每一篇实验研究性文章的结果部分，都会有不同的Results，也会有不同的Figures，每一个figure里面又会有不同的picture。本文就将对Result的常用句式进行总结。 首先是英文时态： 结果部分的写作是 SCI论文写作的第一步，单从英文写作的角度讲这部分很容易写，我们要做的只是要去 描述实验结果 ，这一部分只需要一种时态—— 过去时 。 在结果描述的过程中，我们还需要 分段总结 实验结果，使每段内容的含义更好的被理解，这些总结的语句一般用 一般现在时 。 结果部分还需要一些 承上启下的连接语句 ，或者补充 introduction中没讲完全的内容时，其时态需要 单独分析 。 此外，将常用句式主要分为9个部分： 一.做这个result的最初目的，为什么要做这个实验？二.对result中的图表进行描述和解释三.强调某一结果的重要性四.开始讨论一个阳性的结果五.开始讨论一个阴性的结果六.报告阳性or阴性的相互作用七.强调这个发现是一个有趣的、令人惊讶的结果八.过渡语句九.对Result进行分段总结The standard approach to this section of a research article or dissertation is to present and describe the results in a systematic and detailed way. When reporting qualitative results , the researcher will highlight and comment on the themes that emerge from the analysis. These comments will often be illustrated with excerpts from the raw data. In text based studies, this may comprise quotations from primary sources. 即首先要点明这个这一部分的Result的主题，得到了一个什么样的结论，再用一些原始数据或者引用参考的数据来支持这一结果。 In quantitative studies, the results section is likely to consist of tables and figures , and writers comment on the significant data shown in these . This often takes the form of the location or summary statement, which identifies the table or figure and indicates its content, and a highlighting statement or statements, which point out and describe the relevant or significant data. Result部分里面应该包含图片和表格，文中应该对这一部分的数据进行解释。对每一个图表都应该有其对应的称述或解释，并且文字要有指向性，指向某一个具体的小picture。 All figures and tables should be numbered and given a title . 每个图表都需要编号，并且有一个title。 More elaborate commentary on the results is normally restricted to the Discussion section. In research articles, however, authors may comment extensively on their results as they are presented, and it is not uncommon for the Results section to be combined with the Discussion section under the heading: Results and Discussion.有些文章的result里只是对结果进行描述，但是具体的讨论会放到一个专门的Discussion部分；而有些文章会将Result和Discussion放在一起。这个要具体对待。 接下来是一些常用句式： The first set of questions aimed to … xxx experiment was performed to identify/demonstrate xxx. To explore the function of xxx, we did compare the difference between … The purpose of Experiment 3 was to … Simple statistical analysis was used to … The next question asked the informants … To assess X, the Y questionnaire was used. Changes in X and Y were compared using … Regression analysis was used to predict the … To distinguish between these two possibilities, … The first set of analyses examined the impact of … The correlation between X and Y was tested using … T-tests were used to analyse the relationship between … The average scores of X and Y were compared in order to … In order to assess Z, repeated-measures ANOVAs were used... Nine items on the questionnaire measured the extent to which … 下面给了一些万能句式：涵盖了不同的主谓宾形式，可根据句子的长短以及具体的内容进行选择。 Decreased mRNA/protein levels of xxx were observed in xxx mRNA analysis of xxx, showed significant increases of xxx. RT-PCR analysis showed a higher expression level of xxx mRNA in xxx than in xxx. xxx treatment affected something, indicating the role for xxx. Drug A application increased xxx We purified total RNA from U2OS cells and added increasing concentrations of this RNA to G3BP1 protein in vitro in the absence of Ficoll and found that this RNA strongly promoted LLPS of G3BP1 This finding was consistent with the previous finding that xxx. Our data demonstrated that xxx plays a role in xxx Ligation and puncture in mice resulted in xxx. The number of cells surrounding the xxx was increased. The increase in the expression of xxx was abrogated upon xxx treatment. The elevation in the expression of xxx was decreased upon xxx treatment. What stands out in the table is … Closer inspection of the table shows … It is apparent from this table that very few … The most interesting aspect of this graph is … In there is a clear trend of decreasing … What is striking about the figures in this table is … What is interesting about the data in this table is that … The differences between X and Y are highlighted in Table 4. From the chart, it can be seen that by far the greatest demand is for … From this data, we can see that Study 2 resulted in the lowest value of … This table is quite revealing in several ways. First, unlike the other tables … From the data in Figure 9, it is apparent that the length of time left between … Data from this table can be compared with the data in Table which shows … As Table III shows, there is a significant difference (t = , p = ) between the two groups. The mean score for X was … Further analysis showed that … Further statistical tests revealed … A two-way ANOVA revealed that … On average, Xs were shown to have … Strong evidence of X was found when … This result is significant at the p = level. The results, as shown in Table 1, indicate that … A positive correlation was found between X and Y. There was a significant positive correlation between … The difference between the X and Y groups was significant. There was a significant difference in X, t(11) = , p< There was a significant difference between the two conditions … Respondents who reported low levels of X also reported significantly lower levels of Y. No increase in X was detected. No difference greater than X was observed. No significant differences were found between … None of these differences were statistically significant. No significant difference between the two groups was evident. No significant reduction in X was found compared with placebo. No evidence was found for non-linear associations between X and Y. No significant correlation was found between X scores and the Y scores (p = .274) X appeared to be unaffected by Y. Only trace amounts of X were detected in … There was no evidence that X has an influence on … The Chi-square test did not show any significant differences between … Overall, X did not affect males and females differently in these measures. A clear benefit of X in the prevention of Y could not be identified in this analysis. T-tests found no significant differences in mean scores on the X and Y subscales. Stimulation of X cells with Y did not increase the … With successive increases in intensity of the X, the Y moved further to … Following the addition of X, a significant increase ( P <) in the Y was recorded. When X cells were stimulated with Y, no significant difference in the number of Z was detected. Interestingly, the X was observed to … This result is somewhat counterintuitive . Interestingly, this correlation is related to … The more surprising correlation is with the … Surprisingly, only a minority of respondent s … The most surprising aspect of the data is in the … The correlation between X and Y is interesting because … The most striking result to emerge from the data is that … Interestingly, there were also differences in the ratios of … The single most striking observation to emerge from the data comparison was …除了描述结果和总结结果，在结果部分还需要用一些承上启下的语句，其目的就是把各个 部分的结果连接起来，让整个结果部分变成一个连贯的整体，就好像在讲一个完整的故事 一样，这样才方便读者阅读理解。常用的句式和段落承接方法有： If we now turn to … A comparison of the two results reveals … Turning now to the experimental evidence on … Comparing the two results, it can be seen that … The next section of the survey was concerned with … In the final part of the survey, respondents were asked … Previous report that xxx, led us to assess the effect of xxx on xxx. We next asked whether xxx was required for xxx process. Having shown that xxx, we thus speculate that xxx. According to the finding that xxx, one may note that xxx, so we performed xxx experiment. Having demonstrated that, we investigated that xxx. To discover additional xxx, we conducted xxx experiment. 为了让我们的结果更容易被理解，最好每一小段文字的结尾都有一句总结的文字，顺便还 可以解释一下实验结果说明了什么 对一小段文字进行总结： Therefore, the goal of this study is to demonstrate xxx. Thus, xxx signaling pathway could be a novel target for the treatment of xxx These results suggest that xxx mediates xxx and the subsequent downstream signaling events. Taken together, our data indicate that xxx. These results suggest that … Overall, these results indicate that … In summary, these results show that … In summary, for the informants in this study, … Together these results provide important insights into … Taken together, these results suggest that there is an association between … The results in this chapter indicate that … The next chapter, therefore, moves on to discuss the …
实验结果是什么result就写什么你在做这个project的过程中有什么心得体会，还有什么问题和值得提高改进的地方写在discussion里面result和discussion可以各占一节。每一节里面再分段论述即可。
应该是Therebe句型？ 首先看句子意思：这里是学生活动调查结果/ 主语：studentactivitysurve Be动词就是根据它是否是“单复数”而定，因为student是单数，所以result不加S，activity换成形容词就是错的，形容词是修饰副词的。 望采纳，谢谢
. 发生,产生[(+from)]His failure resulted largely from his laziness.他的失败主要是懒惰所致。2. 结果;导致[(+in)]The accident resulted in ten deaths.这次事故造成十人死亡。. 结果;成果;效果[C][U][(+of)]They worked without result.他们徒劳无功。2. 战绩;比赛结果[C][(+of)]The result of the match was 2-1 to Chicago.比赛结果芝加哥队以二比一获胜。
1、标题
标题是文章的眉目。各类文章的标题，样式繁多，但无论是何种形式，总要以全部或不同的侧面体现作者的写作意图、文章的主旨。毕业论文的标题一般分为总标题、副标题、分标题几种。
2、目录
一般说来，篇幅较长的毕业论文，都设有分标题。设置分标题的论文，因其内容的层次较多，整个理论体系较庞大、复杂，故通常设目录。
3、内容提要
内容提要是全文内容的缩影。在这里，作者以极经济的笔墨，勾画出全文的整体面目；提出主要论点、揭示论文的研究成果、简要叙述全文的框架结构。
4、关键词
关键词是标示文献关键主题内容，但未经规范处理的主题词。它是为了文献标引工作，从论文中选取出来，用以表示全文主要内容信息款目的单词或术语。一篇论文可选取3～8个词作为关键词。
5、正文
正文是论文的核心部分，也是论文的主体部分，其功能就是:展开论题，分析论证。正文的内容就是深入分析文章引言提出的问题，运用理论研究和实践操作相结合进行分析论证，揭示出各专业领域客观事物内部错综复杂的联系及其规律性。
正文撰写的内容反映出文章的逻辑思维性和语言表达能力，决定了论文的可理解性和论证的说服力。正文撰写必须做到实事求是，客观真切，准备充分，思维逻辑清晰，层次分明，通俗易懂。
6、结论
结论应是毕业论文的最终的、总体的结论，换句话说，结论应是整篇论文的结局、是整篇论文的归宿，而不是某一局部问题或某一分支问题的结论，也不是正文中各段的小结的简单重复。
结论是该论文结论应当体现作者更深层的认识，且是从全篇论文的全部材料出发，经过推理、判断、归纳等逻辑分析过程而得到的新的学术总观念、总见解。
7、致谢语
致谢语可以作为"脚注"放在文章首页的最下面，也可以放在文章的最后。致谢的词语要诚恳，简洁恰当。
8、参考文献
参考文献(资料)附在论文的后面，较多的应加页列出，至少要离开文末四行。书写论文引用的文献资料方式，分为直接引用和间接引用两种。
直接引用原文，需要加上引号;间接引用，只是转述大意，又称意引，不加引号。对于引用的文章内容，要忠实原文，不可断章取义，为我所用;不能前后矛盾，牵强附会;论文写作中，作者应表明对引文的观点，立场即称赞或反对的态度。
扩展资料
列举参考文献的作用
(1)是尊重原作者，避免掠人之美的嫌疑，同时也表明作者治学态度严谨。
(2)文中引文若有差错时便于及时查对。
(3)使指导教师能清楚地了解作者对问题的研究的深度和广度。
(4)反映了作者为撰写论文而进行阅读的材料的范围和水平。
(5)有利于研究相同或相近题目的读者从参考文献(资料)中了解情况或受到启发。
(6)便于在毕业论文答辩时进行审阅和评定成绩。
参考资料来源：百度百科-毕业论文
毕业论文分几部分，该怎么写？其实很简单！
毕业论文可以分为五个部分：1、主题主题就是论文的核心和重点。一个新颖独特的主题往往马上受到导师的青睐，而后期的修改相对简单，唯一的缺点就是方向不容易把握。由于这些创新的主题仍处于探索的早期阶段，目前的研究趋势不是很清楚。如果缺乏时间和经验，建议你选择一些合适的话题，记住主题太宽泛，必须从小开始。2、题目明确文章主题后，我们就可以给论文设定一个适当明确的主题了。我们应该包括论文的核心内容。我们应该记住，我们不能为了达到别人看到话题时能够理解你的观点的效果而变得宽泛和笼统。同时，如果论文被传递并上传到数据库，其他人也可以搜索主题中的关键词来检索文章。因此，简洁、关键词和准确的术语是标题的核心要求。3、摘要作为对全文的总结，本文的总结不可忽视。它可以通过互联网上的摘要直接搜索。概述了本课题的研究目的、问题描述、研究过程和研究方法。但是，没有必要包括所有内容，您可以根据实际情况进行过滤，注意重点。摘要简洁，不应该冗长。一般来说，学校应该严格控制抽象单词的数量。4、引言引言和摘要实际上有些相似，但前者的内容会丰富一些，并且与文本关系最密切；后者通常包括研究来源、意义、背景、研究方法、步骤、文献说明以及整个论文的布局，所以会更宏观一些。5、结论本文的结论可以说是全文的最后一个环节，包括本课题的研究成果、论点的总结、总结论文的创新之处，论文对未来理论研究和实践的意义和作用,在阐述结果时必须单独阐述。个人成就不能因为违反了学术界的道德和常识而与他人混淆。其实一篇完整的毕业论文，包括了很多不同的章节，并且每章节的要求都不同。所以建议大家在保证论文方向和思路的前提下，然后逐步编制和优化每个部分的内容。（学术堂提供更多论文知识）
从一定的前提推论得到的结果2.对事物的做出的总结性判断
结论[jié lùn]
释义：
对于(专科、本科等)毕业论文当中，结论是毕业论文的收尾部分，是围绕本论所作的结束语。其基本的要点就是总结全文，加深题意。
内容
按《现代汉语词典》(商务印书馆出版,2005年版)的释义,"结论"是:1)从前提推论出来的判断;2)对人或事物所下的最后的论断。
对采用"结论"作结的论文及结论本身内容进行具体分析,发现它具有如下特征:
1)研究报告类、试验研究类、理论推导类等论文以"结论"作结束部分的居多;
2)"结论"之前的章节内容通常是"结果分析或讨论";
3)较多地采用分条编序号的格式表述,语句严谨,概括简明,传达信息具体而确定,或定性或定量;
4)主要是客观地表述重要的创新性研究成果所揭示的原理及其普遍性,语气表达的客观性较强。
造句：
硕士论文结论部分应该怎么写 英盛观察认为论文的结论部分，应反映论文中通过实验、观察研究并经过理论分析后得到的学术见解。结论应是该论文的最终的、总体的结论。换句话说，结论应是整篇论文的结局，而不是某一局部问题或某一分支问题的结论，也不是正文中各段的小结的简单重复。结论应当体现作者更深层的认识，且是从全篇论文的全部材料出发，经过推理、判断、归纳等逻辑分析过程而得到的新的学术总观念、总见解。 结论应该准确、完整、明确、精练。该部分的写作内容一般应包括以下几个方面：①本文研究结果说明了什么问题;②对前人有关的看法作了哪些修正、补充、发展、证实或否定。③本文研究的不足之处或遗留未予解决的问题，以及对解决这些问题的可能的关键点和方向。 "结论"部分的写作要求是：措词严谨，逻辑严密，文字具体，常象法律条文一样，按顺序1、2、3……列成条文，用语暂钉截铁，且只能作一种解释，不能模棱两可、含糊其词。文字上也不应夸大，对尚不能完全肯定的内容注意留有余地 毕业论文结论怎么写 结论首先应该是从你论文的研究论题内容来写的 你论文的研究要研讨几个问题及对策 还有就是如何去解决出现的问郸等等 那么结论也就很容易了 大体要经过分析以后从论文的几个方面去得出正确的结论来的过程 用书面表达出来加以格式的要求 就是论文的结论了希望对你有所帮助吧 呵呵 毕业论文结论怎么写 结论与建议的撰写要领是：结论是分析讨论基础上，对结果的简要概述（千万要注意不要过多地重复结果，否则就是结果了，而不是结论），是文章的价值所属。结论应该是在结果的基础上根据分析、讨论所做的一种理论上的概括，以一句话概括为宜。他的直接作用是得到新的知识、新的理论，或者是纠正旧的知识、理论。要求： （1）语言要高度精炼，措词严谨，文字鲜明、具体。 （2）突出成果核心主体。 （3）分点不宜多，语句不宜长，一般在3个左右。 建议同样要鲜明、精确，不能含糊、若无、千万不能杜撰 毕业论文的结论怎么写啊，要求多少字啊？ 毕业论文的结论一般是总结前面的东西，再提出以后的发展前景，存在的问题，如何改善。 毕业论文的结束语怎么写 毕业论文的结尾，是围绕本论所作的结束语。其基本的要点就是总括全文，加深题意。这一部分要对绪论中提出的、本论中分析或论证的问题加以综合概括，从而引出或强调得出的结论；或对论题研究未来发展趋势进行展望；或对有关论题进行简要说明。结论切记草草收兵，虎头蛇尾，或画蛇添足，拖泥带水。 在毕业论文末尾要列出的参考文献是指在论文中使用过的，包括专著、论文及其他资料。如果是非正式出版物则不必列出。所列的参考文献应按论文参考或引证的先后顺序排列，不能以文献的重要程度或作者知名度为排列的顺序标准。列出参考文献的目的在于：一是表示言之有据；二是对他人研究成果的真正尊重；四是方便他人查找、使用。 怎么写论文结论 结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、仪器设备改进意见、尚待解决的问题等。不福简单重复、罗列实验结果，要认真阐明本人在结业工作中创造性的成果和新见解，在本领域中的地位和作用，新见解的意义。对存在的问题和不足应做出客观的叙述。 研究生学术论文写作的结论怎么写 第一，可以体现作者的总体思路。提纲是由序码和文字组成的一种逻辑图表，是帮助作者考虑文章全篇逻辑构成的写作设计图。其优点在于，使作者易于掌握论文结构的全局，层次清楚，重点明确，简明扼要，一目了然。 第二，有利于论文前后呼应。有一个提纲，可以帮助我们树立全局观念，从整体出发，在检验每一个部分所占的地位、所起的作用，相互间是否有逻辑联系，每部分所占的篇幅与其在全局中的地位和作用是否相称 论文结论怎么写 这年头骗子太多，实在不放心可以去找国涛期刊。 毕业论文正文：包括前言、本论、结论三个部分。 前言（引言）是论文的开头部分，主要说明论文写作的目的、现实意义、对所研究问题的认识，并提出论文的中心论点等。前言要写得简明扼要，篇幅不要太长。 本论是毕业论文的主体，包括研究内容与方法、实验材料、实验结果与分析（讨论）等。在本部分要运用各方面的研究方法和实验结果，分析问题，论证观点，尽量反映出自己的科研能力和学术水平。 结论是毕业论文的收尾部分，是围绕本论所作的结束语。其基本的要点就是总结全文，加深题意。 毕业论文的结论与讨论部分怎么写 一般论文写什么东西好都是有个参照物的，像科目之分就是文科和理科，你既然要写文科的好处就得说理科的缺点…比如你可以说学理科过于严肃和死板，觉得生活应该是灿烂阳光的。每天埋头实验室不合适你碍再主要说文科的好处，文科可以让人心思细腻。写不好也没有关系，我给你范文参考吧！ 毕业论文的结论怎么写？ 结论当然是对全文关键论点的总结了。 可以先写个帽，所研究的论文题目处于什么样的背景和重要性。然后对自己研究的内容（问题、分析、解决方法）进行简单总结，最后简单展望一下。 这就是结论了！
实验结果是什么result就写什么你在做这个project的过程中有什么心得体会，还有什么问题和值得提高改进的地方写在discussion里面result和discussion可以各占一节。每一节里面再分段论述即可。
问题一：毕业论文结论怎么写 结论首先应该是从你论文的研究论题内容来写的 你论文的研究要研讨几个问题及对策 还有就是如何去解决出现的问郸等等 那么结论也就很容易了 大体要经过分析以后从论文的几个方面去得出正确的结论来的过程 用书面表达出来加以格式的要求 就是论文的结论了 希望对你有所帮助吧 呵呵 问题二：论文结论怎么写如何写 结论就是结合前言、背景和论文里的论点做的一个总结，还可以根据论文中的现状分析和现有对策分析 、发展趋势分析，展望一下未来 你的论文准备往什么方向写，选题老师审核通过了没，有没有列个大纲让老师看一下写作方向？老师有没有和你说论文往哪个方向写比较好？写论文之前，一定要写个大纲，这样老师，好确定了框架，避免以后论文修改过程中出现大改的情况！！ 学校的格式要求、写作规范要注意，否则很可能发回来重新改，你要还有什么不明白或不懂可以问我，希望你能够顺利毕业，迈向新的人生。 第一，你在写论文的时候先确定你的论点，也就是你这篇论文是关于什么，是要论证什么东西，一般来说，也只有你对这个比较熟悉有一定的基础才能进行研究。 第二，在确定好论文方向后你可以查阅相关的书籍，一般包括一手和二手资料，一手就是关于你论证对象的资料，二手就是另外一些学者对于该对象的研究成果，比如你要研究鲁迅的话，第一手资料就是鲁迅的作品，第二首资料就是其他人关于鲁迅作品研究的成果。这些成果你都可以引用，但是在引用的时候必须注明出处，也就是你用了谁的观点，包括作者、作品名、出版社第几年第几版、第几页，这些写在论文的结尾处，以注释说明。 第三，摘要，摘要就是你论文研究的论点是什么，大概内容是什么，你有什么新看法。摘要一般不多，规范论文的摘要字数在200到500字之间，一般300字左右。 第四，关键字，关键字是抽取你论文的最主要的字眼，但是这字眼能明白看出你论文的大意的。比如你研究鲁迅的《阿Q正传》的，关键字可以有：鲁迅，阿Q正传，国民性，精神胜利法，革命。一般关键字为3到5个。 第五，正文，主要就是关于你的论点展开论述了。一般的论文的都在5000字以上，如果你是一个学生，小论文的话字数一般3000到5000字，而且标准也不高。当然，毕业论文除外。 第六，注释，注释就是关于你的参考作品，标明出处，也可以对于某些观点再做论述，但是一般字数不要太多。 第七，如果你有指导教师的话，在此表示感谢，有则可，没有不强求。 如果你写的是很重要的论文的话，一般还有英文摘要，错别字概率一般在万分之一，如果不是很严格的论文也不会有这些要求。最关键的就是正文了，一般你要有自己新颖的观点，但是不能哗众取宠，牵强附会，还要有结构层次，不能杂乱无章，也就是由浅到深。论文是实证性的，最好不要加入你的主观价值判断，就是最好不要有“应该”两个字，你不能告诉别人应该怎么做。 问题三：怎么写论文结论 结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、仪器设备改进意见、尚待解决的问题等。不福简单重复、罗列实验结果，要认真阐明本人在结业工作中创造性的成果和新见解，在本领域中的地位和作用，新见解的意义。对存在的问题和不足应做出客观的叙述。 问题四：毕业论文的结论怎么写啊，要求多少字啊？ 毕业论文的结论一般是总结前面的东西，再提出以后的发展前景，存在的问题，如何改善。 问题五：毕业论文结论怎么写 结论与建议的撰写要领是：结论是分析讨论基础上，对结果的简要概述（千万要注意不要过多地重复结果，否则就是结果了，而不是结论），是文章的价值所属。结论应该是在结果的基础上根据分析、讨论所做的一种理论上的概括，以一句话概括为宜。他的直接作用是得到新的知识、新的理论，或者是纠正旧的知识、理论。要求： （1）语言要高度精炼，措词严谨，文字鲜明、具体。 （2）突出成果核心主体。 （3）分点不宜多，语句不宜长，一般在3个左右。 建议同样要鲜明、精确，不能含糊、若无、千万不能杜撰 问题六：调研性论文的结果和结论怎么写？ 高中研究性学习调查报告的写法和内容： （一）题目 1、题目的内容 类型、定位、作用 2、写作要求 标题要准确 标题要新颖 题式可多样 标题要简洁 （二）署 名 1、署名的方式 集体署名 个人署名 2、署名的规则 贡献大小：提出研究设想、承担研究工作、解决关键问题。 （三）内容提要关键词 1、内容摘要：中心内容、结构及主要论点和评述；要求重点突出，内容精练，观点明确、一般不用第一人称，以200---300字为宜。学术论文也不宜超过1000字，有关刊物要有中英文摘要。 2、关键词：必须是规范科学的名词术语，一般每篇文章有3~5个关键词（主题词）。属于支柱性概念。 （四）前言 1、内容：问题的由来；文献综述：课题的界定（概念术语的解释）及问题的陈述；课题研究的理论意义和实践意义。 2、写作要求：课题阐述要清楚准确，中心突出；客观公正、科学准确评价他人的研究成果；简明扼要介绍课题研究的动机和意义。 （五）正文 1、内容：它必须对研究的内容和方法进行全面的阐述和论证，对研究过程中所获取的资料进行全面系统的整理和分析，通过图表、统计结果及文献资料，或以纵向的发展过程，或横向类别分析提出论点、分析论据，进行论证。 研究论文又分：1、研究的对象和方法 2、研究的内容和假设 3、研究的步骤及过程 4、研究结果的分析与讨论：研究论文的重点部分。A. 结果的定性定量分析，B.研究结果的讨论 。 结果分析与讨论材料缺乏的原因 研究设计缺乏一种系统观，讨论问题思路狭隘 操作过程不够到位，操作措施不够落实，就产生不了深刻的感受和体验 文献资料检索不够，对他人的研究研究缺乏了解，对自己结果的讨论就缺乏客观性、支持的力度 反映结果的项目指标难以确定 测量的方法与手段较难选择 数据的处理与分析要求不断提高 结果分析与讨论对研究者理论素养和洞察力要求较高 对下一步的研究提不出发展的方向。 2、写作要求： 总体要求：科学性和创造性；公正性和准确性；学术性和通俗性。 具体要求有：1、掌握材料要充分。2、分析整理要科学。3、图表使用要恰当。4、观点材料要统一。5、语言使用要规范。正确区分学术概念和生活概念，口头语言和书面语言。6、引用论点要慎重。与已一致，佐证；他人观点中某些好思想，提练综合；带有片面性的真理，开拓思维、慎重判断；相反的权威观点，找准错误所在。（引古不引今，引洋不引中，引刊不引报，引专著不引文集）7、内部逻辑要严密。8、标题序号要规范。9、讨论部分要简练。 （六）结论 1、内容：整篇论文的概括和小结。成果概括（结论必须指出解决了哪些问题、还有哪些没有解决？）；今后研究的展望；对教育教学实践的建议等 2、要求：总结全文，深化主题，揭示规律，指明方向。 （七）注释和参考文献 1、内容：书籍、刊物、报纸、网络 2、要求：完整注明出处 （八）附录：问卷、量表、研究材料、统计数据、方案、计划等 问题七：硕士论文结论部分应该怎么写 英盛观察认为论文的结论部分，应反映论文中通过实验、观察研究并经过理论分析后得到的学术见解。结论应是该论文的最终的、总体的结论。换句话说，结论应是整篇论文的结局，而不是某一局部问题或某一分支问题的结论，也不是正文中各段的小结的简单重复。结论应当体现作者更深层的认识，且是从全篇论文的全部材料出发，经过推理、判断、归纳等逻辑分析过程而得到的新的学术总观念、总见解。 结论应该准确、完整、明确、精练。该部分的写作内容一般应包括以下几个方面：①本文研究结果说明了什么问题;②对前人有关的看法作了哪些修正、补充、发展、证实或否定。③本文研究的不足之处或遗留未予解决的问题，以及对解决这些问题的可能的关键点和方向。 结论部分的写作要求是：措词严谨，逻辑严密，文字具体，常象法律条文一样，按顺序1、2、3……列成条文，用语暂钉截铁，且只能作一种解释，不能模棱两可、含糊其词。文字上也不应夸大，对尚不能完全肯定的内容注意留有余地 问题八：毕业论文的结束语怎么写 毕业论文的结尾，是围绕本论所作的结束语。其基本的要点就是总括全文，加深题意。这一部分要对绪论中提出的、本论中分析或论证的问题加以综合概括，从而引出或强调得出的结论；或对论题研究未来发展趋势进行展望；或对有关论题进行简要说明。结论切记草草收兵，虎头蛇尾，或画蛇添足，拖泥带水。 在毕业论文末尾要列出的参考文献是指在论文中使用过的，包括专著、论文及其他资料。如果是非正式出版物则不必列出。所列的参考文献应按论文参考或引证的先后顺序排列，不能以文献的重要程度或作者知名度为排列的顺序标准。列出参考文献的目的在于：一是表示言之有据；二是对他人研究成果的真正尊重；四是方便他人查找、使用。 问题九：毕业论文的摘要，结论怎么写。急用。 摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释。包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。 结论是在理论分析和试验结果的基础上，通过严密的逻辑推理而得出的富有创造性、指导性、经验性的结果或讨论。
以下是 英文写作翻译频道为大家整理的《英语议论文常用写作句型》，供大家参考。更多内容请看本站 写作翻译 频道。 一、开头句型 我们常说，良好的开端等于成功的一半。做事如此，作文也是如此。所以我们颇有必要在作文的开头花一番心思。 在写议论文时，你通常以什么样的方式开头呢？最简单也最常用的可能就是开门见山法。也就是说——直截了当地提出你对这个问题的观点，点出文章的中心思想。 I．．．．has both advantages and disadvantages．……既有利又有弊。例如： 1．Obviously television has both advantages and disadvantages． 2．Living in a city has both advantages and disadvantages． 3．Compared with cars，bikes have their advantages and disadvantages． 举一反三： 1．Although computers bring people a lot of convenience，they have many disadvantages． 2．．．．has many advantages．For example，．．．However，just as every coin has two sides，．．．has its disadvantages．（本例将利弊分开讲，转折过渡自然。just as every coin has two sides也很值得背诵。） II．．．．play（s）an important role ／part in．．．……在……中扮演重要角色／起重要作用。例如： 1．Computers play an important role in science and technology． 2．Computers play a more and more important role in our life． Computers play an increasingly important role in our studies． 3．Education plays an important part in developing our mind． 4．Addiction to alcohol and drugs play a role in homelessness． 举一反三： 1．Advertisement plays an informative role in our daily life． 2．In the past，letters played a decisive role in long-distance communication．But now ，telephone，email，fax have taken their place． III．With the development of．．．，随着……的发展，例如： 1．With the development of our economy，m any Chinese families can afford a car． 2．With the development of our economy and society，pollution is more and more serious． 3．With the rapid development of science and technology，people can get a college degree by taking online-courses at home． 4．With the current social and technological developments，employees with more knowledge and higher academic degrees are needed． 举一反三： 1．With the rapid increase of China's population，housing problem is becoming more and more serious． 随着中国人口的急剧增加，住房问题越来越突出。 2．With more and more women entering society，people's attitude towards women is changing． 随着越来越多的妇女走入社会，人们对妇女的态度也在改变。 3．With the deepening of Chinese reform and opening up，an increasing number of Chinese families can afford a car． 随着中国改革开放的深入，越来越多的中国家庭买得起车了。（“越来越多”除了常用的more and more外，还可以用an increasing number of， a growing number of，a significant number of，a great number of等来表达。） 本结构看似固定，实则富于变化，只要记住with有“随着”的意思，相信大家可以根据实际的需要造出更多的句子。 我们已经看到，开门见山的开头使论文直切主题，直白明确地提出了论点。不过在讨论某些有争议性的问题时，就显得有欠缺，因为我们必须在文章的开头引出人们对要讨论的问题的不同看法，然后再表明自己的观点。下面就是专门针对争议性论文的一种句型。 IV．When it comes to．．．，some people think ／believe that．．．，others argue ／claim that opposite ／reverse is true．There is probably some truth in both arguments ／statements，but．．．当说到……，有些人认为……，但另一些人则持相反的观点……。这两种观点可能都有点道理，但……。 本结构先用when it comes to ．．．引出话题，再用some．．．others ．．．这个对立的结构引出了两种相反的观点，然后说There is some truth in both．．．表明严谨公正的态度，最后用but．．．很自然地引出了自己的论点。请看下面这个例子： TV，a good thing or bad thing When it comes to TV，some people believe that it is extremely valuable，as it provides relaxation， entertainment and education． Others argue that it is harmful for it begins to control our lives and deprives people of time to do other activities．There is probably some truth in both sides．But we must realize that television itself is neither good or bad．It is the uses to which it is put that determines its value to society． 二、结尾句型 英语议论文多以简要总结全文或对所讨论的问题提出解决办法来结尾。总结全文时除常用到in one ／a word，generally speaking等外，没有固定模式。提出解决办法时却常使用下一句型。 V．．．．take measures to do sth．例如： 1．We should take measures to control pollution in order to save the world． 2．We'd better take effective measures to prevent students from cheating on exams． 3．The government decided to take strong measures against drug abuse． 4．Urgent measures should be taken to prevent terrorists from carrying out further attacks． 常用句型二 一，开头句型 far as ...is concerned goes without saying that... can be said with certainty that... the proverb says has to be noticed that... `s generally recognized that... `s likely that `s hardly that... It’s hardly too much to say that... What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是 There’s no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认 Nothing is more important than the fact that... what’s far more important is that... 二，衔接句型 A case in point is ... As is often the case... As stated in the previous paragraph如前段所述 But the problem is not so simple. Therefore然而问题并非如此简单，所以…… But it’s a pity that... For all that...In spite of the fact that... Further, we hold opinion that... However , the difficult lies in... Similarly, we should pay attention to... not(that)...but(that)...不是，而是 In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势 As has been mentioned above... In this respect, we many as well (say)从这个角度上我们可以说 However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is...然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即 三，结尾句型 I will conclude by saying... Therefore, we have the reason to believe that... All things considered,总而言之 It may be safely said that... Therefore, in my opinion, it’s more advisable... It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论 From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好 四，能句型 Let’s take...to illustrate this.试举例以兹证明 let’s take the above chart as an example to illustrate this. It’s remains to be further studied... There’s question is how... so that, so...that... 正式的英文写作.切忌不要使用“I”“You”“We”等等主观的称谓！ The most common mistakes: 1. Use of questions. If you use a question it means you are questioning and not proving your point. Questions are best to be left out of essays because they are very passive and sometimes make holes in your essay. When you confront a question, turn it into a statement: Example:"What do you think that person should do?" Change to: "The person should do the following things to solve his/her problem." 2. Use of "and so on" &"etc." You can't put these in a formal essay. You must either identify what the "so on" and "etc" are or else just name three examples. The reader knows that you cannot possibly list every example or situation, but if you use "so on" and "etc" you are using non-formal language. Example: There are many types of religions in society: Judaism, Buddhism, Christianity and so on. Change to: There are many types of religions in society such as Judaism, buddhism, Christianity, Jehovah Witnesses and Hinduism. 3. Using "I" When writing a formal essay, you cannot use "I think" "I feel"(and other "I" type statements. Instead, use words like "one" and phrases like "the reader" or "the audience." The reason we do this is, first, the reader knows you wrote it and also that it is your opinion; therefore, "I" is not needed. It is not formal language to say I think, plus it is not needed. Examples:"I think t hat cats are better than dogs." Change to: Cats are better than dogs. Take out all the I thinks, in my opinion, I will show, I will prove and any other personal phrases. Instead, make them into more general statements. 4. Use of "You" "Your" "We" "Us" "Our" Please do not use these words in a formal essay. Not only are they not formal language, but readers may be insulted if the author of the paper insinuates that "You"/"We" do something. It brings too personal of an approach to the writing and can make the reader uncomfortable. Examples: I think/ In my opinion Change to: more general statements I think War is a pointless activity. War is a pointless activity. You/Your Change to:A person/ people/ His/ Her/ One/ One's You think that reading is boring. One may think that reading is boring. Our/ We/ Us change to: His/ Her/ People We all have to work together for a better society. people need to work together in order to create a better society.高考英语作文常用词语和句型 一．开头用语： 良好的开端等于成功的一半．在写作文时，通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法。也就是说, 直截了当地提出你对这个问题的看法或要求，点出文章的中心思想。 1．议论论文： A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages． B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient. C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,... D. Opinions are divided on the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside. E. As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life. F. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view. 2. 书信： A. I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university as a visiting scholar. B. I read an advertisement in today’s China Daily and I apply for the job... C. Thank you for your letter of May 5. D. How happy I am to receive your letter of January 9. E. How nice to hear from you again. 3. 口头通知或介绍情况： A. Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please. I have an announcement to make. B. Attention, please. I have something important to tell you. C. Mr. Green, Welcome to our school. To begin with, let me introduce Mr. Wang to you. 4. 演讲稿： A. Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very much honored to have a chance here to make a speech on the subject -- A Balance Diet and Health. B. Good morning everyone! Allow me, first of all, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greeting to our distinguished guest. 二．并列用语：as well as, not only…but (also), including, A. Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology, but also play an informative role in our daily life. B. All of us, including the teachers / the teachers included, will attend the lecture. C. He speaks French as well as English.=He speaks English, and French as well.=He speaks not only English but also French. D. E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication. 三．对比用语：on one hand ,on the other hand, on the contrary/contrary to ..., though, for one thing ;for another, nevertheless A. I know the Internet can only be used at home or in the office, but on the other hand, it is becoming more and more popular for much information as well as clear and vivid pictures. B. It is hard work; I enjoy it though. C. Contrary to what I had originally thought, the trip turned out to be fun. 四. 递进用语：even, besides, what’s more, as for, so…that…, worse still, moreover, furthermore; but for, in addition, to make matters worse A. The house is too small for a family of four, and furthermore/besides/what’s more/moreover /in addition/worse still , it is in a bad location. 五. 例证用语：in one’s opinion, that is to say, for example, for instance, as a matter of fact, in fact, namely A. As a matter of fact, advertisement plays an informative role in our daily life． B. There is one more topic to discuss, namely/that is ( to say ), the question of education. 六. 时序用语：first/firstly, meanwhile, before long, ever since, while, at the same time in the meantime, shortly after, nowadays, A. They will be here soon. Meanwhile, let’s have coffee. B. Firstly, let me deal with the most important difficulty. 七. 强调用语：especially, indeed, at least, at the most, What in the world/on earth.. , not at all , A. Noise is unpleasant, especially when you are trying to sleep. B What in the world/on earth are you doing? 八. 因果用语：thanks to, because, as a result, because of/as a result of , without, with the help of..., owe ...to... A. The company has a successful year, thanks mainly to the improvement in export sales. B. As a result, many of us succeeded in passing the College Entrance Examinations. 九. 总结用语：in short; briefly/ in brief ; generally speaking, in a word, as you know, as is known to all A. Generally speaking, sending an e-mail is more convenient than sending letters. B. In short, measures must be taken to prevent the environment being polluted. 常用句型 （一）段首句 1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to……Some people suggest that …… 2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。 There is an old saying……It's the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。 Today, …… which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, …… Second,……What makes things worse is that……. 4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。 Nowadays，it is common to ……. Many people like …… because …… Besides，…… 5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。 Everything has two sides and …… is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，…… People’s opinions about …… vary from person to person. Some people say that ……To them,…… 7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。 Man is now facing a big problem …… which is becoming more and more serious. 8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。 ……has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. 9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。 ……has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. 10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢？ According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that……while. Obviously，……but why? （二）中间段落句 1. 相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。 On the contrary，there are some people in favor of……t the same time，they say…… 2. 但是，我认为这不是解决……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的是……。 But I don't think it is a very good way to solve …….For example，……Worst of all，……. 3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，（也是）非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是…… ……is necessary and important to our country's development and construction. First，……What's more, ……Most important of all,…… 4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。 There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can…… 5. 面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一方面， Confronted with……we should take a series of effective measures to……. For one thing，For another， 6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。 It is high time that something was done about it. For example. ……In addition.……All these measures will certainly……. 7. 为什么……？第一个原因是……；第二个原因是……；第三个原因是……。总的来说，……的主要原因是由于…… Why…… The first reason is that ……The second reason is ……The third is…….For all this, the main cause of ……use to ……. 8. 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。 However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ……also has its own disadvantages, such as …… 9. 尽管如此，我相信……更有利。 Nonetheless, I believe that ……is more advantageous. 10. 完全同意……这种观点（陈述），主要理由如下： I fully agree with the statement that ……because……. （三）结尾句 1. 至于我，在某种程度上我同意后面的观点，我认为…… As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I think that …… 2. 总而言之，整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样，我们才能在将来……。 In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ……Only in this way can ……in the future. 3. 但是，……和……都有它们各自的优势（好处）。例如，……，而……。然而，把这两者相比较，我更倾向于（喜欢）…… But ……and……have heir own advantages. For example, …… while…… Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to…… 4. 就我个人而言，我相信……，因此，我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为…… Personally, I believe that…… Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because…… 5. 随着社会的发展，……。因此，迫切需要……。如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自己的一份力量，这个社会将要变得越来越好。 With the development of society, ……So it's urgent and necessary to ……If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better. 6. 至于我（对我来说，就我而言），我认为……更合理。只有这样，我们才能…… For my part, I think it reasonable to…… Only in this way can you…… 7. 对我来说，我认为有必要……。原因如下：第一，……； 第二，……；最后……但同样重要的是…… In my opinion, I think it necessary to……The reasons are as follows. First ……second …… Last but not least,…… 8. 在总体上很难说……是好还是坏，因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而，就我个人而言，我发现……。 It is difficult to say whether ……is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of…….however, from a personal point of view find…… 9. 综上所述，我们可以清楚地得出结论…… From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that…… 10. 如果我们不采取有效的方法，就可能控制不了这种趋势，就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果，所以，我们应该做的是…… If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is……
一.开头句型 1. As far as...is concerned就……而言 2. It goes without saying that...不言而喻，...... 3. It can be said with certainty that...可以肯定地说...... 4. As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的， 5. It has to be noticed that...必须注意到，...... 6. It's generally recognized that...普遍认为...... 7. What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是...... 8. There's no denying the fact that...不可否认...... 9. Nothing is more important than the fact that...没有什么比......更重要 , ..., which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ... Second, ... What makes things worse is that...现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是…… 二.衔接句型 1. A case in point is ...一个典型的例子是...... 2. As is often the case，... 正如通常情况下，...... 3. As stated in the previous paragraph， 如前段所述， 4. But the problem is not so simple. Therefore，... 但是问题并非如此简单，所以，…… 5. But it's a pity that...但遗憾的是…... 6. For all that...对于这一切...... In spite of the fact that...尽管事实...... 7. Further, we hold opinion that...此外，我们坚持认为...... 8. However , the difficulty lies in...然而，困难在于...… 9. Similarly, we should pay attention to...同样，我们要注意...... 10. In view of the present station， 鉴于目前形势， 11. As has been mentioned above， 正如上面所提到的， 12. In this respect, we may as well say...从这个角度上我们可以说...... 13. However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is...然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即 …... 三.结尾句型 1. I will conclude by saying...最后我要说…... 2. Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信…... 3. All things considered,总而言之， 4. Therefore, in my opinion, it's more advisable...因此，在我看来，更可取的是…... 5. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that… 通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论...… data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that… 通过数据我们得到的结论是...... 7. It can be concluded from the discussion that...从讨论中可以得出......的结论 8. From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来，如果……也许更好 四.举例句型 1. Let's take...to illustrate this.让我们用......来阐明这一点。 2. let's take the above chart as an example to illustrate this.让我们用以上图标做例子来阐明这一点。 3. Here is one more example.还有一个例子。 … for example. 以......为例。 offers a typical instance of…. 这为......提供了一个典型的例子。 6. We may quote a common example of…. 我们可以引用一个关于......的常见例子。 五.常用于引言段的句型 1. Some people think that…. 有些人认为…... 2. To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below.坦率地说，我不能同意他们的意见，理由如下。 3. For years,… has been seen as …, but things are quite different now. 多年来，……一直被视为……，但现在的情况有很大的不同。 4. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that… 我无法完全同意这一观点的…... 5. My argument for this view goes as follows.我对这个问题的看法如下。 6. Along with the development of…, more and more…随着……的发展，越来越多…... 7. There is a long-running debate as to whether...关于是否......有着个长期的辩论。 8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that…. 普遍/广泛认为…... 9. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.就我而言，我完全同意前者/后者。 10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides.在给出我的观点之前，我想有必要看看双方的论据。 六.表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法 1. A is completely / totally / entirely different from B. A和B完全不同。 2. A and B are different in every way / respect / 和B在每方面都不同。 3. A and B differ in… A和B在......方面不同。 4. A differs from B in... A在......方面和B不同。 5. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in… A和B的区别在于...... 6. Compared with/In contrast to A, B…. 和A比起来，B...... 7. While it is generally believed that A…, I believe B… 虽然普遍认为A......，但是我认为B...... 8. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different.尽管它们有相似性，但是A和B也是不同的。 9. Both A and B…. However, A…; on the other hand, B… A和B都......然而，A......；另一方面，B...... 10. The most striking difference is that A…, while B…. 最显著的区别是A......，然而B...... 七.演绎法常用的句型 1. There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones. 对于......有几个原因，但一般地，他们可以归结为三个主要原因。 2. There are many factors that can account for…, but the following are the most typical ones. 有许多因素能够解释......，但以下是最典型的因素。 3. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.有很多方法可以解决这个问题，但下面的可能是最有效的。 4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.一般来说，这些优势可以列举如下。 5. The reasons are as follows.原因如下。 八.因果推理法常用句型 1. Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot.因为我们读过这本书，所以我们学到很多。 2. If we read the book, we will learn a lot.如果我们读这本书，我们会学到很多。 3. We read the book；as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, we've learned a lot. 我们读了这本书，因此我们学了很多。 4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, we've learned a lot.由于读了这本书，我们已经学到了很多。 5. The cause of/reason for/overweight is eating too much.超重的原因是吃得太多。 is caused by/due to/because of eating too much.超重是由于吃得太多。 7. The effect/consequence/result of eating too much is overweight.吃太多的结果是超重。 8. Eating too much causes/results in/leads to overweight.吃太多导致超重。 早检测论文查重系统我祝大家顺利通过~~~
英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding. 5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ... 7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance. 8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. 9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx. 10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision. 11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules 12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies. 13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model. 14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation. 15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. 16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process. 17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3. 18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data. 19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model .. 20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work. 21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example. 22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2. 23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system 24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy. 25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense. 26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions. 27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section 1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described. 2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent Section 2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements. 3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section. 4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use. 5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections. 6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary 1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5. 2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. 3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. 4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper. 5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized 6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn. 7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper. Chapter 0. Abstract 1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. 2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures. 3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. 4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. 5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. 6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm. 7. The usefulness of xx is also considered. 8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. 9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. 10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. 11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified. 12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. 13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique. 14. This paper analyses problems in 15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... 16. This paper includes an illustration of the ... 17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated. 19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. 21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx 22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables. 23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1. Introduction Time 1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive 2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the 4. The development of ... is explored 5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions
毕业论文模板如下：
1、绪论
选题依据和选题背景
主要是写论文研究的背景说明，介绍论文选题的初衷，可以从个人需求和社会需求等多角度来说明自己选题的原因。
选题意义和目的
为什么选这个题目，希望通过这个题目得出什么结论或解决什么具体问题。
国内外文献综述
国内外关于该课题的研究成果，看看别人都做了哪些研究，关于该课题最先进的理念是什么。
研究内容和研究方法
概括清楚论文的主要研究内容，分章节介绍都做哪些工作；研究方法其实就是：案例分析、问卷调查、访谈法之类的。
论文流程图
常见于理工论文，但有些经管论文，也会让做流程图，用Visio软件画出来，这样子可以清晰地让人看到研究路径。
论文创新点
所谓创新其实是微创新，大多数人都是研究对象和研究方法上的微创新。比如选题能反映时代特征、能从新角度去研究常规问题等。
2、论文相关理论部分
研究对象的概述
对论文涉及相关领域的基础理论进行总结性概括，对原理可以画图，这样更生动一点。
研究对象的现状和未来趋势
从国内外文献里了解行业现状和未来发展趋势。
第二章小结
3、研究方法
研究思路
选一种方法更适合该课题研究。
研究步骤
跟里的类似，把论文研究拆分成具体步骤，做一个流程图会更清晰一点。
第三章小结
4、研究结果与对策（文章核心部分）
研究结果
基于该课题的现有数据，得出相对准确的结论，尽量能自圆其说的让结论跟理论对应，逻辑上要保持一致。
结果讨论
讨论的重点是本研究是否解决了一开始提出的问题，反思一下研究价值上是否存在不足。
对策及具体措施
根据结论找出能解决问题的具体方案和措施。
小结
5、结论与展望
在结论这里，需要结合前文的背景和论文里的观点做总结，从研究结果里我们看到了哪些还待解决的问题，得到哪些有价值的观点，本文解决了哪些现实问题，实现了具体什么意义。
展望就是在现有的东西上做一下拓展，找一下当前不足的地方，留作以后改进的空间。如果想高大上一点，甚至可以分条来写。
6、参考文献（建议选年代近的，高大上的文章或专著）
7、致谢（建议原创，感情真挚一点，跟青春告别）
毕业论文格式完整模板
艰辛而又充满意义的大学生活即将结束，毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种有准备、有计划、比较正规的、比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式，怎样写毕业论文才更能吸引眼球呢？下面是我为大家收集的毕业论文格式完整模板，希望能够帮助到大家。
专业论文论文题名：(二号，黑体，加粗，居中)
副标题(三号，黑体，加粗，居右)
张三 030333221 xx011班
(与标题按五号字大小空一行，小四号，黑体，居中，只学号加粗，每项中间空两个字符，不出现姓名、学号等字。)
指导老师：李四
(与姓名间不空行，小四号，黑体，居中，含指导老师四字。)
【摘要】： 对论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，以第三人称陈述。一般应说明实践目的、实践方法、结果和最终结论等，一般不超过为300字。(与指导老师按五号字大小空一行，摘要两字为黑体，小四号，居左，加中括号，中括号采用中文形式;摘要部分的文字为宋体，五号，不另起一行，无需段落缩进。)
【关键词】： 为了文献标引工作从论文中选取出来用以表示全文主题内容信息款目的单词或术语。一般应选取3～5个词作为关键词。(与摘要间不空行，关键词三字为黑体，小四号，居左，加中括号，中括号采用中文形式;关键词为宋体，五号，词间用逗号分隔，最后一个词后不加标点符号，不另起一行，无需段落缩进。)
【正文】： 与关键词间不空行，正文两字为黑体，小四号，居左，加中括号，中括号采用中文形式
正文另起一行开始，正文部分文字为宋体，五号，每段首行两字符缩进，段落间不空行
A 正文层次：各部分层次不出现一xxxx等标题，统一层次格式为：
1(四号，宋体，居左，加粗，标题与上文按五号字大小空一行，与下文不空行)
(小四号，宋体，居左，加粗，小标题间不空行)
(五号，宋体，居左，加粗，小标题间不空行)
⑴(宋体，五号，居左，序号采用特殊符号添加，小标题间不空行)
①(宋体，五号，居左，序号采用特殊符号添加，小标题间不空行)
另：任意标题，当与表格或图片紧连时，按五号字大小空一行
B 表格格式：表格名称位于表格下方。
表格本身(全部采用1/2榜实体黑线，位于文档中间，且尽量不让表格分页，必须分页时，保证任一格中内容不分页)，表格内的分类标题(五号，宋体，加粗，居中)，表格内文字(五号，宋体，居中)表格内文字通过调整表格框架使四字以下(含四字)文字尽量在一行中，若必须分行的则上行两字，下行一字或两字;五字以上(含五字)可分行。
表格中若存在图片，图片大小不超过六行五号字;图片和文字同时存在的，文字位于图片上方(五号，宋体，居中)。
C 图片格式：名字位于图片下方。
不需文字解释的，图片居中，根据页面调整大小;需要文字解释的，图片位于文档左边，文字采用四周型环绕，图片大小根据文字调整。
D 文中的图、表、公式、算式等，一律用阿拉伯数字编序号(图的名称位于图的下方，表的名称位于表格上方，字体采用宋体，五号，加粗，居中。图、表序号根据其所在的大层次标题序号和在改层次的序号定)。如：
图、表、公式
E 注：论文中对某一问题、概念、观点等需简单解释、说明、评价、提示等，如不宜在正文中出现，采用加注的形式(注的编排序号用①、②、③依次标示在需加注处，以上标形式表示);具体说明文字列于同一页内的下端，并用横线与正文分隔开(宋体，小五号，居左)。
【参考文献】： 应具有权威性，并注意引用最新的文献。与正文间按五号字大小空两行。(参考文献四字为黑体，五号，加粗，加中括号，中括号采用中文形式;其他为宋体，小五号，序号的中括号采用英文形式，每项用英文形式句号隔开)
著作：[序号]作者.译者.书名.版本.出版地.出版社.出版时间.
期刊：[序号]作者.译者.文章题目.期刊名.年份.卷号(期数)
会议论文集：[序号]作者.译者.文章名.文集名 .会址.开会年.出版地.出版者.出版时间.
网址：[序号] 作者.文献名称.网站名称.网址
整篇论文其他注意部分：
A页面设置，采用A4大小竖版纸面，上下页边距厘米，左右页边距厘米，所有图片、表格等都不得超过边距。
B文章所有页面加入页眉，页眉为论文名称
C文章所有页面不加页码
D英文采用Times New Roman
E拉丁文采用Times New Roman，斜体
F标点为中文，半角
G正文内全为单倍行距，标题间空行除外
摘要： 本文从Chomsky在语言学研究过程中所采用的理想化模式入手，认为Chomsky为了使研究变得简单，便将与语言关系紧密的社会因素摒除在研究范围之外，这是一种不可取的理想模式。接下来本文从两个主要方面阐述了理想化模式不可取的原因：
一是语言作为一种符号系统，只有在社会的'环境下才能具有完整的意义。二是语言作为一种社会结构，无论是它的产生还是发展过程，都在不断地和社会发生着相互作用。故而只要是研究语言学，我们就不能将社会因素理想化。至于什么因素可以暂时不予考虑，这仍有待进一步的研究。
关键词 ：
理想化，符号系统，社会结构，语言与社会的相互作用
1.统一使用A4纸，单面打印;
2.封面：封面栏目要求打印;
3.字体全部用宋体;主标题行要求用小二号字加黑，次标题用三号字加黑，再次标题用小三号字加黑，以此类推。正文内容要求用小四号字;行距为单倍;页边距左为3㎝、右为2㎝、上为㎝、下为㎝;
4.用阿拉伯数字连续编排页码，页码放在右下角，由正文首页开始编排，封面封底不编入页码;
5.题目：简要、明确，一般不超过20字;
6.中英文摘要和关键词：中文摘要一般不超过300字;关键词为3～8个，另起一行，排在摘要下方，词与词之间以分隔;英文摘要和英文关键词要求与中文摘要和中文关键词一致;摘要和关键字用小四号字;
7.目录：由论文的章节以及附录、参考文献等的序号、题名和页码组成(课程论文不列入);
8.结构层次序数的表示方法：第一层为1，第二层为，第三层为，第四层为，正文中序号用①表示，不分段;
9.附表与插图：附表要有表号、表题;插图要有图号、图题;所有的图表都应具有自明性，即不阅读正文，就可理解图表的意思;
10.致谢：在正文后对单位和个人等表示感谢的文字(课程论文不列入);
11.附录：是正文主体的补充项目，并不是必需的。下列内容可以作为附录：(课程论文不列入) (1)为了整篇材料的完整，插入正文又有损于编排条理性和逻辑性的材料; (2)由于篇幅过大，或取材于复制件不便编入正文的材料; (3)对一般读者并非必须阅读，但对本专业人员有参考价值的资料;
12.参考文献：
(1)参考文献的标注方法：采用顺序编码制，即按照文章正文部分(包括图、表及其说明)引用的先后顺序连续编码;标注的符号为[ ]，作为上标，在标点符号前使用;
(2)参考文献的写作格式为：
①参考文献是连续出版物时，其格式为：[序号] 作者.题名.刊名，出版年份，卷号(期号)：引文所在的起止页码
②参考文献是专著时，其格式为：[序号] 作者.书名.版本(第1版不标注).出版地：出版者，出版年.引文所在的起止页码
③参考文献是论文集时，其格式为：[序号] 作者.题名.见(英文用In)：主编.论文集名.出版地：出版者，出版年.引文所在起止页码
④参考文献是学位论文时，其格式为：[序号] 作者.题名：〔博士、硕士或学士学位论文〕.保存地点：保存单位，年份
⑤参考文献是专利时，其格式为：[序号]专利申请者.题名.专利国别，专利文献种类，专利号.出版日期
参考文献著录中需要注意：
个人作者(包括译者、编者)著录时一律姓在前，名在后，由于各国(或民族)的姓名写法不同，著录时应特别注意课件下载，名可缩写为首字母(大写)，但不加编写点。另外，作者(主要责任者)不多于3人时要全部写出，并用，号相隔;3人以上只列出前3人，后加等或相应的文字如et al。等或et al前加，号。
装订格式
1.课程论文一律左边装订成册;
2.装订顺序为：封面、题目、论文摘要与关键词、正文、参考文献。