会计论文外文参考文献
会计论文外文参考文献都有哪些呢？下面是我整理的会计论文外文参考文献，欢迎参考借鉴！
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管理会计是指通过一系列专门方法，利用财务会计提供的资料及其他资料进行加工、整理和报告，并帮助决策者作出各种专门决策的一个会计分支，还在苦恼管理会计的论文参考文献搜索哪些比较实用，就看看我为你们搜集整理出来的管理会计论文参考文献实用范例吧，希望对你有帮助。
[1] 邓桂清. 走出财务管理、管理会计、成本会计内容重叠的困惑[J]. 中国集体经济. 2010(10)
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[17] 《管理会计应用与发展典型案例研究》课题组. 我国集团公司预算管理运行体系的新模式--中原石油勘探局案例研究[J]. 会计研究. 2001(08)
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论文题目：试论市场经济条件下的企业财务管理方向摘 要随着社会经济的高速发展，知识经济的到来极大了提高了社会生产力，也给企业带来了无限的发展机会。如何在优胜劣汰的市场竞争中实现企业经营规模的快速扩大和经济效益的高速增长，除了选择风险小、盈利性强的投资项目和采用先进的科学技术外，加强企业的内部会计控制是关键。进一步认识企业内部会计控制对企业加强经营管理，提高经营效率的重要意义， 构建企业内部会计控制体系是新《会计法》《内部会计控制规范———基本规范（试行）》等法规对企业提出的重要任务之一，也是企业适应新的竞争形势、防范经营风险的迫切需要。构建企业内部会计控制体系必须对企业内部会计控制的目标、内容、方法等问题进行深入研究, 分析其存在的问题及原因，从而有针对性地提出具体的完善措施关键词: 内部会计控制; 存在问题; 完善措施with the high-speed development of social economy, the arrival of the kownledge economy has improved social productivity greatly, have brought the limitless development opportunity to enterprise too. How to realize the fast enlargement of enterprise's business scale and high growth of economic benefits in the market competition of selecting the superior and eliminating the inferior, choose risk little, profitability strong investment project and adopt advanced science and technology, it is a key to strengthen the accounting control in the enterprise. Accounting control strengthens management and administration to enterprises to further know inside enterprises, improve the important meaning of business efficiency, construct inside enterprises the accounting control system is a new " accounting law " <
（1）Aim J H．Valuation of knowledge：A business performance—orientedmethodology[C]．USE：proceedings of the 35th Hawaii InternationalConference．on Systems Science，2002：1～5（2）Raymond McLeod，Jr．George，Schell．Management Information System[J]．Prentice Hal l，Inc．，2002：238～256（3）Tiwana A．The essential guide to knowledge management：E-business andCRM application[M]．Atlanta：Prentice—Hall，2001：2--．4（4）Scharlacken，John W，The Seven Pi llars of Global Supply ChainPlanning[M]．Supply Chain Management Review，1998：22（5）Accounting Information Systems Jones F L,Cincinnati Ohio:South-Westem CollegePublishing,2003 请采纳 谢谢~~
Electronic Data Processing (EDP) ManagersCalifornia Occupational Guide Number 348Interest Area 111995 THE JOBIn every industry there is need for managers to plan and direct the activities of all organizational functions. Industries that use computers employ ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING (EDP) MANAGERS to control the various activities related to the operation of the firm's mainframe computer or its client-server network, as well as all of the peripheral equipment. Major users of EDP systems are banks, public utilities, transportation and insurance companies, large manufacturing firms, and government and educational establishments. Computer equipment manufacturers and independent computer service firms also operate computer centers on a fee or contract basis. While the EDP unit often operates as an independent center, serving all departments of the establishment under an executive officer, it is often attached to another department, such as some firms, an EDP Manager may be responsible only for computer production: data entry, data control, equipment scheduling, and quality control. In such firms, another EDP Manager takes care of programming, program maintenance and systems analysis functions. Frequently, however, the EDP Manager is in charge of all of these head of computer production units, EDP Managers plan and direct the operation of the electronic data processing equipment, and select, train, supervise and evaluate the work of the computer operations staff. In planning the work of the department, EDP Managers evaluate the relative importance of various projects and determine job priorities. They review the requirements of each project, assign machine time and personnel to complete it, and coordinate all projects to produce a continuous work flow and meet deadlines established by management of user departments. Since idle machines are expensive to the organization, one of the prime responsibilities of the EDP Managers is the effective utilization of all data processing equipment through their departments encompass programming and systems analysis, EDP Managers generally review and approve all systems charts and programs prior to their implementation. They may also spend much time with the analysts working out the requirements of a proposed job, defining the problem and developing the program. If the EDP Manager is not directly responsible for new programs, he/she is usually consulted about the data operations or other aspects of a new program, and may confer with programmers and analysts regarding program problems that arise during a machine CONDITIONSEDP Managers work in well-lighted and well-ventilated rooms. However, the temperature where the data processing equipment is located is kept lower than normal in order to counteract the heat generated by the machine operations. EDP Managers are exposed to noises in the room from the low hum of the tape or disc drives to the high-speed sound of the printers. Meeting deadlines, satisfying the demands of user departments, and solving personnel problems are potential causes of stress in this occupation; therefore, EDP Managers should have emotional stability and patience as well as organizational ability. Effective job performance generally requires that EDP Managers be able to stand and move about with ease and have mobility of arms and hands. Good vision is essential since this job demands considerable reading and other close OUTLOOKThe following information is from the California Projections of Employment published by the Labor Market Information Division. It includes Engineering, Mathematical and Natural Sciences number of workers in 1990 53,040Estimated number of workers in 2005 64,830Projected Growth 1990-2005 22%Estimated openings due to separations by 2005 14,230(These figures do not include self-employment nor openings due to turnover.)Even though more organizations are acquiring computers or enlarging their existing facilities, refinements in equipment and production methods which increase the output of the machines, may actually lessen, rather than increase the need for managers. The trend of large firms to consolidate their activities into regional service centers will also limit the growth of this occupation. However, because of industry expansion, there will continue to be a need for EDP Managers, especially those who stay abreast of technological changes. Most of the openings that will occur will be filled from within the , HOURS, AND FRINGE BENEFITSEDP Managers' salaries tend to vary widely in line with such factors as the nature and size of the employing establishment, the level of the position and the degree of responsibility entailed. Salaries also vary depending upon the type of installation, ., utilizing a single computer manufacturer's line or using various computers manufactured by different companies. Beginning salaries start at approximately $2,500 to $4,000 per with experience may earn from $3,700 to $6,500 or more per month. Highly experienced individuals may earn up to $8,500 or more per month. Managers working for the State of California start at about $4,000 per month, and may promote to manager IV, which has a maximum salary of $6,404 per month. Those who have the higher salaries are generally responsible for directing programming and systems analysis as well as EDP operations. The work week is nominally 40 hours; however, most data processing managers find it necessary to work overtime to handle peak workloads and to compensate for unavoidable delays in the regular benefits usually include paid vacation a year, paid holidays, sick leave and health benefits. Some organizations provide a retirement and profit-sharing REQUIREMENTS AND TRAININGMost employers require EDP Managers to have a bachelor's degree in business administration, engineering, or computer science. Three to five years experience in data processing is usually required of EDP Managers. Demonstrated supervisory ability, along with the required experience and training is highly desirable. Managers should be familiar with program languages such as COBOL or FORTRAN. In most establishments, a broad knowledge of the firm's activities, gained through experience in accounting production, inventory control, or other specialized activities is considered an asset when combined with EDP of the evolving nature of EDP programming and equipment, it is important that the EDP Manager engage in continuing self-education. Several lines of advancement may be open to the EDP Manager depending on the organizational structure of his firm. Where systems and procedures functions are separate from machine operations, management of this overall planning unit may constitute a promotion. If the EDP unit is a part of the accounting department, the manager may advance to chief accountant or controller provided he has the necessary accounting background. Elsewhere, the EDP Manager may be in line for promotion to other managerial or administrative posts since directing data processing activities provides the opportunity to become familiar with most of the firm's activities. Furthermore, as the job of the EDP Manager grows in complexity and scope, these constitute an upgrading in itself with no reassignment of duties.
legislation, accounting supervision research References[1] ZHAO Yu-min, "measures to strengthen accounting oversight", "Finance and Accounting Forestry", 2002 10;[2] Huzhou City Department of Finance Task Force, "to strengthen the supervision of the work of the city accounting Suggestions", "Zhejiang taxation and accounting", 2003 2;[3] ZHOU Li-jun, "On the accounting supervision and operational requirements", "Financial Theory and Practice", 2001 7;[4] Jian-Ping Gu, "On improving the mechanism of internal accounting supervision," "Accounting Research", 2001 10[5] high-bin. "China
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中国证监会联和财政部于2003年底联合发布了《关于证券期货审计业务签字注册会计师定期轮换的规定》，以强制轮换主审会计师的方式，力促提高上市公司审计质量。并且中国注册会计师协会与2006年2月15日颁布了《会计师事务所质量控制准则第5101号——业务质量控制》和《中国注册会计师审计准则第1121号——历史财务信息审计的质量控制》，标志着我国审计理论界和实务界提高会计师事务所质量控制的决心。会计事务所质量控制是会计事务所内部控制体系的重要组成部分，下面我们从各国会计事务所审计质量控制规范来探讨我国的会计事务所审计质量控制准则。
一、各国审计质量控制规范的比较
国际会计师联合会（IFAC）所颁布的第220号国际审计准则《审计工作质量控制》；美国注册会计师协会所属的质量控制准则委员会（QCSC）颁布的第1号质量控制准则公告《质量控制九条要素》（1996年，AICPA所属的审计准则委员会（ASB）将质量控制要素减为5条，并从1997年起施行至今）；英国会计职业团体发起成立的会计基金会下设的审计实务委员会（APB）于2002年颁布了英国《审计准则第240号——审计工作的质量控制（SAS240）》，但从2004年12月15日起采用国际通行的《审计准则第220号——审计以往历史财务信息时的质量控制（IAS220）》以及《质量控制准则第1号——承接业绩审计、历史财务信息复核和其他鉴证及相关服务业务的会计师事务所的质量控制（ISQC1）》；澳大利亚注册会计师协会（ASCPA）颁布的第206号审计准则《审计工作质量控制》；我国在1996年底颁布了《中国注册会计师质量控制基本准则》，并于2006年2月15日颁布了《会计师事务所质量控制准则第5101号——业务质量控制》和《中国注册会计师审计准则第1121号——历史财务信息审计的质量控制》，希望通过对会计师事务所的质量控制来保证注册会计师的执业质量等均对会计师事务所质量监控做出了严格的规定，具体如下表所示。
1.由表中我们可以看出，IFAC、ASCPA和CICPA所颁布的审计工作质量控制准则均从会计事务所与审计项目两个层次上来制定了审计质量控制政策和程序；而ASB、APB则只从会计事务所层次上制定了审计质量控制准则，他们认为会计事务所审计质量控制与审计项目质量控制是不可分割的整体。
2. ASB、APB、IFAC、ASCPA和CICPA对同一要素的表述存在差异，其原因或者是使用概念不一致，或者是涵盖的内容不一致。如IFAC所称的“职业要求”，ASB称为“独立、客观、公正”，APB称为“职业道德”，ASCPA称为“职业胜任能力”而我国注册会计师协会称为“职业道德规范”。
3. ASB颁布的质量控制要素对制定国际审计工作质量控制准则有直接的影响，因此对APB、ASCPA和CICPA的制定也有重要影响。
4.各国的会计事务所质量控制准则是动态的发展过程，不是一成不变的。如我国的原审计准则关于会计师事务所质量控制的要素有：职业道德原则；专业胜任能力；工作委派；督导；咨询；业务承接；监控。审计项目的质量控制的因素是指导、监督和复核。新审计准则对会计师事务所的质量控制制度增加了许多新的内容，其要素包括：对业务质量承担的领导责任；职业道德规范；客户关系和具体业务的接受与保持；人力资源；业务执行；业务工作底稿；监控。在历史财务信息审计的质量控制中，新审计准则强调从以下几方面加以规范：对审计质量承担的领导责任；职业道德规范；客户关系和具体审计业务的接受与保持；项目组的工作委派；业务执行；监控。由此可见各国要结合自己的实际情况制定符合各自国家的、易懂的、可接受的质量控制准则。IFAC制定的准则不可能涵盖各个国家的方方面面。
5.从表中我们可以看出各国会计事务所都重视审计人员的工作管理，强调对注册会计师的雇佣、督导、分派等方面的内容，树立全面质量管理的现代化观念；内容上注重对注册会计师的职业道德建设、胜任能力的检测，认为独立、客观、公正是注册会计师具备的不可或缺的职业操守；也都重视业务承接与监控，认为控制业务承接是防范风险的第一道防线。
二、我国会计事务所审计质量监控机制
从上文各国会计事务所质量监控准则比较，我们了解了各个国家会计事务所质量控制的相同点和异同点，为更深刻的了解我国会计事务所审计质量控制奠定了基础。我国新发布的注册会计师执业准则体系中与会计师事务所的质量控制直接相关的准则包括《中国注册会计师审计准则第1121号——历史财务信息审计的质量控制》和《会计师事务所质量控制准则第5101号——业务质量控制》两部分。这两个准则是对会计师事务所制定和实施质量控制制度的重要规范。前者主要针对历史财务信息审计业务的质量控制，即审计项目的质量控制，它体现了对审计项目的质量控制制度的制定与实施的具体要求；后者针对的是会计师事务所的全面质量控制，它是会计师事务所全部业务质量控制制度的制定与实施的直接依据。
1.全面质量控制。会计事务所质量控制制度，是指会计事务所为了确保审计质量符合独立审计准则的要求而制定和运用的控制政策与程序。会计事务所全面质量控制包括全面控制政策与控制程序，其中控制政策是会计事务所为了确保审计质量符合独立审计准则的要求而采取的基本方针及策略；控制程序则是会计事务所为了贯彻执行控制政策而采取的具体措施及方法。全面质量控制政策指导和约束着控制程序的制定及运用，而全面质量控制程序则是事务所根据具体情况而制定的，目的是为了贯彻执行全面质量控制政策。由于各个事务所所处的具体经营环境不同，全面质量控制程序也就比较具体和多样化，不同的会计事务所也可以从其自身的特点决定其质量控制政策，但都应包含质量控制基本准则所规定的以下七个方面：对业务质量承担的领导责任；职业道德规范；客户关系和具体业务的接受与保持；人力资源；业务执行；业务工作底稿；监控。
2.项目质量控制。在具体审计项目的工作开展之前，负直接责任的注册会计师必须对全面质量控制政策和程序相当了解，判断并选择适用于本项目的控制政策和程序，并将其体现在总体审计计划和具体审计计划中，而当审计计划不适应变化的环境时可以适当的修改审计计划。保证审计项目按照计划进行的项目质量控制手段包括对审计质量承担的领导责任；职业道德规范；客户关系和具体审计业务的接受与保持；项目组的工作委派；业务执行；监控，虽然与全面质量控制有所重复，但这是对审计项目质量管理角度而言的。
这两个层次的质量控制是相互联系、缺一不可的，项目质量控制是全面质量控制的具体化，只涉及控制程序即具体的控制措施与方法，主要是针对各审计项目审计人员工作的质量进行控制，是全面质量控制的内容的进一步补充，而全面质量控制是针对会计事务所所有的业务。
三、完善我国会计事务所质量控制制度的具体措施
1.建立和完善会计师事务所人员录用、后续教育及工作委派制度。每个会计师事务所应该结合本会计师事务所的特点和实际情况，借鉴国内外同行的做法，来提高注册会计师的综合素质，其中人才选聘是保证专业胜任能力的首要环节，如在“德”与“才”孰重的问题上更偏重德；后续教育是提高专业胜任能力的有效手段，如可以建立三级培训体系，即审计员的初级培训、经理人员的中级培训、事务所管理层的高级培训；工作委派是提高人力资源使用效率的关键，如要考虑审计项目的特点，“人尽其才”重视人力资源的高效率使用。
2.重视会计事务所审计质量控制中的督导和咨询的作用。督导是对各层次的审计工作进行指导、监督和复核，即在审计计划和审计实施阶段对审计质量进行事前、事中和事后的指导、监督和复核。指导有两层含义：一是在工作委派之前，委派者根据被委派工作所需的专业胜任能力来遴选被委派者；二是在工作委派之后，委派者基于其承担的责任，不能放任不管，需要指导被委派者开展工作。监督是与指导同时进行的，在审计工作小组开始工作后，委派项目负责人的事务所负责人，需要经常查询其工作情况，使其工作能按照质量控制标准的既定要求进行。复核主要是对工作底稿进行的。而咨询是指各级审计人员在审计过程中遇到困惑、疑难的专业问题或复杂的法律责任时，不能凭主观臆断，而要向事务所内或所外的专家请教，它是审计实施阶段保证审计质量的重要手段。
3.加强会计师事务所分类管理的制度。将会计事务所分类管理制度纳入质量控制机制体系之中。目前，我国的会计师事务所按照有无审计上市公司的资格分为有上市公司审计资格和无上市公司审计资格两类。其中，有资格审计上市公司的会计师事务所的责任比无资格的会计师事务所所担负的审计责任要大的多，影响面也广的多。因此，按照重要性原则和实质重于形式原则，我们完全应该加强对有审计上市公司资格的会计师事务所实行更为严格的控制。尽管中国注册会计师协会已经成立了注册部、监管部，但是出于更为完善的角度考虑，还应当成立一个单独的“会计师事务所部”专门对会计师事务所进行监督和管理。
4.三级复核制度。三级复核制度，即事务所项目负责人、主任会计师和注册会计师对具体项目工作底稿逐级审查，最后签发审计报告的制度，其中执行项目外勤工作的助理人员、一级复核人员及二级复核人员的收入与项目适度关联，但三级复核人员的收入不与项目挂钩以保证三级复核人员的独立性。
5.推进会计事务所体制改革。我国会计事务所易采用有限责任合伙制，即会计事务所以其全部资产对其债务承担有限责任，但是各合伙人对个人执业行为承担无限责任，合伙人之间不相互承担连带责任，这样有利于提高注册会计师的风险意识，从而增强注册会计师提供高质量审计服务的压力和动力。
笔者认为：各个会计事务所要深刻理解新的审计质量控制准则，结合自己的实际情况，建立符合自己特色的审计质量控制标准，并在事务所内部培育以质量为导向的内部文化，向全体人员强调审计质量控制政策和程序以及实现审计质量控制目标的重要性。
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谁能帮我写一份会计学本科毕业论文
会计专业毕业论文怎么写
会计专业毕业论文怎么写呢，具体的写作步骤是怎么样的，大家需要了解一下吗?下面是我为大家收集的关于会计专业毕业论文怎么写，欢迎大家阅读借鉴!
会计论文和其它专业的论文一样，都需要经历一下几个写作阶段：
(1)拟定选题与写作计划;
(2)草拟大纲;
(3)写作初稿;
(4)二稿;
(5)论文定稿。
论文验收与答辩阶段属于最后一个阶段，其主要任务是验收论文和组织答辩，决定学位的授予。
论文是一般毕业论文由标题、摘要、正文、参考文献等4方面内容构成，会计论文也是如此。接下来我们就详细地讲讲会计论文的结构和写作内容：
1、标题
论文的标题给人对这篇论文的第一印象，而第一印象的好坏往往影响着对论文质量的判断，因此要精心设计。一篇论文，有无兴趣让人读下去，题目十分重要。标题是否吸引人，往往影响着对这篇文章的内容的关注程度。
选题和标题不一样，选题是确定论文写作的大概方向，一般都是通过论文展现。对于标题的要求，概括起来有三点：一要明确。要能够揭示论题范围或论点，使人看了标题便知晓文章的大体轮廓、所论述的主要内容以及作者的写作意图。二要简炼，论文的标题尽量简短形象，让人一目了然。三要新颖。标题和文章的内容、形式一样，应有自己的独特之处从而激起读者的阅读兴趣。
2、摘要
摘要反映了内容的梗概，其写作要规范，要求简洁明了，能概括地、不加注释地表述写论文的目的、内容、方法、结果或结论。摘要不要分段落，尽量用通俗的语言。一般一篇4,000~8,000字的论文，其摘要部分在100字以内。
3、毕业论文关键词
每篇论文(字数在4,000-8,000字之间)，有关键词3-8个之间;一般5,000字左右的论文有3-4个关键词即可。关键词一般是在论文题目或要点中反复出现的词。
4、引言或引论(即开头)
这部分是引导读者理解论文部分，所以其地位十分重要，一定要引起论文写作者的重视。
一般对于初学写论文的学生宜采用直接切入式开头，引言部分的论文写作应涉及到以下几个内容：
(1)选题的'原因和意义，有时还要简要介绍前人的研究状况;
(2)主要的研究方法;
(3)介绍论文的内容;
(4)论文的不足与创新之处。
5.毕业论文正文的写作
毕业论文写作的内容和结构应符合以下三个要求：
(1)论题集中，重点突出。一篇论文应围绕论题展开，要对内容进行合理的筛选。文章的每一部分内容，每一段内容之间要各有侧重，不能来回交叉、重复。一篇论文一般性论述应少一些，着重论述论题的重点。
(2)论文写作思路应顺畅，语言通畅。论文的各部分之间的内容应存在逻辑联系，不能相互割裂。正文论文的最基本的结构如下：一是提出问题(现状及存在的问题);二是分析问题(引用大量案例来分析为什么存在这些问题，原因何在);三是解决问题(对策和建议部分)。三个部分内容衔接紧密，围绕中心议题来展开论述。
(3)论文写作理论应联系实际。会计论文一定要理论与实践相结合，运用大量案例的文章才更显生动，更具价值。
6.结尾
这一部分主要提出下一步的研究方向，或者此论文可能带给人们的启示或借鉴。简单的几句话即可概括，但不要重复论文正文的内容
7、参考文献
参考文献重要的是它的格式，不同类型的文献都存在着差别：
期刊：作者。文章题名[J].刊名，年，卷(期)：起止页码。
着作：作者。书名[M].出版地：出版者，出版年。起止页码。
报纸：作者。文章题名[N]报纸名，出版日期(版次)。
电子文献： 作者。文章题名[J/OL]或[EB/OL].网址，发表或更新日期。
要提高毕业论文的质量，不仅要遵循一定的选题思路，做好选题，还得按要求规范论文写作。以上就是会计本科毕业论文怎么写的详解，希望对你有所帮助。
50. 提高企业集团资产运用效率问题的探讨(字数:7491,页数:09) 51. 浅论关联方交易审计(字数:7123,页数:10) 52. 对加强企业集团货币资金内部控制的思考(字数:7032,页数:09) 53. 论企业应收账款的管理(字数:7318,页数:11) 54. 现代企业制度下内部审计的作用(字数:13893,页数:14) 55. EVA在我国企业的应用价值研究(字数:14509,页数:27 ) 56. 山东如意集团投资价值分析报告(字数:8304,页数:20) 57. 对我国上市公司财务报表舞弊的思考(字数:7865,页数:10) 58. 关于电缆业库存成本控制对策探讨——以珠海某电缆公司为例进行探讨(字数:9247,页数:14) 59. 审计风险成因及其防范问题研究(字数:7520,页数:12) 60. 现代企业会计内部控制浅析(字数:6397,页数:09)
我是在VIP英语论文找他们帮忙的，半个月的时间就帮我搞定了，之后导师要什么参考文献，数据演示和截图，他们都给我搞好了，觉得服务挺周到的，呵呵wqtedlmapz
提供两个外文链接。希望有用
Accounting, the Environment and Sustainability（会计、环境与可持续发展） Sustainability relates to both present and future generations. It is discuss that the needs of all peoples are met. Those needs are both social and environmental. The link between accounting and environmental degradation is well-established in the literature (see, for example, Eden, 1996; Gray et all 1993). The crucial point is that accounting which takes the business agenda as given should include much environmental and social accounting. Thus, central to any discussion of accounting and the environment is a basic, challenging, and deeply unsettling question: do we believe that the organizations which accounting serves and supports can deliver environmental security and sustainability? At the same time as the technical implementation of social accounting and reporting has been developing the philosophical basis for such accounting has also been developed. Thus, Benston (1982, 1984) and Schreuder and Ramanathan (1984) consider the extent to which accountants should be involved in this accounting. Donaldson (1982) argues that such accounting can be justified by means of the social contract as benefiting society at large. Batley and Tozer (1990) and Geno (1995) have argued that “sustainability” is the “cornerstone” of environmental accounting. 6. Social and Environmental Reporting（社会与环境报告） The questions of how business should report its social performance and how that performance should be assessed have been dominant themes in the social accounting literature (Gray et al, 1996) and the social issues in management literature (Wood 1991) over the past decade. We are now witnessing both a number of initiatives that seek to set guidelines or standards for social accounting, for example the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). If there is one area which accounting researchers have embraced with enthusiasm it is the phenomenal growth in environmental reporting by organizations. The research in this area has been dominated, initially at any rate, primarily by studies descriptive in orientation. Such studies typically employ some variant of content analysis (see, for example, Milne and Adler, 1999; Gray et all, 1995). Both country specific studies and comparative studies have recorded an upward trend in environmental disclosure both through the annual report and through stand-alone environmental reports. However, analyses of the phenomenon ( Hackston and Milne1996; Fekrat et al1996; Pava and Krause 1996 ; Adams et al 1998) confirm that such reporting is principally restricted to the very largest companies and is, to a degree at least, country and industry variant. Research into environmental disclosure is developing rapidly with examinations of the impact of pressure groups (Tilt, 1994) and other external forces (Gray et all, 1995; Deegan and Gordon, 1996), exploration of user’s needs (Epstein and Freedman, 1994; Deegan and Rankin, 1997), focus on particular aspects of reporting such as environmental policies (Tilt, 1997), exploration of the truthfulness of environmental disclosure (Deegan and Rankin, 1996) and much needed theoretical development (see, for example, Patten, 1992; Roberts, 1992; Gray et al, 1995, Buhr, 1998; Adams et al, 1998; Brown and Deegan, 1998; Neu et all, 1998). Environmental reporting takes place in a predominantly voluntary regime and with the continuing interest in voluntary guidelines for such reporting (see, for example, KPMG 1997), such survey of practice are crucial in keeping attention focused on the doubtful quality and, especially, the global paucity of such reporting. If environmental reporting is important (for social accountability reasons even if it is of dubious “financial user need” value) then the predominant view of business – that environmental reporting is adequate in voluntary regime – must be challenged. Whilst the early research into environmental disclosure appeared to be so delighted that any such disclosure was taking place, this acquiescence has given way to a more critical analysis of practice. This analysis, primarily informed by the “critical school” (Laughlin, 1999), comprises three main themes. The first two of these themes are, in essence, the same critique made of social accounting. First, accounts of any kind are necessarily partial and biased constructions of a complex world. Not only do such constructions, by making some things visible, make other things invisible (Broadbent, 1994) but they are most likely to limit and even destroy the essential nature of the thing accounted for. (See, for example, Maunders and Burritt, 1991; Maunders, 1996; Cooper, 1992; Johnson, 1998). Second, the critical theorist would argue that environmental reporting is voluntary activity it can only reflect those aspects of environmental performance which organizations are willing to release. It can, therefore, only be a legitimation device and not an accountability mechanism. Consequently, the critical theorist argue, environmental accounting- including environmental reporting- is almost certain to do more environmental harm than it does good. These two themes are now developing into an important – if, as yet, unresolved – theoretical debate which seeks to counter the inherent managerialism of most accounting (and environmental accounting) research. The final theme in the critique of environmental disclosure develops the issue of the voluntary nature of environmental disclosure and brings a much-needed re-assessment of the importance and role of law in the construction of society. Specifically, Gallhofer and Haslam (1997) could be taken to use researchers’ views on the role of regulation in governing environmental reporting as an indicator of the researcher’s managerialist or alternative perspective. In essence, a non-managerialist environmental reporting would have to challenge an organization’s legitimacy and, in particular, the legitimacy of the means by which it earned the reported profit and gained its growth. The critical challenges to environmental reporting are not ill-founded when they remark that too little environmental reporting research examines this question to any substantial degree. One of the more inexplicable, although exceptionally welcome, consequences of the growing environmental agenda has been the re- emergence of a serious interest in social accounting. This is not the place to try and review, in any detail, the broad social accounting literature (see, for example, Gray et al 1996) – although a few general observations seems opposite. Social Accounting had its principal heyday in the 1970s but, although some researchers maintained an active interest in the field, it virtually disappeared from the popular consciousness of accounting academe during the 1980s and 1990s. Its re-emergence seems to be a response to a number of factors. One such factor seems to be the recognition that separation of environmental from social issues is difficult at best and pernicious at worst. As environmental issues are explored more carefully, the underlying implications for employment, communities, health and safety and even the organization’s very posture on ethics and social responsibility inevitably resurface. Equally, corporate practice has re-discovered social accounting and when organizations as diverse as Ben and Jerry’s, the Body Shop and Shell commit to social accounting, the wider business community begins to take notice. Finally, as we shall see, the environmental debate leads us inexorably towards discussions of sustainability. Such discussions must, by definition, embrace social accounting matters. The recent research literature on social accounting is still a little sparse but examples exist. The Adams/Roberts project has maintained a focus across both social and environmental disclosure (see, for example, Adams et al, 1998; Gray et al 1995; Hackston and Milne, 1996). Work by Roberts (1992), Pinkston and Carroll (1996), Patten (1995), Epstein and Freedman (1994), Mathews (1995) and Robertson & Nicholson (1996) continues to keep the social responsibility accounting debate moving forward whilst simultaneously, we are starting to see a re-emergence of normative work designed to guide how social accounting might be accomplished and what it might look like (See, Zadek et al, 1997; Gray et al, 1997; Gonella et al, 1998).
经济环境下的财务会计.Financial accounting in an economic context = 原书第6版:(美)杰米·帕拉特(Jamie Pratt)著/来明佳，彭红英，徐虹等译 财务会计 北京;机械工业出版社:2009 978-7-111-24756-2 12,545页 共14章，分为五部分。第一部分是财务会计概述；第二部分介绍财务报表的计量、结构及其使用；第三部分详细地介绍与资产有关的事项；第四部分介绍负债和股东权益；第五部分介绍收益和现金流量表。 管理会计.Management accounting = 第5版:安东尼·A. 阿特金森(Anthony ...[等]著/王立彦，陆勇，樊铮译 管理会计 北京;清华大学出版社:2009 978-7-302-18858-2 20,523页 包括：创造价值的信息、成本管理的概念与成本习性、传统的成本管理系统、作业成本系统、利用预算实现组织目标等。 高级会计学.Advanced accounting = 第9版:(美)Joe ，(美)Thomas ，(美)Timothy 著/王鑫改编 会计学 高等学校 英文 北京;北京大学出版社:2009 978-7-301-14752-8 490页 实证会计理论.Positive Accounting Theory:罗斯·L. 瓦茨(Ross L. Watts)，杰罗尔德·L. 齐默尔曼(Jerold L. Zimmerman)著 会计学 英文 北京;中国人民大学出版社:2009 978-7-300-10133-0 22,381页 内容包括：会计理论的作用、竞争性假说的辨识、会计与政治活动、会计选择的经验检验等。 税务会计.TAX ACCOUNTING = 第七版 SEVENTH EDITION:盖地[主编] 税务会计 上海;立信会计出版社:2009 978-7-5429-2240-3 9,676页 系统介绍税务会计有关基础知识，其内容包括纳税基础、增值税会计、消费税会计、关税会计、营业税会计、资源税会计、土地增殖税会计、出口货物免退税会计和税务筹划等。
Recalling the socio-economic life over the past few years is not difficult to find, the highest frequency that is the word "integrity" of the word. Stresses honesty is the golden rules of the market economy. The market economy is an economy based on credit, the credit is the cornerstone of the market economy. The more developed market economy demands more honest and trustworthy, this is the inherent requirement of the market economy. However, the current lack credibility very serious phenomenon, has become the focus of world attention. Accounting Integrity issues its deep political, economic and other reasons. Foreign accounting professional accounting profession is very concerned about the building of professional ethics. Most of the developed countries in Europe and America accounting books and the circulation of materials accounting have devoted considerable knowledge of the accounting professional ethics exposition. International Federation of Accountants of the Ethics Committee in 1988 formulated an "international accounting professional ethics guidelines." 7 menstruation in the same year total approved by the Council of International Accountants announced later. The United States is the world's most economically developed countries, the development of accounting at the forefront in the world. In the accounting integrity, "American Institute of Certified Public Accountants moral norms", "United States of Management Accountants standard of morality and behavior" that other countries have also adopted a series of laws and regulations to standardize the accounting personnel. Such as the United Kingdom "the United Kingdom auditors occupational requirement for manual," Canada "Canada audit professional ethics," Australia "Australia audit professional ethics." A lot of literature are discussed Accounting Integrity building. They were from economics, law, and several other accounting perspective on the reasons for the lack credibility and integrity of the building as well as accounting measures. Ministry of Finance has been actively carrying out integrity of education, accounting and management as an important goal; SFC also is establishing a sound relevant market, the integrity of the main mechanisms of accountability, and will strengthen the integrity of the securities market and to intensify the market and participate in the main responsibility for the integrity of corporate governance as the most important task of accounting academics also established a special "Accounting Integrity education" integrity of the accounting team to theoretical research.
The accounting professional ethics, is accounting personnel in accounting affairs correctly handle the relationship between economic behavior, which combined accounting personnel engaged in accounting work should follow moral standards. "Do not do false account" is accounting practitioners of the basic professional ethics and the code of conduct. This means that the accounting industry itself nature all accounting personnel must take the good faith as this, integrity as heavy, follow standards, do not do false account, and ensure that the accounting information is true, and reliable. Because of accounting industry has it that the good faith, the real, reliable professional essence, to acquire social trust and praise. Nowadays, with the rapid development of economy, management work more and more important, especially the accounting information more and more be the decision makers, investors, creditors, enterprise managers accounting information to users, it became the government department concerned for an important basis for decision-making. But at the same time, accounting fraud, the accounting information distortion phenomenon also more and more serious, almost became a more widespread phenomenon. Accounting field, serious problems to interfere with the normal social and economic order or harm the state and the social public benefit.
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[1] 本报记者 罗晶晶. 会计监督研究应重点关注基础理论、创新机制等五大问题[N]. 中国会计报, 2010, (2010-08-13) . [2] 黄露 财政部驻浙江省财政监察专员办事处. 常做常新的会计监督[N]. 中国会计报, 2009, (2009-09-11) . [3] 安才 安徽省财政厅监督检查局. 会计监督实践与三维监督体系[N]. 中国会计报, 2009, (2009-12-04) . [4] 柴慧. 建立完善会计监督长效机制[N]. 中国财经报, 2007, (2007-10-12) . [5] 汪永飞 安徽省财政厅监督检查局. 完善内控建设 提高会计资讯质量[N]. 中国会计报, 2010, (2010-01-08) . [6] 叶伟 黄春 江西省景德镇市财政国库支付中心高阶会计师、景德镇陶瓷学院讲师. 后金融危机时代， *** 主导会计监督如何完善[N]. 中国会计报, 2010, (2010-01-22) . [7] 本报记者 梁红建. 建立内外约束机制 规范会计资讯失真[N]. 协商新报, 2010, (2010-04-20) . [8] 本报记者罗晶晶. “会计监督这面旗帜不能倒!”[N]. 中国会计报, 2010, (2010-02-05) . [9] 吴雪香 财政部驻海南省财政监察专员办事处. 与会计资讯质量检查一起不断创新发展[N]. 中国会计报, 2010, (2010-01-15) . [10] 财政部驻上海市财政监察专员办事处副专员 卞文甫. 会计监督：新路径引领新成效[N]. 中国会计报, 2009, (2009-07-31) . [1] 海南省会计学会秘书长 邓天林. 会计监督缺位引发的思考[N]. 中国财经报, 2008, (2008-12-19) [2] 苏财. 省内会计监督全面启动[N]. 江苏经济报, 2009, (2009-04-21) [3] 朱晓. 要强化会计监督[N]. 中国国门时报, 2009, (2009-06-16) [4] 黄露 财政部驻浙江省财政监察专员办事处. 常做常新的会计监督[N]. 中国会计报, 2009, (2009-09-11) [5] 李元成 财政部驻江苏省财政监察专员办事处副监察专员. 推进内控制度建设离不开强化会计监督[N]. 中国会计报, 2009, (2009-12-11) [6] 记者罗晶晶. 浙江专员办对会计监督物件开展“回访”[N]. 中国会计报, 2009, (2009-11-20) [7] 山西省农牧业技术综合服务培训中心 赵福燕. 搞好会计监督必须做到“四个结合”[N]. 山西日报, 2009, (2009-12-28) [8] 安才 安徽省财政厅监督检查局. 会计监督实践与三维监督体系[N]. 中国会计报, 2009, (2009-12-04) [9] 记者 冯珉. 会计监督查出违规资金14亿[N]. 安徽日报, 2008, (2008-12-20) [10] 财政部驻上海市财政监察专员办事处副专员 卞文甫. 会计监督：新路径引领新成效[N]. 中国会计报, 2009, (2009-07-31)
Businesses recognize impairment when the financial statement carrying amount of a long-lived asset or asset group exceeds its fair value and is not recoverable. A carrying amount is not recoverable if it is greater than the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected from the asset’s use and eventual disposal. FASB defines impairment loss as the amount by which the carrying value exceeds an asset’s fair value. CPAS need not check every asset an entity owns in each reporting period. When circumstances change indicating a carrying amount may not be recoverable, CPAS should test the asset for impairment. A test may be called for when one or more of these events our: A significant decrease in the market price of a long-lived asset. A significant change in how a pany uses a long-lived asset or in its physical condition.
:ki./ 中国知网知道么？你点开有分类，搜寻也可以的
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