GB7713-87的规定，致谢语句可以放在正文后，体现对下列方面致谢：国家科学基金、资助研究工作的奖学金基金、合同单位、资助和支持的企业、组织或个人；协助完成研究工作和提供便利条件的组织或个人；在研究工作中提出建议和提供帮助的人；给予转载和引用权的资料、图片、文献、研究思想和设想的所有者；其他应感谢的组织和人。在我们的毕业论文中的致谢里主要感谢导师和对论文工作有直接贡献及帮助的人士和单位。附录对于一些不宜放入正文中、但作为毕业论文又是不可缺少的部分，或有重要参考价值的内容，可编入毕业论文附录中。例如问卷调查原件、数据、图表及其说明等。
1、试论陈鹤琴幼儿教育思想的现实意义 2、试论陶行知幼儿教育思想的现实意义 3、试论张雪门幼儿教育思想的现实意义 4、论游戏是幼儿园的基本教育活动 5、传统游戏（或玩具）的教育价值探新 6、论幼儿入园前的准备 7、家、园合作是幼儿教育发展的必然趋势 8、试论幼儿园应成为社区幼儿教育中心 9、关于幼儿提问的研究 10、幼儿（小班托班）自我服务能力的调查 11、幼儿（大中班）自我服务及参与家庭劳动情况的调查 12、幼儿教育小学化（非正常化）倾向的调查分析 13、班级中幼儿伙伴交往情况的观察分析 14、幼儿同伴交往中混龄交往的研究 15、教师对幼儿游戏指导策略和能力的调查 16、自由游戏中教师参与及指导情况的调查 17、幼教机构儿童意外伤害事故的调查研究 18、关于幼儿园一日生活中各类活动时间的调查 19、幼儿园常规教育研究 20、幼儿户外活动现状研究 21、乡土教育资源在幼儿园教育中的运用 22、利用农村自然环中班幼儿环保意识和行为培养的行动研究 24、关于某某省编《幼儿计算用书（小班）》使用情况的调查 25、《幼儿园教育指导纲要（2001）》与《幼儿园教育大纲（1983）》的比较研究26、托幼机构“特色教育”的调查与思考 27、现阶段某地区幼儿教师专业素质的调查 28、现阶段某地区幼儿教师心理健康的调查 29、幼儿园教研活动的调查研究 30、行动研究与幼儿教师的专业成长 31、幼儿园男教师若干个案调查研究 32、农村教师工作状况和工资状况的调查研究 33、某地区某园教师聘任制实施情况的调查研究 34、某地学前教育的调查 35、某地混合班教育的调查 36、幼儿园对家庭教育指导的实践与研究 37、家园合作培养幼儿良好行为习惯的研究 38、几例隔代教养幼儿的个案研究分析 39、某地区儿童学前教育社会需求的调查研究 40、某地区民办儿童学前机构近年来发展的调查研究
现在教育人们叫他的专题，我认为正在你可以顺着一个方向，这样放，应该能更好进行的选择相对好的。
1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。
我觉得你可以专门研究幼儿的一个方面，比如说他情绪的变化，或者说哪一个年龄阶段他情绪的变化。