语言和内容是评判一篇英语论文质量高低的重要依据;但是,写作格式规范与否亦是一个不可忽略的衡量标准。因此,规范英语论文的格式,使之与国际学术惯例接轨,对我们从事英语教学,英语论文写作,促进国际学术交流都具有重要意义。由于英语论文写作规范随学科不同而各有所异,本文拟就人文类学科英语论文的主要组成部分,概述美国教育界、学术界通行的人文类英语论文写作规范,以供读者参考、仿效。 一、英语论文的标题 一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:D/PCPrager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。 就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。 二、英语论文提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。 三、英语论文正文 有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。 四、英语论文的文中引述 正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。 若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如: The divorce of Arnolds personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9) 这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名);阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成9);作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号;句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。 被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示: Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”中华励志网Z 学习资料多多 is an admirable and characteristic And if one is sorry that in it Whitman is unable to conceive the extreme crises of society, one is certain that no society would be tolerable whoses citizens could not find 刷新ment in its buoyant democratic (Chase 165) 这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。 如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如: DBeaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9) 值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。 如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号);点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如: Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and with undisguised scorn and (Nitchie 43) 若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如: Professor Chen Jias A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i) 圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线;规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字;其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。 如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如: Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35) Farrington points out that Aristotles father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15) 这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。 评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。 When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all ”(1620-21)中华励志网学习资料多多 这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格;圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写;21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。 五、英语论文的文献目录 论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点: 目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。 目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为6cm;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为6cm,不必留出更多空白。 各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。 各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。
因为咱们是中国人，叫老外学下中文MD还不把他们都累的嗷嗷叫！耐心些多背多练相信你能学好的，当然要配合句子一起学会快很多哦！愿你早日克服这个难题！
可以说一下具体要求吗？
what composition?
go eat
这个花费了我上班20分钟一个一个字打出来，希望采纳！！！好辛苦的with the developing of our society and economic, the digital productions have changed our human's life so from one aspect, that will be our basic needs: newspaper/book print has shut down slowly because of the coming of the digital tablet how big changes is it ?let us see: we could see people like to look at the digital tablet edition in their hand without holding newspaper or books because digital tablet could bring more fun and different aspects for the changable it has a few major advantages for the digital tablet edition:first of all, it has more fun and brings different aspects for the changable world,now the tablets could be connected to the internet and we could surf online for more informations and sometimes if you want to know more different knowledge,just "click" and search, everything is solved second,it is easier to produce and convenient for people to take outside anywhere anytime and it also saved much more money, because you don't need to buy different books or newspaper to know more because we could read it easily from the digital and that makes the production of the newspaper or book come out less than and many newspaper factories or company may like to change their company to adjust this "newly society" to meet the needs of the we could said that,maybe the digital tablet edition will become inevitable in our life and but as for the traditional newspaper prints, i think there are still some good advantages because the traditional newspaper or book prints, it will sometimes bring more fun for our readers or he newspapers or books have the value of the collections for some and it has more than thousands of years history, we can't change its existence,which has great influences on our as for me, i like to mix the digital table edition and traditional newspapers or books to read
Friendship What is friendship? It is not food that we eat when we are starved, but it can help fill up our empty mind when we feel It is not clothes to wear when we are frozen, but it is able to keep a stream of warmth welling up our What is friendship? It is not food that we eat when we are starved, but it can help fill up our empty mind when we feel It is not clothes to wear when we are frozen, but it is able to keep a stream of warmth welling up our It is not a book that we read, but it provides guidance to our Friendship is untouchable but it exists and touches people’s It is something Friendship is about When we get ill in bed, our friends will put aside what they are doing and come immediately to They will sit by our bed so that they can get what we need at the moment Friendship is about When we fail and find ourselves hopeless and helpless,friends will be there ,accompanying us, bracing us up and seeing it through with Friendship is about When we weep in grief, our friends will be around us, hearkening to our bitter experience and trying their level best to make us feel Nevertheless, it is superficial to perceive friendship as gaining benefits from Friendship is more than We can’t merely We ought to repay as well because friendship is Friendship is about We can’t expect our friends to be flawless because no one is We should be magnanimous enough to accept some of their shortcomings, which they endeavor hard but fail to get rid Friendship is about They shouldn’t be considered as bad friends even if they do something wrong to We are supposed to listen calmly and even-temperedly to their words as well as accept their sincere A trifle is not supposed to injure a great Friendship is about constant Long time of neglect will upset our If we let nature take its course without taking any action, friendship will eventually wither, like a flower which has been left without caring for too much Now it won’t be so hard to realize that friendship is not as easy as it may It is like the reservoir, which will dry up if one doesn’t constantly pipe water into It is like the glass, which is fragile and needs careful It is sometimes difficult to To conclude, friendship is a mutual spiritual We get supported and helped while at the same time support and help our
[2]ABroader,AMFrieze,EShamir,and EUpfal(作者姓名),Near-perfect Token Distribution（论文名称）, in Random Structures & Algorithms5(1994)（论文发表在的出版物名称（期刊号）或会议名称）又如，[8]FEBustamante and YQiao,Designing Less-structured P2P Systems for the Expected High Churn, in IEEE P2P,
题目摘要 中英文关键词 中英文引言 正文参考书目但是不同类型的论文格式不同 看你写什么文学，教学法，语言学 的 都不同，基本上是上述内容， 根据导师的要求写