Bibliography China's State Council General Office,(2008) Norms of the State Council General Office on the clean-up activities related to various types of vocational qualification notice, Huang,YQ,(2009) Chapter Four,PPT International Accounting Standards Board,(2003) International Accounting Standards, China Financial and Economic Publishing House MBA,(2009) Materiality Principle, _Principle Peng,F,(2008) Affect the quality of accounting information of the human factors and regulatory response，IFMA Robert,David,Kenneth,NFA,(2007) Accounting:Text and Cases, China Machine Press Wang,YH,(2006) Quality evaluation of financial accounting information to explore a number of issues, Zeng,FY,(2002)On the Behaviour Pattern of the Users of Financial Information, Journal of Huaqiao University(Philosophy & Social Sciences） ·China's State Council General Office,(2008) Norms of the State Council General Office on the clean-up activities related to various types of vocational qualification notice, ·Huang,YQ,(2009) Chapter Four,PPT ·International Accounting Standards Board,(2003) International Accounting Standards, China Financial and Economic Publishing House ·MBA,(2009) Materiality Principle, _Principle ·Peng,F,(2008) Affect the quality of accounting information of the human factors and regulatory response，IFMA ·Robert,David,Kenneth,NFA,(2007) Accounting:Text and Cases, China Machine Press ·Wang,YH,(2006) Quality evaluation of financial accounting information to explore a number of issues, ·Zeng,FY,(2002)On the Behaviour Pattern of the Users of Financial Information, Journal of Huaqiao University(Philosophy & Social Sciences）
Accounting for R&D in the National Accounts Dennis Fixler Bureau of Economic Analysis 24 February 2009 Paper presented at ASSA meetings in San Francisco, January 2009 %20for%20RD_02_pdf Accounting information as political currency* Karthik Ramanna Harvard Business School du and Sugata Roychowdhury MIT Sloan School of Management du This draft: March 31, 2008 Abstract: We test whether accounting can be used as political Our setting is the US congressional election of 2004, where outsourcing of US jobs was a campaign We find that the largest corporate donors to principal candidates in closely watched congressional races manage earnings downwards in the two quarters immediately preceding the 2004 We find no evidence of such downwards earnings management among corporate donors to candidates in all other congressional Election outcomes for candidates are also systematically associated with the extent of donors' downwards earnings management in closely watched races, but not all other The findings are consistent with firms managing accounting information in circumstances where this is likely to benefit allied -pdf 哈佛商学院2008年3月31日
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Accounting for R&D in the National Accounts Dennis Fixler Bureau of Economic Analysis 24 February 2009 Paper presented at ASSA meetings in San Francisco, January 2009 %20for%20RD_02_pdf Accounting information as political currency* Karthik Ramanna Harvard Business School du and Sugata Roychowdhury MIT Sloan School of Management du This draft: March 31, 2008 Abstract: We test whether accounting can be used as political Our setting is the US congressional election of 2004, where outsourcing of US jobs was a campaign We find that the largest corporate donors to principal candidates in closely watched congressional races manage earnings downwards in the two quarters immediately preceding the 2004 We find no evidence of such downwards earnings management among corporate donors to candidates in all other congressional Election outcomes for candidates are also systematically associated with the extent of donors' downwards earnings management in closely watched races, but not all other The findings are consistent with firms managing accounting information in circumstances where this is likely to benefit allied -pdf 哈佛商学院2008年3月31日
short-terminvestments-stockshort-terminvestments-short-termnotesandbillsshort-terminvestments-governmentbonds1124短期投资-受益凭证short-terminvestments-beneficiarycertificates1125短期投资-公司债short-terminvestments-corporatebonds1128短期投资-其它short-terminvestments-other1129备抵短期投资跌价损失allowanceforreductionofshort-terminvestmenttomarket
【摘要】随着我国市场经济的不断发展，税收制度的进一步完善和税收法制进程的加快，人们将越来越多地运用税收筹划来维护自己的合法权益，税收筹划将越来越成熟，并成为企业理财和经营活动中不可或缺的一部分。在新税法下，利用会计核算中的不同处理方面进行纳税筹划仍然可行。有些纳税筹划方法并不能减少企业的纳税总额，但能将纳税的时间递延到下一年或未来几年。由于货币具有时间价值，纳税时间的递延也会给企业带来收益。本文就会计核算中的企业所得税税收筹划策略做了相关探索。 【关键词】会计核算 企业所得税 税收筹划 一、纳税筹划的定义 纳税筹划是指纳税人在税法许可的范围内，当存在多种纳税方案可供选择时，通过经营、投资、理财、组织、交易等事项的事先安排和策划，以达到税负最低或税收利益最大为目的的经济行为。 二、会计制度与税收制度的关系 会计制度是制约会计行为人及利益相关者的法律、法规、准则、制度的总和。由于各国的会计制度背景不同，按其与税收制度的关系分，可以分为税法为导向的会计制度和以投资人为导向的会计制度两大类。现代税收的计算和缴纳，都离不开会计的确认、计量和记录。即使对以投资人为导向的会计制度下，虽然其规范的财务会计报告主要是为投资人、债权人服务的，但其对各项会计要素的确认计量和记录的程序和方法，也同时是按税收制度确认、计量和记录收入、收益、成本、费用和应税所得的基础和前提，甚至在有些国家的税收制度中直接认可会计的某些计算程序和计算方法。从另一方面看，就是以税法为导向的会计制度下，其会计确认、计量和记录也不一定与税收制度完全一致，也存在某些差异。 在我国，要使会计制度得以很好地贯彻，并与国际会计惯例协调，必须遵循会计与税收相互分离的原则。在实际工作中，会计制度如有与税收制度不一致或不相协调的，应按会计制度进行核算，纳税时再作调整。 三、会计核算中的企业所得税税收筹划策略 （一）利用销售收入确认时间不同进行纳税筹划 企业的产品销售方式大体上有以下三种类型：现销方式、代销方式、预收货款方式。代销方式又分为视同买断方式和收取手续费方式。在视同买断方式中，委托方按协议价格收取委托代销商品的货款，实际售价由受托方自定，无论卖出与否、获利与否均与委托方无关。这种销售方式与现销方式没有区别，委托方应在当期确认有关销售收入。在收取手续费方式中，委托方发出商品时，商品所有权上的主要风险和报酬并未转移给受托方，因此，委托方在发出商品时通常不应确认销售商品收入，而应在收到受托方开出的代销清单时确认销售商品收入。预收货款方式是指购买方在商品尚未收到前按合同约定分期付款，销售方在收到最后一笔款项时才交付货物的销售方式。在这种方式下，商品所有权上的主要风险和报酬只有在收到最后一笔款项时才转移给购货方。因此，企业通常应在发出商品时确认收入，在此之前预收的货款应确认为负债。 每种销售方式都有其收入确认的条件，企业通过对收入确认条件的控制，可以控制收入确认的时间。在进行所得税筹划时，企业应特别关注临近年终发生的销售业务，因为这类业务最容易对收入确认时点进行筹划。 （二）利用坏账准备的提取进行纳税筹划 计提坏账准备的范围不同 现行会计制度规定，除了应收账款应计提坏账准备外，其他应收款项也应计提坏账准备。同时规定企业的预付账款如有确凿证据表明不符合预付账款性质，或者因供货单位破产、撤销等原因已无法再收到所购货物的，应当将原计入预付账款的金额转入其他应收款，并按规定计提坏账准备。 企业持有的未到期应收票据，如有确凿证据表明不能收回或收回的可能性不大时，应将其账面余额转入应收账款，并计提坏账准备。也就是说，会计实务中，计提坏账准备的范围包括应收账款、其他应收款，但不包括应收票据。而税法则规定，可在税前扣除的坏账准备的计提范围仅限于纳税人因销售商品、产品或提供劳务而产生的年末应收账款，包括应收票据的金额。也就是说，税法准予税前扣除的坏账准备的计提范围较会计规定多出一个应收票据的金额，少了一个其他应收款的金额。 计提坏账准备的方法和比例不同 企业会计制度规定，坏账准备的计提方法和计提比例由企业自行确定。提取的方法一经确定，不能随意变更；如需变更，应在会计报表附注中说明。具体方法有：应收账款余额百分比法、销货百分比法、账龄分析法等。而税法中只规定了一种方法，即应收账款余额百分比法，且其提取比例一律不得超过年末应收账款余额的5%。 （三）利用存货成本计价方法的不同进行纳税筹划 新会计准则中规定，企业应当采用先进先出法，加权平均法（包括移动加权平均法）或者个别计价法确定发出存货的实际成本。即取消了后进先出法的应用，不允许企业采用后进先出法确认发出存货的成本。依据现行会计制度和税法的规定，企业可以根据自身情况选用任意一种计价方法。不同的存货成本计价方法，会对企业的成本、利润总额产生不同的影响，从而应交纳所得税款的多少也会有所不同。以下举例说明两者之间的联系。 值得注意的是，存货计价方法一经选用，在一定时期内不得随意变更，确实需要改变计价方法的，应当在下一纳税年度开始前报主管税务机关批准，并在会计附注中予以说明。因此，在进行税收筹划时，必须在会计年度的末期根据企业经济运行的状况做出正确判断，按照以上的原则选择下一年度对企业有利的存货计价方法。 （四）利用固定资产的折旧方法及年限的不同进行纳税筹划 固定资产折旧是成本的重要组成部分，按照我国现行会计制度的规定，企业可选用的折旧方法包括年限平均法、双倍余额递减法及年数总和法等。运用不同的折旧方法计算出的折旧额在量上是不一致的，则分摊到各期的固定资产的成本也存在差异，这最终会影响到企业税负的大小。原税法规定固定资产只能采用直线法（年限平均法）提取折旧，而新税法中则规定，企业的固定资产由于技术进步等原因，确需加速折旧的，可以缩折旧年限，或者采取加速折旧的方法。这就给企业所得税纳税筹划提供了新的空间。 四、结论 在企业税收契约中承认会计确认和计量的某些原则和方法，允许进行某些会计政策选择，以及能够利用会计资料作为计税依据，那么，在税收契约的执行过程中，理性的企业（纳税人）都会具有强烈的意识，即充分利用其与征税方的会计信息不对称性以及契约的不完备性，对涉税会计事项进行税务筹划，以谋求自身利益的最大化。企业会计人员，企业领导人员业务素质的高低，决定其财务管理水平的高低，其水平高低的一个重要标志就是如何最大限度地维护企业的利益，这是作为真正的独立实体的必然要求。所以在会计核算方法选择中就有一定的技术要求与策略。 参考文献： [1]赵丽娟所得税筹划在会计核算中的应用中国乡镇企业会计，2007， [2]朱志瑾浅议新所得税会计准则的核算变化经济师，2008， [3]张浩波新会计准则下所得税的核算管理与技术，2007， [4]周晓东企业所得税核算若干问题探讨时代经贸，2008，
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《会计报表编制与分析》参考文献 1、刘杰 于久洪，北京，《会计报表分析》，中国人民大学出版社，2002年 2、于久洪，刘小娟，北京，秘密就在资产负债表里，《智囊》2005年第1期 3、于久洪，《财务报表编制与分析学习指导手册》，北京市经济管理干部学院，2004年 4、于久洪，《会计报表分析》VCD及学习手册，北京，企业管理出版社、中央广播电视大学音像出版社联合出版，2003年 5、刘杰 赵国忠 于久洪，北京，《中小企业会计报表分析》，企业管理出版社，1999年 6、于久洪，北京，《投资方如何不让受资方“乱花钱”》 《智囊》2003年第5期 7、张新民：《企业财务分析》，1版，杭州，浙江人民出版社，2000年 8、杨纪琬 夏冬林：《怎样阅读会计报表》，2版，北京，经济科学出版社，1999年 9、孙铮 王鸿祥主编：《财务报告分析》，1版，北京，企业管理出版社，1997年 10、．［美］查尔斯·吉布森：《财务报表分析：利用财务会计信息（第六版）》，马英麟等译，中文1版，北京，中国财政经济出版社，1996年 11、黄磊：《上市公司财务报表解读技巧》，1版，上海，上海财经大学出版社，1999年 12、[美]利奥波德·伯恩思坦（Leopold A Bernstein）《财务报表分析》，清华大学许秉岩 张海燕译，北京大学出版社，2004年 13、张先治 陈友邦：《财务分析》，2版，大连，东北财经出版社，2001年 14、于久洪 《现行财务会计法律法规全书》，长春，吉林电子出版社，2003年 15、于久洪 《会计英语》，北京，中国人民大学出版社，2005年 16、金中泉 《财务报表分析》，北京，中国财政经济出版社，2001年
参考文献： [1]赵丽娟所得税筹划在会计核算中的应用中国乡镇企业会计，2007， [2]朱志瑾浅议新所得税会计准则的核算变化经济师，2008， [3]张浩波新会计准则下所得税的核算管理与技术，2007， [4]周晓东企业所得税核算若干问题探讨时代经贸，2008， 随着我国市场经济的不断发展，税收制度的进一步完善和税收法制进程的加快，人们将越来越多地运用税收筹划来维护自己的合法权益，税收筹划将越来越成熟，并成为企业理财和经营活动中不可或缺的一部分。在新税法下，利用会计核算中的不同处理方面进行纳税筹划仍然可行。有些纳税筹划方法并不能减少企业的纳税总额，但能将纳税的时间递延到下一年或未来几年。由于货币具有时间价值，纳税时间的递延也会给企业带来收益。本文就会计核算中的企业所得税税收筹划策略做了相关探索。 一、纳税筹划的定义 纳税筹划是指纳税人在税法许可的范围内，当存在多种纳税方案可供选择时，通过经营、投资、理财、组织、交易等事项的事先安排和策划，以达到税负最低或税收利益最大为目的的经济行为。 二、会计制度与税收制度的关系 会计制度是制约会计行为人及利益相关者的法律、法规、准则、制度的总和。由于各国的会计制度背景不同，按其与税收制度的关系分，可以分为税法为导向的会计制度和以投资人为导向的会计制度两大类。现代税收的计算和缴纳，都离不开会计的确认、计量和记录。即使对以投资人为导向的会计制度下，虽然其规范的财务会计报告主要是为投资人、债权人服务的，但其对各项会计要素的确认计量和记录的程序和方法，也同时是按税收制度确认、计量和记录收入、收益、成本、费用和应税所得的基础和前提，甚至在有些国家的税收制度中直接认可会计的某些计算程序和计算方法。从另一方面看，就是以税法为导向的会计制度下，其会计确认、计量和记录也不一定与税收制度完全一致，也存在某些差异。 在我国，要使会计制度得以很好地贯彻，并与国际会计惯例协调，必须遵循会计与税收相互分离的原则。在实际工作中，会计制度如有与税收制度不一致或不相协调的，应按会计制度进行核算，纳税时再作调整。 三、会计核算中的企业所得税税收筹划策略 （一）利用销售收入确认时间不同进行纳税筹划 企业的产品销售方式大体上有以下三种类型：现销方式、代销方式、预收货款方式。代销方式又分为视同买断方式和收取手续费方式。在视同买断方式中，委托方按协议价格收取委托代销商品的货款，实际售价由受托方自定，无论卖出与否、获利与否均与委托方无关。这种销售方式与现销方式没有区别，委托方应在当期确认有关销售收入。在收取手续费方式中，委托方发出商品时，商品所有权上的主要风险和报酬并未转移给受托方，因此，委托方在发出商品时通常不应确认销售商品收入，而应在收到受托方开出的代销清单时确认销售商品收入。预收货款方式是指购买方在商品尚未收到前按合同约定分期付款，销售方在收到最后一笔款项时才交付货物的销售方式。在这种方式下，商品所有权上的主要风险和报酬只有在收到最后一笔款项时才转移给购货方。因此，企业通常应在发出商品时确认收入，在此之前预收的货款应确认为负债。 每种销售方式都有其收入确认的条件，企业通过对收入确认条件的控制，可以控制收入确认的时间。在进行所得税筹划时，企业应特别关注临近年终发生的销售业务，因为这类业务最容易对收入确认时点进行筹划。 （二）利用坏账准备的提取进行纳税筹划 计提坏账准备的范围不同 现行会计制度规定，除了应收账款应计提坏账准备外，其他应收款项也应计提坏账准备。同时规定企业的预付账款如有确凿证据表明不符合预付账款性质，或者因供货单位破产、撤销等原因已无法再收到所购货物的，应当将原计入预付账款的金额转入其他应收款，并按规定计提坏账准备。 企业持有的未到期应收票据，如有确凿证据表明不能收回或收回的可能性不大时，应将其账面余额转入应收账款，并计提坏账准备。也就是说，会计实务中，计提坏账准备的范围包括应收账款、其他应收款，但不包括应收票据。而税法则规定，可在税前扣除的坏账准备的计提范围仅限于纳税人因销售商品、产品或提供劳务而产生的年末应收账款，包括应收票据的金额。也就是说，税法准予税前扣除的坏账准备的计提范围较会计规定多出一个应收票据的金额，少了一个其他应收款的金额。 计提坏账准备的方法和比例不同 企业会计制度规定，坏账准备的计提方法和计提比例由企业自行确定。提取的方法一经确定，不能随意变更；如需变更，应在会计报表附注中说明。具体方法有：应收账款余额百分比法、销货百分比法、账龄分析法等。而税法中只规定了一种方法，即应收账款余额百分比法，且其提取比例一律不得超过年末应收账款余额的5%。 （三）利用存货成本计价方法的不同进行纳税筹划 新会计准则中规定，企业应当采用先进先出法，加权平均法（包括移动加权平均法）或者个别计价法确定发出存货的实际成本。即取消了后进先出法的应用，不允许企业采用后进先出法确认发出存货的成本。依据现行会计制度和税法的规定，企业可以根据自身情况选用任意一种计价方法。不同的存货成本计价方法，会对企业的成本、利润总额产生不同的影响，从而应交纳所得税款的多少也会有所不同。以下举例说明两者之间的联系。 值得注意的是，存货计价方法一经选用，在一定时期内不得随意变更，确实需要改变计价方法的，应当在下一纳税年度开始前报主管税务机关批准，并在会计附注中予以说明。因此，在进行税收筹划时，必须在会计年度的末期根据企业经济运行的状况做出正确判断，按照以上的原则选择下一年度对企业有利的存货计价方法。 （四）利用固定资产的折旧方法及年限的不同进行纳税筹划 固定资产折旧是成本的重要组成部分，按照我国现行会计制度的规定，企业可选用的折旧方法包括年限平均法、双倍余额递减法及年数总和法等。运用不同的折旧方法计算出的折旧额在量上是不一致的，则分摊到各期的固定资产的成本也存在差异，这最终会影响到企业税负的大小。原税法规定固定资产只能采用直线法（年限平均法）提取折旧，而新税法中则规定，企业的固定资产由于技术进步等原因，确需加速折旧的，可以缩折旧年限，或者采取加速折旧的方法。这就给企业所得税纳税筹划提供了新的空间。 四、结论 在企业税收契约中承认会计确认和计量的某些原则和方法，允许进行某些会计政策选择，以及能够利用会计资料作为计税依据，那么，在税收契约的执行过程中，理性的企业（纳税人）都会具有强烈的意识，即充分利用其与征税方的会计信息不对称性以及契约的不完备性，对涉税会计事项进行税务筹划，以谋求自身利益的最大化。企业会计人员，企业领导人员业务素质的高低，决定其财务管理水平的高低，其水平高低的一个重要标志就是如何最大限度地维护企业的利益，这是作为真正的独立实体的必然要求。所以在会计核算方法选择中就有一定的技术要求与策略。
更英语翻译 载app: 尾巴翻译官 谢谢
企业的社会责任：一种趋势和运动，1但社会责任是什么，是为了什么？企业社会责任（ CSR ）已成为一个全球趋势，涉及企业，国家，国际组织和民间社会组织。但这远远不能清楚CSR的主张，有什么真正的趋势，是从哪里开始，在哪里发展，谁是项目的主要行动者。如果把它作为一种社会运动，我们必须要问：什么运动和谁执行？讨论有助于我们反思形成的趋势和如何管理某些特点来迅速和广泛地在全球各地进行扩展，并增加了以下体制变革,特别是对变化中国家之间、企业法人和民间社会组织关系之间的界限的作用。企业社会责任的趋势在三个方面：作为一个管理框架，新的要求，地方企业;作为动员企业行为，以协助国家的发展援助;和作为管理趋势。每一个这些画像表明，中心的某些行为，关系，驾驭团队和利益。我的例子表明，没有人对这些意见似乎比别人更准确，而是，活动包括规范的不同利益、作用因素、起源和轨迹。这些多重身份的趋势可以部分描述其成功以及它的争论，脆弱性和流动性。许多公司现在有具体的计划和小节在其网站上处理企业社会责任。在过去，软条例和指导网络，国际公认的规则一直是一种重要机制，作用在公司、国家和国家间组织的需求，例如，发布指导方针和条例的公司。在这背景下，国际组织仍然是重要的行动者，他们正在寻求与跨国公司进行对话，而不是试图通过国家控制企业社会责任。各国际组织不是对企业的社会责任监管机构;而他们却是监管和自我约束的倡议之间的经纪人的最合适人选。对社会负责行为和监测这些行为的需求越来越多地以国家以外的这些组织为渠道，并强调赞成高比例的自律。因此，我们看到了软法律(Morth, 2004)的出现，或者是Knill 和 Lehmkuhl (2002) 所说的“被规管的自律”， 和Moran (2002)所归纳的“精细”或“非正式”规章。我更喜欢“软法律”和“软规章”的说法，因为他们并不总是非正式的。软规章常常包括正式报告和统筹程序。还有，从统筹和行政的观点来看，那些规章和精细还是相去甚远的。社会责任的措施和规章在公司和他们的利益相关者之间的对话中发展。 联合国全球契约是发展中的软规章框架的中心。它是自愿的，没有法律约束力的制裁。适用于没有遵守规章并被笼统制定的企业。它为理解条例提供许多余地，从而以适合它们自身情况和期待的某种方式，实现将规章转化为行动的改变。该倡议是建立在菜单上的书面原则基础上的国际宣言和协定的成员契约遵循。然而，契约本身并不是一个法律框架。此倡议依赖于承诺，信誉和能见度遵守，而不是对不符合原则的企业发出明确的制裁。全球契约从全球影响力和道德权威的联合国和增列角色创建社区发出的原则，增长其信誉。软规则，换言之，是嵌套在更广泛的监管范围（ Jacobsson和萨赫林-安德森，2006年）英文：Corporate social responsibility: a trend and movement,1 But what social responsibility is, what for?Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a global trend, involving national, international organizations and civil society But it is far from clear that the idea of CSR, there is no real trend, from where to start, where development, who are the main actors of the If you take it as a social movement, we must ask: What sports and who performs? Discussion helps us reflect national trends and how to manage certain features to expand rapidly and extensively around the world, and adds the following institutional changes, especially changes between countries, corporate and civil society organizations Relationship action between the Trend of corporate social responsibility in three ways: as a management framework for the new requirements, local businesses; as the mobilization of corporate behavior, to assist the country's development assistance; and as a management Each of these portraits suggest that certain behavior center, relationships, control team and My example shows that no one of these comments seem to be more accurate than others, but, activities include different interests norms contributing factor, the origin and Trends in these multiple identities can be partially describe their success as well as its argument, vulnerability and Many companies now have specific plans and sections deal with corporate social responsibility on its In the past, the soft regulations and guidance network, internationally accepted rules has been an important mechanism in companies, national and international organizations needs, for example, published guidelines and regulations of the In this context, the international organization is still important actors, they are seeking dialogue with multinational companies, rather than trying to control through the national corporate social International organizations for corporate social responsibility is not the regulatory body; and they are the most suitable candidate broker regulation and self-regulation initiatives The need for socially responsible behavior and monitoring of these acts increasingly to countries outside of these organizations for the channel, and emphasized in favor of a high proportion of self- Thus, we see a soft law (Morth, 2004) the emergence of, or Knill and Lehmkuhl (2002) said, "is self-regulated," and Moran (2002) summarized in the "fine" or "informal" I prefer the "soft law" and "soft regulation" argument, because they do not always Soft regulations often include formal reporting procedures and co- Also, from the co-ordination and administrative point of view, those regulations and still a far cry from the CSR measures and regulations in the development dialogue companies and their stakeholders The United Nations Global Compact is the center of the development of soft regulatory It is a voluntary, non-legally binding It failed to comply with applicable regulations and general development of the It provides a lot of room for understanding the regulations, which in some way appropriate to their own situation and expectations to achieve the regulatory change into The initiative is a member of the contract on the basis of international declarations and agreements in principle to establish written on the menu on the However, the contract itself is not a legal This initiative is dependent on the commitment, credibility and visibility of compliance, rather than sending a clear sanctions do not conform to the principles of Create Global Compact principles emanating from the global community influence and moral authority of the United Nations and the additional roles, increase its Soft rules, in other words, is nested within the broader scope of regulation (Jacobsson and Sa Helin - Anderson, 2006), an original source and the author: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE VOL 6 NO 5 2006 Kerstin Sahlin-A
Collins, D W, Kothari, S P, 1989, “An Analysis of Intertemporal and Cross-SectionalDeterminants of Earnings ResponseCoefficients”, journal of Accounting & Economics, 143-1812Holthausen RW, Leftwich RW, 1983, “The Economic Consequences of Accounting Choice:Implications of Costly Contracting andMonitoring”, journal of Accounting & Economics, August,pp77-117
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Electronic Data Processing (EDP) ManagersCalifornia Occupational Guide Number 348Interest Area 111995 THE JOBIn every industry there is need for managers to plan and direct the activities of all organizational Industries that use computers employ ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING (EDP) MANAGERS to control the various activities related to the operation of the firm's mainframe computer or its client-server network, as well as all of the peripheral Major users of EDP systems are banks, public utilities, transportation and insurance companies, large manufacturing firms, and government and educational Computer equipment manufacturers and independent computer service firms also operate computer centers on a fee or contract While the EDP unit often operates as an independent center, serving all departments of the establishment under an executive officer, it is often attached to another department, such as In some firms, an EDP Manager may be responsible only for computer production: data entry, data control, equipment scheduling, and quality In such firms, another EDP Manager takes care of programming, program maintenance and systems analysis Frequently, however, the EDP Manager is in charge of all of these As head of computer production units, EDP Managers plan and direct the operation of the electronic data processing equipment, and select, train, supervise and evaluate the work of the computer operations In planning the work of the department, EDP Managers evaluate the relative importance of various projects and determine job They review the requirements of each project, assign machine time and personnel to complete it, and coordinate all projects to produce a continuous work flow and meet deadlines established by management of user Since idle machines are expensive to the organization, one of the prime responsibilities of the EDP Managers is the effective utilization of all data processing equipment through When their departments encompass programming and systems analysis, EDP Managers generally review and approve all systems charts and programs prior to their They may also spend much time with the analysts working out the requirements of a proposed job, defining the problem and developing the If the EDP Manager is not directly responsible for new programs, he/she is usually consulted about the data operations or other aspects of a new program, and may confer with programmers and analysts regarding program problems that arise during a machine WORKING CONDITIONSEDP Managers work in well-lighted and well-ventilated However, the temperature where the data processing equipment is located is kept lower than normal in order to counteract the heat generated by the machine EDP Managers are exposed to noises in the room from the low hum of the tape or disc drives to the high-speed sound of the Meeting deadlines, satisfying the demands of user departments, and solving personnel problems are potential causes of stress in this occupation; therefore, EDP Managers should have emotional stability and patience as well as organizational Effective job performance generally requires that EDP Managers be able to stand and move about with ease and have mobility of arms and Good vision is essential since this job demands considerable reading and other close EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOKThe following information is from the California Projections of Employment published by the Labor Market Information D It includes Engineering, Mathematical and Natural Sciences MEstimated number of workers in 1990 53,040Estimated number of workers in 2005 64,830Projected Growth 1990-2005 22%Estimated openings due to separations by 2005 14,230(These figures do not include self-employment nor openings due to )Even though more organizations are acquiring computers or enlarging their existing facilities, refinements in equipment and production methods which increase the output of the machines, may actually lessen, rather than increase the need for The trend of large firms to consolidate their activities into regional service centers will also limit the growth of this However, because of industry expansion, there will continue to be a need for EDP Managers, especially those who stay abreast of technological Most of the openings that will occur will be filled from within the WAGES, HOURS, AND FRINGE BENEFITSEDP Managers' salaries tend to vary widely in line with such factors as the nature and size of the employing establishment, the level of the position and the degree of responsibility Salaries also vary depending upon the type of installation, , utilizing a single computer manufacturer's line or using various computers manufactured by different Beginning salaries start at approximately $2,500 to $4,000 per Those with experience may earn from $3,700 to $6,500 or more per Highly experienced individuals may earn up to $8,500 or more per Managers working for the State of California start at about $4,000 per month, and may promote to manager IV, which has a maximum salary of $6,404 per Those who have the higher salaries are generally responsible for directing programming and systems analysis as well as EDP The work week is nominally 40 hours; however, most data processing managers find it necessary to work overtime to handle peak workloads and to compensate for unavoidable delays in the regular Fringe benefits usually include paid vacation a year, paid holidays, sick leave and health Some organizations provide a retirement and profit-sharing ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS AND TRAININGMost employers require EDP Managers to have a bachelor's degree in business administration, engineering, or computer Three to five years experience in data processing is usually required of EDP M Demonstrated supervisory ability, along with the required experience and training is highly Managers should be familiar with program languages such as COBOL or FORTRAN In most establishments, a broad knowledge of the firm's activities, gained through experience in accounting production, inventory control, or other specialized activities is considered an asset when combined with EDP ADVANCEMENTBecause of the evolving nature of EDP programming and equipment, it is important that the EDP Manager engage in continuing self- Several lines of advancement may be open to the EDP Manager depending on the organizational structure of his Where systems and procedures functions are separate from machine operations, management of this overall planning unit may constitute a If the EDP unit is a part of the accounting department, the manager may advance to chief accountant or controller provided he has the necessary accounting Elsewhere, the EDP Manager may be in line for promotion to other managerial or administrative posts since directing data processing activities provides the opportunity to become familiar with most of the firm's Furthermore, as the job of the EDP Manager grows in complexity and scope, these constitute an upgrading in itself with no reassignment of