跨文化交际的毕业论文
一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束，大学毕业前都要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式，毕业论文我们应该怎么写呢？下面是我收集整理的跨文化交际的毕业论文，欢迎大家分享。
摘要：
跨文化交际是指不同国家不同文化背景的人们之间的交流，文化差异对跨文化交际有多方面影响，本文从思维与表达方式的差异、非语言交际差异、传统文化的差异、价值观念的差异等四个方面 ，分析产生交流障碍的原因，指出了了解中外文化差异对避免跨文化交际的失误，较少国际交流中的误解，促进中外文化的交流具有重要的作用。
关键词： 文化差异；跨文化交际
跨文化交际涉及交际和文化两个概念。从一定意义上说交际即文化在交际过程中文化得以形成。而文化是一个包罗万象的概念，概括地讲，文化即是人们所思、所言、所为、所觉的总和。跨文化交际即不同文化背景的人们（信息发出者和信息接受者）之间的交际，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造”。所以，对于来自不同文化本经的人们走到一起，交际必然会出现故障，及时有效的克服这些交际障碍是跨文化交际取得成功的关键。这对促进国际间的文化、政治、经济交流有着及其重要的意义。笔者从思维与表达方式的差异、非语言交际差异、传统文化的差异、价值观念的差异等四个方面来分析产生交流障碍的原因，从而提高跨文化交际能力。
一、 思维与表达差异对交流的影响
思维方式的差异首先造成的就是语言表达方式的不同。在信息编排上，中国人习惯于形象思维，在文章中，为了使文章鲜明、生动、形象，经常使用华丽的词藻、大量的形容词和丰富的比喻。然而对于西方人来讲，由于感情基础的差异，阅读习惯的不同，华丽的词藻一般只能减少传播的清晰性和效果，甚至被视为空话冗词和夸大宣传。根据西方的写作风格，在英语写作中，西方人比较注重逻辑的紧密和事实的陈述，习惯于低调陈述，而不习惯于用词强烈。
思维方式是沟通文化与语言的桥梁。在思维方式的差异上，中西文化思维方式最显著的特点就是中国人含蓄委婉，思维方式具有意会性，而西方人则很直接，属于直观性。中西方在写信的表达方式上就有不同。西方人在表达这自己的意愿时比较直接，开门见山的将自己的所要求写在最前面，后面才会讲一些寒暄的客套话。而中国人则会很含蓄委婉的提要求，一般到信的末尾才是真正要谈的问题，前面都是寒暄。不同的写法反映不同的思维方式。中国人初次见面就喜欢问对方的年龄，婚姻，收入状况以表示关心，而西方人对此就比较反感，他们认为这些是个人隐私，他人无权过问。如果问西方女士“How old areyou？”她们很可能会回答“It’s a secret！”西方人希望自己在别人眼中年轻而富有朝气，希望自己保持年轻的心态，所以不喜欢提及实际的年龄。再如中国人交谈中常遇到的“你去哪儿？”“你在干什么？”在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问，冒昧而不受欢迎。
二、 非语言交际差异
非语言交际差异是指一切不使用语言进行的交际活动统称之为非语言交际（Non—verbal communication），其中包括眼神、手势、身势、微笑、面部表情、服装打扮、沉默、身体的接触、讲话人之间的'距离、说话的音量、时间观念、对空间的使用等等。一般而言，南欧地区的国家如意大利、西班牙、希腊等国的手势运用频繁且夸张；中西欧的国家如德国、英国、荷兰等次之；而远在北方的北欧诸国则又次之，因为他们几乎不会使用手势来表达任何讯息。
三、 传统文化的差异
历史上，中国是世界上最古老的国家之一，有5000年的悠久而厚重的历史，创造了无数的灿烂文明，在这种文化蕴藏中，使中国的饮食更加博大精深。随着时间的流逝以及辽阔国土的地域差异，四大菜系逐渐形成，四大菜系自成体系，各有特点，但共同点是用料复杂考究，制作方法复杂，口味、菜式多种多样，令人惊叹。
由于中西哲学思想的不同，西方人于饮食重科学。重科学即讲求营养。故西方饮食以营养为最高准则，进食犹如为一生物的机器添加燃料，特别讲求食物的营养成分，蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素及各类无机元素的含量是否搭配合宜，热量的供给是否恰到好处以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收，有无其他副作用。这些问题都是烹调中的大学问，而菜肴的色、香、味如何，则是次一等的要求。即或在西方首屈一指的饮食大国――法国，其饮食文化虽然在很多方面与我们近似，但一接触到营养问题，双方便拉开了距离。
西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时，觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配，有较为发达的食品工业，如罐头、快餐等，虽口味千篇一律，但节省时间，且营养良好。故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉；而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点，把中国人称为植物性格，西方人称为动物性格。
四、 价值观念的差异
价值观是指一个人对周围的客观事物（包括人、事、物）的意义、重要性的总评价和总看法。一方面表现为价值取向、价值追求，凝结为一定的价值目标；另一方面表现为价值尺度和准则，成为人们判断价值事物有无价值及价值大小的评价标准。
中国历史悠久，包括长达两千多年的封建统治，这种意识直接影响着现代人价值观的形成。现代中国人依然较顺从权威，尊重长辈，重视个人的身份，强调安分守己。相比之下，早在17世纪，英国的资产阶级就推翻了封建统治建立了资本主义社会，工业革命大幅度提高了人们的物质生活水平，还彻底解放了人们的思想。资本主义的民主思想也逐渐遍及整个西方社会。西方人崇尚个体，向往自由平等。这种历史环境的不同使中西方的个体意识产生了很大的差异。
西方文化价值观的主流是为自我满足而奋斗的精神。西方文化张扬个性，强调维护个人利益，注重独立自主发挥个人潜力，强化个人权利意识。个人主义是一切行为的准则，自我实现是人生的最高需求和目的，独立是实现自我的最有效手段，人权神圣不可侵犯，是实现自我的保障。中国主流文化价值观是和合精神。中华民族自古就注重和谐。在人与自然的关系上，崇尚天人合一，人与自然和谐相处；在人与人的关系上，强调以和为贵，与人为善；在国家之间的关系上，主张亲仁善邻，协和万邦。中华民族是一个爱好和平、与人为善的民族。
不同文化背景里成长起来的人们，其价值观理应有所不同，各有其长处。在科技迅猛发展的今天，为使中国走向繁荣、富强、走向世界，我们必须引进西方先进的文化观念，摒弃其糟泊，吸取西方的平等、竞争、效率、个性解放等精神和意识，摒弃其拜金主义，物欲主义以及过分自我等意识。随着现在全球一体化的进程和中国在世界的崛起，认识和掌握中西方的跨文化价值观差异对避免和解决交际中的冲突以及促进民族间的融合有着相当重大的意义。
从上述文化差异对跨文化交际所产生的种种影响来看，文化因素是造成跨文化交流障碍的主要原因。诸多文化因素对跨文化交际具有一定的干扰和制约等负作用。因而，学习外语离不开对其文化的学习和研究，只有彻底解决因文化差异产生的种种交流障碍，跨文化交际才能成功。这是提高人们跨文化交际能力的一条根本有效途径。
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。
有本质的区别议论文是通过论理来证明你所要阐述的观点论文是直观地表达你已经研究出的成果
论文就是用来进行科学研究和描述科研成果的文章，简称之为论文。它既是探讨问题进行科学研究的一种手段，又是描述科研成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等，总称为论文。 议论文是对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。议论文有三要素，即论点、论据和论证。
不同类型期刊论文的异同点如下介绍：
首先，简明扼要介绍一下，SCI、EI、SSCI、CSCI等等都是检索数据库，收录了很多论文。常见的几个概念和区别在于：SCI和EI是国外检索数据库，收录理科类论文。其中，SCI主要偏重于理论性研究，EI主要偏重于工程应用。
基础科学领域，SCI的认可度较高；工程技术领域，EI的认可度较高。SSCI也是国外的检索数据库，它是SCI的姊妹篇，收录文科类的论文。CSCI和核心期刊是国内的检索数据库，理科和文科论文都有收录。
省级期刊与国家级期刊，国家从来没有对刊物做过级别之分,也就是在影响力和专业程度上没有省级和国家级的差别不同期刊的权威性排序为：SCI源刊（SSCI源刊）>EI源刊＞中文核心（南大核心、北大核心）>EI会议、CPCI会议＞国际级、国家级期刊＞省级期刊＞其他普刊。
大家在投稿的时候要记得搜一下这个期刊被哪些数据库收录，是否满足毕业要求。另外，很多学校都建立了自己的期刊名单，不能只看官方的数据库，要以学校公示的名单为准。
1.指导性
毕业论文是在导师指导下独立完成的科学研究成果。毕业论文作为大学毕业前的最后一次作业，离不开教师的帮助和指导。对于如何进行科学研究，如何撰写论文等等，教师都要给予具体的方法论指导。在学生写作毕业论文的过程中，教师要启发引导学生独立进行工作，注意发挥学生的主动创造精神，帮助学生最后确定题目，指定参考文献和调查线索，审定论文提纲，解答疑难问题，指导学生修改论文初稿，等等。学生为了写好毕业论文，必须主动地发挥自己的聪明才智，刻苦钻研，独立完成毕业论文的写作任务。
2.习作性
根据教学计划的规定，在大学阶段的前期，学生要集中精力学好本学科的基础理论、专门知识和基本技能;在大学的最后一个学期，学生要集中精力写好毕业论文。学好专业知识和写好毕业论文是统一的，专业基础知识的学习为写作毕业论文打下坚实的基础;毕业论文的写作是对所学专业基础知识的运用和深化。大学生撰写毕业论文就是运用已有的专业基础知识，独立进行科学研究活动，分析和解决一个理论问题或实际问题，把知识转化为能力的实际训练。写作的主要目的是为了培养学生具有综合运用所学知识解决实际问题的能力，为将来作为专业人员写学术论文做好准备，它实际上是一种习作性的学术论文。
3.层次性
毕业论文与学术论文相比要求比较低。专业人员的学术论文，是指专业人员进行科学研究和表述科研成果而撰写的论文，一般反映某专业领域的最新学术成果，具有较高的学术价值，对科学事业的发展起一定的推动作用。大学生的毕业论文由于受各种条件的限制，在文章的质量方面要求相对低一些。这是因为：第一，大学生缺乏写作经验，多数大学生是第一次撰写论文，对撰写论文的知识和技巧知之甚少。第二，多数大学生的科研能力还处在培养形成之中，大学期间主要是学习专业基础理论知识，缺乏运用知识独立进行科学研究的训练。第三，撰写毕业论文受时间限制，一般学校都把毕业论文安排在最后一个学期，而实际上停课写毕业论文的时间仅为十周左右，在如此短的时间内要写出高质量的学术论文是比较困难的。当然这并不排除少数大学生通过自己的平时积累和充分准备写出较高质量的学术论文。
以上就是青藤小编给大家分享的关于毕业论文相比学术论文有哪些特点的内容，希望对小伙伴们有所帮助，想要了解更多论文相关内容，欢迎大家及时关注本平台!
博士、硕士和本科论文在研究深度、内容、要求和用途等方面存在显著的差异。1. 研究深度：博士论文相对于硕士和本科论文而言，需要更加深入地探讨某个特定领域的问题，涉及到的知识点和研究范围更加广泛。硕士论文也需要有一定的深度，但相对于博士论文而言较为局限。本科论文则通常是对某个具体问题的初步探讨和研究。2. 内容：博士论文相对于硕士和本科论文而言需要更充分地展示自己的研究成果和思路，通常需要包含更多的研究数据和实验结果，并对前人的研究成果进行更深入的分析和讨论。硕士论文也需要展示自己的研究成果和思路，但相对于博士论文而言较为局限。本科论文则通常是对某个具体问题的初步探讨和研究，需要更多的文献综述和背景介绍。3. 要求：博士论文相对于硕士和本科论文而言要求更高、难度更大，需要更多的研究时间和精力。硕士论文的要求也比本科论文高，但相对于博士论文而言较为局限。本科论文则通常是对某个具体问题的初步探讨和研究，要求相对较低。4. 用途：本科论文的主要用途是为了学生的毕业和学位评定，硕士论文和博士论文则是为了获得相应的学位或者进入学术界从事研究工作。总之，博士、硕士和本科论文在研究深度、内容、要求和用途等方面存在显著的差异。博士论文相对于硕士和本科论文而言更具有创新性和实用性，需要更多的研究时间和精力，同时也是为了为将来的学术研究和职业发展打下坚实的基础。
研究领域不一样，抄袭应该算不上，但是你要考虑到论文查重的问题，所以写的时候还是要自己写，讨论也要和他不太一样才行。
深度不同。本科毕业论文可以提出新的理论观点，可以从自己的角度去解释已有的理论，甚至可以只是一份对于某观点的调查报告；而研究生毕业论文必须有新的内容，例如提出新理论，针对已有理论提出新观点、新解释、新论据等等，论点可大可小，但论据要充分、论证要严密、例证要确凿、计算要准确、图表要严谨，全文必须有新意，绝不可抄袭、雷同、人云亦云，一定要跳出窠臼，有所创新。硕士学位论文只能有一个主题(不能是几块工作拼凑在一起)，这个主题要具体到问题的基层(即此问题基本再也无法向更低的层次细分为子问题)，而不是问题所属的领域，更不是问题所在的学科，换言之，研究的主题切忌过大。因为涉及的问题范围太广，很难在一本硕士学位论文中完全研究透彻。通常，硕士学位论文应针对某学科领域中的一个具体问题展开深入的研究，并得出有价值的研究结论。硕士学位论文是学术作品，因此其表述要严谨简明，重点突出，专业常识应简写或不写，做到层次分明、数据可靠、文字凝练、说明透彻、推理严谨、立论正确，避免使用文学性质的或带感情色彩的非学术性语言。论文中如出现一个非通用性的新名词、新术语或新概念，需随即解释清楚。
通常本科论文是比较简单的，硕士论文大部分都是学术研究。博士论文既要研究学术，也要研究实际。
当然可以的啊~！没有问题的！你说的还是一个很好的题材呢。
当然可以，很不错的视角哦。不过，我能保证你找不到太多资料。天下文章一大凑，如果全凭自己写会很累。如果你下定决心好好写的话，你一定会有很大的收获，论文的目的就是让我们有研究性学习的经历，平时的学习是没有这样的效果的。加油
同学 这方面的资料 真心的不好找啊。 写论文不是说题目很前 就可以的。你得想到你写的后果啊。英语专业的需要原创 可以联系我
毕业 时期，英语专业论文写作成为热门，面对导师的严格要求，要想顺利通过论文答辩，拟定 一个优秀的英语专业论文题目必不可少。下面我给大家带来英语专业优秀论文题目_英语专业毕业论文选题，希望能帮助到大家!
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英语本科论文题目
1、汉语对 英语写作 词汇的负迁移作用
2、《美国悲剧》的消费 文化 分析
3、从二语习得角度对比分析英语习语学习中的翻译导向模式与文化导向模式
4、礼貌原则在英文商务信函中的应用
5、南方哥特式小说特征在《心是孤独的猎手》中的体现
6、城市公示语的汉译英探索
7、归化与异化理论在汉语 歇后语 翻译中的应用
8、《婚礼的成员》中弗兰淇?亚当斯双性同体现象的研究
9、论《喜福会》中的文化冲突与共存
10、 广告 语言模糊性的语用研究
11、利用美剧进行 英语听力 自主学习
12、大学生 英语口语 学习动机研究
13、从文化视角看中国白酒广告
14、从功能翻译看《围城》英译本中文化信息的传递
15、对《达罗卫夫人》中克莱丽莎和塞普提默斯形象的研究
16、公示语汉译英错误及对策探析
17、探究美国安利公司的 企业文化 ：基于其网站内容的文本分析
18、运用写长法促进英语写作能力的提高
19、中美“面子文化”对比分析
20、英汉恭维语和告别语的对比分析
21、英汉爱情隐喻的对比研究
22、新闻英语汉译的翻译技巧浅析
23、中美家庭文化比较
24、从文化的角度浅析中美企业 人力资源管理 的差异
25、华中农业大学英语专业学生高级 英语学习 状况调查
26、跨文化交际中中西方馈赠礼仪刍议
27、解读《双城记》中的人道主义思想
28、论《了不起的盖茨比》中的消费主义
29、从戴姆勒克莱斯勒事件看文化因素对跨国企业合并的影响
30、对中美离岸外包过程中跨文化交际案例的分析
31、从"老友记"中看合作原则在英语称赞语及其回应语中的应用
32、浅论美国文化与美语词汇 98 英汉植物词语联想意义的跨文化对比
33、一个被忽视的“准则英雄”--论《永别了，武器》中的女主人公凯瑟琳
34、从文化的角度看中美商务谈判风格的差异
35、英语娱乐新闻的文体特点
36、自然主义视野中《儿子与情人》主人公保罗的性格分析
37、美国价值观对《老友记》中主要角色的影响
38、中西文化中礼貌语的对比研究
39、广告双关语的作用
40、中美交流思维模式的差异
41、浅析《灶神之妻》中的多元文化主义
42、合作原则在英语商务信函中的应用
43、透过“超女现象” 反思 美国大众文化对中国传统精英文化的影响
44、中西方文化差异与英语教学
45、中西方文化差异及其对科学技术发展的影响
46、中西方文化差异对翻译的影响
47、中西方文化差异点滴
48、中西方送礼与受礼文化之差异
49、中西方思维差异与写作风格对比分析
50、中西方企业理财环境的差异分析
51、中西方广告创意水平差异刍议
52、中西方管理者收购差异及其在中国实施的建议
53、中西方古代哲学思维的差异及对音乐的影响
54、中西方古代对天体变速运动的认识差异
55、试论中西文化差异与对外汉语教学
56、求职网络的性别差异:以失业群体为例---兼论社会资本的中西差
57、浅议中西古典园林的起源及差异
58、谈中西文化差异与翻译
59、浅谈中西绘画的差异
60、中西选举制度的差异及其相关性
优秀 商务英语 本科论文题目
1、商务英语的特点及翻译技巧
2、商务英语函电翻译技巧
3、商务英语学习中跨文化交际能力的培养
4、国际商务谈判中应注意的文化因素
5、商务谈判中的跨文化冲突
6、试论普通英语与商务英语的差异
7、商务谈判中的语言艺术
8、试论文化因素对商务活动的作用
9、电子商务对国际贸易的影响及对策
10、从文化视角比较中英文广告语言
11、国际商务英语信函话语分析
12、经贸英语的语言特点
13、浅论经贸英语的文体风格
14、经贸英语的语体特点与翻译
15、英语在商务活动中的作用
16、经贸英语在中国加入WTO后的新趋势
17、商务英语学习中的文化习得
18、浅谈如何有效学习经贸英语词汇
19、文化习俗与跨文化交际学对经贸英语学习的影响
20、商务英语专业人才培养模式改革与实践
21、试论文化导入在商务英语教学中的作用
22、中英文广告传播之语言特色及跨文化问题
23、商品译文的品牌形象对商务英语翻译教学的启示
24、试论商务英语写作的简洁礼貌原则及写作技巧
25、现代商务英语书信的写作风格和语法特点
26、从修辞方面浅探商务英语的语言特色
27、商务英语书面语篇词汇特点分析
28、从语境角度分析英汉互译中语言的得体
29、商务英语函电的文本特征
30、经贸英语合同的语言特色
31、商务合同英语的文体特征分析
32、经贸英语信函话语基调分析
33、中西文化差异与交际障碍
34、试谈语言交际中的文化差异
35、文化差异对经贸英语翻译的影响
36、经贸英汉互译中的矛盾与对策
37、经贸英语词汇特点与翻译
38、根据词义和逻辑关系谈涉外经济合同的翻译
39、商业 英文书信 所使用的 词语分类 浅析
40、一些普通词汇在经贸英语中的特殊意义及翻译
41、常用名词在经贸英语中的语义变化特征
42、浅谈经贸英语会话中的言语交际技巧
43、论国际经贸活动的语言交际技巧
44、跨文化交际中的非言语交际体系研究
45、文化差异对国际商务的影响
46、国际商务谈判中的文化差异
47、试论广告英语的语言特点
48、关于网络广告英语与报刊杂志广告英语词汇比较
49、商号、商标、公司名称等的翻译?
50、商标名称的美学特征及汉语商标名称的翻译
优秀英语专业毕业论文题目
1、航海英语教学中培养跨文化交际能力的意义
2、医学检验专业双语教学的思考
3、“微时代”下的军事 医学英语 微课教学研究
4、浅析中医五行学说一些术语的英译
5、传统美学视角下的 散文 翻译中情感美的传递
6、目的论视角下的文学翻译策略研究——以《红楼梦》两个英文译本为例
7、茅盾文学奖获奖作品的翻译研究价值——以《穆斯林的葬礼》为例
8、《长恨歌》中认知隐喻的翻译
9、高罗佩《武则天四大奇案》英译之诗学探析
10、诗歌翻译中的“意、音、形”之美——唐诗《江雪》四种英译的对比分析
11、《红楼梦》角色姓名“归化”译法探究
12、论戏剧翻译的可表演性原则
13、《越人歌》的审美再现——从语内翻译到语际翻译
14、早期西方汉学家英译《聊斋志异》中的跨文化操纵
15、“西语哲”视域下的英汉 句子 形态的差异及启示
16、中英文日常交际用语的差异探析
17、网络环境下英语教学模式改革初探
18、基于图式理论的高职商务英语专业听力作业设计研究
19、翻译工作坊教学模式研究
20、高校英语教学中目的语文化的渗透和本族语文化的回归研究
21、新课改下高校 教育 硕士(英语)培养模式的探索与反思
22、中小学英语衔接工作的探索与实践
23、信息技术与高校英语教学整合研究
24、探究基于计算机辅助模式的大学英语课堂教学情感因素
25、开元数字化平台大学英语教学模式研究——基于建构主义理论
26、非英语专业大学英语教师课堂话语的互动特征分析——以实习教师课堂为例
27、西部农村中学英语写作在线同伴反馈和教师反馈的对比研究
28、基于网络的高职英语自主学习生态化研究'))));基于网络的高职英语自主学习生态化研究
29、小学英语课堂激励 方法 的应用策略研究
30、高中英语以读促写的“读写一体化”教学模式探究
31、研究生英语学术论文语体特征多维度对比分析
32、MOOC下的中国职业英语教育改革探索与应对
33、初中英语教学策略初探
34、西北地区初中生英语自主学习浅见
35、浅议小学英语教学中的词汇教学
36、试析模块教学法在中职酒店英语教学中的应用
37、英语词汇增长路线图理论研究
38、语法及语法教学:从知识到技能的转变——D.拉森-弗里曼的语法观及语法教学刍议
39、周作人的直译观及其嬗变
40、新教学环境下的英语专业第二课堂建设分析
41、论翻转课堂模式下英语课堂提问策略的转变
42、支架式教学模式对中职英语教学的启示
43、基于“输出驱动假设”的警务英语教学策略研究
44、跨文化交际意识对商务英语翻译的影响
45、从目的论视角浅谈英文电影片名中译
46、浅析英语新闻标题的翻译
47、论《论语》英译中的语用充实
48、翻译目的论视角下的汉语典籍英译——以《论语》英译为例
49、英美影视作品中“神翻译”的定义及方法探析
50、电影片名翻译的跨文化解读
51、“讨论”与“演讲”相结合的大学英语课堂教学实践
52、单词 配对 法对双语词汇翻译的影响
53、素质教育视野下农村中小学教师心理资本开发与学生英语学习的关系
54、硕士研究生公共英语课程的元认知策略
55、语境中语块的加工及其影响因素——以中级汉语学习者为例
56、激发和培养学生英语学习兴趣之管见
57、浅谈如何提高小学英语教学质量
58、如何更好地利用多媒体辅助英语教学
59、平行文本视域下的企业简介汉英翻译策略研究
60、文化差异的导入对大学英语教学的意义
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★ 英语教学论文题目选题参考整理
★ 英语专业不同方向的毕业论文题目
《红楼梦》是中国古典名著中最耀眼的明珠，它留下了许多有趣的问题让后人研究，学习。 其中最引人注目的便是书中二位至关重要的女主角林黛玉和薛宝钗，她们在作者曹雪芹的笔下是怎样的形象与地位呢？ 于是历来红学家或是平常爱好红楼梦的读者中大概存在了三种态度，即褒林贬薛，褒薛贬林，和林，薛双峰并存之说。 曹雪芹在前八十回的小说中，到底是褒义地描写林黛玉，还是带有编贬意地描绘薛宝钗，亦或正好相反？我认为第三种看法似乎更客观更公正一些。 为了证明这一观点，我们先来讨论林黛玉。在整部书中，林黛玉地重要应该是不容置疑的，没有林黛玉和宝玉二人的爱情情节，那么红楼梦就将不会存在了，所以对于林黛玉这个人物曹雪芹是满含同情，精心刻划的，无论如何林黛玉这一形象在曹雪芹笔下是正写的，而绝无任何蔑视。 那么薛宝钗呢？她在红楼梦中的出现是个反派人物吗？ 我想曹雪芹创作薛宝钗的目的不是把她写成一名让人厌恶的人物，相反薛宝钗只是不同于林黛玉的另一种典型女性，作者是十分客观的描写她，而没有刻意去褒扬或蔑贬她。 “拥林派”贬薛的重要证据主要有二条，其中之一是红楼梦第二十七回，薛宝钗扑蝶不想偷听到了小红所说的关于与贾芸纠缠不清的悄悄话，为了隐藏自己多余的到来，薛宝钗在小红等人发现自己时，说了一段被认为是作者曹雪芹贬薛的话语，即表明先前林姑娘在这儿，而不是自己。 这段话终于被人落了口实，于是人们便认为，薛宝钗的多么虚伪，她将黒锅背在了林姑娘身上，让小红等人的多疑转到了别人，而自己则聪明的摆脱了干系。 其实我倒认为这一点并不能真正说明什么，从心理分析，当薛宝钗这样正统的女子听到小红所言的心里话都不免会心中暗惊，并急欲不让别人发现自己知道了此事。宝钗是大观园中聪明，能干的少女，事试想当时她急中生智相出的应付话语只能说明她机智过人，善于应变，十分巧妙的渡过了一场尴尬的面对。至于指出林姑娘在此间，不过是随意找个人来圆谎罢了。我想这一情节的描写实是完善了薛宝钗善于应付复杂局面的性格，曹雪芹在此并没有真的在贬薛。 “拥林派”贬薛的另一重要证据便是王夫人的丫头金钗头井自尽后，宝钗对王夫人的一番话。 人们认为这又说明薛宝钗蔑视地位低下的丫鬟，并欲得到王夫人的好感，以期她最后终能成为宝玉的金玉良缘。 我们分析这段话的同时，首先还应注意说话人是在什么样的场合和有着什么样的心理。金钗一死，事后王夫人的确有点后悔及自责，这在她的话中得到了体现，那么薛宝钗作为一名后辈且是贾府的宾客身份，（试不谈她是否真知道事情的经过真像）她此时自然的反应便是要极力劝说王夫人不要为了此事伤了身子，并进行一番安慰。想明白了这一层，薛宝钗的话就显得十分正常了。为了安慰人，对于一个被主子打了一记耳光便去投井自尽的丫头你又能说什么呢？恐怕只能是认为她死的太不值得，有点傻吧。 而为了安慰人，对心中存又自责的王夫人，你又能说什么呢？恐怕只能说服王夫人多给一点钱给死去的金钗的家人，以消除一些愧疚心情。 所以曹雪芹描写薛宝钗这段话根本不在于贬抑她什么，而是通过这说明了薛宝钗善于待人处事的性格。而这一点正是林黛玉所缺乏的，为什么同样的事情发生了，在王夫人跟前的会是薛宝钗而不是林黛玉呢？林黛玉就算来了，大概也只有陪王夫人一起落泪而已，而绝不会说出宝钗所言的那番话。各人性格不同，所言所行就有分别，但你不能就以此认定谁优谁劣，从而作为褒贬的证据了。 当然也有人会问，在红楼梦中，宝玉，黛玉，宝钗三人爱情游戏中，作者曹雪芹难道就没有任何的态度偏向？ 不，恰恰相反，曹雪芹笔下有着鲜明的态度，宝玉真爱的只有黛玉一人，他与黛玉之间的性情是相通的，作者对此的描写也是书中最精彩的部分。 但对于薛宝钗，作者并不采用贬的写法，而是客观的描绘出她的美丽，大方，道德标准。读者要认真体会的是她的行为举止都往往出现在贾府掌权阶层的面前，如贾老太太，王夫人，王熙凤等，这就无形中表明了她最终将深得她们的欢心。而林黛玉却只是在潇湘馆中，与宝玉二人沉浸在爱的深潭里无法自拔，却不知最后的结局将是多么的悲惨。 但最终的悲剧有多少是薛宝钗从中造成的呢？这一悲剧其实是封建家庭道德伦理对自由恋爱的毁灭所形成的。宝玉，黛玉是牺牲品，而宝钗又何尝不是呢？所以无论是褒林贬薛，或是褒薛贬林的观点都有其偏激的一面。 如果我们能从人物的心理活动入手，那么才能更全面的看待问题，才能把曹雪芹这位伟大作家的笔下人物研究地更透彻洞明。 二论林黛玉和薛宝钗 在《红楼梦》中最可怜的是薛宝钗和林黛玉了。薛宝钗这位有口皆碑的好媳妇最终未能拴住宝玉的心，只得在宝玉出家后独守空闺，林黛玉则带着对爱情的渴望，带着对宝玉深深的眷念与怨恨，魂飞天国，至死也不明白为何宝玉不来娶她。 既然她们俩的命运如此相似，那么，撇开世俗的偏见，对她们的性格做一些比较。 薛宝钗入住贾府较林黛玉晚，而且林黛玉还有身为贾母外孙女这一层关系，亲疏程度，勿庸赘言。但这薛宝钗入住贾府后，贾府上下逐渐发现（或者说更加明显）宝钗的平易近人与温和谦让，黛玉则是性情乖戾，难以侍候，贾母甚至将她和宝玉同视为“小冤家”。 黛玉对宝钗是颇有妒意的，主要原因是宝钗有一个“芳龄永继”的金项圈配那“仙寿恒昌”的通灵宝玉，而且宝钗甚得贾府的夸赞。 尽管黛玉逐渐明晰宝玉对她是一往情深，然而她毕竟不如宝玉见惯名利场，看尽人间的世情百态，因此她无法理解宝玉的那句“你死了，我当和尚”的誓言，反而甚为着恼。黛玉对宝玉的爱情是执着，显露而又坚贞的，王熙凤甚至逗笑她是“未来的贾家媳妇”，她与贾宝玉的爱情由此看来是路人皆知的了。但她仍不放心，在未得到最高统治者——史太君的肯定前她是绝对不会放心的。她不容许贾宝玉对其他女子有任何好感，而且将信将疑地猜忌着各种传说。先有宝钗与宝玉的金玉之说，后有湘云与宝玉的麟玉之配，这些传说无时无刻不扰得她心烦意乱，无法处便拿宝玉出气。尽管她希望宝玉能不介意这些传说看来其实最介意的是她自己。黛玉在初进贾府时曾立誓要谨小慎微，不被他人取笑，而她采取的方式则是先取笑别人或者过分自卫，史湘云吐字不清晰，她就笑其将来嫁个“爱哥哥”，可是当史湘云笑言她与一戏子相像时，她就受不了了，在她内心最深处的自悲心理 不容许任何人拿她开玩笑的，就这样，她带着自悲与自卫的包袱越滑越远。 黛玉平生只有两个心思，一个是宝玉，一个是作诗。黛玉和宝钗因受过良好的封建教育，文章韬略皆显奇才，其二人互在伯仲之间。而她们在对待女子学文的态度上却有很大的分歧。黛玉一心想的是争名夺胜，每次作诗应对必是全力以赴，可以看得出，贾妃省亲时黛玉因题目太少难以尽兴发挥是多么的不甘心，而在菊花赋中以《咏菊》、《问菊》、《菊梦》独占魁首时又是多么的舒畅。宝钗则认为女子无才便德，有了这种思想，无论吟 诗作赋她也就只是聊以应景了。所以，黛玉对待女子学文的态度与作风较宝钗要积极的多。 这反映在她对香菱不厌其烦的教导，带领香菱去结实王摩诘、李青莲等一代名家，更反映在她后来的重建桃花社，可以说在学问上林黛玉是花费了毕生的心血，而这又是封建势力所不容许的，他们不需要一个会舞文五弄墨的人来作他们的媳妇。从这一点上看，宝玉和黛玉似乎算得上是彻底的反叛者，只可惜他们的终身大事还是要贾母的定夺，也就是说，他们与封建势力存在一种依存关系，如此一来，他二人就变得太不识实务了，既对封建势 力有所希求又不肯老实听话。 那么，薛宝钗又是如何赢得贾府的嘉许，最终做了贾家媳妇的？在见识了通灵宝玉之后，宝钗就已经明白自己的终生归宿之所在，但她并未形之于色，而是绐终做着恰如其的隐忍。平心而论，薛宝钗确实更符合贾母等人的要求，温厚、贤惠而又识大体。从她的身上，也不光看到了她作为封建女子的闺房形象，更看到了她作为一名旷世才女的不朽丰貌。从规劝黛玉读正经书，别移了性情到苦劝其兄薛蟠不要胡作非为至协理荣国府，将大观园让与下人劳作，以节省开支，让我们领略到薛宝钗的确是一个颇有见地的姑娘。 一般来说，宝黛二人通常被理解为反叛的典型。实际上，宝钗也曾写过这样一首诗以讽当朝： 桂霭桐阴坐举觞，长安涎口盼重阳， 眼前道路无经纬，皮里春秋空黑黄。 嘲弄了官员昏暗无道，贪得无厌。尽管如此，我们似乎还没见她说过其他偏激的话，她深知自己的力量不足以给这个世界致命一击，因此在反抗与忍受间找到一个合适的中介点， 较之宝黛，她是否更聪明些？ 贾宝玉、林黛玉、薛宝钗最终是不幸作结的。宝玉出家、黛玉悲死、宝钗守寡，他们同成了封建礼教的殉葬品。尽管宝玉对黛玉爱得死去活来，终究不了黛玉一死的命运，尽管宝玉如何的与宝钗不融合，也终究免不了娶她为妻的结局。他们的力量毕竟太小了，何况又还时时希望得到封建势力的认可，也就只有苟延残喘的分了。封建势力最终是胜利了，这是《金陵十二钗》中预示好的。这位封建文人最终放不下对统治者的幻想，放不下对封建势力的维护，用自己的笔残酷地为他们三人的挣扎划上了句号，从而让整个梦最终成为一场空。
这两个形象从很多方面来说都是对立的，挑几点跟你分析一下：1 形象方面。一个燕瘦，一个环肥。两者都是美到极致，偏偏却又是最不同的美。 曹雪芹在书中用了很多笔墨刻画这两人的美，在论文中可随便摘取一些段落拓展分析。最典型的就是滴翠亭杨妃戏彩蝶，埋香冢飞燕泣残红这一章。2 待人接物。两人的年龄差是两岁左右，但从待人接物方面来看，宝钗比黛玉绝不仅老道两岁。从书中大部分人（众下人 袭人 湘云）的描述中可以看出，宝钗有着非常好的人际网。她做事大方得体，为人着想。反观黛玉，最大的特点就是刀子嘴，即使亲如宝玉这样的人，也时时和他争吵。但是不是说在这方面宝钗就完胜黛玉了呢？个人认为不见得。宝钗对别人好是出于“到头来会对我有好处”的考虑，她有心计识大体，其实有很深的城府。而黛玉的刀子嘴恰恰说明了她的单纯，她不算计他人也不懂为自己着想。3 家境方面。两人虽然都是寄住在贾府，但其实有很大的不同。黛玉自知其寄人篱下的处境，处处小心。其实她就是一个孤儿。而宝钗不同，她不仅有母亲哥哥，更重要的是薛家的经济实力摆在那里，来贾府不过是度假，没有后顾之忧。这一点其实也造成了两人在心理上的很大差别。4 在封建思想方面。宝钗是绝对的封建思想维护者，于是她总是奉劝宝玉读书考取功名，而曹雪芹更借宝玉的嘴说出了他对这种腐朽思想的不满。在这方面，黛玉就成了宝玉的知己，两人都在为挣脱封建枷锁做斗争。两者的对立这么明显，但红楼梦中却多次暗示了“黛钗合一”。这部分我觉得你的论文可以包括，也可以不包括。如果包括我建议你看看刘心武的评论，会为你的论文提升一个台阶。答案是自己一个一个字码的，望采纳。有什么问题还可以继续问我~ o(∩_∩)o