文学太宽泛了，你必须一点点的把你的论文论述的观点缩小，不然你写什么都不知道。1. 去图书馆找所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的所有英文资料，甚至是原文读本序言之类，也有你可以借鉴的句子。2. 去电子阅览室，搜索所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的论文评论，找到你觉得有用的拷下来。3. 到网上搜索下相关词条，如wiki百科的英文相关词条4. 最好浏览一遍原文，看不懂的话中英文对照本也行。~ 实例，首先是开头，小说介绍性文字：Uncle Tom’s Cabin, appeared in book form in 1852, is one of the most unusual books of American literature. Edmund Wilson wrote in an important reassessment in 1962 that Stowe’s work is comparable to that of Dickens and Zola (as readers in her own day recognized); and the novel has often been read in Europe, both in the original and in numerous translations, as the masterpiece of social realism George Sand, George Eliot, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Hugo, and Heine found it to be (Wilson, 1962:3-58). （可以写个一两段）然后，就你找到的文献，归类一下，分别说说他们讲了什么论点（顺便记下人名，书名，年份，页数）最后，说说你将在自己论文里阐述的观点，The paper will mainly focus on 。。。
Alcott prefaces Little Women with an excerpt from John Bunyan’s seventeenth-century work The Pilgrim’s Progress, an allegorical novel about leading a Christian life. Alcott’s story begins with the four March girls—Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy—sitting in their living room, lamenting their poverty. The girls decide that they will each buy themselves a present in order to brighten their Christmas. Soon, however, they change their minds and decide that instead of buying presents for themselves, they will buy presents for their mother, Marmee. Marmee comes home with a letter from Mr. March, the girls’ father, who is serving as a Union chaplain in the Civil War. The letter inspires the girls to bear their burdens more cheerfully and not to complain about their Christmas morning, the girls wake up to find books, probably copies of The Pilgrim’s Progress, under their pillows. Later that day, Marmee encourages them to give away their breakfast to a poor family, the Hummels. Their elderly neighbor, Mr. Laurence, whom the girls have never met, rewards their charitable activities by sending over a feast. Soon, Meg and Jo are invited to attend a New Year’s Party at the home of Meg’s wealthy friend, Sally Gardiner. At the party, Jo retreats to an alcove, and there meets Laurie, the boy who lives with Mr. Laurence. While dancing, Meg sprains her ankle. Laurie escorts the sisters home. The Marches regret having to return to their daily routine after the holiday visits Laurie when he is sick, and meets his grandfather, Mr. Laurence. She inadvertently insults a painting of Mr. Laurence in front of the man himself. Luckily, Laurie’s grandfather admires Jo’s spunk, and they become friends. Soon, Mr. Laurence meets all the sisters, and Beth becomes his special favorite. Mr. Laurence gives her his deceased granddaughter’s girls have various adventures. Amy is caught trading limes at school, and the teacher hits her as punishment. As a result, Mrs. March withdraws her daughter from school. Jo refuses to let Amy go with her to the theater. In retaliation, Amy burns Jo’s manuscript, and Jo, in her anger, nearly lets Amy drown while ice-s-kating. Pretty Meg attends her friend Annie Moffat’s party and, after allowing the other girls to dress her up in high style, learns that appearances are not everything. While at the party, she hears that people think she intends to marry Laurie for his year, the Marches form the Pickwick Club, in which they write a family newspaper. In the spring, Jo smuggles Laurie into one of the club meetings, and he becomes a member, presenting his new circle with a postbox. At the beginning of June, the Marches decide to neglect their housework. At the end of a lazy week, Marmee takes a day off too. The girls spoil a dinner, but everyone ends up laughing over it. One day, Laurie has English friends over, and the Marches go on a picnic with them. Later, Jo gets a story published for the first dark day, the family receives a telegram saying that Mr. March is sick in the hospital in Washington, . Marmee goes to tend to him, and Jo sells her hair to help finance the trip. Chaos ensues in Marmee’s wake, for the girls neglect their chores again. Only Beth goes to visit the Hummels, and after one of her visits, she contracts scarlet fever from the Hummel baby. Beth teeters on the brink of death until Marmee returns. Meanwhile, Amy spends time at Aunt March’s house in order to escape the disease. Beth recovers, though not completely, and Mr. Brooke, Laurie’s tutor, falls in love with Meg, much to Jo’s dismay. Mr. Brooke and Meg are engaged by the end of Part One. Three years pass before Part Two begins. Mr. March is home from the war, and Laurie is nearly done with school. Soon, Meg marries and moves into a new home with Mr. Brooke. One day, Amy decides to have a lunch for her art school classmates, but poor weather ruins the festivities. Jo gets a novel published, but she must cut it down in order to please her publishers. Meanwhile, Meg struggles with the duties of keeping house, and she soon gives birth to twins, Demi and Daisy. Amy gets to go to Paris instead of Jo, who counted on the trip, because their Aunt Carroll prefers Amy’s ladylike behavior in a begins to think that Beth loves Laurie. In order to escape Laurie’s affections for her, Jo moves to New York so as to give Beth a chance to win his affections. There Jo meets Professor Bhaer, a poor German language instructor. Professor Bhaer discourages Jo from writing sensationalist stories, and she takes his advice and finds a simpler writing style. When Jo returns home, Laurie proposes to her, but she turns him down. Beth soon and Laurie reunite in France, and they fall in love. They marry and return home. Jo begins to hope that Professor Bhaer will come for her. He does, and they marry a year later. Amy and Laurie have a daughter named Beth, who is sickly. Jo inherits Plumfield, Aunt March’s house, and decides to turn it into a boarding school for boys. The novel ends with the family happily gathered together, each sister thankful for her blessings and for each other.
Introductionprint Print document PDF list Cite link LinkLittle WomenLouisa May AlcottThe following entry presents criticism on Alcott's novel Little Women. See also Louisa May Alcott Nineteenth-Century Literary is now known as Little Women includes both the original work by that title and its sequel, Good Wives. Written by Louisa May Alcott in 1868 and 1869 respectively, together these works have been long established as primary within the canon of juvenile literature and are considered by many to be the first children's books in America to break with the didactic tradition. Alcott introduced realism and entertainment to American children's literature, thereby achieving commercial success unknown to her moralizing contemporaries. Little Women is still read worldwide May Alcott was born in Germantown, Pennsylvania in 1832, and raised in Concord, Massachusetts, and Boston. She was the second of four daughters of Abigail May Alcott and Amos Bronson Alcott, a Transcendentalist, educational reformer, and well-known writer. Louisa, though more commercially successful than her father, faced many obstacles to the literary career she envisioned for herself. As a woman writer, she was expected to write sentimental and moralizing tales, and in order to earn a living as a writer, she was expected to cater to the sensational cravings of her audience. Although she did both successfully until her death in 1888, many critics argue that with Little Women, Alcott countered sensationalism with realism and subverted the moralizing purpose she often appeared to and Major CharactersIn Part I, while Mr. March is away as a volunteer chaplain in the Civil War, the March girls, Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy, embark on "pilgrimages" toward selfimprovement, with the inspiration of John Bunyan's religious allegory, The Pilgrim's Progress (1678). Their journeys, though, are largely determined by their own consciences and will rather than by dogma. Meg learns to overcome her vanity, Jo to overcome excessiveness and temper, Amy, greed and selfishness. Beth is already saintly and seems not to need change, but ironically, it is an act of charity—a visit to a sick infant—which results in the scarlet fever that weakens her health and precipitates her into this haven are neighbors Theodore Laurence (Laurie) and his grandfather, who are far from stock patriarchal figures; they are, rather, admirers who crave and aspire to the domestic peace enjoyed by the Marches. Laurie and Jo develop a close friendship that intrigued Alcott's readers, but she avoided the conventional romantic plot by refusing to have them marry. Jo, an unconventional girl who thinks of herself as the "man of the house" while her father is away, is more interested in developing her art and financially supporting her family than II of Little Women, originally published separately as Good Wives, focuses on the girls' transitions into adulthood. Meg marries John Brooke, Laurie's tutor—a financially difficult but happy match. Amy loses some of her passion for art and marries Laurie after he has been refused by Jo and has recovered from the blow. Beth dies before she can reach adulthood, but her loss inspires Jo to take up her domestic role. Jo eventually marries Professor Bhaer, a middle-aged academic with whom she shares philosophical interests. They open a boys' school, where she, no longer a tomboy, becomes a mother-figure for the ThemesAlcott's earlier work, often published under the pseudonym A. M. Barnard, is generally characterized by sensational characters and plots, violence, melodrama, and romance—all consistent with the expectations of her readers. When asked to write a "girl's book," Alcott was yet again forced to write according to others' interests, but in this case she opted for more realism than sensationalism by choosing the only girl-hood she knew for her subject—her own. Based on her life, and that of her sisters, Anna, Elizabeth, and May, Little Women follows the adolescence of the girls into adulthood, captures their private, domestic experience concretely, delineates their matriarchal haven of comfort and frugality, dramatizes their creative play, and explores their struggles to become artists, good sisters, and eventually happy wives. Although the culture of her time demanded that Alcott produce moralizing tales, she displayed a certain amount of resistance to that mandate in Little Women, preaching moderation rather than excessive religious molding. The girls are guided less by rigid moral strictures than by their strong sense of family, sometimes conveyed by words of wisdom from mother Marmee, but more often by a need to get along as a sisterly community. In part II this theme of sisterly love expands to include marriage and the formation of new families, with new roles for the three surviving sisters as good wives. Self-improvement, social responsibility, domestic cooperation, and matriarchal power, as well as the importance of play and artistic development, all serve as prominent themes in Little ReceptionThe influence of Little Women has been vast, but historically limited to a female readership. Early critics received the novel with sentimental praise and an appreciation of Alcott's ability to meet the minds of her child readers, a view shared by Angela Brazil in her 1922 review. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Alcott was appreciated, like many American women writers, as merely a local colorist with a talent for portraying the domestic sphere concretely. In academia, her novel was studied only by the scholars of children's literature until the 1960s and 1970s, when it came under closer scrutiny by feminist critics, some of whom were frustrated with its outdated sentimentality, others of whom dismissed it because it seems to uphold the traditional separation of men's and women's spheres (public vs. private). In the 1980s, the new emphasis on expanding the canon to include marginalized writers and works associated with popular culture brought more attention to Little Women. It has achieved importance within Women's Studies and the American literary canon in general for its detailed descriptions of nineteenth-century family life and of female struggles for social identity. As Carolyn Heilbrun suggests, Little Women has been particularly influential on female readers in the twentieth century who, craving models of female autonomy, found one, at least briefly, in Alcott's character Jo. Recent critics have continued in this positive vein, calling further attention to the subversive elements in Little Women, recasting Jo as an early feminist who, like her creator, made the most of the limited possibilities open to women in her time.希望对楼主有帮助， 不满意请留言
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能看看你当时写的开题报告吗 做个参考
怎么写开题报告呢？首先要把在准备工作当中搜集的资料整理出来，包括课题名称、课题内容、课题的理论依据、参加人员、组织安排和分工、大概需要的时间、经费的估算等等。第一是标题的拟定。课题在准备工作中已经确立了，所以开题报告的标题是不成问题的，把你研究的课题直接写上就行了。比如我曾指导过一组同学对伦教的文化诸如“伦教糕”、伦教木工机械、伦教文物等进行研究，拟定的标题就是“伦教文化研究”。第二就是内容的撰写。开题报告的主要内容包括以下几个部分：一、课题研究的背景。 所谓课题背景，主要指的是为什么要对这个课题进行研究，所以有的课题干脆把这一部分称为“问题的提出”，意思就是说为什么要提出这个问题，或者说提出这个课题。比如我曾指导的一个课题“伦教文化研究”，背景说明部分里就是说在改革开放的浪潮中，伦教作为珠江三角洲一角，在经济迅速发展的同时，她的文化发展怎么样，有哪些成就，对居民有什么影响，有哪些还要改进的。当然背景所叙述的内容还有很多，既可以是社会背景，也可以是自然背景。关键在于我们所确定的课题是什么。二、课题研究的内容。课题研究的内容，顾名思义，就是我们的课题要研究的是什么。比如我校黄姝老师的指导的课题“佛山新八景”，课题研究的内容就是：“以佛山新八景为重点，考察佛山历史文化沉淀的昨天、今天、明天，结合佛山经济发展的趋势，拟定开发具有新佛山、新八景、新气象的文化旅游的可行性报告及开发方案。”三、课题研究的目的和意义。课题研究的目的，应该叙述自己在这次研究中想要达到的境地或想要得到的结果。比如我校叶少珍老师指导的“重走长征路”研究课题，在其研究目标一栏中就是这样叙述的：1、通过再现长征历程，追忆红军战士的丰功伟绩，对长征概况、长征途中遇到了哪些艰难险阻、什么是长征精神，有更深刻的了解和感悟。2、通过小组同学间的分工合作、交流、展示、解说，培养合作参与精神和自我展示能力。3、通过本次活动，使同学的信息技术得到提高，进一步提高信息素养。四、课题研究的方法。在“课题研究的方法”这一部分，应该提出本课题组关于解决本课题问题的门路或者说程序等。一般来说，研究性学习的课题研究方法有：实地调查考察法(通过组织学生到所研究的处所实地调查，从而得出结论的方法)、问卷调查法（根据本课题的情况和自己要了解的内容设置一些问题，以问卷的形式向相关人员调查的方法）、人物采访法（直接向有关人员采访，以掌握第一手材料的方法）、文献法（通过查阅各类资料、图表等,分析、比较得出结论）等等。在课题研究中，应该根据自己课题的实际情况提出相关的课题研究方法，不一定面面俱到，只要实用就行。五、课题研究的步骤。课题研究的步骤，当然就是说本课题准备通过哪几步程序来达到研究的目的。所以在这一部分里应该着重思考的问题就是自己的课题大概准备分几步来完成。一般来说课题研究的基本步骤不外乎是以下几个方面：准备阶段、查阅资料阶段、实地考察阶段、问卷调查阶段、采访阶段、资料的分析整理阶段、对本课题的总结与反思阶段等。六、课题参与人员及组织分工。这属于对本课题研究的管理范畴，但也不可忽视。因为管理不到位，学生不能明确自己的职责，有时就会偷懒或者互相推诿，有时就会做重复劳动。因此课题参与人员的组织分工是不可少的。最好是把所有的参与研究的学生分成几个小组，每个小组通过民主选举的方式推选出小组长，由小组长负责本小组的任务分派和落实。然后根据本课题的情况，把相关的研究任务分割成几大部分，一个小组负责一个部分。最后由小组长组织人员汇总和整理。七、课题的经费估算。一个课题要开展，必然需要一些经费来启动，所以最后还应该大概地估算一下本课题所需要 的资金是多少，比如搜集资料需要多少钱，实地调查的外出经费，问卷调查的印刷和分发的费用，课题组所要占用的场地费，有些课题还需要购买一些相关的材料，结题报告等资料的印刷费等等。所谓“大军未动，粮草先行”，没有足够的资金作后盾，课题研究势必举步维艰，捉襟见肘，甚至于半途而废。因此，课题的经费也必须在开题之初就估算好，未雨绸缪，才能真正把本课题的研究做到最好。
选择一个恰当的题目，是一个非常关键的问题，那我们要怎么选择美国文学的题目呢?下面是我带来的关于2017年美国文学论文题目的内容，欢迎阅读参考!2017年美国文学论文题目(一) 1. 简论Jane Austin 的爱情婚姻观 2. 从《简爱 》看早期女权主义的理想和追求 3. 十九世 纪英国小说家笔下的真、善、美 4. 英国十八世纪浪漫主义诗人的自然观 5. Romanticism in Mark Twin's works 6. 批评方法之我见 段燕 7. 浅谈泰戈尔的生命 段燕 8. 浅谈《红字》中珠儿形象的作用 9. 论《 红字》中的道德主题 10. 论海丝特·白兰的性 格发展 11. 《红字》中象征手法的运用 12. 论霍桑《红字》中“A”的象征意义 13. 象征意向在《了不起的盖茨比》中的运用 14. 论《了不起的盖茨比》的艺术特点 15. 伍尔夫创作中的女权主义立场 16. 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的女权思想 17. 伍尔夫女 性视角中的女性形象分析 2017年美国文学论文题目(二) 1、 透过《傲慢与偏见》看现代社会爱情观 2、生与死的抗争--《厄舍古厦的倒塌》主题解读 3、浅谈“欧·亨利式结尾”及其文学影响 4、从宗教角度解读简爱的多重性格 5、从女权主义角度剖析《小妇人》中的乔 6、 “英雄”的陨落--悲剧美学角度分析《老人与海》 7、 从《菊花》中看女主人公Elisa实现自我价值的障碍 8、奉献与宽容---浅析《双城记》中的仁爱精神 9、 《格列佛游记》中对理性的反思与批判 10、浅析《警察和赞美诗》的戏剧化特色 11、一场失败革命的反思---论《动物庄园》中所表现的象征意义 12、论詹姆斯·乔伊斯《阿拉比》的精神顿悟 13、从后印象主义角度解读《到灯塔去》中的双性同体观 14、 从中西方道德观差异谈《伊利亚特》与《封神演义》人物品德 15、 韦伯《猫》中的女性主义 16、 浅析《儿子与情人》中的心理冲突 17、浅析中西方喜剧文化---以《武林外传》和《老友记》为例 18、从女性主义看《傲慢与偏见》中的女性形象 19、《瓦尔登湖》中自然主义的现实意义 20、 从男性角色解读《简爱》中的女性反抗意识 2017年美国文学论文题目(三) 1. 论劳伦斯《虹》中的异化 2. 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》与《梁祝》悲剧结局所体现的中西文化差异 3. 从《在路上》看五六十年代美国社会价值观 4. 评希思克利夫被扭曲的心路历程 5. 试论马克·吐温短篇小说的幽默特色 6. 惠特曼的死亡哲学 7. 论《呼啸山庄》--原始古朴与文明理性的交错色彩 8. 论《了不起的盖茨比》中“二元主角”手法的运用 9. 透过小说《威廉·威尔逊》和《黑猫》看艾伦·坡的善恶观 10. 从《飘》看内战对美国文学的影响 11. 论《美国丽人》一片中人物的两面性 12. 论海明威小说中的死亡主题 13. 浅析艾丽丝·沃克的《紫颜色》 14. 女性作家的共性 15. 《倾城之恋》与《飘》的女权意识比较研究 16. 《失乐园》 与《圣经》中撒旦形象的对比 17. 《老人与海》与《鲁宾逊漂流记》的比较研究 18. 哥特式风格在《弗兰克斯坦》中的体现 19. 浅议反讽手法在《蝇王》中的运用 20. 分析麦尔维尔《白鲸》中的象征主义 21. 艾略特早期诗歌中的人物形象分析 22. 《丧钟为谁而鸣》中的女性形象分析 23. On tragic Beauty 24. An Analysis of the Social Impact on the Character -- Sister Carrie 25. Exploration of the Common Features of American Writers During World War II 26. Jane Eyre's Linguistic Features 27. 论Virginia Woolf 的意识流创作方法在某一作品中的体现 猜你喜欢： 1. 英美文学类论文范文 2. 美国文化学术论文格式要求 3. 美国文化学术论文格式 4. 关于文化的政治论文题目 5. 关于英国文化的论文
Introductionprint Print document PDF list Cite link LinkLittle WomenLouisa May AlcottThe following entry presents criticism on Alcott's novel Little Women. See also Louisa May Alcott Nineteenth-Century Literary is now known as Little Women includes both the original work by that title and its sequel, Good Wives. Written by Louisa May Alcott in 1868 and 1869 respectively, together these works have been long established as primary within the canon of juvenile literature and are considered by many to be the first children's books in America to break with the didactic tradition. Alcott introduced realism and entertainment to American children's literature, thereby achieving commercial success unknown to her moralizing contemporaries. Little Women is still read worldwide May Alcott was born in Germantown, Pennsylvania in 1832, and raised in Concord, Massachusetts, and Boston. She was the second of four daughters of Abigail May Alcott and Amos Bronson Alcott, a Transcendentalist, educational reformer, and well-known writer. Louisa, though more commercially successful than her father, faced many obstacles to the literary career she envisioned for herself. As a woman writer, she was expected to write sentimental and moralizing tales, and in order to earn a living as a writer, she was expected to cater to the sensational cravings of her audience. Although she did both successfully until her death in 1888, many critics argue that with Little Women, Alcott countered sensationalism with realism and subverted the moralizing purpose she often appeared to and Major CharactersIn Part I, while Mr. March is away as a volunteer chaplain in the Civil War, the March girls, Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy, embark on "pilgrimages" toward selfimprovement, with the inspiration of John Bunyan's religious allegory, The Pilgrim's Progress (1678). Their journeys, though, are largely determined by their own consciences and will rather than by dogma. Meg learns to overcome her vanity, Jo to overcome excessiveness and temper, Amy, greed and selfishness. Beth is already saintly and seems not to need change, but ironically, it is an act of charity—a visit to a sick infant—which results in the scarlet fever that weakens her health and precipitates her into this haven are neighbors Theodore Laurence (Laurie) and his grandfather, who are far from stock patriarchal figures; they are, rather, admirers who crave and aspire to the domestic peace enjoyed by the Marches. Laurie and Jo develop a close friendship that intrigued Alcott's readers, but she avoided the conventional romantic plot by refusing to have them marry. Jo, an unconventional girl who thinks of herself as the "man of the house" while her father is away, is more interested in developing her art and financially supporting her family than II of Little Women, originally published separately as Good Wives, focuses on the girls' transitions into adulthood. Meg marries John Brooke, Laurie's tutor—a financially difficult but happy match. Amy loses some of her passion for art and marries Laurie after he has been refused by Jo and has recovered from the blow. Beth dies before she can reach adulthood, but her loss inspires Jo to take up her domestic role. Jo eventually marries Professor Bhaer, a middle-aged academic with whom she shares philosophical interests. They open a boys' school, where she, no longer a tomboy, becomes a mother-figure for the ThemesAlcott's earlier work, often published under the pseudonym A. M. Barnard, is generally characterized by sensational characters and plots, violence, melodrama, and romance—all consistent with the expectations of her readers. When asked to write a "girl's book," Alcott was yet again forced to write according to others' interests, but in this case she opted for more realism than sensationalism by choosing the only girl-hood she knew for her subject—her own. Based on her life, and that of her sisters, Anna, Elizabeth, and May, Little Women follows the adolescence of the girls into adulthood, captures their private, domestic experience concretely, delineates their matriarchal haven of comfort and frugality, dramatizes their creative play, and explores their struggles to become artists, good sisters, and eventually happy wives. Although the culture of her time demanded that Alcott produce moralizing tales, she displayed a certain amount of resistance to that mandate in Little Women, preaching moderation rather than excessive religious molding. The girls are guided less by rigid moral strictures than by their strong sense of family, sometimes conveyed by words of wisdom from mother Marmee, but more often by a need to get along as a sisterly community. In part II this theme of sisterly love expands to include marriage and the formation of new families, with new roles for the three surviving sisters as good wives. Self-improvement, social responsibility, domestic cooperation, and matriarchal power, as well as the importance of play and artistic development, all serve as prominent themes in Little ReceptionThe influence of Little Women has been vast, but historically limited to a female readership. Early critics received the novel with sentimental praise and an appreciation of Alcott's ability to meet the minds of her child readers, a view shared by Angela Brazil in her 1922 review. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Alcott was appreciated, like many American women writers, as merely a local colorist with a talent for portraying the domestic sphere concretely. In academia, her novel was studied only by the scholars of children's literature until the 1960s and 1970s, when it came under closer scrutiny by feminist critics, some of whom were frustrated with its outdated sentimentality, others of whom dismissed it because it seems to uphold the traditional separation of men's and women's spheres (public vs. private). In the 1980s, the new emphasis on expanding the canon to include marginalized writers and works associated with popular culture brought more attention to Little Women. It has achieved importance within Women's Studies and the American literary canon in general for its detailed descriptions of nineteenth-century family life and of female struggles for social identity. As Carolyn Heilbrun suggests, Little Women has been particularly influential on female readers in the twentieth century who, craving models of female autonomy, found one, at least briefly, in Alcott's character Jo. Recent critics have continued in this positive vein, calling further attention to the subversive elements in Little Women, recasting Jo as an early feminist who, like her creator, made the most of the limited possibilities open to women in her time.希望对楼主有帮助， 不满意请留言
《小妇人》出版后成为公认的美国名著，100多年以来，一直受到热烈的欢迎。我为大家带来几篇《小妇人》读后感供大家阅读。下面是我为你们整理的内容，希望你们喜欢。 小妇人读后感英文版篇1
Under the formidable war background, concerns national and collective destiny and the honor time, individual all are such not worthy of mentioning. Perhaps gradually will retreat its trace to a national war along with the years, but to an ordinary ordinary person, a bullet sufficiently will change his only life.
I think perhaps the man most sorrowful is inside this actor's final feeling, originally is most own two people simultaneously leaves himself.
" A FAREWELL TO ARMS " this novel quite successful, makes one feel clear credible, this is and the author has attended the First World War personally, and has been seriously injured, has stayed in the hospital, has the personal life to experience and directly felts the experience not to be able to separate. In performance method, what the author uses is the Chinese reader very familiar novel skill, namely lets character own words and deeds move the reader, but does not make any discussion, he is also good at causing the scenery and the plot, the character organically fuses in together, achieves serves the plot, character's positive effect. The novel is popular in the language aspect writing, uses some basic vocabularies, the sentence type to be simple mostly, mostly uses Jian Danju. Anglicizing, is very good, therefore is good for both young and old, appeals to both cultured and popular tastes, this is the artistic achievement which this novel obtains.
" A FAREWELL TO ARMS "opposed that war’s distinct subject and the mature artistic skill have had the emormous influence,the greatest degree had reflected after First World War,a youth generation the mood which visits the fear and is at a loss,is all the rage the world very quickly.
小妇人读后感英文版篇2
Today, i have read the book "Little Women" .The deepest feeling is it is simple to be happy! Happiness is kinship, friendship, health, labor and peace of mind. Having it, people just feel no
Alcott prefaces Little Women with an excerpt from John Bunyan’s seventeenth-century work The Pilgrim’s Progress, an allegorical novel about leading a Christian life. Alcott’s story begins with the four March girls—Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy—sitting in their living room, lamenting their poverty. The girls decide that they will each buy themselves a present in order to brighten their Christmas. Soon, however, they change their minds and decide that instead of buying presents for themselves, they will buy presents for their mother, Marmee. Marmee comes home with a letter from Mr. March, the girls’ father, who is serving as a Union chaplain in the Civil War. The letter inspires the girls to bear their burdens more cheerfully and not to complain about their Christmas morning, the girls wake up to find books, probably copies of The Pilgrim’s Progress, under their pillows. Later that day, Marmee encourages them to give away their breakfast to a poor family, the Hummels. Their elderly neighbor, Mr. Laurence, whom the girls have never met, rewards their charitable activities by sending over a feast. Soon, Meg and Jo are invited to attend a New Year’s Party at the home of Meg’s wealthy friend, Sally Gardiner. At the party, Jo retreats to an alcove, and there meets Laurie, the boy who lives with Mr. Laurence. While dancing, Meg sprains her ankle. Laurie escorts the sisters home. The Marches regret having to return to their daily routine after the holiday visits Laurie when he is sick, and meets his grandfather, Mr. Laurence. She inadvertently insults a painting of Mr. Laurence in front of the man himself. Luckily, Laurie’s grandfather admires Jo’s spunk, and they become friends. Soon, Mr. Laurence meets all the sisters, and Beth becomes his special favorite. Mr. Laurence gives her his deceased granddaughter’s girls have various adventures. Amy is caught trading limes at school, and the teacher hits her as punishment. As a result, Mrs. March withdraws her daughter from school. Jo refuses to let Amy go with her to the theater. In retaliation, Amy burns Jo’s manuscript, and Jo, in her anger, nearly lets Amy drown while ice-s-kating. Pretty Meg attends her friend Annie Moffat’s party and, after allowing the other girls to dress her up in high style, learns that appearances are not everything. While at the party, she hears that people think she intends to marry Laurie for his year, the Marches form the Pickwick Club, in which they write a family newspaper. In the spring, Jo smuggles Laurie into one of the club meetings, and he becomes a member, presenting his new circle with a postbox. At the beginning of June, the Marches decide to neglect their housework. At the end of a lazy week, Marmee takes a day off too. The girls spoil a dinner, but everyone ends up laughing over it. One day, Laurie has English friends over, and the Marches go on a picnic with them. Later, Jo gets a story published for the first dark day, the family receives a telegram saying that Mr. March is sick in the hospital in Washington, . Marmee goes to tend to him, and Jo sells her hair to help finance the trip. Chaos ensues in Marmee’s wake, for the girls neglect their chores again. Only Beth goes to visit the Hummels, and after one of her visits, she contracts scarlet fever from the Hummel baby. Beth teeters on the brink of death until Marmee returns. Meanwhile, Amy spends time at Aunt March’s house in order to escape the disease. Beth recovers, though not completely, and Mr. Brooke, Laurie’s tutor, falls in love with Meg, much to Jo’s dismay. Mr. Brooke and Meg are engaged by the end of Part One. Three years pass before Part Two begins. Mr. March is home from the war, and Laurie is nearly done with school. Soon, Meg marries and moves into a new home with Mr. Brooke. One day, Amy decides to have a lunch for her art school classmates, but poor weather ruins the festivities. Jo gets a novel published, but she must cut it down in order to please her publishers. Meanwhile, Meg struggles with the duties of keeping house, and she soon gives birth to twins, Demi and Daisy. Amy gets to go to Paris instead of Jo, who counted on the trip, because their Aunt Carroll prefers Amy’s ladylike behavior in a begins to think that Beth loves Laurie. In order to escape Laurie’s affections for her, Jo moves to New York so as to give Beth a chance to win his affections. There Jo meets Professor Bhaer, a poor German language instructor. Professor Bhaer discourages Jo from writing sensationalist stories, and she takes his advice and finds a simpler writing style. When Jo returns home, Laurie proposes to her, but she turns him down. Beth soon and Laurie reunite in France, and they fall in love. They marry and return home. Jo begins to hope that Professor Bhaer will come for her. He does, and they marry a year later. Amy and Laurie have a daughter named Beth, who is sickly. Jo inherits Plumfield, Aunt March’s house, and decides to turn it into a boarding school for boys. The novel ends with the family happily gathered together, each sister thankful for her blessings and for each other.
温馨的圣诞烛光 —浅议《小妇人》 在十九世纪上半叶崛起的美国妇女作家中，出现了一位出生于费城的作家，她的名字叫莎.梅.阿尔考特 ( I,o}rlsr}rnY nLCarr)。她的成名作《小妇人》以年轻读者为对象，成功地塑造了无与伦比的少女乔.马奇的形象，表现了一百多年前美国社会和家庭的文化价值取向以及拓荒精神。阿尔考特也写过其他的作品，但这本书 却受到美国及其他国家的青睐，百余年来，仍脍炙人口，历久不衰，并曾被好莱坞搬上银幕，一再放映。《小妇人》 出版后，美国文坛也引以为傲，因为他们终于也产生了一部可以和英国女作家奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》媲美的文学杰作。 《小妇人》全书20余万字，人物包括一个家庭中父母及四个年幼的女儿，邻人，以及他们交往的几个朋友。故事情节贯穿了两个圣诞节，描述一年中四个待嫁的女儿生活周遭发生的点点滴滴的生活琐事。作者文笔描写细腻，人物对话饶富趣味，语调平淡哀惋。无论从情节、人物，还是字数来说，《小妇人》都是一本“小”书，但却是一部杰作，一部令读者阅后难以忘怀的小说，因为她的叙述中显示了一个伟大的主题。这个主题就是友爱、互助、自强不息以及美国民族早期所具有的拓荒者的精神。 所谓拓荒者的精神(PIONEER SPIRTI')，是美国建国之初，在早期移民中产生的一种生活、生存意识。他们披荆斩棘，力启山林，与各种灾难搏斗，用必胜的意志和信念去面对和建设全新的世界。这种生活意识已成为美国 民族社会创业的精神基石，为美国创造了伟大的业绩，同时也成了全人类不断开拓谋求发展的宝贵精神遗产。 拓荒者的精神不仅成为美国社会的普遍意识和精神沉淀，也同时被美国的许多作家作为显形意识而引入文学的主题。从19世纪初叶梅尔维尔的《白鲸记》，梭罗的《湖滨散记》，凯塞的《我的安东妮尔》，以及近代史坦贝克《伊甸园东》等，书中皆隐然地注人了这种意识，或是对这种意识所产生的社会面的各种回应。这些以不同角度写出的作品都成了美国文学的名著。但《小妇人》似乎另具一番柔美的魅力。书中没有一望无际的荒原，没有惊心动魄的起伏情节，但它以生动活泼的笔调，道出四个年幼女儿，在父亲在外作战未归，家庭困苦中一年来的奋斗历程，从细琐的生活中娓娓透出崎岖的生活情景。它的开场很不凡，四个小女儿在客厅中每人一句的对话中，不仅道出她们的心境，也生动地给家庭状况作了简明的素描。同时，也不知不觉地把读者拉进了这揭开的帷幕，随着她们融人了剧中情景。这几小段文字是: 绍一面躺在地毯上，一面嘴里咕噜着说:“如在圣诞节没有礼物，怎样可算是圣诞节呢?，美克低声叹着气，对着她破旧的衣服感慨地说，“贫穷，是最可怕的了。” 小的爱米带着啼嘘的神情，插进来说:“在世界上有许多女孩子有许多很好的东西。 有许多却什么都没有，这未免太不公平了。”倍斯从屋角里，显出得意的态度说着:“但是我们无论如何是父母双全，并且还有姊妹呢!” ……“然而我们现在的父亲呢?并且他不能在最近期内使我们见到他，”绍这样暗然地说。 这是《小妇人》的“开卷第一回也”。生动的字幕，隐隐地透出本书幕后将来可能发牛的种种。对父亲的思念，家计困难下的烦恼，年长姐姐对情感的困扰·一均在小桥流水式的笔触下一幕幕的展开，直到父亲在第二年的圣诞节回家，全家才结束了这困苦跋涉的一年。 《小妇人》全书充满了大量柏拉图式的对话:母亲对女儿们的开导，姐妹之间的慰诫，邻人朋友之间充满友爱互助的交谈，莫不以挚诚的语气道出，使人读后油然产生亲切的共鸣。小说在对话中包涵着大批启示性的谈话，这在创作上是一个大胆的尝试。低手笔的作家往往会弄巧成拙，沦为教条性的口号或说教，但阿尔考特却处理得极为自然。她之所以把这些大道理不露痕迹地融入日常的对话中而不令人生厌，主要是把握了一个道出“真实”的原则。托尔斯泰曾说:“在人生中也象在艺术中一样，有一件事很必要，那就是道出真实。”阿尔考特便把握住了这一点，她在《小妇人》中以真实的态度，道出了生活中的点点滴滴，用“真诚”说出他们心中的情感和对生活的看法。 <小妇人》所述的虽是儿女身边的琐事，但琐细的情节中常常出现极感人的段落:四个姐妹和妈妈正准备欢 度圣诞的早晨，母亲说出附近一个贫苦的女人和一个生了不多时的婴孩躺在那里，她们没有取暖的炉，为了不受寒冷，还有六个没有东西吃的孩子紧紧拥抱着挤在一张床上·。…于是，四个姐妹在母亲的建议下，将她们的早餐 送往这个贫苦的家庭，作为圣诞礼物。另外，在全书进行到大半时，家中突然收到父亲在华盛顿身染重病的不幸消息，母亲一时手足无措，热心的邻人慷慨解囊，终于让短缺旅费的母亲启程前往，得以使卧病远方的父亲获得照料和康复，喜爱音乐，梦想有一架钢琴的年幼儿女，在日后获得邻人赠送一座新钢琴时热泪盈眶的喜悦……凡此种种充满了友爱及人情味的文字不胜枚举。 任何国家的文学名著，会很自然地受到其他经典大师们的影响，尤其是自己本国的前辈作家们。《小妇人》自亦不例外。拓荒和发挥爱心的精神，以及对拓荒后美国社会出现的形形色色的困扰现象，在阿尔考特以前的许多作家中，皆以不同形式的笔调显示出。在她之前，也可以说是她前辈中，出现了数位把美国文学推至高峰的大师。这些人是惠特曼、梭罗、梅尔维尔、霍桑等，他们皆以不同的风格，给美国拓荒后的社会，留下诸多感人而不朽的著作。1x19年出生的惠特曼，以天马行空，一泄千里的笔法，写出了代表当时美国东西部开拓精神的《草叶集》;梅尔维尔以光怪陆离的笔法写出刻画美国冒险精神的《白鲸记》;梭罗则对当时美国拓荒者开创的繁荣社会作出反抗性的回应，他以返璞归真的态度一人跑到幽静的华尔腾居住，写出静化心灵的《湖滨散记》。阿尔特或多或少都受到他们的一些影响。而在这些她前辈的名家中，她似乎特别推崇梭罗。梭罗是她父亲的好友，过往颇密，幼年的阿尔考特纯洁的心灵很可能无形中受到他的感染，梭罗对当时美国专重财富的堕落无法忍受的心态，后来在《小妇人》书中淋漓透出。阿尔考特在1865年所出版的第一部小说《抑恋》，有的文学分析家认为是阿尔考特倾心于梭罗而写的。不知终生未嫁的阿尔考特，在她情感的核心处是否与这有关? 如果是从拓荒及友爱这个主题精神来看，阿尔考特的《小妇人》不唯有“承先”的影子，同时也可熊给后来的美国文化产生了“启后”的作用。这个蛛丝马迹的现象可从维娜.凯塞写的《我的安东妮亚》以及在1968年去世的史坦贝克代表作《伊甸园东》中可看到。凯塞女士的《我的安东妮亚》，描绘了美国垦拓时期居民和大自然的斗争以及人和自然的相互接纳。优美的笔调写出田野的风光与靠土地为生的纯朴居民和土地相喜相泣，共同成长的生活画面。史坦贝克的《伊甸园东》，不仅生动地描述了一个移居到西部的家庭史，同时在情节中深刻地表露了人类在共同努力开创美满生活中所应有的忍耐和宽恕。两书皆以不同的角度提升了《小妇人》中拓荒和友爱的主题。我们无法在这些近代名家的文学传记中找到他(她)们相互影响的确证，但我们很容易发现，他(她)们对这类精神皆有极深厚的认同和体悟。 20余万字的《小妇人》中，前后包括了两个圣诞节，一头一尾，前后照应，以圣诞节开始，又以圣诞节结束。美国文学中提到圣诞节的不止这一本，有的是在情节中自然出现，有的是一笔带过。像《小妇人》这种头尾连续出现两次的情况实不多见。前面提到《白鲸记》，故事就是从一个圣诞节开始的，但那与书中发展的情节并无多大的关联，写的是一群具有冒险犯难精神的水手，在圣诞节那天启程开航，走向惊涛骇浪的大海，最后遇到白鲸，全船和白鲸搏斗，人船俱毁，仅有一人生还。作品固然伟大磅礴，但给人一种惊心动魄的悲壮感。不若《小妇人》那样，给人带来的是乐观进取、亲切温和。阿尔考特似乎也隐然强调:人在应该欢乐的时光中经常会有不幸的事情发生，但为迎接另一个美好的时光，必须作出努力和付出牺牲，《小妇人》一家由父亲不在，没有礼物的圣诞节开始，一直到父亲在第二个圣诞节回家团聚的跋涉困苦一年中，对这种精神作了真实写照。 新大陆的发现已有五百年，新大陆的居民也历经了五百个圣诞节。节日的意义并没有改变，但开国两百年的美国却发生了显著的变化。它从18世纪的移居，19世纪的开拓，20世纪的鼎盛，而在本世纪末期高度繁荣发达的背后却呈现了退化和堕落:人与人之间的疏离，享乐主义，经济萧条，失业者剧升，罪犯增加，社会道德沉沦 等等相继并起。这也是二百年前美国的一批开国先贤所始料未及的。
是美国女作家路易莎·梅·奥尔科特根据对自己的家庭及成长过程的回忆，是一本小说化的家庭日记，一本道德家世小说。书中描写了一个家庭中四个迥异的女儿的成长历程。她们经历了一连串的生离死别与生活的磨炼，并在母亲的爱心教导下，终于脱去幼稚的外衣，发挥着各自所长走向成熟。马奇家四姐妹对自立的权力的追求以及她们对家庭的忠诚眷顾构成了一对贯穿全书的矛盾，使故事熠熠生辉，情节生动感人。梅格可以如何高贵、虚荣，却仍然属于马奇家的一员？乔的创造力和躁动的感情可以去到什么程度，而不至于扰乱家庭的安宁，贝思可以如何忘我无私，同时又得以生存下去？艾美可以表现得如何优雅、自私，却仍然得到家人的爱？四姐妹明智、自由地选择了自己的生活道路，她们的归宿虽然各不相同，但都是自强自立精神的结果。马奇家四姐妹对自主权力的追求，以及她们对家庭的忠诚眷顾，成为贯穿全书的两条主要线索《小妇人》一书，处处都受美国著名思想家爱默生的影响。爱默生强调人的个性与尊严，但又主张自我约束。而自立自强却是本书人物性格的共同点，梅格为爱而甘于贫困，乔通过自己的艰苦奋斗而最后成为作家，贝思坦然面对死亡以及以扶弱济困为已任的艾米，她们都具有这样的精神实质。
这部小说[2]以家庭生活为描写对象，以家庭成员的感情纠葛为线索，描写了马奇一家的天伦之爱。马奇家的四姐妹中，无论是为了爱情甘于贫困的梅格，还是通过自己奋斗成为作家的乔，以及坦然面对死亡的贝思和以扶弱为己任的艾美，虽然她们的理想和命运都不尽相同，但是她们都具有自强自立的共同特点。描写了她们对家庭的眷恋；对爱的忠诚以及对亲情的渴望。 小妇人所有时代的少女成长过程中所要面对与经历的，都可以在这本书中找到：初恋的甜蜜和烦恼，感情与理智的差异，理想和现实的距离，贫穷与富有的矛盾。《小妇人》故事情节简单真实，却感人至深，问世一百多年以来，多次被搬上银幕，并被译成各种文字，成为世界文学宝库中的经典名作。书中描写的种种情感体验和生活经历，都曾经、正在并将要发生在每一个少女走向成熟的过程之中；书中提倡善良、忠诚、无私、慷慨、尊严、宽容、坚韧、勇敢、亦是人类永远尊崇和追求的美德和信仰。所有这些，赋予这本书超越时代和国度的生命力，这也正是她成为不朽的经典的魅力和原因所在。
学术堂整理了十五个英美文学方面的毕业论文题目供大家进行参考：1、 透过《傲慢与偏见》看现代社会爱情观2、生与死的抗争--《厄舍古厦的倒塌》主题解读3、浅谈“欧·亨利式结尾”及其文学影响4、从宗教角度解读简爱的多重性格5、从女权主义角度剖析《小妇人》中的乔6、 “英雄”的陨落--悲剧美学角度分析《老人与海》7、 从《菊花》中看女主人公Elisa实现自我价值的障碍8、奉献与宽容---浅析《双城记》中的仁爱精神9、 《格列佛游记》中对理性的反思与批判10、浅析《警察和赞美诗》的戏剧化特色11、一场失败革命的反思---论《动物庄园》中所表现的象征意义12、论詹姆斯·乔伊斯《阿拉比》的精神顿悟13、从后印象主义角度解读《到灯塔去》中的双性同体观14、 从中西方道德观差异谈《伊利亚特》与《封神演义》人物品德15、 韦伯《猫》中的女性主义
今年是居里夫妇发现放射性元素镭100周年。 100年前的1898年12月26日，法国科学院人声鼎沸，一位年轻漂亮，神色庄重又略显疲倦的妇人走上讲台，全场立即肃然无声。 她叫玛丽·居里，就是后来名扬于世的居里夫人。她今天要和她的丈夫皮埃尔·居里一起在这里宣布一项惊人发现，他们发现了天然放射性元素镭。本来这场报告， 她想让丈夫来作，但皮埃尔·居里坚持让她来讲。因为在此之前还没有一个女子登上过法国科学院的讲台。玛丽·居里穿着一袭黑色长裙， 白净端庄的脸庞显出坚定又略带淡泊的神情，而那双微微内陷的大眼睛，则让你觉得能看透一切，看透未来。她的报告使全场震惊，物理学进入了一个新时代，而她那美丽而庄重的形象也就从此定格在历史上，定格在每个人的心里。 居里夫人一直是我崇拜的少数名人中的一个。如果说到女性的名人她就更是非第一莫属了，余后大概还有一个中国的李清照。我大约是在上中学时读到介绍居里夫人的小册子，从此她坚毅的形象便在脑海里永难拂去。以后我几乎搜读了所有关于她的传记。一个人的伟大不外乎两个方面，一是他对社会作出的贡献，二是他的人格，他的精神。对居里夫人来说，这两方面她都具备，而且超群绝伦，值得我们永远的怀念和学习。 关于放射性的发现，居里夫人并不是第一人，但她是关键的一人。在她之前，1896年1月，德国科学家伦琴发现了X光，这是人工放射性；1896年5月，法国科学家贝克勒尔发现铀盐可以使胶片感光，这是天然放射性。这都还是偶然的发现，居里夫人却立即提出了一个新问题，其他物质有没有放射性？物质世界里是不是还有另一块全新的领域？别人在海滩上捡到一块贝壳，她却要研究一下这贝壳是怎样生、怎样长，怎样冲到海滩上来的。别人摸瓜她寻藤，别人摘叶她问根。是她 提出了放射性这个词。两年后，她发现了钋，接着发现了镭，冰山露出了一角。为了提出纯净的镭，居里夫妇搞到一吨可能含镭的工业废渣。他们在院子里支起了一口大锅，一锅一锅地进行冶炼。然后再送到化验室溶解、沉淀、分析。而所谓化验室是一个废弃的、曾停放解剖用尸体的破棚子。玛丽终日在烟熏火燎中搅拌着锅里的矿渣。她衣裙上，双手上，留下了酸碱的点点烧痕。一天，疲劳之极，玛丽揉着酸痛的后腰，隔着满桌的试管、量杯问皮埃尔：“你说这镭会是什么样子？”皮埃尔说：“我只是希望它有美丽的颜色。”终于经过三年又九个月，他们在成吨的矿渣中提炼出了0．1克镭。它真的有极美丽 的颜色，在幽暗的破木棚里发出略带蓝色的荧光。还会自动放热，一小时放出的热能溶化等重的冰块。 旧木棚里这点美丽的淡蓝色荧光，是用一个美丽女子的生命和信念换来的。这项开辟科学新纪元的伟大发现好像不该落在一个女子的头上。千百年来，漂亮就是一个女人的最高荣誉，最大资本。只要有幸得到这一点，其余便不必再求了。莫泊桑在他的名著《项链》中说：“女人并无社会等级，也无种族差异；她们的姿色、风度和妩媚就是她们身世和门庭的标志。”居里夫人是属于那一类很漂亮的女子，她的肖像如今挂遍世界各国的科研教学机构，我们仍可看到她昔日的风采。但是她偏偏没有利用这一点资本，她的战胜自我也恰恰就是从这一点开始的。当她还是个小学生时就显示出上帝给她的优宠，漂亮的外貌已足以使她讨得周围所有人的喜欢。但她的性格里天生还有一种更可贵的东西，这就是人们经常加于男子汉身上的骨气。她坚定、刚毅，有远大、执着的追求。为了不受漂亮的干扰，她故意把一头金发剪得很短，她对哥哥说：“毫无疑问，我们家里的人有天赋，必须使这种天赋由我们中的一个表现出来！”她不但懂得个人的自尊，更懂得民族的自尊。当时的波兰为沙皇所统治，她每天上学的路上有一座沙皇走狗的雕像，玛丽路过此地，总要狠狠唾上一口，如果那一天和女伴说话忘记了，就是已走到校门口也要返回来补上。她中学毕业后在城里和乡下当了7年家庭教师，积攒了一点学费便到巴黎来读书。当时大学里女学生很少，这个高额头，蓝眼睛，身材修长的漂亮的异国女子，很快成了人们议论的中心。男学生们为了能更多地看她一眼，或有幸凑上去说几句话，常常挤在教室外的走廊里。她的女友甚至不得不用伞柄赶走这些追慕者。但她对这种热闹不屑一顾。她每天到得最早，坐在前排，给那些追寻的目光一个无情的后脑勺。她身上永远裹着一层冰霜的盔甲，凛然使那些“追星族”不敢靠近。她本来是住在姐姐家中，为了求得安静，便一人租了间小阁楼，一天只吃一顿饭，日夜苦读。晚上冷得睡不着，就拉把椅子压在身上，以取得一点感觉上的温暖。这种心不旁骛，悬梁刺股，卧薪尝胆的进取精神，就是一般男子也是很难做到是为一天的口粮。而在地球那一边的法国，一个波兰女子也这样心静，这样执着，这样地耐得苦寒。她以25岁青春难再的妙龄，面对追者如潮而不心动。她只要稍微松一下手，回一下头，就会跌回温软的怀抱和赞美的泡沫中。但是她有大志，有大求。她知道只有发现创造之花才有永开不败的美丽。所以她甘愿让酸碱啃蚀柔美的双手，让呛人的烟气吹皱她秀美的额头。 本来玛丽·居里完全可以换另外一个活法。她可以趁着年轻貌美如现代女孩吃青春饭那样，在钦羡和礼赞中活个轻松，活个痛快。但是她没有，她知道自己更深一层的价值和更远一些的目标。成语言“浅尝辄止”是指人对外部世界的认识，殊不知有多少人对自己也常是浅知辄止，见宠即喜。你看有多少女孩子王婆“赏”瓜，顾影自怜而不知前路。数年前一位母亲对我说她刚上初中的女儿成绩下降。为什么？答曰：“知道爱美了，上课总用铅笔杆做她的卷卷头。”美对人来说是一种附加，就像格律对诗词也是一种附加。律诗难作，美人难为，做得好惊天动地，做不好就黄花委地。玛丽·居里让全世界的 女子都知道，她们除了“身世”和“门庭”之外，还有更值钱、更重要的东西。 1852年斯佗夫人写了一本《汤姆叔叔的小屋》导致了美国南北战争爆发，林肯说是一个小妇人引发了一场解放黑奴的大革命。比斯佗夫人约晚50年，居里夫人发现了镭也是一个小妇人引发了一场大革命，科学革命。它直接导致了后来卢瑟夫对原子结构的探秘，导致了原子弹的爆炸，导致了原子时代的到来。更重要的是这项发现的哲学意义。哲学家说事物无时无刻不在变。西方哲人说，人不能两次踏进同一条河流。公元1082年东方哲人苏东坡在赤壁望月长叹道：“盖将自其变者而观之，则天地曾不能以一瞬；自其不变者而观之，则物与我皆无尽也。”现在，居里夫人证明镭便是这样“不能以一瞬”而存在的物质，它会自己不停地发光、放热、放出射线。能灼伤人的皮肤、能穿透黑纸使胶片感光、能使空气导电，它刹那间是自己又不是自己。哲理就渗透在每个原子的毛孔里。玛丽·居里几乎在完成这项伟大自然发现的同时也完成了对人生意义的发现。她也在不停地变化着，当工作卓有成效的同时，镭射线也在无声地侵蚀着她的肌体。她美丽健康的容貌在悄悄地隐退，她逐渐变得眼花耳鸣，苍白乏力。而皮埃尔不幸早逝，社会对女性的歧视更加重了她生活和思想上的沉重负担。但她什么也不管，只是默默地工作。她从一个漂亮的小姑娘，一个端庄坚毅的女学者，变成科学教科书里的新名词“放射线”，变成物理学的一个新计量单位“居里”，变成一条条科学定理，她变成了科学史上一块永远的里程碑。“自其不变者而观之”，它得到了永恒。“长恨春归无觅处，不知转入此中来”。就像化学的置换反应一样，她的青春美丽已换位到了科学教科书里，换位到了人类文化的史册里。 居里夫人的美名从她发现镭那一刻起就流传于世，迄今已经百年。这是她用全部的青春、信念和生命换来的荣誉。她一生共得了10项奖金、16种奖章、107个名誉头衔，特别是两次诺贝尔奖。她本来可以躺在任何一项大奖或任何一个荣誉上尽情地享受。但是她视名利如粪土，她将奖金赠给科研事业和战争中的法国，而将那些奖章送给6岁的小女儿去当玩具。上帝给的美形她都不为所累，尘世给的美誉她又怎肯背负在身呢？凭谁论短长，漫将浮名换了精修细研。她一如既往，埋头工作到67岁离开人世，离开了她心爱的实验室。直到她死后40年，她用过的笔记本里，还有射线在不停地释放。爱因斯坦说：“在所有的世界著名人物中，玛丽·居里是唯一没有被盛名宠坏的人。”她用事求世，超形脱俗，知道自己的目标，更知道自己的价值。在一般人要做到这两个自知，排除干扰并终生如一，是很难很难的，但居里夫人做到了。她让我们明白，人有多重价值，是需要多层开发的。有的人止于形，以售其貌；有的人止于勇，而呈其力；有的人止于心，只用其技；有的人达于理，而用其智。诸葛亮戎马一生，气吞曹吴，却不披一甲，不佩一刃；毛泽东指挥军民万众，在战火中打出一个新中国， 却不背枪支，不受军衔。大音希声，大道无形，大智之人，不耽于形，不逐于力，不持于技。他们淡淡地生活，静静地思考，执着地进取，直进到智慧高地，自由地驾驭规律，而永葆一种理性的美丽。
跨越百年的美丽 ■梁衡 今年是居里夫妇发现放射性元素镭100周年。 100年前的1898年12月26日，法国科学院人声鼎沸，一位年轻漂亮，神色庄重又略显疲倦的妇人走上讲台，全场立即肃然无声。 她叫玛丽·居里，就是后来名扬于世的居里夫人。她今天要和她的丈夫皮埃尔·居里一起在这里宣布一项惊人发现，他们发现了天然放射性元素镭。本来这场报告， 她想让丈夫来作，但皮埃尔·居里坚持让她来讲。因为在此之前还没有一个女子登上过法国科学院的讲台。玛丽·居里穿着一袭黑色长裙， 白净端庄的脸庞显出坚定又略带淡泊的神情，而那双微微内陷的大眼睛，则 让你觉得能看透一切，看透未来。她的报告使全场震惊，物理学进入了一 个新时代，而她那美丽而庄重的形象也就从此定格在历史上，定格在每个 人的心里。 居里夫人一直是我崇拜的少数名人中的一个。如果说到女性的名 人她就更是非第一莫属了，余后大概还有一个中国的李清照。我大约 是在上中学时读到介绍居里夫人的小册子，从此她坚毅的形象便在脑 海里永难拂去。以后我几乎搜读了所有关于她的传记。一个人的伟大 不外乎两个方面，一是他对社会作出的贡献，二是他的人格，他的精 神。对居里夫人来说，这两方面她都具备，而且超群绝伦，值得我们 永远的怀念和学习。 关于放射性的发现，居里夫人并不是第一人，但她是关键的一人。 在她之前，1896年1月，德国科学家伦琴发现了X光，这是人工放射性； 1896年5月，法国科学家贝克勒尔发现铀盐可以使胶片感光，这是天然 放射性。这都还是偶然的发现，居里夫人却立即提出了一个新问题， 其他物质有没有放射性？物质世界里是不是还有另一块全新的领域？ 别人在海滩上捡到一块贝壳，她却要研究一下这贝壳是怎样生、怎样 长，怎样冲到海滩上来的。别人摸瓜她寻藤，别人摘叶她问根。是她 提出了放射性这个词。两年后，她发现了钋，接着发现了镭，冰山露 出了一角。为了提出纯净的镭，居里夫妇搞到一吨可能含镭的工业废 渣。他们在院子里支起了一口大锅，一锅一锅地进行冶炼。然后再送 到化验室溶解、沉淀、分析。而所谓化验室是一个废弃的、曾停放解 剖用尸体的破棚子。玛丽终日在烟熏火燎中搅拌着锅里的矿渣。她衣 裙上，双手上，留下了酸碱的点点烧痕。一天，疲劳之极，玛丽揉着 酸痛的后腰，隔着满桌的试管、量杯问皮埃尔：“你说这镭会是什么 样子？”皮埃尔说：“我只是希望它有美丽的颜色。”终于经过三年 又九个月，他们在成吨的矿渣中提炼出了0．1克镭。它真的有极美丽 的颜色，在幽暗的破木棚里发出略带蓝色的荧光。还会自动放热，一 小时放出的热能溶化等重的冰块。 旧木棚里这点美丽的淡蓝色荧光，是用一个美丽女子的生命和信 念换来的。这项开辟科学新纪元的伟大发现好像不该落在一个女子的 头上。千百年来，漂亮就是一个女人的最高荣誉，最大资本。只要有 幸得到这一点，其余便不必再求了。莫泊桑在他的名著《项链》中说： “女人并无社会等级，也无种族差异；她们的姿色、风度和妩媚就是 她们身世和门庭的标志。”居里夫人是属于那一类很漂亮的女子，她 的肖像如今挂遍世界各国的科研教学机构，我们仍可看到她昔日的风 采。但是她偏偏没有利用这一点资本，她的战胜自我也恰恰就是从这 一点开始的。当她还是个小学生时就显示出上帝给她的优宠，漂亮的 外貌已足以使她讨得周围所有人的喜欢。但她的性格里天生还有一种 更可贵的东西，这就是人们经常加于男子汉身上的骨气。她坚定、刚 毅，有远大、执着的追求。为了不受漂亮的干扰，她故意把一头金发 剪得很短，她对哥哥说：“毫无疑问，我们家里的人有天赋，必须使 这种天赋由我们中的一个表现出来！”她不但懂得个人的自尊，更懂 得民族的自尊。当时的波兰为沙皇所统治，她每天上学的路上有一座 沙皇走狗的雕像，玛丽路过此地，总要狠狠唾上一口，如果那一天和 女伴说话忘记了，就是已走到校门口也要返回来补上。她中学毕业后 在城里和乡下当了7年家庭教师，积攒了一点学费便到巴黎来读书。当 时大学里女学生很少，这个高额头，蓝眼睛，身材修长的漂亮的异国 女子，很快成了人们议论的中心。男学生们为了能更多地看她一眼， 或有幸凑上去说几句话，常常挤在教室外的走廊里。她的女友甚至不 得不用伞柄赶走这些追慕者。但她对这种热闹不屑一顾。她每天到得 最早，坐在前排，给那些追寻的目光一个无情的后脑勺。她身上永远 裹着一层冰霜的盔甲，凛然使那些“追星族”不敢靠近。她本来是住 在姐姐家中，为了求得安静，便一人租了间小阁楼，一天只吃一顿饭， 日夜苦读。晚上冷得睡不着，就拉把椅子压在身上，以取得一点感觉 上的温暖。这种心不旁骛，悬梁刺股，卧薪尝胆的进取精神，就是一 般男子也是很难做到的啊。宋玉说有美女在墙头看他三年而不动心。 范仲淹考进士前在一间破庙里读书，晨起煮粥一碗，冷后划作四块， 是为一天的口粮。而在地球那一边的法国，一个波兰女子也这样心静， 这样执着，这样地耐得苦寒。她以25岁青春难再的妙龄，面对追者如 潮而不心动。她只要稍微松一下手，回一下头，就会跌回温软的怀抱 和赞美的泡沫中。但是她有大志，有大求。她知道只有发现创造之花 才有永开不败的美丽。所以她甘愿让酸碱啃蚀柔美的双手，让呛人的 烟气吹皱她秀美的额头。 本来玛丽·居里完全可以换另外一个活法。她可以趁着年轻貌美 如现代女孩吃青春饭那样，在钦羡和礼赞中活个轻松，活个痛快。但 是她没有，她知道自己更深一层的价值和更远一些的目标。成语言 “浅尝辄止”是指人对外部世界的认识，殊不知有多少人对自己也常 是浅知辄止，见宠即喜。你看有多少女孩子王婆“赏”瓜，顾影自怜 而不知前路。数年前一位母亲对我说她刚上初中的女儿成绩下降。为 什么？答曰：“知道爱美了，上课总用铅笔杆做她的卷卷头。”美对 人来说是一种附加，就像格律对诗词也是一种附加。律诗难作，美人 难为，做得好惊天动地，做不好就黄花委地。玛丽·居里让全世界的 女子都知道，她们除了“身世”和“门庭”之外，还有更值钱、更重 要的东西。 1852年斯佗夫人写了一本《汤姆叔叔的小屋》导致了美国南北战 争爆发，林肯说是一个小妇人引发了一场解放黑奴的大革命。比斯佗 夫人约晚50年，居里夫人发现了镭也是一个小妇人引发了一场大革命， 科学革命。它直接导致了后来卢瑟夫对原子结构的探秘，导致了原子 弹的爆炸，导致了原子时代的到来。更重要的是这项发现的哲学意义。 哲学家说事物无时无刻不在变。西方哲人说，人不能两次踏进同一条 河流。公元1082年东方哲人苏东坡在赤壁望月长叹道：“盖将自其变 者而观之，则天地曾不能以一瞬；自其不变者而观之，则物与我皆无 尽也。”现在，居里夫人证明镭便是这样“不能以一瞬”而存在的物 质，它会自己不停地发光、放热、放出射线。能灼伤人的皮肤、能穿 透黑纸使胶片感光、能使空气导电，它刹那间是自己又不是自己。哲 理就渗透在每个原子的毛孔里。玛丽·居里几乎在完成这项伟大自然 发现的同时也完成了对人生意义的发现。她也在不停地变化着，当工 作卓有成效的同时，镭射线也在无声地侵蚀着她的肌体。她美丽健康 的容貌在悄悄地隐退，她逐渐变得眼花耳鸣，苍白乏力。而皮埃尔不 幸早逝，社会对女性的歧视更加重了她生活和思想上的沉重负担。但 她什么也不管，只是默默地工作。她从一个漂亮的小姑娘，一个端庄 坚毅的女学者，变成科学教科书里的新名词“放射线”，变成物理学 的一个新计量单位“居里”，变成一条条科学定理，她变成了科学史 上一块永远的里程碑。“自其不变者而观之”，它得到了永恒。“长 恨春归无觅处，不知转入此中来”。就像化学的置换反应一样，她的 青春美丽已换位到了科学教科书里，换位到了人类文化的史册里。 居里夫人的美名从她发现镭那一刻起就流传于世，迄今已经百年。 这是她用全部的青春、信念和生命换来的荣誉。她一生共得了10项奖 金、16种奖章、107个名誉头衔，特别是两次诺贝尔奖。她本来可以躺 在任何一项大奖或任何一个荣誉上尽情地享受。但是她视名利如粪土， 她将奖金赠给科研事业和战争中的法国，而将那些奖章送给6岁的小女 儿去当玩具。上帝给的美形她都不为所累，尘世给的美誉她又怎肯背 负在身呢？凭谁论短长，漫将浮名换了精修细研。她一如既往，埋头 工作到67岁离开人世，离开了她心爱的实验室。直到她死后40年，她 用过的笔记本里，还有射线在不停地释放。爱因斯坦说：“在所有的 世界著名人物中，玛丽·居里是唯一没有被盛名宠坏的人。”她用事 求世，超形脱俗，知道自己的目标，更知道自己的价值。在一般人要 做到这两个自知，排除干扰并终生如一，是很难很难的，但居里夫人 做到了。她让我们明白，人有多重价值，是需要多层开发的。有的人 止于形，以售其貌；有的人止于勇，而呈其力；有的人止于心，只用 其技；有的人达于理，而用其智。诸葛亮戎马一生，气吞曹吴，却不 披一甲，不佩一刃；毛泽东指挥军民万众，在战火中打出一个新中国， 却不背枪支，不受军衔。大音希声，大道无形，大智之人，不耽于形， 不逐于力，不持于技。他们淡淡地生活，静静地思考，执着地进取， 直进到智慧高地，自由地驾驭规律，而永葆一种理性的美丽。 居里夫人就是这样一位挺立在智慧高地的伟人。
1998年是居里夫人和她的丈夫发现放射性元素镭一百周年。 一百年前的1898年12月26日，法国科学院人声鼎沸，一位年轻漂亮、神色庄重又略显疲倦的妇人走上讲台，全场立即肃然无声。她叫玛丽·居里，她今天要和她的丈夫皮埃尔·居里一起，在这里宣布一项惊人的发现：天然放射性元素镭。本来这场报告，她想让丈夫来作，但皮埃尔·居里坚持让她来讲。在此之前还没有一个女子登上过法国科学院的讲台。玛丽·居里穿着一袭黑色长裙，白净端庄的脸庞显出坚定又略带淡泊的神情，那双微微内陷的大眼睛，让你觉得能看透一切，看透未来。她的报告使全场震惊，物理学进入了一个新的时代，而她那美丽、庄重的形象也就从此定格在历史上，定格在每个人的心中。 关于放射性的发现，居里夫人并不是第一人，但她是关键的一人。在她之前，1896年1月，德国科学家伦琴发现了X光，这是人工放射性；1896年5月，法国科学家贝克勒尔发了天然放射性。尽管这都还是偶然的发现，居里夫人却对此提出了新的思考：其他物质有没有放射性？就像是在海滩上捡到一个贝壳，别人也许仅仅是把玩一下而已，可居里夫人却要研究一下这贝壳是怎样生、怎样长、怎样冲到海滩上来的。别人摸瓜她寻藤，别人摘叶她问根。是她提出了放射性这个词。两年后，她发现了钋，接着发现了镭。为了提炼纯净的镭，居里夫妇搞到一吨可能含镭的工业废渣。他们在院子里支起了一口大锅，一锅一锅地进行冶炼，然后再送到化验室溶解、沉淀、分析。化验室只是一个废弃的破棚子，玛丽终日在烟熏火燎中搅拌着锅里的矿渣。她衣裙上，双手上，留下了酸碱的点点烧痕。一天，疲劳之极的玛丽揉着酸痛的后腰，隔着满桌的试管、量杯问皮埃尔：“你说这镭会是什么样子？”皮埃尔说：“我只是希望它有美丽的颜色。”经过三年又九个月，他们终于从成吨的矿渣中提炼出了克镭。它真的有极美丽的颜色，在幽暗的破木棚里发出略带蓝色的荧光。 这点美丽的淡蓝色的荧光，融入了一个女子美丽的生命和不屈的信念。玛丽的性格里天生有一种可贵的东西，她坚定、刚毅、顽强，有远大、执著的追求。这种可贵的性格与高远的追求，使玛丽·居里几乎在完成这项伟大自然发现的同时，也完成了对人生意义的发现。在发现镭之后的不断研究中，居里夫人也在不停地变化着。在工作卓有成效的同时，镭射线也在无声地侵蚀着她的肌体。她美丽健康的容貌在悄悄地隐退，逐渐变得眼花耳鸣，浑身乏力。皮埃尔不幸早逝，社会对女性的歧视，更加重了她生活和思想上的负担。但她什么也不管，只是默默地工作。她从一个漂亮的小姑娘，一个端庄坚毅的女学者，变成科学教科书里的新名词“放射线”，变成物理学的一个新的计量单位“居里”，变成一条条科学定律，她变成了科学史上一块永远的里程碑。 居里夫人的美名，从她发现镭那一刻起就流传于世，迄今已经百年。这是她用全部的青春、信念和生命换来的荣誉。她一生共得了10项奖金、16种奖章、107个名誉头衔，特别是获得了两次诺贝尔奖。她本来可以躺在任何一项大奖或任何一个荣誉上尽情地享受，但是，她视名利如粪土，她将奖金捐赠给科研事业和战争中的法国，而将那些奖章送给6岁的小女儿当玩具。她一如既往，埋头工作到67岁离开人世，离开心爱的实验室。直到她死后40年，她用过的笔记本里，还有射线在不停地释放。 著名科学家爱因斯坦说过：“在所有的世界著名人物当中，玛丽·居里是唯一没有被盛名宠坏的人。”