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企业的社会责任：一种趋势和运动，1但社会责任是什么，是为了什么？企业社会责任（ CSR ）已成为一个全球趋势，涉及企业，国家，国际组织和民间社会组织。但这远远不能清楚CSR的主张，有什么真正的趋势，是从哪里开始，在哪里发展，谁是项目的主要行动者。如果把它作为一种社会运动，我们必须要问：什么运动和谁执行？讨论有助于我们反思形成的趋势和如何管理某些特点来迅速和广泛地在全球各地进行扩展，并增加了以下体制变革,特别是对变化中国家之间、企业法人和民间社会组织关系之间的界限的作用。企业社会责任的趋势在三个方面：作为一个管理框架，新的要求，地方企业;作为动员企业行为，以协助国家的发展援助;和作为管理趋势。每一个这些画像表明，中心的某些行为，关系，驾驭团队和利益。我的例子表明，没有人对这些意见似乎比别人更准确，而是，活动包括规范的不同利益、作用因素、起源和轨迹。这些多重身份的趋势可以部分描述其成功以及它的争论，脆弱性和流动性。许多公司现在有具体的计划和小节在其网站上处理企业社会责任。在过去，软条例和指导网络，国际公认的规则一直是一种重要机制，作用在公司、国家和国家间组织的需求，例如，发布指导方针和条例的公司。在这背景下，国际组织仍然是重要的行动者，他们正在寻求与跨国公司进行对话，而不是试图通过国家控制企业社会责任。各国际组织不是对企业的社会责任监管机构;而他们却是监管和自我约束的倡议之间的经纪人的最合适人选。对社会负责行为和监测这些行为的需求越来越多地以国家以外的这些组织为渠道，并强调赞成高比例的自律。因此，我们看到了软法律(Morth, 2004)的出现，或者是Knill 和 Lehmkuhl (2002) 所说的“被规管的自律”， 和Moran (2002)所归纳的“精细”或“非正式”规章。我更喜欢“软法律”和“软规章”的说法，因为他们并不总是非正式的。软规章常常包括正式报告和统筹程序。还有，从统筹和行政的观点来看，那些规章和精细还是相去甚远的。社会责任的措施和规章在公司和他们的利益相关者之间的对话中发展。 联合国全球契约是发展中的软规章框架的中心。它是自愿的，没有法律约束力的制裁。适用于没有遵守规章并被笼统制定的企业。它为理解条例提供许多余地，从而以适合它们自身情况和期待的某种方式，实现将规章转化为行动的改变。该倡议是建立在菜单上的书面原则基础上的国际宣言和协定的成员契约遵循。然而，契约本身并不是一个法律框架。此倡议依赖于承诺，信誉和能见度遵守，而不是对不符合原则的企业发出明确的制裁。全球契约从全球影响力和道德权威的联合国和增列角色创建社区发出的原则，增长其信誉。软规则，换言之，是嵌套在更广泛的监管范围（ Jacobsson和萨赫林-安德森，2006年）英文：Corporate social responsibility: a trend and movement,1 But what social responsibility is, what for?Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a global trend, involving national, international organizations and civil society But it is far from clear that the idea of CSR, there is no real trend, from where to start, where development, who are the main actors of the If you take it as a social movement, we must ask: What sports and who performs? Discussion helps us reflect national trends and how to manage certain features to expand rapidly and extensively around the world, and adds the following institutional changes, especially changes between countries, corporate and civil society organizations Relationship action between the Trend of corporate social responsibility in three ways: as a management framework for the new requirements, local businesses; as the mobilization of corporate behavior, to assist the country's development assistance; and as a management Each of these portraits suggest that certain behavior center, relationships, control team and My example shows that no one of these comments seem to be more accurate than others, but, activities include different interests norms contributing factor, the origin and Trends in these multiple identities can be partially describe their success as well as its argument, vulnerability and Many companies now have specific plans and sections deal with corporate social responsibility on its In the past, the soft regulations and guidance network, internationally accepted rules has been an important mechanism in companies, national and international organizations needs, for example, published guidelines and regulations of the In this context, the international organization is still important actors, they are seeking dialogue with multinational companies, rather than trying to control through the national corporate social International organizations for corporate social responsibility is not the regulatory body; and they are the most suitable candidate broker regulation and self-regulation initiatives The need for socially responsible behavior and monitoring of these acts increasingly to countries outside of these organizations for the channel, and emphasized in favor of a high proportion of self- Thus, we see a soft law (Morth, 2004) the emergence of, or Knill and Lehmkuhl (2002) said, "is self-regulated," and Moran (2002) summarized in the "fine" or "informal" I prefer the "soft law" and "soft regulation" argument, because they do not always Soft regulations often include formal reporting procedures and co- Also, from the co-ordination and administrative point of view, those regulations and still a far cry from the CSR measures and regulations in the development dialogue companies and their stakeholders The United Nations Global Compact is the center of the development of soft regulatory It is a voluntary, non-legally binding It failed to comply with applicable regulations and general development of the It provides a lot of room for understanding the regulations, which in some way appropriate to their own situation and expectations to achieve the regulatory change into The initiative is a member of the contract on the basis of international declarations and agreements in principle to establish written on the menu on the However, the contract itself is not a legal This initiative is dependent on the commitment, credibility and visibility of compliance, rather than sending a clear sanctions do not conform to the principles of Create Global Compact principles emanating from the global community influence and moral authority of the United Nations and the additional roles, increase its Soft rules, in other words, is nested within the broader scope of regulation (Jacobsson and Sa Helin - Anderson, 2006), an original source and the author: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE VOL 6 NO 5 2006 Kerstin Sahlin-A
-Describe公司的特点。 -Define财务状况、会计等式。 -Identify四个基本的财务报表。 -Explain怎么一般公认会计原则编制财务报表相关的独立注册会计师的报告,并确定组织的影响会计。
文学在这部分的专著表明薪酬契约可以鼓励自私的行为。因此,作者经常提出这样一个问题:“为什么要让这些股东的合同?“在章节3,他们提出正式的想法,也许创造诱因的选择正是股东利益,不一定租提取。然后他们描述他们的一个研究,Aboody和Kasznik(2008),作为一个说明合同激励似乎是自私的行为其实股东利益服务。其他答案文献提出的问题,因此这里会有一个更为广阔的透视有用。例如,一个这样的回答可能是,股东们最好还是用这些合同,尽管他们鼓励自私的决定。埃文斯和思锐德(1996)提供的洞察在这一点。他们的工作报告认为之间的平衡已如实和经营收入,它承认该公司有两个杠杆该处置:奖励的报酬契约的努力,和财务报告系统,可能或不可能约束盈余管理。在他们的模型,它能优化提供报酬契约可能导致盈余管理,因为它会太昂贵的排除。说不同,高层的游戏中有皮肤还提供了一个更大的利益,即使在股东边缘提取,高管的房租。
详见如下： Wayne Nafiger EThe Economics of Developing Countries,Second Edition[M]Prentice Hall,Englewood Cliffs,1990 Robert V HSatistical Indicators for the Economic and Social Science[M]Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,1993 Williamon J GRegional Inequality and the Process of National Development,A Description of Pattem[J]Economic Development and Cultrual Change,1965
企业的社会责任：一种趋势和运动，1但社会责任是什么，是为了什么？企业社会责任（ CSR ）已成为一个全球趋势，涉及企业，国家，国际组织和民间社会组织。但这远远不能清楚CSR的主张，有什么真正的趋势，是从哪里开始，在哪里发展，谁是项目的主要行动者。如果把它作为一种社会运动，我们必须要问：什么运动和谁执行？讨论有助于我们反思形成的趋势和如何管理某些特点来迅速和广泛地在全球各地进行扩展，并增加了以下体制变革,特别是对变化中国家之间、企业法人和民间社会组织关系之间的界限的作用。企业社会责任的趋势在三个方面：作为一个管理框架，新的要求，地方企业;作为动员企业行为，以协助国家的发展援助;和作为管理趋势。每一个这些画像表明，中心的某些行为，关系，驾驭团队和利益。我的例子表明，没有人对这些意见似乎比别人更准确，而是，活动包括规范的不同利益、作用因素、起源和轨迹。这些多重身份的趋势可以部分描述其成功以及它的争论，脆弱性和流动性。许多公司现在有具体的计划和小节在其网站上处理企业社会责任。在过去，软条例和指导网络，国际公认的规则一直是一种重要机制，作用在公司、国家和国家间组织的需求，例如，发布指导方针和条例的公司。在这背景下，国际组织仍然是重要的行动者，他们正在寻求与跨国公司进行对话，而不是试图通过国家控制企业社会责任。各国际组织不是对企业的社会责任监管机构;而他们却是监管和自我约束的倡议之间的经纪人的最合适人选。对社会负责行为和监测这些行为的需求越来越多地以国家以外的这些组织为渠道，并强调赞成高比例的自律。因此，我们看到了软法律(Morth, 2004)的出现，或者是Knill 和 Lehmkuhl (2002) 所说的“被规管的自律”， 和Moran (2002)所归纳的“精细”或“非正式”规章。我更喜欢“软法律”和“软规章”的说法，因为他们并不总是非正式的。软规章常常包括正式报告和统筹程序。还有，从统筹和行政的观点来看，那些规章和精细还是相去甚远的。社会责任的措施和规章在公司和他们的利益相关者之间的对话中发展。 联合国全球契约是发展中的软规章框架的中心。它是自愿的，没有法律约束力的制裁。适用于没有遵守规章并被笼统制定的企业。它为理解条例提供许多余地，从而以适合它们自身情况和期待的某种方式，实现将规章转化为行动的改变。该倡议是建立在菜单上的书面原则基础上的国际宣言和协定的成员契约遵循。然而，契约本身并不是一个法律框架。此倡议依赖于承诺，信誉和能见度遵守，而不是对不符合原则的企业发出明确的制裁。全球契约从全球影响力和道德权威的联合国和增列角色创建社区发出的原则，增长其信誉。软规则，换言之，是嵌套在更广泛的监管范围（ Jacobsson和萨赫林-安德森，2006年）英文：Corporate social responsibility: a trend and movement,1 But what social responsibility is, what for?Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a global trend, involving national, international organizations and civil society But it is far from clear that the idea of CSR, there is no real trend, from where to start, where development, who are the main actors of the If you take it as a social movement, we must ask: What sports and who performs? Discussion helps us reflect national trends and how to manage certain features to expand rapidly and extensively around the world, and adds the following institutional changes, especially changes between countries, corporate and civil society organizations Relationship action between the Trend of corporate social responsibility in three ways: as a management framework for the new requirements, local businesses; as the mobilization of corporate behavior, to assist the country's development assistance; and as a management Each of these portraits suggest that certain behavior center, relationships, control team and My example shows that no one of these comments seem to be more accurate than others, but, activities include different interests norms contributing factor, the origin and Trends in these multiple identities can be partially describe their success as well as its argument, vulnerability and Many companies now have specific plans and sections deal with corporate social responsibility on its In the past, the soft regulations and guidance network, internationally accepted rules has been an important mechanism in companies, national and international organizations needs, for example, published guidelines and regulations of the In this context, the international organization is still important actors, they are seeking dialogue with multinational companies, rather than trying to control through the national corporate social International organizations for corporate social responsibility is not the regulatory body; and they are the most suitable candidate broker regulation and self-regulation initiatives The need for socially responsible behavior and monitoring of these acts increasingly to countries outside of these organizations for the channel, and emphasized in favor of a high proportion of self- Thus, we see a soft law (Morth, 2004) the emergence of, or Knill and Lehmkuhl (2002) said, "is self-regulated," and Moran (2002) summarized in the "fine" or "informal" I prefer the "soft law" and "soft regulation" argument, because they do not always Soft regulations often include formal reporting procedures and co- Also, from the co-ordination and administrative point of view, those regulations and still a far cry from the CSR measures and regulations in the development dialogue companies and their stakeholders The United Nations Global Compact is the center of the development of soft regulatory It is a voluntary, non-legally binding It failed to comply with applicable regulations and general development of the It provides a lot of room for understanding the regulations, which in some way appropriate to their own situation and expectations to achieve the regulatory change into The initiative is a member of the contract on the basis of international declarations and agreements in principle to establish written on the menu on the However, the contract itself is not a legal This initiative is dependent on the commitment, credibility and visibility of compliance, rather than sending a clear sanctions do not conform to the principles of Create Global Compact principles emanating from the global community influence and moral authority of the United Nations and the additional roles, increase its Soft rules, in other words, is nested within the broader scope of regulation (Jacobsson and Sa Helin - Anderson, 2006), an original source and the author: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE VOL 6 NO 5 2006 Kerstin Sahlin-A
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Principles of Accounting 的introductionACCOUNTING INFORMATIONYou likely have a general concept of what accountants They capture information about the transactions and events of a business, and summarize that activity in reports that are used by persons interested in the But, you likely do not realize the complexity of accomplishing this It involves a talented blending of technical knowledge and measurement artistry that can only be fully appreciated via extensive study of the The best analogy is to say that you probably know what a heart surgeon does, but you no doubt appreciate that considerable knowledge and skill is needed to successfully treat a If you were studying to be a surgeon, you would likely begin with some basic anatomy In this chapter, you will begin your study of accounting by looking at the overall structure of accounting and the basic anatomy of Be advised that a true understanding of accounting does not come It only comes with determination and hard But, if you persevere, you will be surprised at what you discover about Knowledge of accounting is very valuable to business And, once you conquer the basics, accounting is actually quite an interesting ACCOUNTING DEFINED: It seems fitting to begin with a more formal definition of accounting: Accounting is a set of concepts and techniques that are used to measure and report financial information about an economic The economic unit is generally considered to be a separate The information is potentially reported to a variety of different types of interested These include business managers, owners, creditors, governmental units, financial analysts, and even In one way or another, these users of accounting information tend to be concerned about their own interests in the Business managers need accounting information to make sound leadership Investors hold out hope for profits that may eventually lead to distributions from the business (, "dividends") Creditors are always concerned about the entity's ability to repay its Governmental units need information to tax and Analysts use accounting data to form their opinions on which they base their investment Employees want to work for successful companies to further their individual careers, and they often have bonuses or options tied to enterprise Accounting information about specific entities helps satisfy the needs of all these interested The diversity of interested parties leads to a logical division in the discipline of accounting: financial accounting and managerial Financial accounting is concerned with external reporting of information to parties outside the In contrast, managerial accounting is primarily concerned with providing information for internal You may have some trouble seeing why a distinction is needed; after all aren't we just reporting financial facts? Let's look closer at the FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING: Consider that financial accounting is targeted toward a broad base of external users, none of whom control the actual preparation of reports or have access to underlying Their ability to understand and have confidence in reports is directly dependent upon standardization of the principles and practices that are used to prepare the Without such standardization, reports of different companies could be hard to understand and even harder to As a result, there are well organized processes to bring consistency and structure to financial In the United States, a private sector group called the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is primarily responsible for developing the rules that form the foundation of financial With the increase in global trade, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has been steadily gaining prominence as a global accounting rule Financial reports prepared under the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) promulgated by such standard setting bodies are intended to be general purpose in This means they are not prepared especially for owners, or creditors, or any other particular user Instead, they are intended to be equally useful for all user As such, attempts are made to keep them free from bias (neutral)MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING: In sharp contrast to financial accounting, managerial accounting information is intended to serve the specific needs of Business managers are charged with business planning, controlling, and decision As such, they may desire specialized reports, budgets, product costing data, and other details that are generally not reported on an external Further, management may dictate the parameters under which such information is to be accumulated and For instance, GAAP may require that certain research costs be deducted immediately in computing a business's externally reported income; on the other hand, management may see these costs as a long-term investment and stipulate that internal decision making be based upon income numbers that exclude such This is their Hopefully, such internal reporting is being done logically and rationally, but it need not follow any particular set of A QUALITY INFORMATION SYSTEM: Both financial accounting and managerial accounting depend upon a strong information system to reliably capture and summarize business transaction Information technology has radically reshaped this mundane part of the practice of accounting during the past 30 The era of the "green eye-shaded" accountant has been relegated to the annals of Now, accounting is more of a dynamic, decision-making discipline, rather than a bookkeeping INHERENT LIMITATIONS: Accounting data is not absolute or Considerable amounts of judgment and estimation are necessary to develop the specific accounting measurements that are reported during a particular month, quarter, or year (, how much pension expense should be reported now for the future benefits that are being earned by employees now, but the amounts will not be known with certainly until many years to come?) About the only way around the problem of utilizing estimation in accounting is to wait until all facts are known with certainty before issuing any However, by the time any information could be reported, it would be so stale as to lose its Thus, in order to timely present information, it is considered to be far better to embrace reasonable estimations in the normal preparation of ongoing financial In addition, accounting has not yet advanced to a state of being able to value a business (or a business's assets) As such, many transactions and events are reported based upon on the historical cost principle (in contrast to fair value) This principle holds that it is better to maintain accountability over certain financial statement elements at amounts that are objective and verifiable, rather than opening the door to random adjustments for value changes that may not be For example, land is initially recorded in the accounting records at its purchase That historical cost will not be adjusted even if the fair value is perceived as While this enhances the "reliability" of reported data, it can also pose a limitation on its "" THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION AND CAREERS THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION: To decide to be an accountant is no more descriptive than deciding to be a Obviously, there are many specialty Many accountants engage in the practice of "public" accounting, which involves providing audit, tax, and consulting services to the general To engage in the practice of public accounting usually requires one to be licensed as a CPA (Certified Public Accountant) Auditing involves the examination of transactions and systems that underlie an organization's financial reports, with the ultimate goal of providing an independent report on the appropriateness of financial Tax services relate to the providing of help in the preparation and filing of tax returns and the rendering of advice on the tax consequences of alternative Consulting services can vary dramatically, and include such diverse activities as information systems engineering to evaluating production Many accountants are privately employed directly by small and large businesses (, "industry accounting") and not-for-profit agencies (such as hospitals, universities, and charitable groups) They may work in areas of product costing and pricing, budgeting, and the examination of investment They may focus on internal auditing, which involves looking at controls and procedures in use by their Objectives of these reviews are to safeguard company resources and assess the reliability and accuracy of accounting information and accounting They may serve as in-house tax accountants, financial managers, or countless other And, it probably goes without saying that many accountants work in the governmental sector, whether it be local, state, or national You would expect to find many accountants at the Internal Revenue Service, General Accounting Office, Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC" -- the USA governmental agency body charged with regulating accounting and reporting by companies whose shares of stock is bought and sold in public markets), and even the Federal Bureau of IACCOUNTING AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS: Because investors and creditors place great reliance on financial statements in making their investment and credit decisions, it is imperative that the financial reporting process be truthful and Accountants are expected to behave in an entirely ethical fashion, and this is generally the To help insure integrity in the reporting process, the profession has adopted a code of ethics to which its licensed members must In addition, checks and balances via the audit process, government oversight, and the ever vigilant "plaintiff's attorney" all serve a vital role in providing additional safeguards against the errant If you are preparing to enter the accounting profession, you should do so with the intention of behaving with honor and If you are not planning to enter the profession, you will likely rely upon accountants in some aspect of your personal or professional You have every right to expect those accountants to behave in a completely trustworthy and ethical After all, you will be entrusting them with your financial resources and confidential
[summary] At present, our accounting information exposed the problem, more in information has been seriously affected our normal economic order and economic this article mainly from the account information of the reasons for making the subjective and objective approach in the analysis of the reasons for further raised some solution to the information of the measures and [the key words] fathering accounting information distort, improving accounting information quality , reason and countermeasures
关于合并和承购投资和财务决定的真正的选择研究Shixia，段; Wenxiu， HuSource ： 国际会议记录关于风险管理和工程学管理， p531-535,2008，关于风险管理和工程学管理， ICRMEM的行动2008国际会议的2008年 Conference ： 关于风险管理和工程学管理， ICRMEM 2008年， 2008年11月4日的2008国际会议- 2008年11月6日 Publisher ： Inst。 电和电Eng。 计算机协会Author加入： 1工商管理，西安科技大学，西安， 710054，中国才干 2管理学校Engingeering，郑州大学，郑州， 450001，中国 Abstract ： 本文调查合并和承购(M&A)投资和市场的不确定性影响的财务决定之间的关系。 研究表示， M&A债务容量决定影响M&A投资时间和价格决定。 我们也发现做出决定的那M&A债务容量根据全面评估它的对M&A价值和破产风险的影响。 M&A债务容量在有些范围可能只被定义。 © 2008年IEEE。 (11 refs。)Controlled期限：投资合并风险分析风险管理Uncontrolled期限：容量决定投资时间市场不确定性真正的选择Classification代码：1可能性理论922统计方法914安全工程学2管理912工业工程和管理2工业经济911费用和价值工程; 工业经济2数据处理和图象处理1计算机编程
proceedings:处理中，审稿中，conference:参考文献paper:论文workshop :车间（？）不确认demo:模板，示范
实物期权研究合并和收购投资和融资决策 Shixia绣、段、,胡锦涛 资料来源:《国际研讨会论文集,风险管理、工程管理、p531 - 535,2008研讨会,Proceedings-2008风险管理、工程管理、ICRMEM 2008年 会议:2008年国际研讨会,风险管理、工程管理、ICRMEM 2008年11月4日,2008年11月6日— 出版者:发来的E、电工。英格。电脑时代, 作者联系。 1教师工商管理、西安理工大学、西安、710054,中国 2学校的管理Engingeering、郑州大学、郑州、450001,中国 文摘:本文研究了之间的关系的并购投资和融资决策受到市场的不确定性。研究已经显示了并购债务能力的并购投资决策影响价格和时间决定。我们也发现决定并购借债能力是根据评估其影响的并购价值和破产的风险。并购借债能力只能在一定范围内定义。2008年博士学位论文。(十一)。参考文献3。 分析:Investments-Merging-Risk控制管理 timings-Market控制能力decisions-Investment条款:uncertainties-Real选项 分类代码:1概率统计Methods-914 Theory-922安全Engineering-2 Management-912工业工程与Management-2工业Economics-911成本和价值工程,工业Economics-2数据处理和图像Processing-1计算机编程
楼主你好： 大致的翻译是：（大致与其行相对应） 在水工建筑物中有严格的气候变化的国家标准GOST 4795地区建设 - 液压工程的有在变量水位区的结构同时高隔热和防水性能的防护涂层建设的具体要求68。隔热 作为一个轻量级的沥青和沥青玛蹄脂等传统材料和防水涂料基地 与金属和木材防护罩混凝土发现在液压建设实践中的运用 苏联[1-4]。然而，相当重（150-500公斤/ MZ），劳动力需求，以及众多为确保地脚螺栓安装在表面上的传统的绝缘和防水材料的保护刺激了新类型的防护涂料搜索。 一个这样的新型绝缘和防水涂料是环氧发泡，开发了全联盟的规划研究部门，测量及都市研究所（Gidroproekt）。主要材料 发泡环氧树脂上的网站上产生的简单的基本混合环氧树脂基发泡塑料 在给定的比例和顺序组成部分[5-6]。 低密度发泡环氧树脂具有高隔热和防水性能和良好的附着力 混凝土，因此在他们的基地，其中的绝缘，防水涂料的小重量（8是 - I0公斤/米2），并要求为保证数地脚螺栓。 在使用上的高尔基水电站的发泡环氧树脂绝缘，waterproofng涂层经验 站。 Kislaya，古坝潮汐电站和2号在莫斯科运河hydrodevelopment表明，其 在经济上是合理的使用只有在建设的建设方法的结构情况下，当重 的绝缘，防水材料果断显着，或在建设hydrodevelopments案 偏远和难以到达的地区，那里的交通费用是巨大的[7]。因此，在必要时完善发泡环氧树脂绝缘，waterproofng从经济的角度来看的材料。其实网上有很多翻译的软件，像谷歌在线翻译、有道、灵格斯等都是很不错的，建议你看看，综合一下，会是你翻译的内容更加漂亮！！ 最后望你采纳哈…………
我们的FPGA和SERDES使用成本约40元，最便宜的Xilinx的Virtex-II Pro系列FPGA实施[11]系统所必需的费用约三分之一。我们目前使用这个硬件实现[11]快约三至四倍，比事件发生率。 当地这样一个串行 - 解串并行总线上接收数据，然后发送它通过串行输出在多个并行接口的速度和串行接收路径，反之亦然。通常用于板上，板外通讯的串行并行接口。•在[11]中描述的方法，简单的接收下降事件，如果它不准备接受他们。我们实施流量控制方案，以确保所有事件到达其目的地。的情况下接收器是目前无法接受的事件，因为它没有提供必要的接收缓冲空间，它可以告诉发送方停止，直到可用空间。•FPGA封装类型选择允许，而不是用于球栅阵列封装在内部装配和维修[11]。1）SERDES - TI的TLK2501 / TLK3101：我们可以使用我们的系统的SerDes TLK2501或来自得克萨斯州的TLK3101文书。 TLK2501支持高达5Gbit / s的TLK3101支持高达125Gbps的/ S，具有片上的终端电阻。作为正确终止差痕迹，是不是一个简单的布局任务，这是比较容易实现工作与TLK3101 PCB布局。我们的系统都支持作为装配选项TLK2501与TLK3101。我们alsosuccessfully实现混合设置TLK2501和TLK3101 5Gbit / s的互相沟通。对这些芯片的SerDes的平行边有一个16位的发送和接收总线的16位。他们使用8bit/10bit编码，否则很相似[11]使用火箭的IOS。随着16位字的长度和的8bit/10bit编码的SerDes并行接口，串行速度在1/20的运行。2）电缆及连接器引脚：我们正在使用串行ATA浓度¬nectors和电缆创建串行阿英俄板多芯片实验装置之间的连接。连接器有7个引脚，两个差分对和三个接地引脚。与SATA连接线板A和B，我们使用的第一个差分对从A到B的第二个差分对用于反馈的流量控制的SerDes。的SERDES串行阿英俄数据传输电缆信号从FPGA对B对A FPGA连接器引脚上2/3是SerialAER + / - 5/6针FLOWCONTROL + / - 。其余引脚的屏蔽，我们干脆离开双方无关，因此有一个浮动的盾牌。3）交流耦合：我们决定采用交流耦合，而不是简单的直流耦合串行链路。与AC耦合链接，有没有在一个系统中的所有板的共同点参考。这消除了板对板地面反射的问题，也降低了线路频率注射液
This article starts with the basic theory of the spray drying, points out the important role of the spray drying technology in the functionality product preparation Aimed at three atomization methods of---- offcenter atomization、pressure atomization 、air-stream atomization which are commonly used in our industry and corresponding spray drying equipment's type characteristic, discusses and contrasts their good and bad Simultaneously acts according to the present our country spray drying the application situation and the world advanced level contrast result, elaborates that the spray drying technology's principle, applies, aspects and so on existence question and solution, as well as analyzes the development condition of our country spray drying technology, points out our new research development direction of country spray drying technolo
The FPGA and SerDes we use cost about $40, a about third of the cost for the cheapest Xilinx Virtex-II Pro series FPGA necessary for implementing a system as in [11] 我们使用FPGA和SerDes花费了40美元,大约三分之一的成本便宜Virtex-II箴系列必要讲师生动FPGA来实现一个系统[11]。 Using this hardware we currently achieve event rates that are about three to four times faster than in [11] 目前我们使用这个硬件,实现事件发生率大约三到四倍于[11]。 Such a Serializer-Deserializer locally receives data on a parallel bus and then sends it over a serial output at a multiple of the parallel interface speed and vice versa for the serial receive 这样一个Serializer-Deserializer局部接收数据并行总线上,然后将它超过一个串行输出在多个平行界面速度,反之亦然,接受路径。系列 The parallel interface is usually used for on-board, the serial for off-board 并行接口是通常用于车载、系列为沟通。严禁进行场外 • In the approach described in [11], the receiver simply drops events if it is not ready to receive •在方法[11]中描述,话筒事件只是下降,如果它不是随时要接受他们。 We implemented a flow-control scheme that ensures that all events reach its 我们实行了流量控制的方案,以确保所有的事件到达目的地。 In case the receiver is currently unable to receive an event because it does not have the necessary receive buffer space available, it can tell the sender to stop until space is 如果接收器是目前无法接受一个事件,因为它没有必要的接收缓冲区的可用空间,它就会告诉发件人停止,除非空间是可用的。 • The FPGA package type chosen allow for in-house assembly and repair as opposed to the ball-grid-array package used in •FPGA包装类型选择允许内部组装与维护与ball-grid-array包装用于 [11] [11]。 1) SerDes - TI TLK2501 / TLK3101: The SerDes we can use on our system is either the TLK2501 or the TLK3101 from Texas 1)SerDes -钛TLK2501 / TLK3101:SerDes我们可以用在我们的系统里,无论是从德州TLK3101 TLK2501或 I 仪器。 The TLK2501 supports up to 5Gbit/s, the TLK3101 TLK2501高达5的支持Gbit / s,TLK3101 supports up to 125Gbit/s, and has on-chip termination 支持多达125 Gbit / s,单片终端电阻。 As terminating the differential traces correctly is not a trivial layout task, it is easier to achieve working PCB layouts with the TLK 作为终止微分痕迹不是一个微不足道的正确布置的任务,但它更容易实现的TLK3101 PCB布局和工作。 Our system both supports the TLK2501 and the TLK3101 as an assembly 我们的系统都TLK3101 TLK2501和支持其装配成的选择。 We alsosuccessfully achieved mixed setups where TLK2501 and TLK3101 are communicating with each other at 5Gbit/ 我们alsosuccessfully取得的地方,TLK3101设置TLK2501和彼此之间的沟通是5 Gbit /秒。 On the parallel side of the SerDes these chips have a 16bit transmit and a 16bit receive 在平行边的SerDes这些芯片是一种16位传送和一种16位接受公共汽车。 They use 8bit/10bit coding and are also otherwise very similar to the Rocket IOs used in [11] 他们使用8位/ 10位编码,否则会很类似于火箭网路作业系统用于[11]。 With the 16bit word length and the 8bit/10bit coding the SerDes parallel interfaces run at 1/20 of the serial 与16位字长和8位/ 10位并行接口编码的SerDes运行在1/20的串行速度。 2) Cables & Connector Pin-Out: We 2)电缆和连接器线图:我们